nutrient loading in the klamath basin k.a. rykbost b.a. charlton oregon state university klamath...
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Nutrient Loading in the Klamath Basin
• K.A. Rykbost• B.A. Charlton
• Oregon State University• Klamath Experiment Station
Source: USGS --- Snyder & Morace
Source: USGS --- Snyder & Morace
U.S. Department of Interior --- Bureau of Reclamation
Environmental Issues are Drivenby Political/Regulatory Forces
• Federal Clean Water Act° 303D Lists of Water Quality Impairments° TMDL Process --- Oregon DEQ
• Oregon Senate Bill 1010° Private Property Agriculture Management Plans° Local Advisory Committees --- Oregon D.A.
• Endangered Species Act° Listed Species --- Suckers and Salmon
Water Quality Concerns in Upper Klamath Lake
• Phosphorous Enrichment supporting Blue-Green Algae (Aphanizomenon flos-aqaue)
• pH > 9.0 (following algae bloom crashes)
• Dissolved Oxygen below 4.0 mg/l
• High Ammonia concentration (up to 0.9 ppm)
• High chlorophyll – a
• High temperature (up to 23C)
Sucker Springs, Upper Klamath Lake --- USGS BRD Klamath
Source: USGS --- Snyder & Morace
Lake-Wide Mean Nutrient Concentrations
in Upper Klamath Lake 1991-1998
Source: Klamath Tribes --- Kann & Walker
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
Jan
Feb Mar
AprM
ayJu
neJu
lyAug
SeptO
ctNov
Month
To
tal
Ph
osp
ho
rus
(pp
m)
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
To
tal N
itrog
en
(pp
m)
TP
TN
Major Studies of Nutrient Loading
of Klamath/Agency Lakes
• Miller & Tash: USGS 1965-66
° Ag. Drainage contributes 26% of TP Inflow
° Top 1” of sediment = 60 years of Inflow P
° Springs in lake contribute 25% of TP Inflow
° Canals contribute 5% of TP Inflow
° Major rivers contribute 43% of TP Inflow
Major Studies of Nutrient Loading
of Klamath/Agency Lakes
• Snyder & Morace: USGS 1993-95
° Estimated 80 tons N/year, 15 tons P/year
° Monitored drainage from Ag. Lands
° Noted potential for natural sources° Reported high P in artesian wells
° Suggested conversions to wetlands based on
loading data
Major Studies of Nutrient Loading
of Klamath/Agency Lakes
• Kann & Walker: Klamath Tribes 1991-98
° Modeled Loading Data from:
° Miller and Tash; Snyder and Morace
° Monitored Lake-wide Nutrient Concentrations
° Reported Sediment P = 61% of Load
° Suggested data used as basis for retiring Ag. Land to
Wetlands
Source: Klamath Tribes --- Kann & Walker
Klamath/ Agency Lake Average
Water Year Phosphorus Load
61%
11%
8%
7%
4%4%4%1%
39%
Inte rnal Loading
Sprague R.
Williams on R.
Wood R.
Ag. Pumps
Springs /Stre ams
Se ve nmile
Pre cipitation External Loading
Klamath/ Agency Lake Average Water Year Inflow Load
33%
18%
16%
16%
7%7%3%
Sprague R.
Williamson R.
Wood R.
