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This publication was produced with the financial support of the European Union. Its contents are the sole responsibility of International IDEA and do not necessarily reflect the views of the European Union.
Β© 2019 International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance
α€α α¬α‘αααα±ααααα ααααα ααα ααααα αααα±ααΈααααα¬αΈαααααα¬ α‘ααΈα‘α»αααα αααα ααααα»αααΈαααΈαααΈ
αα«ααα α€ααα±αααααΌααα«ααα±αα¬ ααα»αααααααα¬αΈαα International IDEA αα ααααα‘ααΌα ααααα α±αα¬αα
α‘ααΌααααα¬αΈα ααα»αααααααα¬αΈα ααα α¬αΈαα»ααα«α
α€α α¬α‘αα α‘αααα±αα¬αα αα α»ααααααα«α Creative Commons Attribute-Non Commercial-Share Alike 3.0 (CC
BY-NC-SA 3.0) ααα αα»αα αααααα«ααα α αΈααΌα¬αΈα±ααΈα‘ααΈα‘α»ααα‘ααΌα ααααα«α ααΌαααα αΌα¬ααΈαα»αααΈα α»αααα±αα»αααΈα
αααααα»αααΈα α‘αααΈααα»ααααα α α₯α»αα α»αααΈα α»αα»ααα±α»αα¬ααΈαα»αααΈαα¬αΈ ααα±αα¬ααααα«ααα ααααα±αα¬αααα±αα¬
ααα«αααΈααα±αα¬α»αα±ααΈαΏααΈ α‘αα¬αΈαααΌαα»αααα»αα α»αααα±αααα»αα αα«ααα α€ααα ααα αα«αααα α‘α±ααΈα αααααα«α
Creative Commons website ααααα±αα¬α αΎαααααααα«ααα
<http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/>.
International IDEA International IDEA Myanmar
StrΓΆmsborg αα (α)α ααα¬α αααΈα ααααΈαΏααααα
SEβ10334 Stockholm αααα αααααα
Sweden α»αααα¬α
Tel. +46 8 698 37 00 Tel: +95 9 263128104
Website: <https://www.idea.int> Project website: : <http://www.stepdemocracy.eu>
ααααΈα«αααΈαααΈα»αα α±ααΈαα¬αΈα - Kara Wong
ααααΈ - α»ααα αΈα¦αΈ
αααα±αα¬ααα¬αΈ - ααΈα»ααααΌααΈ
αααα»αααΈ - α ααααα¬ααααα (ααααα)α αααααΏαα
ISBN: 978-91-7671-259-7 (PDF)
DOI: <https://doi.org/10.31752/idea.2019.25>
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International IDEA α α€ααααΈα«αααΈαααΈα α αα±αα¬αααα«αα α α»αα α±ααΈααΌαΏααΈ αα±αα¬αα αΌα¬α‘α±αα¬αα‘ααα±αα¬ α±αα¬αααΌααααα ααα¬α»αα αααααΈα±αα¬αααΌαα±ααΈα±αα¬ Kara Wong α‘α¬αΈ α±ααΈααΈαααα±αΎαα¬ααΈ α±αα¬α»αα‘ααα«ααα ααα»αα STEP α ααααΈα αααα α‘ααΌααα¬αΈα»αα αΎαα±αα¬ α α±αα¬αα¬α‘αα αααα ααα¬α‘αα ααααα‘α¬αΈ αααα αααΈαααα αα¬αΈα‘ααΌα α±ααΈααΈααααα«ααα α‘ααΈαα»αα α‘α±ααΈα ααααααα¬αΈ α±ααΈααΎαα±αα¬ α¦αΈααα±αα¬α α¦αΈα±α‘α¬αααα±αα¬α α±ααα αααα α¦αΈα±ααα¬αααΈα α¦αΈαα¬ααααΈα±α‘α¬αα α±αααααΈα‘ααΌαα α±ααα±α‘αΈα»ααα±αα¬α α±ααααΈα»αααα α¦αΈα±αα¬α±αα¬ααΌααΈααα α±ααΈααΈαααα±αΎαα¬ααΈ α±αα¬α»αααα« ααα α€α ααααΈα α ααααααΌα±αα¬ α¦αΈα±ααα¬ααΈαααΈαα Shana Kaiser ααααααΈ α±ααΈααΈαα α‘ααα«ααα ααα»αα Lisa Hagman αα International IDEA α αααααα±αα±ααΈα‘ααΌαααααΈ α±ααΈααΈααααα«ααα α€ααα±αα±ααΈα»αα α±α»αα¬αα±α αα STEP Democracy α ααααΈα‘α¬αΈ αααα±ααΌαααααΈα±ααΈαα«α±αα¬ α₯α±αα¬ααααα’α‘α¬αΈ α±ααΈααΈαααα±αΎαα¬ααΈ α±αα¬α»αα‘ααα«ααα
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α±ααΌαΈα±αα¬αααΌα»αα α α₯αα¬αΈαα αααα±αα α»αα»ααα±α»αα¬ααΈαα±ααΈα‘α¬αΈ ααα±αα¬ααα±ααΈαα α‘α α‘α α₯ (STEP Democracy - α±ααααα»αααα¬) αα α₯α±αα¬ααααα’α αααααΈααα»αα α»αααα¬ αααα±αα α‘ααΈα‘α±α»αα¬ααΈα»αα α α₯ααΌα αα«ααα±αα¬αααΌαα±ααΎαα±αα¬ α‘αααα«ααααααα αα¬αΈα ααα±αα¬ααα±ααΈααααααΌαα±αα¬ α‘α α‘α α₯α»αα αα«ααα α»ααααΌααΈαα αααααα¬ α‘ααΌα (α) ααΌαα ααΈα±αα«ααΈα±αα¬αααΌαα±αα¬ α±ααααα»αααα¬ (STEP Democracy) α‘α α‘α α₯αα α»ααα±αα¬αα α±ααΌαΈα±αα¬αααΌα±αα¬αααα αααα±ααΈαα«ααα¬αΈα α‘ααααα‘ααΌαα‘α ααΈαα¬αΈα αααα΅αα αα¬αΈα αααααΈα‘ααααα±ααΈααααα¬αΈα ααααα¬αΈα ααααααα α‘αααΈαααα αα¬αααα¬αΈ α»αα α±αα¬ α»ααα±αα¬αα α‘αααα α»αααα/αααΈα±αααααΈα‘ααααααΌα αααα±αα α»αα»αα α±α»αα¬ααΈαα±ααΈα ααα¬ααααα±αα¬α±ααΌαΈα±αα¬αααΌαα¬αΈα α‘α±αα¬αα‘ααα±αα¬α±αα¬αααΌα α»αααΈαα ααΈα±αα«ααΈαα«ααα»αααΈααα α±αα¬αααΌαααα±α αα αααααΈα±ααΈα»αααΈα»αα ααα α€α‘α α‘α α₯ αα ααααα¬αΈα α‘ααΈαααΈαα¬αΈαα αααΈαααΈαα¬αΈαα¬αΈα‘αα«α‘αα ααα α¬αΈα»ααααααΈα±αα±αα¬ α‘αα αα¬αΈα‘ααΌα αααα±αα αααααΈα α₯αα¬αΈααΌα ααα±αα¬αα±αα¬α ααΈα±αα«ααΈαα«αααααααα ααα±αα«ααΈα αα«ααα±αα¬ α‘αα αααΈαααΈαα¬αΈ α±ααααΌααΈα±α α±ααΈα‘ααΌααααΈ αααΈααα±αα¬αααΌα αααααα
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α€α α¬α‘αα‘α¬αΈ α‘ααΈα»ααααΈ .................................................................................................. α
αααααΈα α¬ α - αααα±αα αα ααααα»αααΈ .............................................................................. α
αααααΈα α¬ α - αααα±αα αα ααααΌα»αα¬αΈααα¬αΈα ααα αΌα¬αα±αα ....................................................... αα
αααααΈα α¬ α - αααα±αα αα ααΈα»αααααααα»αααΈ................................................................... αα
αααααΈα α¬ α - αααα±αα αα α±αα«ααΈα±αα¬ααα .............................................................................. αα
αααααΈα α¬ α - α±ααΌαΈα±αα¬αααΌαα¬αΈ ............................................................................................ αα
αααααΈα α¬ α - α»ααααααΈααα»αααΈ ........................................................................................ αα
αααααΈα α¬ α - αααα±αα αα αααΈααααα .............................................................................. αα
αααααΈα α¬ α - α‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΈα αα¬αααα αααα¬αΈ ......................................................................... αα
αααααΈα α¬ α - ααααα¬αΈα»αα αα ................................................................................................. α α
αααααΈα α¬ αα - ααααΈα‘ααα‘αααα ααΌααααΈα»αααα¬αα ........................................................ αα
αααααΈα α¬ αα - αααα±αα ααΌα ααααα¬αΈα α‘αααΈαα ........................................................... αα
αααααΈα α¬ αα - α±αα¬αααΈα»ααααααΈααα»αααΈ ........................................................................ αα
ααα«αααΈααΈαα¬αΈ ................................................................................................................. αα
ENDNOTE ......................................................................................................................... αα
International IDEA α‘α±αΎαα¬ααΈ .............................................................................................. αα
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α α¬ααα±αα¬ααΈαα¬αΈα‘ααΌα α»ααααααααααΈα«αααΈαααΈαα International IDEA α Scholar Institute αα PaΓ±Γ±Δ Institute ααα»ααααΈα±αα«ααΈα α±ααΈααΌαα¬αΈα»αααΈα»αα ααα ααααΈα«αααΈαααΈαα ααα¬ααα αα¬αΈαα«αααΏααΈ α±αα¬ααΈαα¬αΈαα¬αΈα‘ααΌαααααΌαα±αα¬ ααααΈα α¬α‘ααα αα»αα ααα ααα¬αα¬αΈα‘ααΌααααΈαααΎαα¬αΈα±ααΈααΌα α‘ααα±α»αα±αα¬α±ααΌαα±α αα α α α₯α±ααΈααΌαα¬αΈααα ααααΈα«αααΈαααΈαα ααααα¬αΈαααααααα α ααααΈαα¬αΈαα ααααΈαα¬αΈαααααα±ααΈα»αααΈα»αα ααΈαααα αααα΅αααα¬αΈαα α±αα«ααΈα±αα¬ααα¬αΈα±ααααΌααΈαα¬α±α αα ααααΌααα«ααα
α€α α¬α‘αα αα ααα αΎαα¬αααααΈα α¬ αα αα»αα ααΌαα ααΈαα¬αΈααα αααααααααΈα α¬αα αα αααααα¬ α±αα«ααΈα α₯αααααΈα α¬ ααΈααα α±αααααΈαααΎαα¬αΈαααα¬αΈααααααΈα α¬αα¬αΈα α»αααααααα±α αα α»ααααααΈααα»αααΈ αα αααΈαα«ααααα αααΎαα¬αΈαααα ααα αα αα±αα¬ααα¬αΈαα¬αΈα α‘α±ααΌαΈα‘α±αααα¬αΈαα‘α±α»ααααα α±ααΈααΌαα¬αΈ α±αα¬α±αΎαα¬α ααα¬α‘α±αα»αααααΎαα¬αΈαααα¬αΈα α‘α α₯ααα‘αααΈ αααΎαα¬αΈααααααΌαααα
αααΎαα¬αΈαααα αα α±α‘α¬αααΌα α±α‘α¬ααα«α‘αααΈ α‘αααΈαα«αΈαααΈαα«ααααα
α‘ααΌα α±αα¬ααΈαα¬αΈαα¬αΈα‘α¬αΈ αααα‘ααα α‘α±ααΌαα‘αααα¬αΈα α»ααααα α₯αΈα α¬αΈα±ααΌαΈα±αα¬α±α αα¬
α±ααΌαΈα±ααΌαΈα»αααΈα α»αα α±αααα¬α±α αα ααΌααΈα‘α¬αΈα±ααΈααα
ααα»ααα
α»αααααααααααα¬αΈ ααΈααΌα¬αΈαα¬α±α ααα‘αααα¬αΈαα ααααΈα‘ααα‘ααα‘αα αα¬αΈα αα±αα¬ααα¬αΈαα α αα¬αΈααΈα‘αα αα¬αΈα ααα»ααα¬αΈααα
α±ααααααΈαα¬αΈ
α±αα¬ααΈαα¬αΈαα¬αΈα‘α¬αΈ ααααΈα‘ααα‘αααααα±αα¬ααα¬αΈα‘αα αα¬αΈ α‘ααΈα»ααααα¬ α±α ααααα‘αααα±αα¬ α»ααααααα αΌααΈαααα¬αΈ ααα±ααΌαα±αααα»αααΈα ααα±ααΈααα
α±ααΌαΈα±ααΌαΈα»αααΈ
α€α α¬α‘αααΌααα«ααα±αα¬ αα±αα¬ααα¬αΈααα‘α±ααΌαΈα‘α±αααα¬αΈα α±αα¬ααΈαα¬αΈαα¬αΈα α±ααα α₯ ααααααα ααα¬α α‘α»ααα‘ααα±α»αα¬αα»αααΈαα αα±αα»αααΈα α±α α±αα¬α±ααΈααα
αααα (α±αα«αα¬α) αααααΈα α¬α‘ααΌααΈ α‘ααΈα»ααα¬αΈαα α‘α±ααΈαα«α±αα¬α αα¬αΈααΈα‘ααΈα‘ααααΈαα¬αΈα α‘αααΈα«α
ααΌααααα‘α»ααα‘α αα«ααααα
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ααα¬ααα αΌααΌα ααααα¬αΈαααα¬αΈαα α»αααααααα±αα¬ααα±ααα¬α αααααΈα±αα¬α α¬αααααΈαα¬αΈα‘ααΌα α±ααΌαΈααα αα¬αααΈαααΈαα¬αΈα‘αα«α‘αα αααααΈα α¬αα¬αΈααααΎαα¬αΈαα αααΈα«αααααα¬αΈαα«ααααα
α€α α¬α‘ααα α±αα¬ααΈαα¬αΈαααααα«αααα αα₯αΈαααααΎαα¬αΈαααΈαα‘ααΈα»ααα¬αΈααα α±αα¬ααΈαα¬αΈ αααααα«αααα αα₯αΈαααααΎαα¬αΈαααΈαα αααα»αααΈα‘α±ααΌαα‘ααααΌα (ααα¬α‘α¬αΈαααα»αα) α±αα¬ααΈαα¬αΈ α‘α¬αΈααα»ααα¬ αααΎαα¬αΈαααααΈαααΈαα¬αΈα α»αααααα»αααΈ α»αα ααα α€αα₯αΈαααααΎαα¬αΈαααΈαα "α‘α±α»ααα" ααααα‘α¬αα αα»αααΈαα α‘α»αα‘ααααα±αα¬αα¬αΈαα¬αΈ α±α»αα¬ααΈααααα¦αΈααα±α α±αα¬ α‘α±ααΌαΈα‘α±αααα α‘α±αΎαα¬ααΈ α‘αα¬αα¬αΈ αα¬α±ααΌα±αα¬ααα»αααΈα α‘α±ααΈαα¬αΈααα α±ααα¬ααα±αα¬α αΌααΈααα‘αα αα¬αΈα α±αα¬ααΈαα¬αΈα α±ααα α₯ ααααΌα ααα±ααΌαα‘ααΈαα»αααΈα α‘α¬αΈα±ααΈααα α€αααΈα»ααα‘αααα¬αα α αΌααΈααα‘αα αα¬αΈ ααΈαααα¬α±α αα α»αα ααΈα±αα¬αα±ααΈααα
α€α α¬α‘αααΌααα«ααα±αα¬ αααααΈα α¬αα¬αΈααα±αα¬ααΈαα¬αΈαα¬αΈ α±αα¬αααΌαα±αααα αα ααααααΌα±αα¬ α‘αααΈααααα«ααα±α αα α αα±ααααα α α»αα α±α ααααα α€αααααΈα α¬αα¬αΈαα α±αα¬ααΈαα¬αΈαα¬αΈαααααΈαα α‘α»αα¬αΈαααααΈα α¬αα¬αΈαα ααααα»αα¬αΈαα¬αΈααααααΈα»ααΏααΈ α±αα¬ααΈαα¬αΈαα¬αΈαααα«αααα¬α±α αα α‘α¬αΈα±ααΈαα«α αααααΈα α¬ α‘α ααΌα αααααα±αα¬α±αα¬αααααα¬αΈα αααΈαααΈαααΈαααΈα±α»αα¬ααα«α α±αα¬ααΈαα¬αΈα‘α¬αΈααΈαα«ααααΌααα α±ααΈα α¬αΈα ααΏααΈ ααΈαα¬αΈα αΌα¬α±α»αα¬ααα ααΏαααααα α¬αΈαα±α αα ααΎααααΌααααΈαα ααααααααααΈαααα αα ααααΈ αα¬ αααΈαααΈαα«α
α±α‘α¬αα±αα¬α»ααα«ααα¬αΈαα α€ααααΈα‘ααΌα ααααααααΈαααα¬αΈα α‘αα₯αΈααα±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈαα«ααα
α‘α ααΌα½ααΈαααα ααααΈαα¬αΈ
α€αααααΈα α¬αα¬αΈαΏααΈααΈα±αα¬α‘αα«α±α‘α¬ααα«α±αα«ααΈα α₯αα¬αΈα‘α±ααααααα¬αΈααααααααΈαααα¬ααα»αα αααβ’ αααα±αα α‘α±ααΌαΈα‘α±ααβ’ α‘ααααααα‘α±ααΈαα«ααβ’ ααααΌα»αα¬αΈααα¬αΈ α ααα αΌα¬αα±αα
α‘αα‘αβ’ ααααα‘ααα‘αΎαααΈαααα α»αα¬αΈαα¬αΈ
ααβ’ αααα±αα αα α‘ααΌααΈ ααΈα»αα
αααα»αααΈαα‘αααΈααβ’ ααααααααΌααααα αα±αα
α»αα¬αΈαα¬αΈαα
α€αααααΈα α¬αα¬αΈ αΏααΈααΈα±αα¬ α‘αα« α±α‘α¬ααα«α‘α±αΎαα¬ααΈα‘αα¬αα¬αΈ ααΌα αααα αΌααΈαααα¬αΈααΈαααα¬ αα α»αα αααβ’ ααααααα αααααα¬αΈ
α α»ααααααα»ααα»αααΈβ’ ααα ααααα‘α»ααααα±αα¬α
ααα±αα¬α»αααΏααΈ α‘α±αΎαα¬ααΈ α‘ααΈαααΈα»αα»αααΈ
β’ α‘α»αα¬αΈ α±ααΌαΈααα αα¬ αααΈαααΈ αα¬αΈα αα¬αΈα±αα¬ααα¬ α α₯αΈα α¬αΈ α»αααΈ
β’ α‘αα ααα α‘αα αααΈα±ααΌαΈα±ααΌαΈααΌ α‘ααΈααΈααΌα αα«ααα»αααΈ
α€αααααΈα α¬αα¬αΈ αΏααΈααΈα±αα¬ α‘αα« α±α‘α¬ααα«α‘α±αΎαα¬ααΈα‘αα¬αα¬αΈ α αααααα¬ααα»αα αααβ’ "α»ααααα¬αΈαα‘ααααα" α‘α±ααΌαΈ
α‘α±ααβ’ "αααααα" α»αα α±αααα¬α±α
αα α‘αααααα‘ααΈα αΈβ’ α‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈα ααααα ααααΈβ’ α±αα«ααΈα±αα¬αα±αα¬ααΈ αα α±αα¬α
α»αα α±α ααα‘αα α‘α±ααΌαΈαα¬αΈβ’ αα«ααααααα¬αΈααα α‘α±ααΈαααΈαβ’ αααα±αα αααΈα ααΈα»αααα
αααα»αααΈα α‘α¬αΈαα¬αααα α‘α¬αΈαααΈαααα¬αΈ
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3
α‘α ααΌα½ααΈαααα ααααΈαα¬αΈ
β’ α±αα«ααΈα±αα¬α αα α±αα¬αα αα¬αα
β’ α±ααΌαΈα±αα¬αααΌαα¬αΈα α‘ααΈααααβ’ αααΈαααααα α‘α±ααΈαααΈαβ’ α‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΈα αα¬αααααααα¬αΈ
