NutritionJMRSO 2017 – FOOD SCIENCE

What is nutrition?

•Nutrition is the science that interprets the interaction of nutrients and other substances in food in relation to maintenance, growth, reproduction, and health of an organism

Healthy Diet

• A healthy diet includes preparation of food and storage method that preserve nutrients from oxidation, heat, or leaching, and that reduce the risk of foodborne illness

Poor Diet

• A poor diet may cause health problems, causing deficiency disease, health threatening conditions, and common chronic systematic diseases

Macronutrients

• Prove the bulk energy an organism’s metabolic system needs to function while micronutrients provide the necessary cofactors for metabolism to be carried out• Ex. Carbohydrates, Fats, Proteins

Micronutrients

• Nutrients required by organisms throughout life in small quantities to orchestrate a range of physiological functions

• Include dietary trace minerals in amounts less than 100 mg per day

Micronutrients (cont.)

• Aka trace elements

• Include iron, cobalt, copper, iodine, manganese, zinc, and selenium

• Also include vitamins which are organic compounds required as nutrients in trace amounts

Micronutrients (cont.)

•Used to build and repair tissues and to regulate body processes

Nutrient Intake

• Plants take in nutrients directly from soil through their roots and from the atmosphere through their leaves

Nutrient Intake (cont.)

• Animals and protists have specialized digestive systems that work to break down macronutrients for energy and utilize micronutrients for both metabolism and anabolism

Essential Nutrients

• Unable to be synthesized internally, and so must be consumed by an organism from its environment

Essential Nutrients (cont.)

• Include essential fatty acids, essential amino acids, vitamins, and certain dietary minerals

Essential Nutrients (cont.)

•No essential carbohydrates since animals can synthesize all the types of carbohydrates needed of growth

Essential Nutrients (cont.)

• Can derive energy from a wide variety of fats, carbohydrates, proteins, and simple chemicals such as ethanol and acetic acid(vinegar)

Non-Essential Nutrients

• Substances within food that can still have a significant impact on health, whether beneficial or toxic

Non-Essential Nutrients (cont.)

• Ex. Most dietary fiber is not absorbed by the human digestive tract, but it is important in maintaining the bulk of a bowel movement

Non-Essential Nutrients (cont.)

•Nutrients that can be made by the body and may often also be absorbed from consumed food

Non-Essential Nutrients (cont.)

•Majority of animals ultimately derive their essential nutrients from plants, though some may consume mineral-based soils to supplement their diet

Nutrients in Grains

• Grains are important sources of many nutrients, including dietary fiber, several B vitamins (thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and folate), and minerals (iron, magnesium, and selenium)

Nutrients in Grains (cont.)

• Dietary fiber from whole grains and other food may help reduce blood cholesterol levels and may lower risk of heart disease, obesity, and type 2 diabetes

Nutrients in Grains (cont.)

• The B vitamins thiamin, riboflavin, and niacin play a key role in metabolism

• They help the body release energy from protein, fat, and carbohydrates

• Essential for a healthy nervous system

Nutrients in Grains (cont.)

• Folate (folic acid), another B vitamin, helps the body form red blood cells

Nutrients in Grains (cont.)

• Women who may become pregnant should have an addition 400 µg

• Reduces risk of neural tubes defects, spina bifida, and anencephaly during fetal development

Nutrients in Grains (cont.)

• Iron is used to carry oxygen in the blood

• Many teenage girls and women have iron-deficiency anemia

Nutrients in Grains (cont.)

• Vitamin C can improve absorption of non-heme iron (iron found in meat)

• Whole and enriched refined grain products are major sources of non-heme iron in American diets

Nutrients in Grains (cont.)

• Whole grains are sources of magnesium and selenium

• Magnesium is a mineral used in building bones and releasing energyfrom muscles

Nutrients in Grains (cont.)

• Selenium protects cells from oxidation

• It is also important for a healthy immune system