Springs/Streams
Sevenmile
Precipitation
Ag. Pumping
Source: Klamath Tribes --- Kann & Walker
Objectives of Klamath Experiment Station Studies
• Determine nutrient content in background sources° Major Springs and Artesian Wells
• Determine nutrient content in water flooded onto and drained from Ag. Lands
• Determine nutrient loading to Klamath Irrigation Project from Klamath Lake and Klamath River
KES Water Quality Analysis Methods
• All samples were grab samples -- duplicate
• Samples frozen & stored for batch delivery
• Kjeldahl digestion -- analyzed for:
° Total P and Total Kjeldahl N
• OSU Dept. of Crop and Soil Science
° Central Analytical Laboratory
Phosphorus Concentration in Major Springs
• Wood River Source [P] = 0.06 and 0.07 ppm
• Spring Creek Source [P] = 0.08, 0.09, and 0.09 ppm
• Fort Creek Source [P] = 0.06 and 0.09 ppm
• Crystal Creek Source [P] = 0.07 and 0.11 ppm
• Barkley Spring [P] = 0.08 ppm
• Malone Spring [P] = 0.06 ppm
P and N Concentration Artesian Wells
Wood River Ranch
Well #1• Snyder & Morace 3 samples 1993-95
° Total P = 6.7 ppm° Total N = 6.2 ppm
• Klamath Experiment Station 4 samples 1998-2000
° Total P = 5.3 ppm° Total N = 6.2 ppm
Well #2• Snyder & Morace 1 sample 1995
° Total P = 2.0 ppm° Total N = 8.7 ppm
• Klamath Experiment Station 4 samples 1998-2000
° Total P = 2.4 ppm° Total N = 8.1 ppm
P and N ConcentrationArtesian Wells
• Fort Klamath Area -- 230 foot aquifer° #1 (2 samples) [P] = 0.31 ppm, [TKN] = 0.25 ppm
° #2 (2 samples) [P] = 0.70 ppm, [TKN] = 0.50 ppm
° #3 (2 samples) [P] = 0.74 ppm, [TKN] = 0.55 ppm
° #4 (3 samples) [P] = 0.75 ppm, [TKN] = 0.50 ppm
° #5 (2 samples) [P] = 1.17 ppm, [TKN] = 1.13 ppm
° #6 (1 samples) [P] = 1.56 ppm, [TKN] = 1.90 ppm
Source: USGS --- Snyder & Morace
Nutrient Content of Inflow and Drainage from Agricultural
Lands
Wocus
• Snyder & Morace - 1993-95 (9 samples)
° Drainage: TP = 0.21 ppm and TN = 4.2 ppm
• KES - 1998-2000 (19 inflow, 24 drainage)
° Drainage: TP = 0.18 ppm and TKN = 3.8 ppm
° Inflow: TP = 0.13 ppm and TKN = 2.8 ppm
Nutrient Content of Inflow and Drainage from Agricultural
Lands
Caledonia
• Snyder & Morace - 1993-95 (3 samples)
° Drainage: TP = 0.24 ppm and TN = 4.2 ppm
• KES - 1998-2000 (10 inflow, 16 drainage)
° Drainage: TP = 0.24 ppm and TKN = 3.7 ppm
° Inflow: TP = 0.06 ppm and TKN = 1.1 ppm
Nutrient Content of Inflow and Drainage from Agricultural/Wetlands
Wood River Ranch
• Snyder & Morace - 1993-95 (12 samples)
° Drainage: TP = 0.96 ppm and TN = 3.0 ppm
• KES - 1999-2000 (52 inflow and 32 drainage)
° Drainage: TP = 0.78 ppm and TKN = 3.25 ppm
° Inflow: TP = 0.17 ppm and TKN = 1.25 ppm* Note: Cattle removed in 1995
U.S. Department of Interior --- Bureau of Reclamation
Klamath Project Plumbing
• Diversions into the Klamath Project
° A Canal – Out of Klamath Lake
° North and ADY Canal – Out of Klamath River
° Lost River from Gerber and Clear Lake Reservoirs
• Klamath Irrigation Project Drain
° Straits Drain from Lower Klamath Wildlife Refuge
Methods for Estimating NutrientLoading to Klamath Irrigation
Project
• Sample at diversions - 2 week intervals° grab samples - usually duplicate