αααα¬ α‘α±ααΌαΈα‘α±αααα¬αΈβ’ ααααα¬αΈα»αα αα α‘α±ααΌαΈα‘α±ααβ’ ααΌααααΈα»αααα¬αααα ααααΈ
α‘ααα‘αααααααα α‘α±ααΈ αααΈα
β’ α±αα¬ααα¬ααα¬αΈα α»αα αα¬αα α±αα¬ α‘ααα¬α
β’ αααα±αα α αα ααΌα ααααα¬αΈ α α‘αααΈαα
β’ ααααΌα¬αα¬αΈααΌα ααααα¬αΈαα«ααααααα¬αΈα±ααααααΈαααΈαα¬αΈ
β’ α±ααΈααΌααΈαα¬αΈα α₯αΈα α¬αΈ αα±αα¬αα¬ α±ααΈα»αααΈα»αααΈ
β’ α»αα ααα±ααααΈαααΈ α‘ααΌα ααΌαα αα¬α±ααΌα±αα¬ααα»αααΈ
β’ αααα α α α₯αΈα α¬αΈαΏααΈ α‘αα α‘ααα±ααα‘α±α»ααααααΈα»αα αααα¬αΈ αααα»αααΈ
β’ αααα±αα¬α‘α±ααΌαΈ α‘α±αααα¬αΈ α ααααΈαα₯ααΈααα»αααΈ
β’ ααααΈ α‘ααα‘αααα¬αΈα ααΈααα»αααΈ
β’ α‘α±ααΌαΈα‘α±αααα¬αΈα α αααΈ α±ααΌαΈα±αα¬ α±αα¬α»αα»αααΈ
β’ ααααα‘α»αααα¬αΈα α±ααΈαα¬αΈ α±αα¬ααα»αααΈ
β’ ααα "ααααΈαα¬αΈαα" αα αα¬ α±αΎαα¬ααα«α±ααΌα ααα‘ααΌα α‘α±ααΈαα«αα
β’ αααα‘αααΈα‘αααΈ ααααα»αααΈ α α‘ααα¬ααα¬αΈ
β’ αα α‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΈα αα¬αααα αααα¬αΈαα¬αΈ
β’ ααα‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΈ α‘α±ααΌαΈα‘α±ααβ’ ααααΈ α‘ααα‘αααα¬αΈααΈ
ααα»αααΈα α‘α±ααΈαααΈαβ’ ααααααΌα¬α‘ααΌααΈ αα«ααααααα¬αΈ
αα αααΈαααΈαα¬αΈβ’ ααα±αααααα ααααΌα¬αα
α‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈβ’ ααααααΌα¬α‘ααΌααΈ αααα«ααα
αα α‘αααΈαα
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(α) α€ααα ααααα‘α±αΎαα¬ααΈα‘αα¬α»αα ααααΈα
(α) αααΎααα±αα¬α‘αα« αααααα α¬αΈαααααΈα
(α) α‘αααα¬αααα ααααα‘α±αΎαα¬ααΈα‘αα¬αα¬αΈαααα±αα¬α»ααααααΈα α¬αΈα»αααΈα»αα ααααΈα
Photo: The Irrawaddy
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A Show of Hands αααα±αα α‘α±ααΈ αααΎααΌααααα¬αΈα αααααΈαα αααα±ααΈααααα¬αΈαααα¬αΈααΌα αα«ααααα
ααααααα»αα αααα ααα α αααα ααα α‘α α‘αα₯αΈααααα α‘αα₯αΈαααα αα¬ααα¬αΈααΌα αααααΈαα αααααααα±αα¬ααα αααα±αα¬ααααα»αααααα¬αΈ α»ααααααα α±αα¬ααααΌα αααΈ α‘αα₯αΈαα¬αΈαα¬αΈααα‘α αααα±αα¬α‘αααα¬αα¬αΈα ααααααα±αα¬ααααα α αΈαααα ααα»αα¬ααΌαα α‘αα₯αΈαα¬αΈααα αααα±αα¬ ααααααα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈαα‘ααΈα»αα ααα‘α±ααΌαα‘αΎααα¬αΈα α‘α±α»ααα αααΈααα¬αΈααα±αα«ααΈ ααα α±αα¬αα α‘αααα¬αα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈα ααααΈαααα
α±αα¬ααααΌαα»ααΈα±αα¬α αααα ααα ααΌα αααααΈαα α»αααα¬ααααααΌαααΌα¬α»ααΈ ααααααΌα α±ααααααα αααα±ααΈα»αα»ααα±α»αα¬ααΈααααα¬αΈα±ααα±αα«αα»ααΈ αααα ααα ααΌα α»ααααα±αα¬αααα¬αααα
αααα ααα ααΌα βA Show of Handsβ α‘α α‘α α₯α α ααααα±αα¬ααααα αααα αα¬α»αα αα¬αα±αα¬ α»αααα¬αααα αααα±ααΈα‘αα₯αΈαα¬αΈα±αα¬ααΈαα¬αΈα αααα αα¬αΈαα»αααα ααααα»ααα»αααΈ α»αα ααα αααα αα»αααΈα ααΌα αα α¦αΈαααΈα α ααααΈα‘ααα‘αααα¬αΈαα«αα»ααΈ αααα‘ααα¬ααΈ ααααααΈαα«αααα α€αααΈα»αα A Show of Hands αα αα α¦αΈαααΈα α α»αααα¬αααα±αα αααΈαα αααΈα±αΎαα¬ααΈα±ααααΌα ααα‘ααΌαα‘α ααΈα‘ααΌα αα«ααααΎαααα¬αΈαααα±αα¬αα α±αααΌαααα±α αα α»αα ααα
αααααΈα βA Show of Handsβ αα α‘α±ααΌαΈα‘α±αα α‘αααα¬αα»ααα±αα¬ α‘αααα¬α»αα α»ααΈ α»αααα¬αααα α‘α±α»αα¬ααΈα‘ααα¬αα α±ααΌαΈαΎαααααα ααααα»ααα±αα¬ α‘αααα¬ααΈα»αα ααα α»αααα¬ααα‘ααΌαα‘α ααΈααΌα αα±αα¬ααα¬αΈα αααααααΈααααΌα α»αα α±ααα±αα±αα¬α‘αα¬αα¬αΈαα ααααα αα¬αΈααα±α‘α¬αα»αααααααα α±ααα±αα¬ααΈαα ααΈαα ααΌα¬α»αα¬αΈαα«ααα
Sources:
Malinowski, Emily βA Show of Hands for Burmaβs Former Political Prisonersβ <https://www.irrawaddy.com/features/show-hands-burmas-former-political-prisoners.html>, accessed 17 June 2019
Albert-Knox Art Gallery, Htein Lin: A Show of Hands, <https://www.albrightknox.org/art/exhibitions/htein-lin-show-hands>, accessed 17 June 2019
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αααα±αα αα α±ααΌαΈααα‘αα« ααα αα¬αΈααΈα±ααΌα α±ααΌαΈααα«ααα α±α‘α¬ααα«α αααΈα±α»αα (mind map) α α»αααα«α
αααα±αα
αααα±αα αα αααα¬αα¬α αα¬αΈ "α»ααααα¬αΈ" αα‘αααΈα«αααα "αα" αα "α‘ααααα"α α‘αααΈα«αααα "ααα¬α" ααααααΈαααα¬ααα ααα±αΎαα¬ααααα±αα ααα "α»ααααα¬αΈαα‘ααααα" α α‘αααΈα«αααααα
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ααα«ααα αααα±αα ααα α»ααααα¬αΈααααααααααα‘α¬αΈ α ααααααΌααα‘α±αα‘αα¬αΈα‘α±αα ααα±αα¬α α±αα¬ααΈα»αααααα¬αΈααΌα αα«ααααααα‘ααΌαα‘ααΈααΈα±αα¬ α‘α αΈααα αα¬αΈαααα«αΌααΈααα
α€ααααΈααααΈαααΈααΌα αααα±αα αααααααα α‘αααα±αα¬ααα¬αΈα α‘α±ααΌαΈα‘α±αααα α‘α±αΎαα¬ααΈ α‘αα¬αα¬αΈα ααααα±ααΈαα«ααα α€αααααΈα α¬αααααΌααααα αααα±αα ααααα¬αΈα»αα ααα‘ααΌα α‘α±ααΈαααΈ α±αα¬ α‘αα α αΌααΈααααααααΈαα¬αΈ ααΌααΏααΈαα¬α±α αααααα α»αα ααα αααααΈα α¬αα αα ααΌα ααααα¬αΈαα αα¬αΈα α»ααααα α₯αΈα α¬αΈα±ααΌαΈα±αα¬αααα α±αα«ααΈα α₯α‘α±αΎαα¬ααΈα α₯αΈα α¬αΈααα‘α¬αΈα±ααΈαα "α‘ααΌα"α ααααΈα‘ααα‘αα α‘αα αα¬αΈα αα±αα¬ααα¬αΈαα α αα¬αΈααΈα‘αα αα¬αΈαααα»ααα¬αΈαα "ααα»ααα"α α αΌααΈααα‘αα αα¬αΈα α±α αααααα ααα±ααΈαα "α±ααααααΈαα¬αΈ" αα αααααΈα α¬α‘ααΌααΈαα‘α±ααΌαΈα‘α±ααα α‘αα‘ααα¬αΈα ααααααΌα¬ αα α±ααα α₯ααααααααα ααααααααααα±ααΈαα "α±ααΌαΈα±ααΌαΈα»αααΈ" ααα‘αααΈαααα«αααα«ααα
α±ααααααΈ - αααα±αα α‘α±αΎαα¬ααΈ αααα¬ααααα«ααα α±α‘α¬ααα«ααα¬αΈα α»αααα«α
αα½αΌαα αααα±αα¬α‘αα¬
αααα±αα - α»ααααα¬αΈα αααααααααα‘α¬αΈ α ααααααΌααα‘α±αα‘αα¬αΈα‘α±αα ααα±αα¬αα±αα¬ ααΈα»αααααα¬αΈααΌα αα«ααααααα‘ααΌαα‘ααΈααΈα±αα¬ α‘α αΈααα αα¬αΈα
αααααΈα α¬ α - α±αα«αα¬α
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(α) αααα¬α»αααα
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α€αα¬ααΌααΈαα αααα ααα ααΌα α‘αααα αα¬ααα‘αααα¬αααα α¦αΈα ααααΈαα»ααΈ αααα ααα ααΌα α»ααααα¬ααΌααΈααα¬αα αααα‘αα±ααΈαα α»ααααα±ααΈααΌαααα αααΎααα α‘ααΈααΈα‘ααΌα αααα‘α»ααα ααΌαα±ααα±α ααα αα αααα»ααα»αααααΈ α‘ααΈαααΈαααα α»αααΎαα»ααΈ αα αααα‘ααΌα¬αΈα‘αα α±αα¬αα α»αααΎαααα
ααααΈαα αααα αααα¬αΎααΈα‘α±ααααα»ααααα¬ ααααΌα»αα¬αΈαΎαααα αα½αΌαααα αααααΈαα ααΌα α»αα α±ααα±ααααα¬αΈα αα½αΌααααα α‘α»ααα αα¬αΈαααααα¬αΈαα αα½αΌααααα αα₯α±ααΈααα α‘α±ααΌα α‘αΎααα ααααΈα‘α α₯α‘αα¬ααα‘α±αααααα±αα»ααΈ αα½αΌααααα ααΎααααα ααααΈαα¬αΈααα αα±α αα¬αΈαα α₯αΈα α¬αΈαααα αααααΈααα‘α±αααααΈ ααα±αα¬ααααααα αααα±αα ααΌα ααααΌα»αα¬αΈα±αα¬ α‘α»αααα¬αΈα α±ααΈα α¬αΈαΎαααα ααααααα ααα‘ααΌαα‘α ααΈαα αααα±αα¬α‘α»αααα¬αΈα αααα±ααα¬αααα αααΌααΎααααααααα‘ααΌα α‘αααΈα‘α»αα αα αα‘α±αα»αα ααα»αααΎαααα
Source:
The Illusions Index <https://www.illusionsindex.org/i/young-woman-or-old-wom-an>, accessed on 17 June 2019
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α±α‘α¬ααα« αα±αα€ααα¬αΈαα ααααα‘αα¬α ααα α¬αΈα»αααααΈα
A. B. C.
αα±αα€αααα (icon) αα ααΌα½ααααα±ααα α₯αααααααΌα α‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΈαααΈα±αα¬ α»ααααααα±αα€ααα¬αΈ α»αα ααα ααΌα½ααααα‘α¬αΈααΈ αα±αα€ααα¬αΈαα αααΈααΈα±ααΏααΈαα¬αΈα»αα ααα ααα±αα¬ αααααα αα±αα€ααα α α»αα ααααΈαα₯α α₯αΈα α¬αΈαΎααααΈαα«ααα¬αΈα
α±ααααααΈ - α±α‘α¬ααα«ααΌαααααΌα αααααα α¬αΈα»ααα αα±αα€αα αα ααααΈαα«α
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αααα±αα αα αα‘αα¬αΈααααα±αααααα ααα‘ααα‘αααΈαααΈα»ααααα±αα¬ α‘α αΈαα αα ααα α»αα ααα αααα±αα αα αααα¬αα¬α αα¬αΈ "α»ααααα¬αΈ" ααααα "αα" αα "α‘ααααα"αα‘αααΈα«αααα "ααα¬α" ααααααΈαααα¬ααα ααα±αΎαα¬α αααα±αα ααα "α»ααααα¬αΈαα‘ααααα" α α‘αααΈα«αααααα ααα«ααα αααα±αα α αα ααΌα α»ααααα¬αΈααααααααααα‘α¬αΈ α ααααααΌααα‘α±αα‘αα¬αΈα‘α±αα ααα±αα¬α α±αα¬ααΈα»αααααα¬αΈααααα¬ααΌα αα«αααΎαααα αααα±αα α αα ααΌα α‘α»αα¬αΈααα¬αΈαα α‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΈααααα±αα¬ ααααα¬αΈαααα αα¬αα¬α±ααΈα±αα«ααΈα±αα¬ααα¬αΈαααα«α αααα±αα α αα ααΌα ααααααα‘ααα‘αααΈα ααααα α α‘αααααααα ααΈα»αααα¬ααΌα ααααΈααα«ααααΌαα±ααΈααα ααααΈααΌα "αα"αααΈαα«αααα«ααα ααα α±αα α αα ααΌα ααααα¬αΈαα‘α»αααα¬αΈα α‘αα‘ααα¬αΈαααα±αα¬αα¬αΈαα¬αΈα‘α¬αΈ ααααΈαα¬αΈα±ααΈα α¬αΈααα αααα ααα‘ααα‘αααΈα‘α±αα ααα±αα¬αα±αα¬ααΈα»αααααα¬αΈααΌα αα‘αα¬αΈαα«αααα¬αα ααααααααΈαα¬αΈαααα¬αΈ α»ααααα αΏαααΈαααΈαα¬αα¬α±αα¬ααα‘ααα‘αααΈααΌα α±ααααααα¬ααα αααα±αα αα±αα¬ααααα¬αΈα ααΎαααΎαααα
ααα α±αα¬ααααΈα ααΌα ααααααα α»αα α±αααα¬α±α αα α‘ααααααα¬αΈα αΌα¬ (Identities) ααα«ααα α‘ααα‘ααααααα¬αΈαα ααΌα½ααααα‘αα¬αΈα‘α±αα¬ααα α‘ααα‘ααΌααααααα¬αα«ααα α‘αααα±αα¬αα»αααα¬ α±αα α₯ααα¬ αα¬αα¬α±ααΈααΎααααα ααααα α±αα¬ααααααΌα α‘αααΈααΈα α‘ααααΈ α»αα α±αα»αααΈααΈα ααΌα½ααααα α‘α±ααΈαααΈααΈα±αα¬ α‘ααααααα¬αΈαα ααΌα½ααααα‘ααΌα α‘α±ααΈαααΈααΈα»αα α±αα¬αααα±ααΈαα¬αΈα α±αα¬αα»αα ααα±ααα«ααα
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α±ααααααΈ - αα αααα«αααΈααΌαααΌα ααα‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΈα‘αααΈααΈα±αα¬ α‘ααααααα‘ααααααΌα α»ααα αΌα αα«α ααα‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΈαα«α±αα¬ α‘α»αα¬αΈα‘ααααααα¬αΈα αααΈααΌααααα¬αΈααΌαα±ααΈαα«α α»αααα±αα¬α‘ααααααα¬αΈαααα»αααα±αα¬ α‘ααααααα¬αΈαα«αααα«α±α α1
α‘α»αα¬αΈααΌααα±αα¬ααΈαα¬αΈαα α±αα¬ααα¬αα«α αααΈααΌααααΈααααΈαα₯ααΈαααΎαααα«α
β’ ααα‘ααααα αααα αα α»αααα¬αααα¬αα αααα αα αα»αααα¬αααα¬ααβ’ ααααα‘αααααα αααααΈααΌαα±ααααΌααα«ααααααααα¬α ααααααααΈα»αααα«ααα
ααΌα½αααααα α₯αΈαααΈα αα ααααΈα»αα¬αΈααα‘α±ααΌαα‘αααα¬αΈα±αΎαα¬α α»αα α±αααα¬α±αα¬ α‘ααααααα¬αΈα αΌα¬ α»ααααΌαα ααΈαα¬αΈαα«ααα ααΌα½ααααααΌααααα±αα¬ααΎαααααα¬αΈα ααααΈαα¬αΈαααα¬αΈαα α¦αΈα α¬αΈα±ααΈαααα¬αΈααΎααα«ααααααα±αα α αα ααΌα αααααααα¬αΈα‘α¬αΈ α±ααΈα α¬αΈαΏααΈααααΈαα¬αΈααα ααααααα¬αΈααΏαααΈα±α»αα¬αααα‘α»αα αααα»ααα»αααΈ α‘α α¬αΈ ααααααα¬αΈααααααααα¬αΈαα αααΈαα αααΌαααααΈαααα¬αΈα α»αααααα±ααΈαα α αααΈαα¬ααα¬αΈα α‘αααΈα‘α»αα α‘α»αα αααα±αα ααα‘ααΌαα‘α ααΈααααα»αααα«ααα αααα±αα αα α‘αα αα αα‘ααΌααΈα ααΌα»αα¬αΈα»αα¬αΈαα¬αΈ α±αα¬ α‘ααΈα αΈααΌα¬αΈαα¬αΈα α‘αα‘ααα¬αΈααα‘α»αααα¬αΈαα±α»ααααΈαα αααΈαααΈαα αα±ααΈα‘αα±αα¬ α‘α αΈαα αα αα αα α»αα ααα α€αααΈα»αα ααααΌα»αα¬αΈααα¬αΈα ααα αΌα¬αα±αααα α‘α±ααΈαα¬αΈα±ααΈα α¬αΈαα α‘αΎαααΈαααααα¬αΈα α±αα¬α ααααααα
ααααΌα»αα¬αΈααα¬αΈα ααα αΌα¬αα±αα - α‘ααΈααΈααΌα»αα¬αΈα±αα±αα¬ ααααα ααααααα¬αΈαααα±ααΎαα±αα¬ α‘α±α»α α‘α±ααα ααα
α‘ααααα (Identity) - ααα α±αα¬α ααααα»αα ααα ααα α±αα¬α ααααα α‘αα αα αα αααα α‘α»αα¬αΈααα¬αΈαα ααΌα»αα¬αΈα»αα¬αΈαα¬αΈαα α»αα α±ααα±α α±αα¬α‘ααα‘α±ααΌαΈαα¬αΈα
αααΈαα αααΌααα - α‘α±αα«ααΈααα‘αα¬α±αα¬ααα ααΌααΏααΈαααα‘α¬αΈα±ααΈα»αααααα±αα¬ α αααΈααααΈαα¬αΈαα α‘α±ααΌαΈαα α α‘αα‘ααα αα¬αΈα
α¦αΈα α¬αΈα±ααΈαα - α‘α»αα¬αΈα‘αα¬αα¬αΈαα ααα‘α±ααΈαααΈααα αα±αα¬αα¬αΈαααα α‘α±αΎαα¬ααΈα‘αα¬αα α₯αα ααα
α‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΈ - ααΌα½αααααααααΌααα±αα¬ αα α αα αα
ααααΈαα¬αΈ - α‘ααα‘αα¬αΈααΈα»αααααααα α‘α±α»αα‘α±αα‘ααΈααΈααΌα ααααααα»ααα±αα¬αααΌαααααα‘α¬αΈαααααα±ααΈα±αα¬ α‘α±α»αααα
αααααΈα α¬ α - α±αα«αα¬α
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βαααα±αα αα ααα±ααΌαα α±αα¬ααα ααΈαα α±αα¬ααα αα α¬αα¬α α¬αΈααα±αΎαα¬ααΈ αα±ααΈαΎαα»αααΈααΈαα ααααβ
α α¬α±ααΈααα¬αααΈα αααα
(α) α€α‘αα‘αααα αααααα αα¬αΈαααα«ααα
(α) α±α»αα¬αααα ααααααααΈα αα¬αΈα α±ααΈαα»αααΈα»αα ααααΈα
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αααα±αα αα α»ααααα¬αΈα αααααααααα‘α¬αΈ α ααααααΌαα α‘α±αα‘αα¬αΈα‘α±αα ααα±αα¬αα±αα¬ ααΈα»αααααα¬αΈααΌααα«αααααα α‘α αΈααα αα ααΈα»αα ααα ααα±αα¬αααΈ ααα¬αΈαααααα±αα¬ αααα±αα α»αα α±α αα ααα¬αΈα αα α©αα¬α‘α¬αα¬αα±αα¬ α‘αα αα¬αΈαα ααααΈα α α‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΈα αα¬ααΌαα±ααΈαααα»αα ααα ααα¬αΈα α α©αα¬α‘α¬αα¬αα±αα¬ααααΈα α α‘αααα»αααΈ αααααΈ ααα¬αΈααααααα±αα αααα±αα ααΌα ααααΈα (ααΈ) α αα¬ααΌααα ααα¬αΈα αα‘αα αΈαα (ααα±ααΌ) α ααααααα¬αΈααα