• BOR flows for midway between samples
• Load = volume x concentration
Nutrient Concentrations at A Canal Diversion - 1999
0.000.050.100.150.200.250.300.350.400.450.50
May June July Aug Sept
Month
To
tal
Ph
osp
ho
rus
(pp
m)
0.000.501.001.502.002.503.003.504.004.505.00 T
ota
l Kje
lda
hl N
itrog
en
(pp
m)
TP
TKN
Nutrient Concentrations at A Canal Diversion - 2000
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
May June July Aug Sept
Month
To
tal
Ph
osp
ho
rus
(pp
m)
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
4.50 To
tal K
jeld
ah
l Nitro
ge
n (p
pm
)
TP
TKN
Total Phosphorus Loading atA, North, and ADY Canals - 1999
02468
10
121416182022
5/19 6/2 6/1
66/3
07/1
47/2
88/1
18/2
5 9/8 9/22
10/6
10/20
Tot
al P
hosp
horu
s
(10,
000
lb)
A
ADY
North
Total
Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen Loading at
A, North, and ADY Canals - 1999
02468
10121416182022
5/19 6/2 6/1
66/3
07/1
47/2
88/1
18/2
5 9/8 9/22
10/6
10/20
Tot
al N
itro
gen
(100
,000
lb)
A
ADY
North
Total
Total Phosphorus Loading atA, North, and ADY Canals - 2000
02468
10121416182022
4/25 5/9 5/2
3 6/6 6/20 7/4 7/1
8 8/1 8/15
8/29
9/12
9/26
10/10
Tot
al P
hos
phor
us
(10,
000 lb
)
A
ADY
North
Total
Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen Loading at
A, North, and ADY Canals - 2000
02468
10121416182022
4/25 5/9 5/2
3 6/6 6/20 7/4 7/1
8 8/1 8/15
8/29
9/12
9/26
10/10
Tot
al N
itro
gen
(10
0,00
0 lb
) A
ADY
North
Total
Seasonal Mean Nutrient Concentrations
at A, North, and ADY Diversions
• A Canal° 1999 TP = 0.166 ppm TKN = 2.11 ppm
° 2000 TP = 0.184 ppm TKN = 2.23 ppm
• North Canal° 1999 TP = 0.175 ppm TKN = 1.72 ppm
° 2000 TP = 0.222 ppm TKN = 1.82 ppm
• ADY Canal° 1999 TP = 0.195 ppm TKN = 1.95 ppm
° 2000 TP = 0.220 ppm TKN = 1.93 ppm
Nutrient Loading Summary
• KES data were well within range of observations
from previous studies
• Natural background sources are not limiting in
Phosphorus for blue-green algae
• Loading from Ag. Drainage must consider
nutrients in floodwater
Nutrient Loading Summary
• Nutrient concentration in Wood River Ranch drainage 80% of 1993-95 value, 5 years after cattle removed
• Total nutrient loading in Irrigation Project from Klamath Lake and Klamath River° Approximately 180,000 Total P and 2,000,000 Total N
• P increases from Klamath Lake to ADY Canal
Nutrient Loading Summary
• Monitoring Nutrient Loading at Straits Drain
° UC Davis Study
° Preliminary Analysis shows P discharge = 100,000 lb
• Klamath Irrigation Project
° Net sink for Phosphorus including affects of
municipalities and wildlife refuges
Wetland/Storage Restoration Projects
• Wood River Ranch – 3,000 Ac - Wetlands
• Goose Bay Farms – 2,187 Ac - Wetlands
• Agency Lake Ranch – 7,123 Ac – Storage, Wetland
• Tulana Farms – 4,600 acres Wetlands
• Caledonia Marsh – 550 acres - Wetlands
• Barnes Ranch – 2,700 Ac – Storage – Refuge?
Nutrient Loading in The Klamath Basin: Agricultural and Natural
Sources
Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station
Special Report 1023
K.A. Rykbost and B.A. Charlton
Available at:
www.orst.edu/dept/kes
Questions??
• Oregon State University• Klamath Experiment
Station