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α±ααΈααΌα¬αα¬αΈα‘ααΌααα‘αα±αα¬ α‘α±α»ααα‘α±αα¬αα‘α¦αα¬αΈααΌα αααΈααΈα»ααααααα‘ααΌα α±αα¬ααα±ααΌαα¬αΈ ααα¬αΈα±ααΈααα α‘α αΈααα±αΎαα»αα¬ααααα ααα±ααΈααΌα¬α α‘ααα«α‘α αΈαα±αα¬ααα±ααΌααααα ααααα±ααΌ α±αΎααΈα ααααα‘ααΈα»ααααααα±ααΌαΈα±ααΌαΈαα ααΌα¬αα¬αΈα‘α¬αΈααΈα‘α ααΈα‘α±ααΈαα α α»ααααΎαααα
α±ααααααΈ - ααα±ααΈααΌα¬α‘ααΌα αα‘αα±αα¬αααααΈαα ααα¬αααααααα αα±αα¬αα±αα¬α±ααΌα±αΎααΈα αα ααα ααααΌα¬αααα±αα¬ααααα αα‘αα±αα¬α‘α±α»ααα‘α±αα¬αα‘α¦α α¬αααΈα α α α±ααΈαΎαααα«α α¦αΈα α¬αΈα±ααΈ ααααα αααααααααααΈααΈαα α±ααΌαΈαααα«α ααα±ααΌαΈαααα¬αΈαααα¬αΈα αααΈα»αααααααα»αααα αα¬αΈαα«α
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α±ααΈααααααα‘α±α»αα‘α±αααΌα α‘α±α»αααααΈαα¬α±ααΈ ααααααα¬α±ααΈααα±αα¬ α±ααΈααΌα¬ α±ααΈαααΈα α‘ααα»ααααααα α±ααΌαα¬αΈαα‘ααΈα»ααα«α
ααα¬α±ααΈαααααα‘α±α»αα‘α±αααΌα αααααΈαα¬αααΎαα¬αΈααα±αα¬ α±ααΈααΌα¬α α¬ααα±αα¬ααΈα ααΈαααα α±ααΌαα¬αΈα α‘ααΈα»ααα«α
αααΈαα¬αΈα±ααΈααΌα¬αα αααα±αα¬ααΌαα±αα¬α±αα¬ααααα»αααα¬ αααΈααΌα¬αΈαα¬ααααα α±αα¬ α±αα¬αα¬αΈαα¬αΈααΌα¬αΈαα¬αααα α±ααΈααΌα¬αααΈαααααΌααα α±ααΌαα¬αΈαα‘ααΈα»ααα«α
ααααΌαα±ααΈα±ααΈααΌα¬ααααΈαααΈαα¬αΈαα α‘ααΌαααααΈααα αααΈαααΈαα α‘ααα¬αααααα αααα αααΈαα¬αα«αααα α ααα±αα¬ααα α±ααΌαα¬αΈαα‘ααΈα»ααα«α
α‘αααΈα±α»ααααα±ααΈααΌα¬α‘ααΌααΈααΌα αα‘αα¬αΈα α±ααΈαααα αα±ααΈαα¬αΈαα α¬αΈαα α±ααα¬ααα±αα α‘αα¬αΈα»αααα‘ααΌα αααΈαΏαααα±αα¬ααΈααΌααΈ αα ααΌααΈααα±αα¬ααα α±ααΌαα¬αΈα α‘ααΈα»ααα«α
ααα α ααΈα±αα¬α±αα¬ααα±ααΈααΌα¬αα ααα α ααΈαα αααα α±ααΈαα¬ααα¬ααααα αα αα αα ααα α ααΈ αα αα¬ααααα¬α±α αα α±ααΌαα¬αΈαα‘ααΈα»ααα«α
αα¬αα¬α±ααΈααΌα¬αααΌα¬αα¬αΈ ααα¬αΈα α±αα¬α±αα¬αα¬αΈαα¬αΈαα αα¬αα¬α±ααΈαααΈααααΈαΎαααα α±ααΈααΌα¬ α‘ααΌααΈα ααα»ααα±αα¬ααΈαα¬α±ααα¬α α»ααααα»αα»αααα α±ααΌαα¬αΈαα‘ααΈα»ααα«α
α±αααΌα¬αααΌα¬αα¬αΈ ααα¬αΈα α‘αα¬αΈα αα ααααα¬αΈαα¬αΈ α»αα αΎαααα α±α»αα¬αα±ααΌαα±αα¬ αα¬αααΌα α±αα±αα¬ααΈα±αα¬ααΈαααααα α±αααΌααΈα‘αα αα ααΌααΈααΈαα α±ααΌαα¬αΈαα‘ααΈ α»ααα«α
ααααΌα¬ααα‘α¬αΈααΈααααα±αα¬α‘α±α»ααα±ααΈααΌααΈαα¬αΈααααααΎααααα
β’ ααΈα»αααααααα ααααααααβ’ ααααα ααΈαααΈαα¬αΈα αααα¬αααααβ’ ααααα‘αα¬α ααΌα½ααααααααΈαα α»αα αααααβ’ α‘ααααα‘αααΈα‘α»αα αα¬αΈα ααααααΌα±αααααα
α€α±ααΈααΌααΈαα¬αΈα ααα¬αΈα α‘ααΌααΈα α α¬ααα±αα¬ααΈα‘ααΌααΈα ααααΌα¬α‘ααΌααΈαα α‘α»αα¬αΈα±ααα¬αααΈααΌα α±ααΈαΎαα α±α»ααΎαααα α‘α±α»ααα‘α¬αΈα»αα ααααα±ααα¬ααΌααα αα‘αα αα α α‘ααΌα ααΈα»αααααα¬αΈααααα αα‘α ααα
α‘αα ααααααα±αα¬ ααΈα»αααααα¬αΈααΌα αααααα ααααα ααα¬αα‘αα¬αΈα αα±αα¬αααα αΎαα»αααΈααα»αα ααα αααααΈα α¬ α - αααα±αα ααααααΌα»αα¬αΈααα¬αΈ α ααα αΌα¬αα±ααααΌα α±ααα¬αααα‘αααΈ α αα¬αΈααΌα αααα±αα¬ααααΈαα¬αΈαααα¬αΈα α‘α»αααα¬αΈαα α¦αΈα α¬αΈα±ααΈαααα¬αΈααΎαααα ααα¬αΈααΌαααΌα»αα¬αΈα»αα¬αΈαα¬αΈα±αα¬
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αα‘ααααα α‘α±ααΌαΈα‘α±αααα¬αΈαα±αα¬α±αΎαα¬α α‘αα ααααΈα»αααααα¬αΈααααα¬ααΌα ααααα‘αα¬αΈ ααααΎα αα«ααα
α‘αα ααααΈα»αααααααΈααΌα ααΈαααΈααα α±α‘α¬αααααα¬αΈαα«ααααα ααααΌα¬αααα αα α‘αααΈα‘α»αα αα¬αΈα α‘ααΌαα‘αααΈαα¬αΈα αα±αααΈα αΌαΎαααααΈα»αααααααα±αα¬α‘αα« α‘ααα‘αα αα¬αΈα α‘α»αα¬αΈα‘αα αα¬αΈαα ααΏααΈα‘ααΈα±ααΈααΈ αααΎαααα α₯ααα¬α‘α¬αΈα»αα αα¬ααααΈααααα¬αΈαα ααα¬αααααααα¬αΈα αΌα¬ααα ααααΌα¬ αα ααααααα«α αα α±αα¬ααΈαα α±αα¬ααΈα±αα¬αααα±αα¬α‘αα« ααα¬αααα±αα¬ααα¬αΈα α‘ααΈα±ααΈααΈαααΏααΈαα¬ααααΈαααα‘αα¬αΈα‘ααΌα α‘ααΈααααααα±αα α±ααΈαααΈαα αααΈα±αα¬αααααααα«α αα¬ααααΈ ααα¬αΈα‘ααΌα α‘ααΈα±ααΈαααααα»αα αΏααΈ ααα¬αααααααα¬αΈαα±αα¬ αααααααα±αα
αααα±αα αα ααΈα»ααααααααααα αα αα α α»αα ααα α‘αα αα α α‘ααΌααΈααααα±αα¬α‘ααΈα αΈααΌα¬αΈαα¬αΈα α‘αα‘ααα¬αΈα α‘α»αααα¬αΈα α‘αα‘α¬αΈαααΈαα α‘αΎαααΈαααα α±α»ααααΈαααααΈαααΈαα ααα α»αα ααα α€α‘ααααααΈα±ααΈαα αααα±αα αααΈα ααΈα»αααααααα»αααΈα α‘α±ααΈαααΈααααα‘αα¬αα αααααα
(α) α‘α¬αΈααΈααααααα‘α»ααα ααα±αα¬α±α»αα¬αααααα±αα¬ α‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΈααΎαααα α©αα¬αααΈαα¬αΈα±αα¬ ααα¬αΈαααΈα α©αα¬ααααΈα±αα¬αα¬αα¬αααα¬αΈαααααΈ αα«ααα±α»αα¬ααααΎαααα
(α) α‘α¬αΈααΈαα ααΈα»αααααααα»αααΈαααααΈα α₯ααΌααα«αααα ααα±αα¬α‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΈααΎαααα αα αα±αα αααΈα ααΈα»αααααα αααΌα ααΈα»αααααααα±αα¬ααααααΎααααααα¬αΈ αα«αααα«ααα
αααα±αα αα ααα¬α»α±ααααΌαααααα‘αα¬αΈααΈ α‘α αΈααα αα αα α»αα ααα αααα±αα αααΈα»αααα¬αΈαααααα±αα αααα±αα¬ αααΈα»αααα¬αΈαα α‘αα¬αΈα‘α¬αΈα»αααααααΈαα¬αΎαααα2 α α α»αα ααα‘αα¬αΈα‘αα¬ ααααΈαα«αΈ ααα α»αααααα‘α±ααααα±αα¬αα±αα¬ ααΈα»αααααα¬αΈααΌα α»ααααααααα αα«αααΎαααα ααα±αα¬ αααΈ αααα±αα αα αΏααΈα»ααα ααα αα αααα±αα¬αααα±αα α±α‘α¬ααα«αα¬αααΌαααΈα±ααΈααα αααα±αα αααΈ α ααΈα»αααααααα»αααΈα α‘α¬αΈαααΈααααα‘α¬αΈαα¬αααα ααα ααΈα±αα¬ααΈααΈα»ααα¬αΈααα α»αα αααα¬αΈαα‘α αααΌαααααα«α α±α‘α¬ααα«α±ααΈααΌααΈαα¬αΈαα±ααΌαΈα±ααΌαΈαα ααΌααα±αα¬ααΈαα¬αΈαα α±αα¬ααα¬αα«α
αα¬αααΌαααΈ - α
ααα‘α±ααα α»αααΈααα±αα¬α±αα¬αα«αα αα»αα α±ααΈαααα±ααααα αααααααΈα»αα αααααα ααα¬αααα¬αΈ αα»αα αα±αααΈα»ααααααα±αα¬ααα ααα¬αααααα¬αα ααΈαααααΏααΈ ααα¬α±α α¬αα‘αααΈαα ααα¬αΈα‘α¬αΈ α±αα¬αα«ααα‘αα¬αα¬αΈα αααΈα»αααααα ααα±αα¬α ααααααααααα αααα‘α¬αΈ α±ααΌαΈαα α±α ααα
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αα¬αααΌαααΈ - α
ααα α¬ααα±αα¬ααΈααΌα αααααα±ααΌα‘αααα±ααΏααΈ ααααα‘αα¬ααΌαα‘ααΈα»αααααΈα»αααα αααΈα α¬αΈ α±ααΎαααα α±α‘α¬ααα«ααα‘αα αα ααα α±ααΌαΈααααα α»αα ααα α) α±αα¬ααΈα±αα¬ααΈααΌααΈα α»αα»αααα α) α‘ααα¬αα¬αΈαα»αα»αααΏααΈ αααΈαα±ααΈαα¬αΈα‘ααΌα α‘ααα¬α‘αα ααα±αα¬ααα ααααα α) α±αα¬ααΈα α‘ααα‘α±αα¬αα‘α¦αα αααα αΌααΈααααΌααΈαααΈαα¬αΈαααααα ααα±α»αα±αα¬αα α ααααΌααΈααα±αα¬α αααα α»αα ααα ααΈα»αααααααα»αααΈ α»αα α α₯ααΌαα±αα¬ααΈαα¬αΈαα¬αΈ αα«ααααΌαααα±α αα α±αα¬ααΈαα¬αΈα‘ααΌα α‘α ααΈα ααα α¬αΈα»αα±αα¬ααΈαα¬αΈ ααα±αα¬αααααΎαα¬αΈααααα α±αα¬ααΈαα¬αΈαα α±αα¬αααα±αα¬ααΈααα α±αα¬α α‘α ααΈα‘α±ααΈααα±αα¬ααΎαααα α±αα¬ααΈαα¬αΈαααα α±αα¬ααα αααα αΌααΈααααΌααΈαααΈ ααα»αα ααα α±αα¬αααΈ ααΈα»ααααααα±αα¬ααΈααΌααΈα αα±αα¬ααΈα±α‘α¬αα»αα»αααα¬ααΌα αααααααΈαα α»αα ααα
αα¬αααΌαααΈ - α
αααα±ααΈααΌα¬α±αα«ααΈα±αα¬ααα ααααααΈαααααΈαα ααα¬α±ααΏααΈ α±αα¬ααααα αα¬ααΎαα¬αα ααΌα¬α α»αααααΈααα»αα α±αΎαα¬ααΈ ααααααα ααΌα¬αααΌααααααΈαααααα±αα¬ αααα¬ααα‘α±αα¬αα‘α¦αα αααααααα±αα¬ α ααα αα¬αααααα α‘α±αα¬αα‘α¦ααα αααααα¦αΈα α¬αΈα±ααΈαααα±α αααα α±ααΌαΈα±ααΌαΈαα α±ααΈααΌα¬α±αα«ααΈα±αα¬αα ααΌα¬αα¬αΈα‘α¬αΈααΈαα«ααα±αα¬ α‘α ααΈα‘α±ααΈαα α α»αααααα ααΌα¬αα¬αΈ ααα ααΈαα α±αα¬ααΎαααα α‘α ααΈα‘α±ααΈα α±αα¬ααΈα±αα¬ααΈααΌαααΌα α αααα±αα¬αααΈ ααααα αα¬αα±αα¬αα±ααΌαΈα±ααΌαΈ α±ααΎααΏααΈα±αα¬α ααΌα¬αα¬αΈαα¬αΈααα‘αααΈαααΈ α»αααΈααα¬αΎααα¬ αααααα±αα¬αααααΌαα¬αΈ α»αα ααΌα¬αΈαα¬α±αα¬ ααα
αα¬αααΌαααΈ - α
α α±αα±αα ααα α αα¬ααααΈ ααααα±αα¬ααΈαα¬αΈ αα α±αα¬ααα αααααα¬αα‘αααΌα α α¬αααΎαα ααα α±αα¬ααΈαα¬αΈαα¬αΈαα α‘αΏαααα±αα¬αααα±αα¬ααα¬αΎααΏααΈ α±αα¬ααΈαα¬αΈα‘αα¬αΈα αααααΈ αααα ααΈ α‘αααα±ααΎαααα α±αα¬ααΈαα¬αΈαα¬αΈα‘αααα±αα¬αα±α αααα α‘ααααα±α αα αα¬α±ααΌα±α»αα¬ααΈααα ααα α±αα¬ααΈαα¬αΈαα¬αΈαα±ααΈαΎαααα ααααα¬ααααΈα»ααααααα α±αα¬ααΈαα¬αΈαα α±αα¬ααααΈα ααααα‘α»αααα¬αΈα α±α»αα¬α»ααΎαααα α±αα¬ααΈααααα α α±αα±αα ααα ααΈαα αα¬ααα α±α»αα¬ααΈα±αααααααΈα»αα αααα ααααααααα αα‘αααα αα±αα¬ααΈαα¬αΈαα¬αΈαα αααα±αα¬αααα±αα¬α α α¬αααααΈαααΌα αααΈ ααααααΌααΌα‘α¬αα α ααααα¬αΎαααα
α±ααΌαΈα±ααΌαΈα»αααΈ - α
αα αααα±αα αααΈα ααΈα»αααααααα»αααΈα α‘α¬αΈαααΈααααα‘α¬αΈαα¬ααα±ααΌα αα¬α±ααΌαααα ααααΌα¬/α α¬ααα±αα¬ααΈ/α‘ααα¬αΈα‘ααΌααΈ ααΈα»αααααααα»αααΈααΌα ααααΈαα«ααα»αααΈαα α±αα¬ααΈαα
α‘αα‘ααα αα αααααα«ααα¬αΈα
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ααααα‘ - ααΌα»αα¬αΈα±αα¬α‘α»αααα αααΈαααα¬αΈααα ααα α¦αΈααα‘ααααα¬αΈα‘αΎαα¬αΈ ααα¬αααα¬αΈα±αα¬ αα±αα¬αα¬αΈααΌααΌααα αααα‘ααααα‘αα¬ ααααα α‘α±αα«ααΈααα‘αα¬αααΈ αα±αα¬αα±αα ααα±αα¬ ααααΈα αΌα¬ ααααΌαα±α»ααααΈαα«α α‘αΎαααΈαααααα¦αΈααααααα
ααΈα±αα«ααΈαα«ααα±αα¬αααΌαα - αααααα αα«ααααα αα«ααααααααα
α‘αΎαααΈαααα - αααα¬ααα±α ααα ααα αααααΈαααΈααα αααα±α αααα ααα αΈα±α αα αααΆα¬ααα‘αα‘α¬αΈααΈ αα α‘αα‘ααα
αααααΈα α¬ α - α±αα«αα¬α
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(α) α€αα¬ααΌααΈα αααααα αα¬αΈαααα«ααααΈα
(α) α‘αααα¬ααα ααααααααΈα αα¬αΈαα±ααΈαα αααΈα α¬αΈαα¬αΈαα«ααα
(α) α€ααααΈα αα¬αΈαα αααα±αα αα ααααααα ααα«ααα
αα«αα - αα¬αα (Carlin) α αααα»αααΈα α»ααααααΌαα¬αΈααα
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α»αααα¬αααα‘αα«α‘αα αααα¬α‘ααα α‘ααΈαααΈαα¬αΈαα αααα±ααΈαα α»ααααα±ααΈαα¬ααΈα»αα αααααα»αααΈαααααΈαα¬αΈααΌα αααΎααΌα αΌα¬αα«αααααα αααΈααα«ααααΌαααα α‘αα¬αΈα‘ααΈαα¬αΈα αΌα¬ ααααα±ααΎααααα α»αααα¬αααααΌα α‘ααΈαααΈαα¬αΈαα α‘αα‘αααα ααΈα‘αααα¬αααα¬αΈα αααααα±α αα αααΈα α¬αΈαααΈααα±ααΎααααα ααααα α‘α»ααααΌαα‘ααααΌαααααα»αα α±α α‘ααααα α₯αα¬αΈαα αα¬αΈαααΈαα¬αΈαα±α α¬αα±αα¬ααα αα¬ααααΎααααα ααα»αα αααααΈααα‘αααΈ α‘αααΈααααΈ ααα¬αααα¬αΈα αααα±αααΌααααααα‘α±ααααΌα α‘αα»αααΎαα»αααΈααααΈ ααΎααααα α‘ααΈαααΈαα¬αΈαα ααααα¦αΈα±αα α α% α‘ααααΌαααΎαααα α»αααα¬αααα α‘αα¬ααααΌα α±αααααΌαα»ααΈααΈααα±αα¬ αααα±αα ααααα αα‘α»αα α±αα¬αααΈαα«α α‘ααΈαααΈαα¬αΈ αα αααΈαα±ααΈαα¬αΈαα ααα¬α±ααΈα α αΈααΌα¬αΈα±ααΈαα αααα±ααΈααΈα»αααααα¬αΈααΌα ααΈα±αα«ααΈαα«ααααα»ααΈα‘ααΈα‘α»αααααΈααα α¬αΈααα α‘α±ααΈαααΈαα«ααα
Source:
Oxfam, βWomen and Leadership in Myanmar,β Sept. 2013, <https://myanmar.oxfam.org/sites/myanmar.oxfam.org/files/file_attachments/Women%20%26%20Leader-ship%20%28Full%20Report_English%29.pdf> accessed on 17 June 2019
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α±ααααααΈ - α±α‘α¬ααα«α αα¬αΈααΈαα¬αΈα αααα«α α±αα«ααΈα±αα¬ααα α±αα¬αα‘ααΌα α‘α±ααΈαααΈααα αααα αα α‘ααα‘αααΈαα¬αΈα α±α‘α¬ααα«αα₯αΈαα±αα¬α α±ααα¬ααΎαααα«α
(α) αααα¬α ααα»αααΈ (α) α‘ααα‘ααΌααΎααΈα»αααΈ (α) ααααΌα»αααΈ (α) α‘ααΈαα¬αΈα»αα α»αααΈ
(α) α±αα¬ααΈα αΌα¬ αα¬αΈα±αα¬α ααα»αααΈ
(α ) α‘α¬αΈααΈ αα«ααα±αα¬α ααΌαα±α ααα»αααΈ
(α) αααΈαα¬α»αααΈ (α) αΎαααα¬ααα»αααΈ
(α) ααα¬ααα»αααΈ (α) ααΎααααα»αααΈ (α) α‘αα±αα¬ααα»αααΈ (α) α±ααα ααααα»αααΈ
(α) ααΈαα¬αΈα»αααΈ (α) αα¬ααα¬ααα»αααΈ(α) ααα±αα¬αα±ααΌα±α ααα»αααΈ
(α) α αα¬αΈα±α»αα¬ α±αα¬ααΈ α»αααΈ
α‘α±α
αΈαααΈ
α‘α±α
αΈααα
αΈ
3
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26
α±ααΌαΈα±ααΌαΈα»αααΈ
ααΌααα±αα¬ααΈαα¬αΈαα α±αα¬ααα¬αΏααΈ α±α‘α¬ααα«α±ααΈααΌααΈαα¬αΈα α±ααΌαΈα±ααΌαΈαα«α ααα‘α±α»ααα¬αΈα α‘αααΈαααΌα α»ααααα±ααααα‘ααΌααααΈ α»αααααα¬αΈαα«α
αα αααα ααααΌαα ααααααΈαα α αα¬αΈααΈαα¬αΈαα±ααα¬ααα¬αΈαα¬ααΌα ααααααα¬αΈααα«ααα¬αΈα ααααΈα»αααααααααααΏααΈ α‘α±αΎαα¬ααΈα»αααααααΈα»ααα«α
αα α‘αααα«α α¬αααΈααΌα ααα«αααα ααα»ααααα±αα¬ α±αα«ααΈα±αα¬ααα α±αα¬αα α‘ααα‘αααΈαα¬αΈααα« ααα¬αΈα
αα α±αα«ααΈα±αα¬αα±αα¬ααΈαα α±αα¬α α»αα ααααααα¬ αα¬ααααα«ααααα ααααααΌα α±αα«ααΈα±αα¬αααα αααααααΈαααΈαα¬αΈα»αα ααα±ααΌαααααΈαα«ααα
αααα±αα αααΈα ααΈα»αααααα¬αΈααααα¬ααΌα αααΈα‘ααΈααΈαααα‘αα "αααααααα±αα " αα "ααΌααααααα±αα " αα αααα αααααααα±αα ααΌα ααααΌα¬α‘ααΌααΈααα‘α¬αΈααΈα ααΈα»ααααααααΎα ααα ααα±αα¬ αααααααα±αα αα αα¦αΈα±ααα¬αΈα»αα¬αΈααΌααΈα±αα¬α±ααα¬αα¬αΈααΌα α‘ααΈα»αααααα«α α‘αα α±αΎαα¬ααα±αα¬ . . .
αα αα¦αΈα±ααα¬αΈα»αα¬αΈααΌααΈα±αα¬α±ααα¬αα¬αΈααΌα ααΈα»αααααααααα‘ααΌα αα‘α¬αΈααΈαα α ααΈαααα¬ αα»αα ααα±αα
αα ααααααΌα¬α‘ααΌααΈ α»αααααααΈα»αααααα¬αΈα‘ααΌααα«αααα αα‘αα¬αΈα ααΌα α‘ααα α αααα α¬αΈαααα αααα αααΎαα±αα
"ααΌααααααα±αα " ααααα ααα α¬αΈα»ααααα±αα α αα ααΌα α‘ααα‘αααα‘αααα αα‘ααΌααΈ αααα ααα α¬αΈα»ααααα α»ααααα¬αΈαααα α¬αΈαα α±ααΌαΈαααΎαααα α‘ααα«ααα α¬αΈαααα¬αΈα α‘α αΈαααΌαα ααΈαΎα ααα ααα α¬αΈαααα¬αΈα αααΈα»αααα₯αΈα±αα¬ααΏααΈ α»ααααα¬αΈαα‘ααΈα αΈααΌα¬αΈαα±ααΈαααα αααα±αα¬αα α₯αα¬αΈα ααΈα»ααααααα αααααΎαααα αααα±αα α αα αα αααΌα ααα α¬αΈαααα¬αΈα α‘αα¬αΈα»αααα‘ααΈα αΈααΌα¬αΈ α‘αααΈ αααα±αα¬αα±αα¬α‘αα« α‘ααααΈαα¬αΈα±αα¬α‘α¬αα¬αα¬αΈα α»αααααααααΈααααΌαααα α αα αα¬αΈαααααααα‘αααΈα‘αααΈα‘αα¬αΈα ααΌα ααααααα α¬αΈααα»αα αααααα±αα¬ α ααΈαα₯αΈαα¬αΈααΎαααα α‘ααα±αα¬ α ααΈαα₯αΈαα¬αΈαα¬ "ααΌαααα±α»αα¬α±αα¬" α ααΈαα₯αΈαα¬αΈ ααααα α‘α α₯α‘αα¬αα¬αΈα»αα ααα α₯ααα¬ ααααΌα¬α‘ααΌααΈα α‘αααααΈααααααΈαα¬αΈ ααααα α‘ααΈαα¬αΈαα¬αΈαα¬ααα α¬αΈαα α»αα ααΌααααα αααΈα»ααα‘αα¬αΈα ααΌα α±αα¬ ααααααα α¬αΈααα»αα αααααααΈα»αααα ααα¬αΈααα ααΈαα₯αΈαα¬αΈα α₯αα±ααα¬αΈααααα¬αΈαααα α₯ααα¬ α»αααα¬αααααΌα α»αααααααααΈαα¬ααΈαα¬αΈααααα‘ααΌα αα«αα α‘α±ααΌαΈααααααα¬αΈαα α‘ααα‘αααΈ ααΈ αα α αα αα α‘αα ααααα
α±ααΌαΈα±ααΌαΈα»αααΈ
αα ααααααΌα¬α‘ααΌααΈααΌα α±αα«ααΈα±αα¬ααα¬αΈααααα α±ααΌαΈαααΎαααα ααααααααααΌαα‘α¬αα¬αα¬αΈαα ααααα±ααα¬α αααΈαααα¬αα«ααα
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α±αα«ααΈα±αα¬α - α‘αα αα α α α‘ααΌαα‘α ααΈαα α ααααα αααΈα»αααα α»ααα α₯αΈα±αα¬αα ααααα ααΌαααα αααΈαααα αα±α‘α¬αα»αααα αα‘αα αα ααααααΈααΈαα αααα’αα
αααααααα±αα - α»ααααα¬αΈα αααααα«αααα¬ααΈα»ααααααα±αα¬ αααα±αα α αα αα αα
ααΌααα (ααα α¬αΈα»α) αααα±αα - α»ααααα¬αΈαααα α¬αΈαα α±ααΌαΈααααα±α»ααα¬ααΎααΏααΈ αααααα α¬αΈ α‘α±ααΈαααΈααΈα»αααααα¬αΈαααα±α α±αα¬ αααα±αα α αα αα αα
α»αααααααααΈαα¬ααΈ - α±ααΌαΈα±αα¬αααα»αααΈα α±ααΌαΈααααα»αααΈα±αΎαα¬α αααα¬α±αα¬α‘α αΈαα‘ααΌααΈα αα¬ααΈ α±ααα¬α
αααααΈα α¬ α - α±αα«αα¬α
αα α»αααα¬αααααΌα α‘α αΈαααα α¬αΈαααα¬αΈα ααααα±ααΌαΈαααΎααα«ααααα α»αααα¬ααααα "αααααααα±αα " αα¬αΈ "ααΌααααααα±αα " αα¬αΈα
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(α) α€αα¬ααΌααΈα αααααα αα¬αΈαααα«ααα
(α) α‘αααα¬ααα ααααααααΈα αα¬αΈαα±ααΈαα αααΈα α¬αΈαα¬αΈαα«ααα
(α) α€ααααΈα αα¬αΈαα αααα±αα ααααααα ααα«ααα
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α±ααΌαΈα±αα¬αααΌαα¬αΈαα α»αααααα‘ααΌα ααααα±αα«ααΈα±αα¬ααα¬αΈα α±ααΌαΈαααα α‘ααΌα α‘α±ααΈα»αα ααα α±αα«ααΈα±αα¬ααα¬αΈαα±ααΌαΈαααα (αααα¬αΈαα) αα¬αααα α»αααααα‘α±αα»αα αααα ααααα±αα¬αααα‘αααΈα‘αααΈααΌα α±ααααααα ααααα±αα¬α±αα«ααΈα±αα¬ααα¬αΈαα ααααα±αααααα αααα‘αααΈα‘αααΈαα±αα¬α±αα¬ααα α‘α±α»αα¬ααΈα‘αα»ααααααααααα‘α±αα α±ααα¬α‘α±ααΈαα¬αΈα α₯αΈα α¬αΈαΎαααα αα¬ααα»αα ααα ααααααα α¬αΈααα±αα¬ααΈαα αααααα‘α»αααα ααααΈαα¬αΈαααα α¬αΈα»ααααααααααααααα ααα α¬αΈααα±αα¬ααΈαα¬αΈα‘α±αΎαα¬ααΈαα±ααα¬αααα¬ αααα΅ααα»αααααα αα¬ααα»αα ααα α€ααα±ααα¬αα ααα ααα α±ααΈααΌααΈαα¬αΈα±ααΈαααααα ααα α¬αΈααα±αα¬ααΈαα¬αΈααααα±αα¬ ααααΈα‘ααα‘αα αα¬αΈα α±ααααααΈα α α‘αα»αααα α‘αααα‘ααα«ααα
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α‘αα αα α±ααΌαΈα±ααΌαΈα»αααΈααΌα α±α‘α¬ααα«α±ααΈααΌααΈαα±ααΌαΈα±ααΌαΈαα«α
α»αααα¬αααααΌα α‘α αΈαααΌαα ααΈααααα α¬αΈαααα¬αΈα α±ααΌαΈααααα±α»ααα¬ααα α±ααΌαΈα±αα¬αααΌαα¬αΈ αα«αΈαα αα ααα αααΈαααα α‘α αΈαα‘ααΌαα‘ααΌααΈ ααααΌα¬αα αα ααα α¬αΈα»ααα«ααααα αααα’ααα α¦αΈαααΈα "ααα α¬αΈααα±αα¬ααΈ" αα±ααααα α±ααΌαΈα±αα¬αααΌαα ααααα ααα α¬αΈααα±αα¬ααΈαα¬αΈα αα¬α±αΎαα¬ααααα ααααΌα¬ααα ααα α¬αΈα»ααααα αααααααα‘ααα±αα¬ααΈα±αα¬ααΈ ααααααααααααΈα»ααΎαααα ααα α¬αΈ ααα±αα¬ααΈα‘ααΈααΈα αααα±αα¬α‘α»αααα¬αΈα ααααΈαα¬αΈαααα¬αΈα α»ααααα¬αΈαα±ααα¬αα α‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΈααΎα ααα ααααααα α¬αΈααα±αα¬ααΈα ααααα‘α»αααα¬αΈ αααααΈαα¬αΈαααα¬αΈα ααα α¬αΈα»αααααα α»ααα αα¬αΈα α α₯αΈα α¬αΈαΎαααα α‘ααα«ααα α¬αΈααα±αα¬ααΈα αα±ααΈααααα αα‘αα¬αΈααΈαααα ααα α¬αΈαα α±αα¬ααΈα αααα±αα¬ ααααα α‘α αΈαα‘ααΌααΈααΌα α±ααα¬αα α±ααα¬ααααα α‘α αΈαα‘ααΌααααα α¦αΈα‘α±αα»ααα ααα α¬αΈααα±αα¬ααΈαα (ααα‘αα« ααα α¬αΈαααα α₯αΈα‘α»αα ) αααα±αα¬α‘αααα α₯αααα¬αΈα‘α¬αΈ ααΈα»αααα ααααα¬ααΌα αα«ααααααα
α»αααα¬ααααααα±αα¬ααΌα αααα±αα¬αα αα αααα α»αααααααα±αα¬αα α‘ααΈαα¬αΈαααα±αα¬αα α»αα ααα αααα±αα¬αα ααα α±αα«ααΈα ααΈα α»ααα±αα¬αα αααα±αα¬α α±αααααα αα±ααΈααα¬αΈα α»ααα±αα¬αα αααα±αα¬α ααα α¬αΈαα αα αα¬ααααααΈα α±ααΌαΈαααΎααααα αααα±αα¬α αα αα αα¬ααααααΈα αααα‘αααα
αα«αΈαα α»αααααΈ α±ααΌαΈα±αα¬αααΌα‘αα αα ααααΈααΏααΈ α»ααααα¬αΈα‘α¬αΈ ααα α¬αΈααα±ααΌαΈααααΌααα ααα α¬αΈ αααα¬αΈαααα¬αΈααΌαα±ααΈα‘αααα α±αα«ααΈα±αα¬ααα¬αΈα‘α¬αΈ α±ααΌαΈααα»αααΈ (αααα¬αΈα»αααΈ) ααα¬αααα α»ααααα¬αΈ α‘α±αα»αα α±ααΈα±ααΈαααα α α₯αΈα α¬αΈαΎααααααααα α»ααααα¬αΈα‘α±αα»αα ααααα±αααααα ααα±αα¬α
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α‘ααα‘αααΈα ααα ααα±αα¬αα‘ααα‘αααΈαα αααα±αα¬ααα αα‘αααα‘α±α»αα¬ααΈα‘ααα¬αΈα ααΈα»αα αααα¬αΈαααααα αΌααΈααα α±αα«ααΈα±αα¬αα‘ααΈα‘α α¬αΈαα¬αΈα α α₯αΈα α¬αΈαΎααααα ααααααΈααΌα ααα α¬αΈαα α±αα¬ααΈαα α±αα¬αα»ααααΌαααα α‘ααΈααΈα±αα¬αα‘ααααα¬αΈα α»ααααααα‘αααα α₯ααα¬ α»αααα¬αααααΌα ααα α¬αΈααα±αα¬ααΈ αα α±αα¬αα»αα ααα‘ααΌα α‘αααΈααΈ α‘αα αα αα αα αα αα α‘ααααααα ααααα¬αΈ α»αα αααααα αα«αΈα α±ααΌαΈααΌα¬αΈαα¬α α»αα αααα
α±ααααααΈ - α±α‘α¬ααα«ααΌαααααΌα α»αααα¬αααα α‘α αΈαααΌαα ααΈαααα±αα¬αα ααα αααΌαα«α
α±ααααααΈ - α±αα¬ααΈαα¬αΈαααα’α ααα α¬αΈα»ααααα α±αα¬ααΈαα¬αΈα₯αααα α¦αΈαα±ααΌαΈαααα ααα±αα¬ααΈααΌα α±ααΌαΈα±αα¬αααΌαα¬αΈ αααα‘ααΌααΈαααΈαα»αααα±ααααα±αα¬ααΈαα¬αΈαααα’α₯αααα α±αα¬ααΈαα¬αΈαα¬αΈαα‘ααΈα ααα α¬αΈα»ααααα¬ααααα α»αα ααα αααα±αα¬ααΈα‘αααα±ααΈα ααα¬α ααα¬ααα¬αΈαα α»αααααα‘α ααΈ α‘α±ααΈαα¬αΈα ααα±αα¬ααααα»αα αΏααΈ α±αα¬ααΈαα¬αΈαα¬αΈα‘α±ααΈαα α₯ααααααααααΈα»αααααα¬αΈα αα«αα α±α»αα¬αα±αα¬αααΌααααα
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α±α‘α¬ααα«α±αα¬ααΈαα¬αΈαα¬αΈα ααα±ααΈα‘ααα‘αααα¬αΈααΎαααα«α ααααααααα±ααΈααα αα¬α±αΎαα¬α α±ααΈαα¬αα
ααα α¬αΈααα±αα¬ααΈ (α) - αα«α
αααα¬ααα αα«ααα«α ααΌα½ααα ααΈαααΈααα±ααα«ααα α±αα¬ααΈαα¬αΈ α₯αα αα α±αα¬αα‘α±ααα α±αα¬ααΈααααααΈα±ααΈα α‘αααα¬αΈαα«ααα α±αα¬ααΈ α αααααΈαααΈαα¬ α‘αααααΈα±ααΌαα¬αΈαα±ααΈαΏααΈ αααααααααΈα±ααΈα±ααα±ααΌααααΈ α¦αΈα±αα¬αα»αααααΌα¬αΈαα¬αα«α ααααα±αα¬ααΈαα¬αΈα±ααΌα α±αα¬ααΈααα±αα¬ααΈαααΈα αα¬α‘ααα‘αα¬αΈα α±ααΎααααα±ααΌαα«α ααα±αα¬ααΈα ααααΈαα¬αΈαααΏααΈ ααα α α»αα»ααααα¬αα«α αααααααααΈααααα¬ αααααααα α±ααα¬α‘α αα‘αααΈ
αα ααα«αα αααααΈααα αααααα ααα α α αααΈαα¬α±ααΈαα ααααααα αα±ααα«ααα
ααα α¬αΈααα±αα¬ααΈ (α) - ααααα
ααΌα½αα±αα¬αα¬αα ααααααα«α ααΌα½αα±αα¬ α±αα¬ααΈαα¬αΈα±ααΌαα α₯αα αα α±αα¬α α»αα αααα«ααα α‘ααααααΈααα±ααΏααΈ α‘α¬αΈαα α¬αΈαα αααα ααααα±ααΈαα¬ ααΈααΌαα αΌα¬αα«ααα¬αα« αα«ααα ααΌα½αα±αα¬αα α αα±ααΌαα±ααα αα¬α‘α»αα αααΆα¬ααααααΈααα ααα ααα«ααα α‘α¬αΈαα α¬αΈα α‘αααΈα±α»αααα ααα±ααΌ αα α±ααΌααααα α‘αααΈα‘ααΌααα αα‘α±ααα α‘ααααααα±α‘α¬α αα ααα α‘α±αα¬ααΈααΈαααΈαααΈαα α α»αα αα«ααα αααααα α±αα¬ααΈαα¬αΈα₯αα
αα α±αα¬αα‘α±ααα α±αα¬ααΈααΌααΈα αα±αα¬ααΈα±α‘α¬ααααααα α±αα¬ααΈαα¬αΈα±ααΌα‘ααΌα α‘α¬αΈαα α¬αΈαα α₯ααΈ α‘αα α±ααΌαααααα α±αα¬ααΈααααααααΈααΌα¬αΈαα¬αα«α
ααα α¬αΈααα±αα¬ααΈ (α) - α±α‘α¬αα±α‘α¬α
ααΌα½αα±αα¬αα¬αα α±α‘α¬αα±α‘α¬ααα«α ααΈαααΈααα±ααα«ααα α±αα¬ααΈαα¬αΈ α₯αα αα α±αα¬αα‘α±ααα α±αα¬ααΈα α¬αΎααααα ααΈααα±α‘α¬ααααα«ααα α‘αα±αα¬α±αα¬αααα¬α±αα¬ α α¬αΎααααα α α¬α‘αα‘α±αα¬ααΈα±ααΌααα α»αα α±ααα«ααα αΏααΈα±αα¬ α±αα¬ααα»αααΎααα±ααΏααΈ α ααα α αα¬ α»αα α±ααα«ααα α±αα¬ααΈαα¬αΈα±ααΌ α α¬α±ααΌααααα‘ααΌα ααα±αα¬ααααα¬ α»αα α±α αα α±ααα¬ αααααααΈαααΈα»αα α±α‘α¬αα αα α₯ααΈα‘αα α±ααΌαα α‘ααα»ααααααα«ααα
α±αα¬ααΈαα¬αΈα‘αα¬αΈα α αααα±ααΌαΈαΏααΈααΎαααα‘αα±ααΌαα¬ α±ααΎαααα¬αα«α ααΌα½αα±αα¬ααα±αα¬ααΈα α±α‘αΈα±α‘αΈ αααΈαααΈα αααΈαα₯α±ααΌαΈα±αα¬αααα αααΏααα±ααα¬α±ααΈαα α αα¬α±ααΌααααα±αα¬ααΈα±ααΈ α»αα αααααα ααΌα½αα±αα¬αααα«ααα
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ααα α¬αΈααα±αα¬ααΈ (α) - ααα
αααα¬αα ααααα«α αααααΈααα±ααα«ααα α±αα¬ααΈαα¬αΈα₯αα αα α±αα¬αα‘α±ααα αα±αα¬ααΈαααα±αα α±αα¬ααα¬αΈα‘α¬αΈααΈ ααΏαααααα α¬αΈ αα±α αααα«ααα αααΈαα±ααΈα±ααΌ α‘αα«α‘αααα«α α±αα¬ααΈα ααααα α±αα¬α α‘α±ααα α±αα¬ααΈα αααααΈαα¬α α±αα¬ααΈαααΈααα¬ α±αα¬αα€α¬αΈα±ααΈα±ααΌα αααα ααααααααΈα±ααΌα α α±αα¬ααΎααα«ααα αα«αα¬αααααα αα¬ ααααα«ααΈα α±αα¬ααααααα¬αΈαααΈα±ααΈα α±αα¬ααΈαααααΈαααα α ααααΈααα±αα¬α
αααα ααα‘α±αα¬ααΈααΈααααΌα¬αΈαα¬αα«α
α±ααααααΈ - α±αα¬ααΈαα¬αΈα±ααΌαΈα±αα¬αααΌαα ααα¬αΈαααααα±α ααα ααΈαααΈαα¬αΈααααα¬αΈα±αΎαα¬ααΈ ααααα¬α α±αΎααα¬ααααα α±α‘α¬ααα«α ααΈαααΈαααα¬αΈααααα«α α ααΈαααΈαααα¬αΈααααα¬αΈααααα αααααα« ααα¬αΈα αααα«αα‘ααα±αΎαα¬αααααα ααααα«αα‘ααα±αΎαα¬ααααα αααα«ααα
αα αααΈαα±ααΈαα¬αΈαα¬ ααα±αα¬ααα₯αΏααααΌααααααα αααααΈααααΈα α€α±αα¬ααΈααΌαα±αα¬ααΈααααα α±αα¬ααΈαα¬αΈαα¬αΈαα¬ αα₯αΏααααΌααααααα αα αααΈαα α‘ααα±αα¬ααΈαα¬αΈαα¬αΈαα¬ αα₯αΏααααΌααααααα αα₯αΏααααα α±αα¬ααΈαα¬αΈαα¬αΈα‘α±αα»αα α α¬αααΈααΌααΈα α±ααΌαα α αααΈα±ααΈα±αα¬αααααα α αααααΈαααα¬αααα αΌααΈαα α±αα¬ααΈαα¬αΈαα¬αΈααα±αα¬ααα₯αΏααααΌα ααααα ααα α¬αΈααα±αα¬ααΈαα¬αΈα‘α¬αΈααΈ αα¬α±αΎαα¬αααα±αα¬αα‘α±ααΌαΈαααα ααααα α α¬αααααΌααΈαα αα±α»αα¬
αΎαα¬αΈαααα
αααα±αα α αα ααΌα ααα α¬αΈαααα¬αΈαα α»ααααα¬αΈααα±αα¬αα ααΌαα»ααααααααα‘αααα ααα ααααα«α α±αα¬ααα¬ααα±ααΌαΈα±αα¬αααΌααΌα α»ααααα¬αΈαα‘α α¬αΈααΈααααα ααα‘α ααα α¬αΈαααα¬αΈαα α»αααααα‘ααΌα ααΈα»ααααα±αα¬ααΈαα¬αΈααααααααα«α α±αα¬ααα αααα±ααΌαΈα±αα¬αααΌααΌα αααα αα±ααΈα±ααΌαΈαααΎααα α»αα ααα
ααα±αΎαα¬α αααα±αα α αα ααΌα α±ααΌαΈα±αα¬αααΌαα¬αΈα‘α±ααΈαααΈαα»αααΈ α»αα ααα α±ααΌαΈα±αα¬αααΌαα¬αΈαα ααααα¬αΈ αα¬αΈα‘α¬αΈ αααααα±αα¬ααααα αααα΅αα±αα¬αααα α‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΈα±ααΈα‘αααα α»ααααα¬αΈααα‘ααααα¬αΈα α αΈααααααααα¬αΈααα ααααα«α ααα α¬αΈααα±αα¬ααΈα α»ααααα‘α α¬αΈααΈαααα α±ααα¬α α α₯αα¬αΈααα
ααα±αα¬ α±ααΌαΈα±αα¬αααΌαα¬αΈα‘α¬αΈ α αα ααααααΈααα«α ααααΈααα±αα«ααΈα±αα¬ααα¬αΈααααα¬αΈαΏααΈ ααα»αα ααα±αα«ααΈα±αα¬αα ααα±α»ααα¬αααα±αα¬α»ααααα¬αΈα ααααααΌαααΈαααΈααΌα¬αΈααααα ααα±αΎαα¬ααα αααα±αα α±ααΌαΈα±αα¬αααΌαα¬αΈαα ααΌααααααα¬αΈαααα α‘ααΌαααα‘α±ααΈαααΈα±αααα
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ααα α¬αΈααα±αα¬ααΈ - α±ααΌαΈα±αα¬ααα±ααα¬α αα¬ααΈαα αα‘ααΌα ααα±αα¬ααα₯αΏαααα ααα α¦αΈααα±αα¬αααα (Consent) - αα α αα α α»αα α±αααα¬α±α αα ααΌαα»αααα ααΌαα»αα±ααΈα»αααΈαα±ααΌαΈα±αα¬αααΌ - αααα±ααΈ ααααα α‘α αΈααα¬ααΈα±ααα¬αα αα‘ααΌα ααα α¦αΈα¦αΈαα±ααΌαΈαααα α»ααααα¬αΈα αα±ααΈαΎααα α‘ααα
αααααΈα α¬ α - α±αα«αα¬α
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ααα»αααΈα±ααΌ... αΏαααΈαααΈα»αααΈα±ααΌα»αααα¬α»αααα αα¬αα¬α±α αα¬αΈα±αα¬αααα¬ α‘α»αααα‘αα¬...αα±α»ααα¬... ααα¬αΈααααΌααααα¬α±α»α...
α±ααΈα±ααΈ/α - αααΈαα ααα¬αΈααααΌααααα¬α±α»α
(α) α‘αααα«α α¬αα¬αΈαα¬αΈαα αααΈααα βααα¬αΈαα ααΌααααα¬α±α»αβ ααααΈα α α¬αα¬αΈαα¬αΈ α»αα αα« ααα αα α¬αα¬αΈαα¬αΈαααα»ααΈ αααααα αα α¬αΈααα«ααα
α) αααΈααα αααααα α¬αΈαα (αα) ααααΈα αα¬αΈαα±ααΈαα αααΈα α¬αΈαα¬αΈαα«ααα
α) αααα ααα‘ααΌαα‘α ααΈα‘α±α»αα¬ααΈα‘αα‘ααΌα α‘αα‘α¬αΈαααΈα±αα¬αααααα α α»αα αα«ααα αα¬α±αΎαα¬αα αααααα«ααα ααααα±αα¬αααΈα»αα ααααααα‘ααΌαα‘α ααΈα‘α±α»αα¬ααΈα‘αα»αα αα α‘ααΌα αααα±αα¬α±ααΈαααα«ααα
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α ααα α¬αΈαααα¬αΈα α±α α±αα¬α±ααΈαααα α αααΈααΌααα»ααΈααα±α αα αααΈα±ααΈααα±αα¬α‘α αΌααΈα αααααα ααααΈαα¬αΈαααα α‘α±ααΌαΈα‘α±ααααΎαααα¬αΈα α α ααΈα±ααΈααααα
αααΈαααα α‘αα αα αα ααΌα ααααΈαα¬αΈαα ααα±ααΈαα¬αΈα»ααΈ α α α±ααΈααα»ααααα¬αΈ α‘ααΈαα»αα ααα»αα±αα¬α±αααα¬αΈααΌαα±αααα±ααα±αα¬ αα±ααΈααααα¬αΈα α‘α±α»αα‘α±ααα¬αΈαα ααααα»ααΈ ααααΈαα¬αΈα»αααα α¬αΈαααα¬αΈα ααα±αα¬αααα ααα±αα¬α αααα»αααΈαααΈα±ααΈαα ααααα»ααΈ ααααΈα±ααΈαα α αααα α¬αΈα±αα¬ααααααΈαα¬αΈααααΈα±αα«ααΈα ααα‘ααΌααα α ααΌαα ααΈ αααα
βαα±αα¬ααα‘ααΌαααααααΈααα αααα±ααΌαα¬ α»αααΈαααΈα±ααΈααα±αα¬αα»αααΈαααααΈ α±ααΌαα¬ αα«ααααααααα¬α α»ααααα»αα ααα αα±αα¬αα ααααα‘α±ααΌα α»αααΈαααΈα αΌα¬α±α»ααααΈαα α±αα¬αααΎαααα αα±αα¬αααααα α¬αΈααα±ααΌα αααααΌαα αα»αα¬αΈαααΈαα αααα±αα¬α»αααααΈ ααααΈα ααα α‘αα‘α¬αΈαααΈααααα¬ αα±αα¬αααααα αα«α±αΎαα¬α αααα‘ααΈα»αα»ααΈ α»αααΈαααΈα±ααΈα α±αα¬ααΈαααααβ α αααΈααα αααΈα»ααααα
αααα α‘α±ααΈαααΈα±αα¬ ααααΈα‘ααα‘αααα¬αΈαα±ααΈαααα α ααα α¬αΈαααα¬αΈαααα α±αα¬α±ααΈααα±αα¬ α‘α αΌααΈαα±αα¬α±αΎαα¬α α»αααα¬αααα‘αα«α‘αα αααα¬α‘ααααΌα ααααααα¬αΈαααα¬αΈ α‘ααΌα α‘α±ααΈαα«α±αα¬α‘αααΈααααΌα αα«ααααα α»αααα¬αααααΌα ααααα¬αααα¬αΈα αααΎααΌ ααααα¬αΈααα¬αΈαα αααα‘ααΌαα‘α ααΈαα¬αΈαα α»ααααα¬αΈα α‘ααΈαα»ααααααα¬αΈα ααα αααααΈααααΌα α»αα ααα±ααααα¬αΈα ααααα±α αααα ααααααααΌα¬ααΌα αααΎααΌα αΌα¬αα«αα α±αα¬αααΌααΎαααααααΌααΈαα ααααα¬αΈα αΌα¬α‘ααΈα»ααα¬αΎαααα
Nyein Ei EiHtwe, βYoung Musicians Sing Songs of Peace,β Myanmar Times, Octo-ber 2012. <https://www.mmtimes.com/lifestyle/2279-young-musicians-sing-songs-of-peace.html> accessed on 01 July 2019.
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α±α‘α¬ααα«α‘αα»ααααα¬αΈα αα α±αα¬ααααΈααα α±α»αααα«α α‘α»ααα‘ααα±αα¬α (α )α αα±αα¬α (α)α αα±ααα¬ (α)α αα±αα¬αα (α)α α‘α»ααα‘ααα±αα¬αα (α) α ααα»αα αααααα¬α±ααα¬ααΌα α‘ααα»αα α»αα αα«α α‘α»αα¬αΈααα¬αΈαα ααα‘α±α»ααα±αααα α»αααααα¬αΈαα«α
α α₯ α‘αα»ααα α α α α α
(α) αααα±αα α αα ααΌα α»ααααα¬αΈα α¦αΈα αΈα¦αΈα±αα¬αα»αα ααα
(α) ααααΈααα±αα¬αααα¬ ααΈα»αααααα¬αΈαα α‘α±αα¬ααΈααΈα»αα ααα
(α) αααΈα»αααααΈαα αααα±αα α α‘α αΈαα αα αα ααα‘α»αα αααααααΈ ααααα
(α) ααααα¬αΈα‘ααΌα ααΈα»αααααααα»αααΈαα¬αΈααΌα αα«ααααΌαααα α‘α±ααΈαααΈ ααα
(α) αααααΈα»αααααα¬αΈαα αααα±αα αααΈααα ααΈα»αααα αα±αα¬ααΈ ααα
(α ) α‘αα¬αΈα»ααα α±ααΌαΈα±αα¬αααΌαα¬αΈααΌααα±ααΈα»αααΈαα αα»αα αα±α α»αααααα αα¬αα α»αα ααααα
α±ααΌαΈα±ααΌαΈα»αααΈ
β’ αα α±αα¬ααα ααΌ α»αα α±α α α‘αα ααα‘ααΌααΈα»αα α±α α‘α±α»ααα¬αΈαααααΈαα₯αΎαααα«αβ’ α‘α±α»ααα ααααΈα α‘ααΌα ααα‘α±αΎαα¬ααΈα»αααααααΈα»ααα«αβ’ ααααΌαααα‘α±α»αααα¬αΈααααα«α α±ααΈααΌααΈαα¬αΈα±ααΈαα«α
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α±α‘α¬ααα«αααα α»αααα¬αααααααα¬α»ααααΈα "αααα±αα " α‘α±αΎαα¬ααΈα‘αα¬ααααααα±αα¬ α‘ααΈα‘αα¬αΈ ααα αα¬αΈααα¬αΈ α»αα αα«ααα α‘αα α‘ααΌααΈααΌα α‘αα‘ααααα¬αΈα α±ααΌαΈα±ααΌαΈαα«α
αα α‘αα‘ααααα¬αΈαα ααααΈα α ααααΈα±α»αα¬αα±ααΈαα¬αΈαααα¬αΈαα αααα±αα ααααα α α₯αΈα α¬αΈααΎαααααΈα αα α€αααα±αα α‘α±αΎαα¬ααΈ α‘αα‘ααα¬αΈαα α€α‘αααΈααΌαα±αα¬α»ααα±αα¬ α‘αα‘ααα¬αΈαα αααααα
α ααα«ααα
αααα±αα α α»ααα αα αα αα αααααα«ααΈαα ααα‘αΏαααααΈα»ααααααΈα α¬αΈαα«ααα αα«α±ααα αααα±αα αα ααααααα‘α¬α ααααααΈααα α‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΈαα α α±ααΈαα«ααα
β’ α±ααα±α‘α¬ααααΈα αΎαα
αααα α‘α»αα¬αΈααα αα±αα¬αααΌαα»αααααα«α α‘α»αα¬αΈαα±ααΌαα‘ααααααα¬ α‘ααα‘αααΈ αα»αααααΈα
β’ α±α‘ααα¬αα ααααΌααΈ
ααΈααΌα¬αΈα α‘α αΈαα ααα΅ααα±ααΈα αα±αα¬ααΈα±ααΌα α±ααΌαΈααααα±α»ααα¬αααα
β’ α±αα¬ αααΈα±ααα
αααααααΈαααα±ααααα ααα‘ααα‘αααΈαα αα‘ααΌα ααα α α»αα αα«ααα
β’ ααα ααΌαααΈααΈ
α‘α¬αΈαααΈααα±ααΌα α‘α¬αΈαααΈααα±ααΌαα α‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΈαααΈαα±ααΈα α αα αα αααα±αα α αααα¬αΈαααα¬αΈααα
β’ αααα ααα΅
αααα±αα ααα¬αα‘αααΈαααΈααΌα»αα¬αΈααααααΈαααΈααα ααα¬αααΈααααα¬αΈααΈα
β’ ααααα±αα¬ααΈ
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(α) α€ααα αααααα¬ααααΈα α±α»αα¬α»αα±ααα«ααα
(α) ααααΌααα«α±αα¬ααα¬αΈαα αααα±ααΌα ααα α¬αΈα»αα±ααα«ααα
(α) α±ααα¬αα¬αΈαα αα¬αααα α¬αΈα»ααα«ααα
(α) α€ααα αααα±αα αα ααααααα ααα«ααα
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α‘α±ααα α¬αααα¬ααΌα α±αα¬α»ααα±αα¬ααα ααα αα±ααααΈαα (Craig Forehle) α ααααα αα αα»αααΈα α»ααααα±ααΈααΌαα¬αΈα»αααΈα»αα ααα αααα αααααα ααα¬αΈααααα‘αΎαα¬αΈ ααΌα»αα¬αΈα»αααΈαα±αα¬α«αααΈ αα¬αΈα»αααΈα»αα ααα
αααΈαααααααααα¬ ααααΈααα αα αααΈα±αα¬ααα αααα α»αααααα±ααΈα»αααΈα»αα ααα ααα±αα¬ α€αααΈαααΈαα ααααΈααα±αα¬α‘α±α»αα‘α±αα α αααΎαααα¬α‘ααα»αα ααααα ααααα αΎαααα ααααΈα‘ααα‘α»αααααΎαααα¬ αα¬ααααααα ααα¬αΈαααααα αααΎαααα»αα ααα
αααααα ααα¬αΈαααααα ααααα±αα¬αα»αα ααα αα¬ααααααα ααα¬αΈαααααα ααααΈ ααα±αα¬α‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΈα αααααΈααΎαααα¬ ααααααα»αα ααα ααα«ααααΌα αα½αΌααααα αααα±αα¬ααααΈα±αΎαα¬ααΈα α‘α±ααΌαα‘αΎααα α‘α±α»αα‘α±ααα¬αΈαα ααΈα±αα«ααΈαα«ααααααα‘ααΌα α‘ααα‘α αα¬αΈ αα±αααααα ααα¬αΈααααααααα αα½αΌαααααα ααααΈααααα±αα¬ αα‘αααααα ααΌααΈα α₯αΈα α¬αΈααα α»αα ααα
α±α‘α¬αααΌαα»ααα α±αα¬ αααααα ααααΈααααααΌαα α α₯αΈα α¬αΈαα¬αΈα»αααΈα»αα ααα ααα«ααααΌα αα½αΌαααααα α»ααα¬αα±α»ααααΈαα (ααααα) α±αα¬ααα¬αΈαααα¬ α‘α¬αα ααΎαα»ααΈ α»ααα¬αααααΈ α±αα¬α‘αα¬α ααααΌααΈα α₯αΈα α¬αΈαα α±αα±ααααΎαααα α€αααΌα α‘αααα¬αααα αα½αΌααααα αα αααα¬αΈα α»ααααααααα±α αα ααΌααΈα‘α¬αΈα±ααΈαα¬αΈααα αα¬α±αΎαα¬α α±ααα¬α±ααΌα»αααα±αα±ααΈα»αααΈααα αααααα±ααΎαααα α»αα ααΈααΈαα»ααααααααΈαααΈαα¬αΈ αα½αΌαααα α α₯αΈα α¬αΈααΎαααΈααα¬αΈα
αααα±αα ααΌα αααΈααααααα ααα¬αΈαααααα±α αα ααααΈαααΈα ααΈα±αα«ααΈαα«αααααα α±αα¬αααΌα αααα»αα ααα αααα±αα αα ααααΈαααΈα±αα«ααΈαα«ααααα αααααα αααα±αα αα‘α±α»αααααααα ααα¬ α‘α»ααα‘ααΈααΈαα αααΌααΎαααααα¬αΈα‘ααΌα αααα±αα¬αααΈα±ααΈαααα¬αΈαα ααααΈα‘ααΌα α‘ααΈα»αα ααΌααΈα±α ααα
Source:
Center for Creative Storytelling, <https://www.storybasedstrategy.org/tools-and-re-sources#the-4th-box-instructions-download> accessed on 17 June 2019.
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α α¬αααΈα»αα αα¬αΈα±αα¬ ααααΈαα¬αΈααααα«α ααααααααΈαα¬αΈα ααα‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΈα‘αΎααΈααΈα»αα αα«ααααΈα ααααΈαα ααααΈα α ααα‘ααΌα α‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΈαΎααΈ (α)α α‘α±ααΈαΎααΈ (α)α ααααα α‘α±ααΈααΎααΈ (α) α‘α»αα ααΈα»ααα ααα±αα¬αα¬α‘αααΈαααΌα α‘ααα‘αα¬αΈα»ααααα«α αααα‘α±α»αα ααααααααΈααααααΈαα₯α»ααΈ αα αα¬α±αΎαα¬α α€αααααΈα»αααα¬αΈααα αααΈα»ααα«α αααα α‘α»ααααα«ααα¬αΈα
α - α‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΈαΎααΈ α - α‘α±ααΈαΎααΈ α - α‘α±ααΈααΎααΈ
ααΈα±αα«ααΈαα«αααα - ααα ααααΌα¬αααα α₯αααα¬αΈααΈα»ααα»αααΈαα α±αα¬αααΌαα»αααΈ αα α₯αα αα¬αΈααΌα αα«ααααα»αααΈ
ααααΌα»αα¬αΈααα¬αΈα ααα αΌα¬αα±αααα±ααΈα α¬αΈα»αααΈ - ααααΈα»αα¬αΈαα¬αΈααααα ααΎαααα αα¬αΈααα»αααΈ αα α±ααΈα α¬αΈα»αααΈ
ααα¬αΈαααα - ααααΈααααΈαααα αΌα¬αααα»αααΈ
ααΌααααα - ααΌαααα αΌα¬α±α»αα¬αα α±αα¬αααΌαααα αΌααΈαα»αααΈα ααα±αα¬αααΌααααα α±αα¬αααΌα ααα»αααΈ
ααα±αα¬αα - αα‘αα±αααα¬αΈαα‘α±αα¬αα‘αα±ααΈα»αααΈ
αααΈααααα - ααα¬αΈαααΈαα αααΈαα‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΈα α‘ααΌαα‘αααΈαα α‘ααα‘αααΈ αα»αααΈα ααΎαααα
αα±αααΈαααΈα‘α α₯α‘αα¬ - α±ααΈααααα α¬αααααα¬αα αα₯α±ααΈαααααα¬ ααα ααΎαααααα¬αΈα α±ααΈα α¬αΈα»αααΈ
ααα¬αΈα₯αα±αα αΈααΈα±ααΈ - ααα‘ααα‘αααΈα ααα α₯αΈαααΈα αααΈαα α±αα«ααΈα±αα¬ααα¬αΈ αααα α₯αα±αααααα¬αααα
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α±ααΌαΈα±ααΌαΈα»αααΈ
αα ααααΈααα±αα¬ααααΈαα¬αΈααα«ααα¬αΈα αα α€α α¬αααααΈα‘ααΌα αααα ααααΈαα¬αΈαα α‘α±ααΈα‘αΎααΈααΈα»αα αα«ααααΈα αα ααααααΌα¬αααααΈααααΌα ααααααααΈαα¬αΈαα α‘α±ααΈα‘αΎααΈααΈα»αα αα«ααααΈα αα ααα αααα¬αΈαα ααααααα±αα¬ααααΈαα¬αΈααα«ααα¬αΈα
αααΈαααααααααα¬ ααα α¬αΈα»ααααα±αα α‘ααΌα α‘αα‘αααΈα»αα αα«ααα ααΈα»αααααα¬αΈ ααααα¬ ααΌα α‘α±ααΌαΈα‘α±ααα±αα¬ααΈαααα¬αΈαα ααααα αααα¬ααα¬αΈααααααα¬αΈα»ααΈ α‘α±ααΌαΈα‘α±ααααΈαα¬αΈαα αα αααα‘ααα‘αα¬ααααα¬αΈα α±ααα¬ααα±ααΈαα¬αΈαα«α αααα±αα αα α‘ααα»αα α±αα¬αα ααααα«α
αααα±αα ααΌα ααααΌα¬ααα αα α₯αΈαααΈα ααΌα ααα±αα¬ααααΈαα¬αΈααΎαααα ααα α¬αΈα»α αααα±αα ααΌα α‘ααΌαα±αα¬αα»ααΈααααΈαα ααα αα α±ααΈαααΎαα»ααΈ ααα ααααΈα αααΈαααααΈ ααα±αα¬ααααΈααΎαααα α€α‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΈαα α‘ααΌααααα¬α±αα¬α‘α±αΎαα¬ααΈα»ααααααα¬αα αααααααααα α₯ααα¬α‘α¬αΈα»αα α αα±αα¬αα« α»αααΈα»αααΈαααα αα α¬αΈα±ααα±αα¬ααα¬αΈα ααΈα»αααααααα»αααΈαα¬αΈα ααααααΎαααα
α‘ααα αααα±αα¬ ααααα¬αΈαα¬αΈα αααα ααα α¬αΈαααα¬αΈαα±ααΌαΈαααα α‘ααΌαα‘αααΈα‘αααΈαααα¬α±ααΈαα¬αΈααααα α‘α αΈααα αααα ααααΈαααα α¬αΈα»αα±αα¬αα ααααα«α α₯ααα¬ -
β’ αααα ααα α‘α α±αα¬αα‘α¬α±ααΈααααααΌα α‘ααΈαααΈαα¬αΈ αα±ααΈααΌαααααΎααα«α β’ αααα ααα α‘α α±αα¬αα‘α¬ααααααα¬αΈ αα±ααΈααΌαααααΎααα«αβ’ αααα αα αα¬αΈα‘α α‘α±ααααα»ααα±αα¬αα α α»ααααα‘αα¬αΈα ααΌα α α¬αααααα¬αΈα αα±ααΈααΌα
ααααααα α α α±ααΈα ααΈαααααα¬αΈααααα α€αααααααα»αααΈαα αααΈαααα¬αΈαα ααα‘αααΈα‘αααΈ αα¬αΈα αα±αα«ααΈαα«αααα ααααααα»αα α±α αααα
α€α»αα αααα¬αΈαα βα»αααα α‘αααα»αααΈβ αααα‘αα‘αα‘ααΌα αααα¬αα¬αΈααααΎααα«α α‘ααα±αΎαα¬α αα±αα¬ αα‘αα¬αΈα‘α»αα¬αΈααΈα»αααααααα»αααΈα αααααα±ααα±αα¬α±αΎαα¬αα»αα ααα
ααααΈαα¬αααα αΌα¬ αα±αα«ααΈαα«ααααΌαααα±α αα αααα±αα¬αα‘ααααα±ααα α‘αα αα¬αΈα αα‘ααα α‘αα α±αα¬ααα±ααΈαααα»αα ααα α₯ααα¬α‘α¬αΈα»αα αααααΈαααα¬αααα αΌααΈα»αα α±αααα¬αΈαα αα±ααΈαααα α‘ααΈ α‘α±αα¬αα‘α αα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈαα‘αααα»αα ααα α±ααΈαα±αα«ααα¬αΈα±αα¬α±αααα¬αΈααΌα α±αααα αααΈαααΈααααΌα α±ααΈ αααα±αα¬ααα¬αΈαα αααα¬αΈαα ααΌα¬αΈαααα ααα±αα¬αα±ααΈα‘αα‘ααα¬αΈαα‘αα»αα ααα ααα¬αΈα‘ααΈααΈααΌα αααα±αα¬ α‘ααΌαα‘αααΈαα¬αΈααΎαααα ααα α¬αΈα»ααααα±αα ααΌα ααααΈααα±αα¬ α‘ααΌαα‘αααΈαα±α αα ααα±αα¬αααΌαα±ααΈαααα¬ α‘α αΈαα αα¬ααα»αα ααα
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ααα¬αΈααΎααα α±α‘α¬ααα«α±ααΈααΌααΈαα¬αΈα α»ααααααΈαααα«α
β’ ααα ααααΈα αα ααααα‘α±αΎαα¬ααΈα‘αα¬α»αα ααααΈαβ’ ααααΌα ααααα¬αΈαα«ααααααΈα ααα αααα α‘αα¬αα¬αΈα»αααα±ααΎααα«ααααΈαβ’ ααα¬αΈαα αααα±αα α αααΈααααααααα αααα ααα ααα«ααααΈα
α α
α α
α±ααΌαΈα±ααΌαΈα»αααΈ
αα αααα±αα αα ααααΈαααΈααααααααα¬ α‘ααα»αα αααα«ααα¬αΈααα αα α αα α±αα¬αα αα±ααΈααααΌααααααααα ααα±αα¬αα«ααα¬αΈααα αα‘αα αα α α ααΌααααααα±ααΈααααΌα ααααααα αα¬α±ααΌα»αα αα¬αααα«ααα
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α‘ααα‘αααΈ α»αααα±αα¬ - ααΈα±αα«ααΈαα«αααα ααααα‘ααα‘αααΈα»αααα±αα¬α
αααΈααααα - α‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΈα α‘ααΌαα‘αααΈαα α‘ααα‘αααΈ αα¬ααααααα±αα¬
α‘αα±ααΈααΈα»ααααααα - ααααα±αα¬ α‘ααα‘αααα¬αΈαα ααααΈα‘ααα‘αααα¬αΈα‘α±ααααΌα α‘α±α»ααα ααΈα»αααααα»αααΈ
α‘ααΈα‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΈ - ααα α₯αΈα ααααα αα‘αα αα α ααα α¬αΈααΌααα±αα¬ α‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΈ
ααααΈαα¬αΈ - α‘ααα‘αα¬αΈααΈα»αααααααα α‘α±α»αα‘α±αα‘ααΈααΈααΌα ααααααα»ααα±αα¬αααΌαααααα‘α¬αΈαααααα±ααΈα±αα¬ α‘α±α»ααα
αααααΈα α¬ α - α±αα«αα¬α
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(α) α‘αααα«α α¬αα¬αΈαα¬αΈααααΏααΈα±αα¬α αααααααα α¬αΈααα«ααα
(α) α α¬α±ααΈαα αααααα α¬αΈααααΈ (ααααα) ααααΈα αα¬αΈαα±ααΈαα αααΈα α¬αΈα±αααα αα αααα«ααα
(α) α€α α¬αα¬αΈαα¬αΈαα αααα±αα αα ααααααα αα±αααα αααααα«ααα
αα ααΈα α‘ααΈα»αααααα‘ααΈαααα«αααααΈααΌαα α‘ααΈα»αααααα±αααΈαααα«αααααα¬ααΌα αα«αα‘ααΈα»ααααα¬αΈααααααΈα±αα¬ α‘αααα±ααΈαα αα ααΌααα‘ααΈα»αααα»αα α±α ααααΈα
ααΈααααααααααΈ
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α€α α¬αα¬αΈαα¬αΈαα ααα¬αααΈ (ααααα) α±αα«ααα¬αααααααΈα ααααααααααΈααα ααα¬αΈα»αααΈα»αα αα«ααα ααα¬αααΈαα ααα αα ααΈα ααΈαα«αΈααα±α‘α¬α α±αα¬ααΈα‘α¬αΈα‘α±αα¬ααΈααΈα α¬α±ααΈααα¬ααα α₯αΈ α»αα αα«ααα ααα¬ααα αΏαααΈαααΈα±ααΈα ααα‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΈαα ααα¬ααααααΈαααααΈαααΈα±α α¬αα±αα¬αα±ααΈαααα¬ αααα¬αΈαα α±αα¬ααΈαα«αΈαα¬αΈαααΈ α±ααΈαα¬αΈααα
ααα¬αααΈαα α‘α»ααααΈ α α¬α±ααΈααα¬ααα α₯αΈ α»αα αααααα ααα±αα¬ αααα¬αΈα ααααΌααΈαα α±αΎαα¬α α±ααΈαααααααααα ααα±αα¬αααΈ α α¬α±ααΈααα¬αα»αα ααα±αα¬ αααα‘αααα ααα±αα¬α αα±αααα«α α±ααΈα±αα¬ααΈαααααΌα αααα ααααα ααα±ααΈα ααα’αααΈαα α±α α¬ααα αααααα ααααα α±ααΌαΈαααααααα αααααα«ααααα αα‘αααα α ααα¬ααα ααα αα±αα¬ααα¬ααα βααΈβ αα±ααΈαααα α‘ααα±αΎαα¬ααα±αα¬ ααα α±αααααΌαααΏααΈ αα¬αΈα α ααΌααα¬αΈα±αα¬ α‘αααααα±αα¬α±αΎαα¬α α±ααΌαΈαααα»αααΈα»αα ααα
ααΌααα»ααΈα±αα¬α ααα¬αααΈαα αααα¬αΈα ααααΈαα¬α±α αααα αααααα±ααΌαααα α±ααΈαααΈααΌαα ααα αααα α α¬αααα±ααΈαα¬αΈαα»ααΈααα αααα¬αΈαα α±αα¬αΎαα¬αΈαα¬αααα ααα αααα¦αΈααΈααα αααα ααα ααΌαααα±ααα»ααΈ α±αα¬ααΈα‘α¬αΈα‘α±αα¬ααΈααΈα»αα αααα αα‘ααααΌα ααα¬αααΈαα αα αα αα¬αα±ααΈααα
ααα¬αααΈαα ααα‘αα« α»αααα¬αααααΌα α±α‘α¬αα»ααα±αα¬αΎαα¬αΈα±αα¬ α α¬α±ααΈααα¬αα¬αΈαα αα α¦αΈα»αα ααα αααα α α¬α±ααΈα»αααΈα‘ααα»αα α‘ααα±ααΌαΈαααΈα±αΎαα¬ααΈα»αα»αααΈα ααα¬αΈα αα±α α¬α α±αα¬αα»αααΈα‘α»αα ααΈαααα α α¬α±ααΈααα¬αα¬αΈααααΈ α±ααα±αα¬ααααΈα»αα±ααΈααα ααα‘αα« ααα α α¬α‘αα¬αΈα αα ααα¬ααααααΈαα αααΈαααΈα±α α¬αα±αα¬αα±ααΈα α‘α¬αα αααα α‘ααΈαααΈ αα¬αα±αα¬ααα¬αΈαααα»αα α‘ααα¬αα αα α»αααΈα±ααα¬α ααααα‘α¬α ααΈαα¬αΈαααα α‘ααααααα αα±αα¬α»ααααα αααα ααα α α¬ααααααα ααααΌα¬ααα α‘ααΌααααα α±αα¬αα‘α±αα»αα αααα¬αααααααα αααα¬α±α»ααααΈα±ααααΌα α±αααααα α¦αΈα‘α±αα»αα αααα¬α±α»αα‘ααΌα αα¬ααα ααΎααα αααΈα±αα¬ααααΌααΈα±ααΈααα
Source:
British Council, <https://www.britishcouncil.org.mm/life-stories/interviews/ju> accessed 17 June 2019.
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α‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΈααααα¬ α ααΈαα₯αΈα ααΈαααΈαα¬αΈαα α‘αα¬αΈαααααα«ααα ααααα¬ α»ααααα¬αΈα -
β’ αα α αα α α»αααααααΌα/ααααααΌαα ααΌαα»αα±ααΈα»αααΈα (αα)β’ αα α αα α ααααα αα α αα α±αα¬αα α‘αα¬α‘ααΌαα±ααΈα»αααΈα (αα)β’ αα α αα αα α»ααααα/αααα α‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΈα±ααΈαα¬αΈα»αααΈα
α₯αα±ααα« α‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΈαα αααααααα¬α‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΈαα αα αα ααΈαααααα¬αΈαααα α‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΈαΎααΈ αα«ααα α₯αα±ααα« α‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΈαα¬αΈαα α₯αα±ααα¬αΈα»ααα‘αα¬α‘ααΌαα±ααΈααα αααααααα¬ α‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΈαα¬αΈ αα α‘ααα α‘αα¬αΈαααα ααααα α‘α±α»ααα‘α±ααΌαΈα‘α±ααα±αααααα»ααΈ αααααα (αα) αααααααα ααΈα»ααα±αα¬ α ααΈαα₯αΈαα¬αΈα»αα ααα
ααα‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΈααααα¬ αααααααα¬α‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΈαα¬αΈα»αα α»ααΈ ααα¬αΈαααΈα±ααΌαΈαα¬αα« α‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΈαααΈ α»αα ααα ααα¬α»α±ααααΌα ααΌαααα»αααΈα ααα¬αΈααα»αααΈαα α»αααΈαααΈα»αααΈααα‘ααΌα ααα‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΈαα α‘α±α»ααα ααα αα‘αα¬αΈα‘α»αα¬αΈα ααΎαααΎαααα10 ααα‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΈαα αααα±αα αα ααΈααα αΌα¬ααα ααααααα ααα‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΈαα ααα¬αΈαα¬αΈαα‘α»ααα‘αααΈα±αα«ααΈαα«αα α±αα¬αααΌααααΎαα±α αα αα‘αα±αα¬ααααααααα ααα±αα¬ααααα α‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΈαα¬αΈααααΈαααααΈαα±α‘α¬α α»αααααΈα±ααΈααα ααα»αα ααα α αΈααααααααα
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ααα ααΈα±αα«ααΈαα«αααααα αα»ααααα ααΎααααααααααΈ α»ααα αΌααΈα±ααΈααα αααα ααα α»αααα¬αααααα‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΈα±αα¬αααα α₯αα±αααΌα α»αααα¬ααααα βααα‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΈαα±ααΈα α¬αΈα ααααΈαα¬αΈα±αα¬ ααα‘ααΌαα‘α ααΈαα ααβ αα±αα¬α±αα¬αααα α±αα¬α»ααα¬αΈααα
αααα¬αΈααααα¬ αααααααα¬ αα¬αααα αα»αα ααα ααα α±ααα¬α±αααααα ααα‘ααΌαα‘α ααΈα ααααΈαα¬αΈ ααααα ααΎαααααα¬αΈα‘α±αααααα»ααΈ ααΌα»αα¬αΈαααΎαααα αααααααΈ ααααα¬αΈαα¬αΈαα αααα ααα‘ααα‘αααΈα‘ααΌα αααΎααΌα αΌα¬αα«ααα±αα¬αααΌααα αααα¬αΈααΎαααααααΎαααα ααααΌα¬ α‘ααα‘αααΈα α‘ααα‘α±ααΌαΈαα αα‘ααα‘αααΈααΌα α±ααααα‘α¬αΈααΈα‘α±ααααΌα ααα±αα¬ααααααα ααααα¬αΈαα¬αΈαα ααα±ααααα¬α‘ααα‘αααΈα α‘ααΈαα α¬αΈααα αα‘ααα‘αααΈα ααΌαα»ααΈαα αααααα‘α ααα ααα±αΎαα¬α ααααα¬αΈαα¬αΈαα αααααααα¬αα ααΌααΈαααααα¬αΈααααααα¬α»ααΈ αααααα±αα¬α‘ααα‘αααΈ αα αααα±αα¬ααα¬ααΌα αααΈααα±αα¬αααΌαα±ααΈαα αααααααα¬αααα¬αΈαααα ααααα¬αΈαα¬αΈα ααααΈα±αα¬ααα α‘α»αα α±ααΈαα α₯αα±αααΈαααα‘α¬αΈα»αα αααΎααα«α ααα±αα¬ ααααα¬αΈαα¬αΈα ααααααααΈαα¬αΈαααα αααααααα α ααα«αα»ααααα‘α¬αΈα±ααΈαα αα±αα¬ααα«ααα
αα¬ααααααα¬αααΈ ααααααα±αα¬αααΌαααα (αα) αααααα»ααα¬αΈαααα α₯αα αα αα»αα ααα ααα±αα¬ αα¬αααα αααα‘α¬αΈα»αα α₯αα±αα»αα α»ααα¬ααΈαα¬αΈααααα α‘ααα αααα ααααα±αα¬αααα αα¬αααα αα α±αα¬αααΌαααααααΌααα«α α‘α»αα α±ααΈααααααα»αα ααα α₯ααα¬α±αα¬ααΈαα¬αΈ αα α±αα¬α α‘α±αα»αα αααα α±αα¬ααΈααα‘αααα±αα¬ααα αα¬αααααα α‘ααα ααα±αα¬ααααα«α α»ααα¬αα ααααα»αα ααα α€α‘αααΈαα ααααα¬αΈαα¬αΈαα ααααααα α₯αα±ααα¬αΈααααα¬αααα¬αααααα α‘ααα ααααα¬αα«α ααααα ααα±ααΌα±αα¬αα»αααΈ ααααα α±αα¬ααααα»αααΈααα ααααααα»αα ααα α₯αα±αα»αα αααα¬αΈαα ααααα¬αΈαα¬αΈα αααααα¬αααα±αα¬αααΌααα αααα±αα¬α±ααΈααα
αα¬αααα αααα¬αΈαα α‘ααΌα αααα±αααΎαααα α₯ααα¬αααααααα¬αΈααΌα ααααα¬αΈαα¬αΈαα α α αααααΈ α±αα¬ααα α₯αα±αα‘ααα¬αααααα α€ααα±αα¬ ααααα¬αΈα αααααααα¬αΈαα¬αΈαα ααααααΈα»ααααα¬ααΌααα αααααααα¬αα¬ααααα ααΎαααΎαααα ααα±αΎαα¬α α α αααααΈα±αα¬αα»αααΈααα¬αααα αααα¬αΈ αα αα ααΈ α‘α»αα αααΎαααα α€ααα±αα¬α₯ααα¬αα¬αΈαα ααααααααΈαα α₯αα¬αΈααααααααα¬αΈαα¬αΈα‘ααΌα αα¬αααα αααα¬αΈ αα αα ααΈα»αα α±αααααα α»ααα»αααΈα»αα ααα
α±ααααααΈ - α±α‘α¬ααα«αααααΈα±αα¬αααΌααααα¬αΈαα α‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΈα αα¬αα (αα) αααα¬αΈα»αα αΎαααα¬αΈααααααΈα»αααα«α
α α₯ αααααΈα±αα¬αααΌααα α‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΈ αααα¬αΈ αα¬αα
αα αααααα‘α»αααα¬αΈα αα±αα»αααΈ
αα ααα α‘αα α¬αα‘ααα α»αααα»αααΈ
αα ααα ααα¬αα±αα¬αα»αααΈ
αα α±ααΈαααΈα αΌαααΎαα»αααΈ/αααααα¬αΈαα±αα¬ααα±ααΈα»αααΈ
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α α α±ααΌαΈα±αα¬αααΌααΌα αα±ααΈα»αααΈ
αα ααα±ααααααΈα»ααα¬αΈαα α»αα α±αα¬ααΈαα¬αΈαααααααΈα±α‘α¬α α±αα¬αααΌαα»αααΈ
αα αα¬α₯α±αα¬ααΈα±αα α₯ ααΈαααΌαααα»αααΈ
αα α α¬αααααΈαα α‘αααα±αα¬αα»αααΈ
αα ααα¬αΈα αα αααΎααΈααΌαα‘αα¬αΈα α±α α¬αα±αα¬αα»αααΈ
α±ααΌαΈα±ααΌαΈα»αααΈ - α±αα¬ααΈααα»αααΈαα ααα¬αααα»αααΈαα α‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΈα αα¬αα (ααααα) αααα¬αΈαα ααααα‘αα¬ α»αα αα«ααααΈα
αααα¬αΈ - ααααα±αα¬ααααα»αα ααα‘ααΌα ααΌααααα±αα¬αααΌαααααα‘αα¬α
α₯αα±ααα«α‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΈ - α₯αα±αα»αα αα¬ααΌαα±ααΈαα¬αΈα±αα¬ α‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΈαα¬αΈα
αααααααα¬α‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΈ - α‘ααα α‘αα¬αΈ α‘α±α»ααα‘α±ααΌαΈα‘α±αα α‘αα‘αα±αααααα αααα ααααα ααΈα»ααα±αα¬α ααΈαα₯αΈαα¬αΈα
ααα‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΈ - ααα¬αΈα‘α¬αΈααΈααααα±αα¬α‘α±α»ααα‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΈαα ααΌαααααΌααα¬αΈα
αα¬αα - ααΌαααα αα»αα αα±αα±αα¬αααΌαααα α‘αα¬αα¬αΈα ααααααα«α α‘α»αα α±ααΈα»αααΈα ααααααα»αα ααα
α‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΈ - ααΌαααα αααααααα¬αΈα±αα¬α‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΈα
αααααΈα α¬ α - α±αα«αα¬α
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(α) α€ααα ααααα‘α±αΎαα¬ααΈα‘αα¬α»αα ααααΈα
(α) α€ααα ααααα±ααα¬ααΌα αααα»αααΈα»αα ααααΈα
(α) α€αααΎααα»ααΈ αααααααα α¬αΈααα«ααα
Photo: Doh Eain, 2019
BEFORE AFTER
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ααα‘ααα ααααααΌα α‘α±α»αα αα±αα¬ αααα αΌααα¦αΈαααΌα α‘ααΌααα αα»αα ααα ααα‘ααα αΏααα αα₯α±ααΈααα‘α±ααΌα‘αα α αααΈαααΈα±α α¬αα±αα¬ααααα α‘αα¬αΈα»αααααααα±αα¬ α±ααα¬αα¬αΈααααΈαα αΏααα±ααααα α‘ααααΌααΈα±αα«ααΈααα±αα¬ααΎαααα
ααααααΌα ααααα¬αα¬αΈα αΌα¬ααα±αα¬α±αα¬αα±ααΈαααΈαΎαα¬αΈαα¬αΈαααα ααα±αα¬ ααααΌαα±αα¬ α‘ααααα¬αΈαα α»αααΈαα ααΈααα¬αΈααα α§ααα¬αΈ αααααα¬α±ααα¬α»αα α±ααα ααα‘ααα ααααΌα¬ααα α±α ααα¬ αααααΈαα¬αΈαα ααΈα±αα«ααΈα α‘ααααα¬αΈααααα¬αΈα»ααΈ α‘αα¬αΈα»αααα‘αααΈα±α»αα αα¬ α±ααα¬α‘α»αα α±α»αα¬ααΈα αα αα αΎααΈαααΈαΎαααα α‘ααΈααΈα±αα¬ α ααααΈαα¬αΈααΌα ααα αα¬ααα¬αΈα αααΈαα¬α±ααΈα±ααααααΈ α»ααααα αα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈα αααΈα»ααα¬αΈα αα±ααΈαα α¬αΈα αα¬αα¬αΈαα αααΈα±ααα‘αααα¬αα¬αΈ α αΌαααα αα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈα α»ααααα‘ααΈαααα±αα¬ αααΈααα¬αα¬αΈα‘ααΈα»αα ααααΈαΎαααα ααα‘ααΌα ααααααΈα±αα¬ α‘αα¬αΈα»ααααααα¬α±ααα¬αα¬αΈα ααααΈα»αααΈα‘α»αα ααα‘ααα α±ααααα‘α αΈαααα α¬αΈαααα¬αΈα αααααΏααα±αα¬ α ααααα¬αα¬α±ααΈα±αα¬αααα αααααΏααα±α α»ααααα¬αΈααααΈα±αα«ααΈα ααααα αααααΈααααΌαα»ααΈα±ααΈα‘ααΌα ααΈα±αα«ααΈα±αα¬αααΌαααα±ααΈααααΈ αααΈα±αα¬αααΌααααααα
Source:
DohEain, <http://www.doheain.com/alley-gardens/> accessed 17 June 2019.
Photo: Doh Eain, 2019
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αα βααααα¬αΈα»αα ααβ ααα α αα¬αΈααΈαα ααα‘ααΌα ααααα‘αααΈα«αααα«ααααΈα αα α±α‘α¬ααα«ααα¬αΈα αΎαααα«α ααααααα ααα‘ααΌα βααααα¬αΈα»αα ααβ αααα‘αα‘αα‘ααΌα
ααα α¬αΈα‘α»αααααΈα α»αα αα«ααααΈα αα ααα ααΌααα‘α¬αΈαααα α±ααΌαΈααααααααΈα»ααα«α
α α
α
α
α
α
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ααααα¬αΈα»αα ααα αααΈαααΈα‘ααΈααΈα»αα α‘αααΈα«αααΌαααααα«ααα α₯αα±αα‘ααΈα‘ααααΈα‘α ααααα¬αΈα»αα αα αα αα α₯αΈαα α±αα¬ααααΈαα αααααααα‘αΎαα¬αΈα₯αα±αα‘α ααα αααααα±αααα»αα ααα α₯ααα¬ ααΌαααα αα ααα α₯αΈα α»αααα¬ααααα¬αΈ ααααα αααΈααααα¬αΈα»αα ααα α±α»αα¬αααααα ααααα¬αΈαα¬αΈαα αααααΈααααα α±ααΌαΈα α¬αααΈαα ααααα¬αΈα»αα α±αΎαα¬ααΈ ααα±αα»ααααα α‘α»αα¬αΈα±αα¬α₯αα±αα‘α±αα¬αα‘αα¬αΈαα¬αΈ ααΎαααα ααααα¬αΈαα¬αΈαα ααααααααΌα α‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΈαα¬αΈααΎαααα αα ααααΌααααΈ αααααΌα α₯αα±αα αααα¬α»αααΈα α‘ααΌαα±ααΈα±αα¬αα»αααΈα α‘ααα±αα¬α‘α±α»αα‘α±ααα¬αΈααΌα α α αααααΈα»αααΈα‘α αα±αα¬αα¬αααα¬αΈααΎαααα
ααααα¬αΈα»αα ααα αααα±ααα αα¬αΈαααα¬αΈα»αααααΈ α‘αααΈα«αααΌααααααα ααααα¬αΈα»αα αααα α₯αα±αα‘α ααααΌαα±αααααα α»ααααα¬αΈαα αααα±ααααα¬α‘ααα‘αααΈα‘αΎαα¬αΈ αααα±ααΈα‘αααααΌαα±ααααααΈ α»αα ααα ααααα¬αΈααααα¬ α‘ααα‘αααΈ (αα) ααααΌα¬ααααΌα α‘αααΈα«ααα αΌα¬ααΈα±αα«ααΈαα«ααα α‘ααΈα»αα±αα¬ α»ααααα¬αΈαααΈ α»αα αΎαααα αα ααααΌααααΈ αααα ααΈα±αα«ααΈαα«ααα±αα¬αααΌαααα‘ααΌα α±ααΈα α¬αΈααα α‘αα α‘αααΈα ααααΈααΈαααα αα αα¬ααΌααααα α»αααααααΎαααα
ααααα¬αΈα‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΈαα ααα‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΈα‘αΎαα¬αΈααΌα¬α»αα¬αΈαααα¬ α‘αααααΈα
α‘ααΈαααΈααΈαα αα¬ ααα‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΈαα ααααα¬αΈα‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΈα‘αΎαα¬αΈ ααΌα¬α»αα¬αΈαααα¬αααα¬α±αΎαα¬α αα‘ααΌα α‘α±ααΈααα ααααααα»αα ααα ααααα¬αΈα‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΈαα α₯αα±αα‘αα‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΈα»αα α»ααΈ ααα α₯αα±αα‘α ααααα ααααα ααααΌαα±ααααααα ααααα¬αΈα»αα α»αααΈα±αΎαα¬α ααααα‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΈα»αα ααα ααα‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΈ αα αααααααΈαααα¬ α‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΈααΈα»αα α»ααΈαααα ααα¬αΈαα α±αα¬αα»αα α±αα»αααΈα±αΎαα¬α αααα α‘ααΌα α‘α±ααΈα»αα ααα
ααα‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΈαα α±αααα‘α¬αΈα»αα α‘α±α»ααα‘αααΈα‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΈαα¬αΈα‘α»αα ααααΎαααα αααααΌα α‘ααααααααΌαα ααα¬αααΎαα¬αΈααΌαα ααα₯αΈαααΈααα αααα»αααΈα αα¬ααΌαα±ααΈααα ααΌαααα αΌα¬ ααα΅ααα±αα¬ααΌααα αα«αααΎαααα α€α‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΈαα¬αΈαα ααααα¬αΈα‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΈαα¬αΈα»αααααΈ ααα αα±ααααΎαααα ααα±αα¬ α€α‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΈαα¬αΈα ααα¬αΈαα α‘αααααααααααααα ααααα‘α αΌααΈα‘α αα¬αΈ α‘α»ααα‘αααααα αα‘α α±αα¬α‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΈαα¬αΈ α»αα αααααα»αααααΎαααα
ααααα¬αΈα‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΈαα αα αααΈα‘α¬αΈα»αα ααααα₯αα±αα‘α ααααα αα α‘ααΌααααα α±αα¬αα»αα α±αα»αααΈ α±αΎαα¬α ααα±αα¬α‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΈαα¬αΈα»αα ααα ααααα¬αΈα‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΈαα ααααα ααααα αα αααααΌα¬α»αα¬αΈααααα ααα ααα±αα¬αααΈ ααα‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΈαα ααα¬αΈα‘α¬αΈααΈα‘ααΌα ααα¬α»ααΈαααα¬α»αα ααα αααΎαααα αααααααα ααα¬αΈαα α±αα¬αα ααα‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΈα α»αααΈααααααΌααααα«α ααα±αα¬ αααα‘αα ααααα¬αΈ α‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΈα‘ααΈααΈα α‘α¬ααα»αααΈααααα α»αααΈααα»αααΈααΎαααα αα αααΈα‘α¬αΈα»αα α»αααα¬αααα»ααα αααααα»αα¬αΈ αα ααααΌα¬αΈα±αα¬ααααααα«α αααααα αααααα‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΈα α±ααΈα α¬αΈαααα»αα ααα α‘αα¬αΈαα αΌα¬ α»αααα¬α‘α αΈααααααΈ αααααΌααΈαα αα¬α±αα¬αααααααα¬αΈα ααα‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΈα α±ααΈα α¬αΈαααα»αα αα ααα ααα¬αΈα ααααα¬αΈαααααα¬αΈα ααα‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΈαα¬αΈααααΈα±ααΈα α¬αΈαααα»αα ααα
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α±α‘α¬ααα« α»αα ααααΈααα ααααα¬αΈαα¬αΈαα ααααα¬αΈαααααα¬αΈα‘α¬αΈ ααααα‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΈαα¬αΈαααα±α αα ααα±αα¬ααα±ααΈααα‘αααα¬ α±αα¬αααΌααα±αα¬α‘α α‘α α₯αα¬αΈα»αα ααα αααα¬αα¬αΈαααα αααααΌαααα α±ααΈααΌααΈαα¬αΈα α±ααΌαΈα±ααΌαΈαα«α
αααα¬α»αα αα (α)
αΎαα α±αΎααΈααααααΌα α‘ααα»ααααα¬α±ααΈα αααααΈαααα±αα¬ααα±ααΈα»αααΈ11
Fee-Help αα αΎαα α±αΎααΈααααααΌα ααααααααΌα αα±αα¬ α±αα¬ααΈαα¬αΈαα¬αΈα α±ααΌα±αΎααΈα‘α±αα¬αα‘αα±ααΈα±αα¬ α‘α α‘α α₯α»αα ααα α±αα¬ααΈαα¬αΈαα¬αΈαα α±αα¬ααΈα ααα α±αα¬αα αΌα¬α±ααΈαααα α±ααΈα±ααΌα±αα¬ααα¬αΈαααΎαααα ααα αα αα α¬α±αα¬ααΈα±αα¬ααΈα»αα α‘ααααα±ααΈαααα α±ααΈα±ααΌ α α»ααααααααα±αα αααααα‘ααααα¬αΈαα α»ααα α±αα¬ αΎαα α±αΎααΈα ααααα¬αΈαα¬αΈαα¬αα Fee-Help α‘α α‘α α₯α α±αα¬ααα¬αΈααααα αααααα¬ α±αα¬ααΈαα¬αΈαα¬αΈαα Fee-Help αα±αα¬ααα¬αΈααΌα ααααα‘α»αα ααααα¬αΈ αα¬αΈαα
α±αα¬ααΈα αα ααα»αααα¬αΈα αΌα¬α±ααΈααΌααΈαΎααααα α‘ααα±αΎαα¬ααα±αα¬ αΎαα α±αΎααΈα ααααα¬αΈαα¬αΈαα α‘ααΌα α±αα¬ααΎααα±αα¬α±αΎαα¬α αα‘ααΌαα±ααΌαα¬αΈα ααααααα¬α±ααΈα αα ααΌα α»αααααααΈααΈα»αα ααα»αααΈα»αα ααα ααααα¬αΈ αααααα¬αΈαα¬ α‘ααΌααα±ααΈαΎααα±αα
αΎαα α±αΎααΈα α‘α αΈααα βαΎαα α±αΎααΈα α‘α±αα¬αα‘αβ (Australia Awards) α α±αα¬αα¬αα α‘α α‘α α₯α»αα α»αααα¬αααα‘αα«α‘αα α‘α»αα¬αΈα±αα¬ααααα¬αΈα ααΈααΌα½αα±αα¬α±αα¬ααΈαα¬αΈαα¬αΈα αΎαα α±αΎααΈααααααΌα α‘ααα»αα ααα¬ α±ααΈαααααΈααα ααα±αα¬ααα±ααΈαααααα
α±ααΌαΈα±ααΌαΈα»αααΈ
αα Fee-Help ααααα±ααΌ α±αα¬ααα¬αΈααααααΈααα αααααα¬α±αα¬ααΈαα¬αΈαα¬αΈαα α‘ααα±αΎαα¬α Fee-Help α α±αα¬αααΌααααΎαααααΈααα Fee-Help αα ααααααα«ααα¬αΈα ααααα¬αΈαααααα¬αΈα‘α±ααααΌα ααΌα»αα¬αΈαααααααα«ααα¬αΈααα ααααα¬αΈαα¬αΈ α‘ααα»ααααα¬α±ααΈααααααα α±ααΌα±αΎααΈαααΈα±ααΈαααα α‘α αΈαα‘ααΌα α‘α±ααΌαΈα‘α±αα
α±αα¬ααΈα»αα αα«ααα¬αΈα αα¬α±αΎαα¬αα»αα αα«ααααΈ ααααα αα¬α±αΎαα¬α αα»αα αα«ααααΈα
αααα¬α»αα αα (α)
αααΈαααα α±αααα±α»αα¬ααΈα‘ααααα¬αΈαα¬αΈα α‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΈ12
α±αααα±α»αα¬ααΈα‘ααααα¬αΈ α‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΈααΌααα (MWRN) αα α»αααα¬α±αααα±α»αα¬ααΈα‘ααααα¬αΈαα¬αΈαα αααΈ αααααΌα αα¬α±αα¬αα‘ααααααα±αα±αα¬ α»αααα¬α‘ααααα¬αΈαα¬αΈα‘ααΌα α±αα¬αααΌαα±αα±αα¬ α‘ααΈα‘α»αα
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α‘ααΌα ααααα α‘ααΌαα‘α ααΈαα α α»αα ααα αααα»αα ααα α±αααα±α»αα¬ααΈα‘ααααα¬αΈ α¦αΈα±α‘α¬αα±αα¬αα ααα±αα¬αα αα αα α±αα¬αααα αααα ααα ααΌα α ααααΌαα ααΈααΏααΈ α±ααα α±α»αα¬ααΈα‘ααααα¬αΈαα¬αΈα‘α±αα αααααα α»ααα»αααΈαα αααα¬αΈ α»ααα»αααΈααα‘ααΌα ααα±αα¬αααΌαα±ααΈα±αα¬α‘ααΌαα‘α ααΈα»αα ααα αααα ααα ααΌα MWRN αα ααααααΌα ααΈαααΈααΌααα αααα ααα±αα¬α αααααΈαα¬αΈα α±αααα±α»αα¬ααΈα‘ααααα¬αΈ α»αα ααα±ααααα¬αΈα αααΈαααααΌα α‘αα¬α‘ααΌαα±ααΈαα¬αΈαα
α‘ααααα¬αΈα₯αα±ααα¬αΈαα αααααααα‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΈαα¬αΈαα αα«αααα αααααΈα±ααΈαααααα MWRN αα α±αααα±α»αα¬ααΈα‘ααααα¬αΈαα¬αΈααααΈαααα α»αααα¬αααΈα‘ααα‘ααΌααα¬αΈαα α‘α»αα¬αΈα±αα¬α‘α±ααΈαα«αα α‘αα α‘ααΌα α‘ααα‘αααα¬αΈααααΈαααΈα±ααΈααα α±αααα±α»αα¬ααΈ α‘ααααα¬αΈαα¬αΈα‘αΎαα¬αΈ α‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΈαα¬αΈαα‘α ααα¬ α»αααααα±ααΈα»αααΈα»αα MWRN αα αααααΈααΌααααα¬αΈα»ααααα¬αΈααα¬ααΌααα α‘αα‘αα±ααΈααα "αααααΈ α±α»ααααΈαα±αα¬ α±αααα±α»αα¬ααΈα‘ααααα¬αΈα±ααΌα αααααΈααΌα ααα¬ααα αααα‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΈα±ααΌααα ααα¬α αα±α‘α¬α α±αα¬αααΌαα±ααΈαα«ααα α‘ααααα¬αΈα±ααΌα αα¬α₯αα±αα±ααΌαααα αααα¬αΈαααα¬αΈααααααα α»ααααααααααα¬ααααΎαααΈ" α α¦αΈα±α‘α¬αα±αα¬ αα±α»αα¬ααα
α±ααΌαΈα±ααΌαΈα»αααΈ
αα MWRN ααα α¬αΈα»αα±αα¬ααα¬αΈαα αααΈαααα ααααα¬αΈαα¬αΈα»αα αΎααα«ααα¬αΈααα MWRN α»ααααα ααα±αα¬ααα αααα¬αα¬αΈαα¬α‘αααααΈα αα α₯αΈα±α‘α¬αα±αα¬α α±α»αα¬α αα¬αΈα‘α α±αααα±α»αα¬ααΈα‘ααααα¬αΈαα¬αΈα α‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΈααα¬ααΌααααα αααααΈ
ααΌα αααα¬αΈαααα¬αΈαα±αα¬ααα ααααα‘αα¬αα¬αΈ α»αα α±αααααα‘αααααΈααα αααα»αα¬αΈαα ααΌα¬αΈα±αα¬αα‘αααααααα ααα α±αα¬αα±αα¬αα ααααα«ααα¬αΈα αααα
α±αα¬α‘ααα‘ααα¬αΈααα αααααΎαααα«ααα
αααα¬ α»αα αα (α)
α»αααα¬αααα ααααα¬αΈααα±αααα (ID Card)13
α»αααα¬αααααΌα αα¦αΈα±α (αα) αααΈα±αα¬ααααα ααααα¬αΈ ααα±αααααα¬αΈ αααΎαα±αα ααα±αααα ααααα¬αΈαα α±ααΈαα±αα«ααα¬αΈα±αα¬α±ααααΌα α±ααααΎαααα¬αΈ ααααα α±αα¬α αα¬αΈαα αααΌαααα ααααα‘α»αα α±αα±αα¬α±αααα¬αΈααΌα α±ααα ααα¬αΈα»αα αΎαααα ααα¬αΈααααααα¬αΈαα αααΎαα±αα¬α‘αα« α‘α±α»αα ααααα¬αΈ α‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΈαα¬αΈα ααααΎαα±αα ααααα αααΈαα¬α±ααΈ α±α α¬αα±αα¬αααααααα ααα α¬αααΈααΌαααα α±αα¬ααΈααααα ααΌα ααα αΌα¬αααΈααΌα¬αΈαααα α±ααΌαΈα±αα¬αααΌααΌα αα±ααΈααα‘ααΌα α‘ααΌα α‘α±ααΈαααΎαα±αα αααα ααα αα ααα Norwegian Refugee Council αα α»αααα¬α‘α αΈαααα‘α α±ααΈαα±αα«ααα¬αΈα ααΌα¬αΈαα¬α±ααΈ
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αααα±αα¬α±αααα¬αΈααΌα α±αααααα¬αΈα ααααα¬αΈααα±αααααααα α±αα¬αααΌα α±ααΈαααααα α‘αα αα αα α‘ααΌα α±αα¬ααΈαααααααΈα»ααα αΏααα±ααα αα ααα ααα α±αα¬α±αα¬α»ααααΌα¬αΈαα±αα¬ αΏααααΌα½ααΈα αα αα»αα α±αα¬ αα ααΈαα«αΈααΌα½ααΈααΌα α±αααααα αααα ααα ααΌα NRC αα α±ααα‘α¬αα¬αααα¬αΈα α‘αα‘αα»αα ααααα¬αΈ ααα±ααααα αααααα βααα±ααααααα‘ααΌα αααΈαααααα¬ α±α»αα¬α»ααααααΌα¬αΈαΏαβ α ααα α±α»αα¬αααα βαααΈαααα¬αα αα α±αα¬αα»αα ααααβ ααααΈαααα±α»αα¬ααα αααααααα ααααα¬αΈ ααα±αααααα‘αααα ααα±αα¬ααΈα±αα¬ααΈααα¬αΈαααα«ααα βαααααα‘ααΌα αααΈα‘αααΈα±αα¬αα«ααα αααΈα‘α±αα α±ααΈαα¬αΈααα α‘α±αα αααααααΈα‘ααΌαααΏαα±α‘α¬α αααΈαα¬αΈα±ααΈααααβα
α±ααΌαΈα±ααΌαΈα»αααΈ
αα α»αααα¬αααααΌα α±αααααα¬αΈ ααααα¬αΈααα±αααααααα α‘ααα‘αα±ααΌααα»αααΈα α‘α±αΎαα¬ααΈα‘αααΈα‘αααα¬α‘αααααΈα
αα ααααα¬αΈααα±αααααααα αα¬α±αΎαα¬α α‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΈαααΈαα«ααααΈα αα αααααΈα»αα‘ααΌα ααα±αααααααα αααααααα«ααα αα ααααα¬αΈααα±αααααααα ααα α±αα¬αα±αα¬αα ααααα«ααα¬αΈα αααααααα±αα¬α‘αα
α‘ααα¬αΈ αααααΎαααα«ααα
ααααα¬αΈα»αα αα - α₯αα±αα‘α ααααα αααα α‘ααΌααααα α±αα¬αα»αα α»αααΈα αααα»αα α»αααΈα±αΎαα¬α α‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΈ αα¬αΈααα»αααΈα α‘ααα‘αααΈα‘ααΌα αααΈααα±αα¬αααΌαα±ααΈααα»αααΈα
ααααα¬αΈα‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΈ - ααααα αααα ααααα¬αΈα‘α»αα α₯αα±αα‘α α»αα ααα±αα±αα¬α±αΎαα¬ααααα α‘ααΌα α‘α±ααΈα
α±ααΈα±ααΌ - α±ααΈαα¬αΈα αααΈα»ααΈα±αα¬αα α»ααα±ααΈαα±αα¬α±ααΌααα¬ααα αα
α±αααα±α»αα¬ααΈαααα¬αΈ - α‘α»αα¬αΈααααα α ααααα α±αααα αααα±α»αα¬ααΈα±αααα α‘ααα‘αααα¬α±ααΌαααααα±αα¬αα
α‘ααΌα - α»ααααα±ααΈαα¬ ααα±αα¬ααααα¬αΈα±αα¬αααΌααααα α‘α αΈααα α±ααΈα±αα¬ααα±αα¬α±ααΌα
αααααΈα α¬ α - α±αα«αα¬α
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(α) α€αααΎααα»ααΈ αααααααα α¬αΈααα«ααα
(α) α‘αααα¬ααα ααααααααΈα αα¬αΈαα±ααΈαα αααΈα α¬αΈααα αααααα«ααα
(α) αα½αΌαααα α€ααααααα‘αα¬α α±ααα¬αααα«ααα
(α) α€ααα αααα±αα αα ααααααα ααα«ααα
Photo: Myanmar ICT for Development Organization and Panzagar Campaign, 2014
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α€αα αα αα α αα αα¬αα αααΈα αα¬αΈααααα¬αΈααααΌα αααα‘αααα¬αααα¬αΈ ααααΈαα±αα¬ α αα αα¬αα¬αΈα αΌα¬αα αα αα»αα αα«ααα
αααΈα αα¬αΈααααα¬αΈαααα α»αααα¬α‘αα αααΌαα»ααΈα±ααΈα‘ααΌαα α‘ααα±αα¬ααα«αααα¬ α±ααααΈααα α ααα±αα¬αααΌααα»αααΈα»αα ααα ααα αααα α±αααα«α±αα¬αα±αα¬ααα±ααΈααααααα»ααΈ αα±αα¬ααα±αα¬αα±ααΈαα¬αΈαα»αααΈα‘ααΌα αααα ααα ααΌα α±αα¬ααα α‘αα (αα) ααααααααα ααα±αα¬ αααα ααα ααΌα α»ααααααΌαα±α»αα¬ααα¬αααα αααααα¬αΈαααα ααααααα¬α‘ααΈα»α αα¬ααΌα αα¬ααααααα±α αααα α‘αΌααααΈα±αααα‘α»αα‘ααα¬αΈα α‘ααΈααα±αα¬ααααα¬αΈαα ααααα»ααΈ α‘αααα¬ α»αααααα±ααΈαα α»αα ααα αααααΈα αα±αα€ααα¬ α‘ααΈαααΈαα α¦αΈααααα αα±αα¬α αααΈαα¬αΈ ααΌααα¬α±αα»αααΈα»αα ααα ααα α‘α±αα«ααΈααα‘αα¬α±αα¬αα±αα¬ α αα¬αΈαα¬αΈααα αα α»αααΈαααΈα±ααΈ ααααα±α α»αααΈαααα α¬αΈα»αααα
ααΌαααα αΌα¬ααα΅ααα±αα¬α»αααΈαα ααΌαααα αΌα¬α±α»αα¬αααα α±ααΈα α¬αΈα»αααΈαα αααα±αα α α‘α±α»ααααααΈαα¬αΈα»αα ααα αα±αα¬αααΈ α‘αΎαααΈαααααα ααΌα»αα¬αΈαααα±αα¬α αα¬αΈααΈ α‘ααΈ α‘ααααΈαα±αα¬ αα½αΌααΈααα»αα ααα αααα±αα ααΌααα α€ααα±αα¬ α‘α αΌααΈα±αα¬ααα α±α»αα¬αααααα αα¬αΈαα±αα¬ αααααααααα ααα±αα¬ α‘αΎαααΈαααααα ααΌα»αα¬αΈαααααααα α»αα α±ααα±α ααα±αα¬ α±α»αα¬ααααα¬αΈα αααα¬α»ααα±αα¬αα»αααΈαα α»αααΈαααΈα±αα¬α ααααααα±αα¬ααααΈα αα¬αΈαα¬αΈα ααα»ααααα±αα¬α±ααΈα»αααΈα αα‘α±ααΈαααΈαα«ααα
Source:
Frontier Myanmar, βThe Flower Speech Projectβ <https://frontiermyanmar.net/en/news/profile-the-flower-speech-movement> accessed 17 June 2019.
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αααα α‘αααααΈα‘ααααα»ααΈ αα α‘αααΈαααΎαα¬α±ααΌα αα¬αααα ααααα αααααα ααααΈα αααΈαα ααΈαααα αα±αα¬ααα ααααα±αα»αα»αα ααα αααα ααααα±ααΌαα‘α±αα‘αα¬α‘ααΈαα»ααΈα±ααΈα ααα±α αΈαα α‘α±αα¬ααΈααΈαααΈα±αα¬αααα αα αααααα±αααα
α‘ααΌααα±α‘α¬ααα«α±ααΈααΌααΈαα¬αΈαα±ααΌαΈα±ααΌαΈαα«α
β’ αααα‘ααα±ααΌα ααα‘ααΌα α‘α±ααΈαΎααΈαα«ααα ααααα¬α αααΈα‘ααΌαα‘α α¬αΈα αααααα«ααααα α‘α±αα¬αα
β’ αααα‘ααα‘ααα±ααΌα αααααα‘α±ααΈαΎααΈααα αααα«αααβ’ ααα±ααα¬ααΌα αααααΈα‘αααα¬αΈα αα¬α±ααΌααααα αααα«αααβ’ αααααΈα‘ααα‘αααα¬αΈα ααΎααα ααααα ααααααααα αααααα
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ααα±ααααα¬α‘ααα‘αααΈααΌα αααα ααΈα±αα«ααΈαα«αααααα»αα α±α αα±αα¬αα αΌα¬ααΈα±αα«ααΈαα«αααααα ααααΈ α‘ααα‘αααα¬αΈαααα±ααα α‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΈαααΈαα«ααα ααααΈα‘ααα‘αααα¬αΈα ααα±αα»αααΈα α±αα¬ααΈ ααΌαα±αα¬ ααΈα»αααααα¬αΈαααααα»αααΈα ααΎααα αααα±αα¬ ααααΈα‘αααα¬αΈα‘α±ααααΌα α‘α±α»ααα ααΈα»αα α±αα¬ ααΈα»αααααα¬αΈα»αα α±ααα±α αα α‘αα‘αα±ααΈαα«ααα αααΈαα ααΈαααααα ααααα±αα¬ααα‘αα¬αααα¬αΈαα‘α±ααΈαααΈααα ααα‘αααα α₯αΈα α¬αΈαα«ααα α‘αα¬αΈαα αΌα¬ α»ααααα¬αΈα‘α±αα»αα ααααααα α¬αΈα»ααα α±αα«ααΈα±αα¬ααα¬αΈα α±ααΌαΈαααα¬ααΌα ααααα‘α±ααΈαα α₯αα¬αΈα αααα‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΈαααΈααα ααααα α‘ααΈ α αΈααΌα¬αΈα ααααα‘α±αα¬ααΈααΈααα α¬αΈα»αααα α‘αααα α₯αΈα α¬αΈαα αα‘ααα«ααα ααααΈα‘ααα‘αα αα¬αΈααα±αα»αααΈα α‘ααΌαα‘α¬αα¬αα αα ααΈαααΈα»αα ααα αααααα‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΈα αααα¬αΈα±αα¬ααα¬αΈαα αα‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΈαα¬αΈααΈα±αα¬ααααα«α ααΈα±αα¬αααα±αΎαα¬ααΈαααααα α»αα ααα ααααα αααααα¬αα α₯αααα¬αΈ αα±α»ααααΈαα ααααα±ααα¬αααΌα¬αΈαααα αααααα¬ααααααααααααΈ ααααααα»αα ααα ααααΈα‘ααα‘αααα¬αΈα αα±αα»αααΈα α»ααααα¬αΈ αααααααα¬ααΌαααααα αααα αααααα¬αΈα α α‘ααα‘αααΈααα‘ααΌα α‘ααΈα»αα α±α αα α±ααΌαΈαααααα¬αΈααααΈ α»αααααααα‘α±αα¬αα‘α α»ααα«ααα
α»ααααα¬αΈαα α±α‘α¬ααα«αα¬αΈα‘αααααα¬αΈα α±αα¬αααΌαα»αααΈα»αα ααααΈα‘ααα‘αααα¬αΈα αα α±αααααα»αα ααα
β’ ααα¬/ααα¬αΈα ααααΌα¬α±αα«ααΈα±αα¬ααα¬αΈα ααα¬αααα¬αΈαααα±αα¬αααααα α»ααα α±αα¬ααα¬αΈαα α αα¬αΈ α±α»αα¬α»αααΈα
β’ α‘α±ααΈαα α₯αααα αααΌα αα«ααααααα±αα±αα¬ α‘α αΈααα¬ααα¬αΈα ααααΌα¬α‘ααΌαα‘α ααΈαα¬αΈα ααααΈα‘αα α‘αααα¬αΈαααα»αααΈα
β’ ααΎααα αααα±αα¬ ααααΈα‘αααΈα‘α»αα αα¬αΈα ααααΈα‘ααα‘ααα ααα»αααΈ (ααααΈα α¬αα¬αΈα ααα’αααΈα α±αααα α‘ααα¬ααα ααα»ααααΎαα¬αΈ)
β’ α α¬αΎαααααα¬αΈαα α±ααααΌααΈα‘αααΈα‘α»αα αα¬αΈααα¬ α ααα¬αα¬αΈαα‘ααΈαα»αααΈα»αα ααααΈα‘ααα‘αα αα¬αΈααα»αααΈαα α‘α»αα¬αΈα±αα¬ααααΈα‘αααΈα‘α»αα αα¬αΈααααααα±αα¬ α‘ααα‘αααα¬αΈαααΈααααααα
β’ ααα ααααααΈαα¬αΈαα α‘α»αα¬αΈα±αα¬ααααΌα¬αααα¬αΈα α±ααΌαΌαΈα±ααΌαΈαααα¬αΈααΌα αα«ααα»αααΈαβ’ α ααααα α¬αΈαα»αααΈα ααα ααα»αααΈαα α±ααΈααΌααΈαα¬αΈα±ααΈα»αααΈα»αααΈα
α»ααααα¬αΈα ααααΈα‘ααα‘αααα¬αΈααα±α‘α¬α αααΈα α¬αΈαα¬αΎααα«α ααααΈα‘ααα‘αααα¬αΈα α‘αα¬αΈ α»αααα‘ααΌααααααααααα ααααΈα‘ααα‘αααα¬αΈααα»ααα±ααΈαααα¬ α‘α αΈαααα¬ααα»αα ααα α‘α αΈα α ααααα¬αΈαα¬αΈα ααααΈα‘ααα‘αααα¬αΈα±ααΈα»αααΈαα α‘α αΈαα‘αα¬ααα¬αΈαα ααα α¬αΈαααα¬αΈα ααΈα»αα αααα¬αΈα αααα¬ααααα»αα ααα‘ααΌα ααααα¬αΈαα¬αΈα‘α±αα αα¬ααααααααΈα»αα αα¬ααα αα αααΈα‘α¬αΈα»αα αα»αα α α₯α ααΌααααΈα»αααα¬ααααααΈα±ααααααα ααΌααααΈα»αααα¬αααα αα¬ααααααα αααα±αα α αα ααα ααααααααα‘ααΌα αα‘ααααα¬αΈα»αα ααα
α±ααΌαΈα±ααΌαΈα»αααΈ
αα α‘ααααΌαα±αα¬α»αααα ααααΈα‘ααα‘αα α‘αααΈα‘α»αα αα¬αΈαα ααααααΌα¬ααααΌα αααααα« ααα¬αΈα α‘ααα±αΎαα¬α αααΎαααααΈα α‘ααα±αΎαα¬α ααααΎαααααΈα
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αα ααααααΌα¬ααααΌα α‘α»αα¬αΈα±αα¬ααΎααα ααααα ααααΈα‘αααΈα‘α»αα αα¬αΈα α₯αΈα α¬αΈαα ααααα«ααα¬αΈα
αα ααααα±αα¬αααα¬ (ααα»ααααΎαα¬αΈα ααααΈα α¬αα¬αΈα α‘ααα¬αα α‘α ααα»αα) αα ααααααΌα¬α‘αα α‘αααΈααΌα ααΎααα αα‘ααααΈα»αα αα«ααααΈα α‘ααααΈααΈααΈα»αα αα«ααααΈα α‘ααα±αΎαα¬ααααΈα
α±ααααααΈ - ααα¬ααααΈα«ααααα αααα¬α±αα¬αααΌααα«α ααα¬αααααΈα‘ααα‘ααα αααΈα α ααΈαα α»αααΈαα‘α±ααΈαααΈααα ααααΈαα¬αΈα α±αα¬αα¬ααααα α‘ααα¬ααααα±αα¬αα»ααααα α±ααααααΈαα α α»ααα ααΌα¬αΈαα α»αα ααα
ααααΈα‘ααα‘αααα¬αΈαααα±αα»αααΈα αα±αα¬αα±αα¬ ααΈα»αααααα¬αΈααααααα α‘α±ααΈαααΈα±αα¬αααΈ ααααΈα‘ααα‘αααα¬αΈα ααα±ααααα±αα¬ ααΌααααα‘αα¬αα αααααα«α α‘ααα¬αααα αααααΌα ααααΌα α‘ααΌααα¬αΈα»αα¬αΈα±αα¬ ααααΈα‘αααα¬αΈα α±ααΌααα±ααΎααααα ααααααααΈα‘ααα‘ααα α‘α¬αα αααααα αααααααΎαααααα«ααα
ααΎααα αααα±αα¬α αααααααα±αα¬ ααααΈα‘ααα‘αααα¬αΈα αα¬α±ααΌαα α‘α±αα¬ααΈααΈαααΈαααΈ ααα±αα¬ αα αααααααα«α ααα±αα¬αααΈ ααααααααΈα‘ααα‘ααα ααα‘ααΌα α‘ααΈααααα ααΎααα αααααααααααα ααΈα»αααα ααααα‘ααΌαα±αα¬ α±ααΈααΌααΈαα¬αΈααα«ααα
β’ αααα ααααΈα‘αααΈα‘α»αα α»αα ααααΈα ααααα±ααα¬α ααΌαα±αααα¬ααααΈαβ’ α α¬α±ααΈα/ααααΈαααΈα»αα αα α±αα«ααΈα α₯ααααααα ααΌααΈααα (αα) α±ααΈα α¬αΈααα»αα αα«ααα¬αΈαβ’ ααα»ααααα α‘ααα‘αααα¬αΈαα«αα»ααΈα αα‘ααα‘αααα¬αΈα α α α±ααΈαααα«ααα¬αΈα β’ α‘αααΈα‘α»αα αα ααααααα«ααα¬αΈα ααα¬ααααααα»α αα¬αΈαα«ααα¬αΈα α‘α»αααα αααα±αα
ααα»ααα¬αΈαα«ααα¬αΈα α‘α»αα¬αΈα‘α»αααα αα α‘αα‘ααα»ααα¬αΈαα«αααα¬αΈα
α±ααΌαΈα±ααΌαΈα»αααΈ - ααα¬α±ααΈαα αααα±αα αΎαα¬αΈααααΌααααα¬α‘αααααΈα
ααα¬αααΎαα¬αΈααΌααα ααα‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΈαα αα»αα αα«ααα ααα‘α»ααα»αααααα¬ααα‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΈ α±αΎααα¬ α α¬αααΈααΌα α‘αα¬α‘ααΌαα±ααΈαα¬αΈααα α»αααα¬αααααΌααααΈ ααα¬αααΎαα¬αΈααΌααα α₯αα±αα‘αααΌαα»ααα¬αΈ α±αα¬ α‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΈα»αα ααα α»αααα¬αααααΌαα ααΈαα‘α±α»ααα₯αα±αααΌα α‘α±α»ααααα¬α±ααΈαααααα¬αΈαα¬αΈα‘α¬αΈααΈααααα±ααα»αα α‘αααααΎαα¬αΈααααα‘α¬αααα¬αΈααα ααα¬αααΎαα¬αΈααΌααα ααΌα½αααααααα±αα¬ααααα±αα¬ ααΈα»αα αααα¬αΈααΌα ααα±αα¬ααα«ααααααΌααα¬ ααΈααα αΌα¬αααααααααα ααα¬α±ααΈααααα αααααααααΌα¬ α‘ααα‘αααΈα‘ααΌααΈ ααα±αα¬αα±αα¬αααΈα±αα«ααΈαα«ααα±αα¬αααΌααααα ααααΈα‘ααα‘αααα¬αΈα αααααα α‘ααααα¬αα¬αΈα±αα¬ααα±ααΈαααΏααΈ ααααΈαα¬αΈαα¬αΈαα α±αα¬αα¬ααααα±αΎαα¬α α»αα α±αααα¬α±αα¬αααααα α±αα¬αααΈα±α ααα
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αα¬ααααα - ααααα±αα¬αααΌαααα‘ααΌα αα¬αααα»αααΈα
α‘ααΌαα‘α¬αα¬ - ααααΎααααααα¬α»ααΈααα α‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΈαα±αα¬ααΈααα¬ααα»αααΈ α»αα α α₯α
ααΎααα ααααα - ααΎααααααααααααα
α±αα¬αα¬αα - α αααα α¬αΈα αα¬α±αα¬ααΈα±αα¬αα¬ααααΈ ααααα ααααΈα‘ααα‘αααα αα ααα α‘αααααΈ α»αα ααααααααα¬αααΈα»αα ααααα ααα±αα¬ ααα‘αΎαα¬αΈααααα»ααα»αα ααααααααα
αααααΌααα - αααΈααα¬ααααΌαα±ααΈαα αα αα»αα α»ααΈ ααα¬αΈα‘ααΌαααα‘α±αΎαα¬ααΈα‘αα¬ ααααΈαα α±αα¬α α‘α»ααα‘ααααααΌααααΎαα±αα¬ α±ααα¬αα αα
αααααΈα α¬ αα - α±αα«αα¬α
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(α) ααααΌα αα¬α±ααΌα»αα ααα±αααα
(α) α€ααα ααααα±ααα¬ααα¬ααα αααααα«ααα
(α) α‘αααα¬αααα ααααααααΈα‘αααα¬αΈα α±ααΈαα¬αΈααααΈα
Third Story Project, 2019 α ααα
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α€ααα ααααα‘α±α»αα α αααα αΌααα¦αΈαααΌαααα»αα α±αα¬ βThird Story Projectβ α ααα±α αα¬αΈα±αα¬ αα»ααα α¬α‘αα ααααα¬αΈα»αααΈα»αα ααα βThird Story Projectβ αα αααα±α ααα¬ αααααΈαα¬αΈα ααα±αα¬ααα»αααΈα»αα ααα αααΈα±αα¬αααΈααα¬ααα±αα¬ααΈαα¬αΈααααα α α¬α‘α αα¬αΈαα α±αα¬ααΈαΎαα α₯ α αααα α¬αΈα αα¬ααα¬α±ααΈα α¬α‘ααα¬αΈαα α»αααα¬ααΌααα¬α±ααΌαα αααα±αΎαα¬ααΈ αααα¬αΈααα¬αααα ααα±αΎαα¬α ααααα βαα«αααααα α»αααΈαααΈα±ααΈα ααααΌα¬αααα αα¬ααααα α‘α αααααα α αααα α¬αΈα αα¬αααΈαααΈα»αα α±α»αα¬α»ααααα α α¬α‘αα±ααΌαααΎαααα αα±αα¬ααΈααΈαα¬αΈβ α α±ααΌαΈαααΎαααα
Third Story Project αα α»αααα¬α α¬α±ααΈααα¬αα¬αΈα α‘αααα¬αααα¬αΈααααΈαα¬αΈα±αα¬ α α¬α»αα α±ααΈαα¬αΈα±αα¬α α¬α‘ααα αααα»ααα±αα¬α»αα±αα¬α α¬α‘α α‘α±αα‘ααΌααα¬αΈα αΌα¬α ααα±ααααα α»αααα¬ααα α‘ααα‘α»αα¬αΈαα α»αααα¬αα¬αα¬α»ααα α¬α‘αα±αα«ααΈ ααα,ααα α±αα¬αα»αααα±ααα»ααΈα»αα ααα αααΈαααΈαα¬αΈαα¬αα¬α αα¬αΈα»αα α α¬α‘αα±αα«ααΈ αα,ααα α±αα¬α α»αααα±ααα»ααΈ ααααααααααααΈ α α α₯αααααα
α€ααα α±αα¬ααααΈα»ααααΌα βThird Story Projectβ α αα±ααΈααααααα¬ α‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΈ α‘αααα±ααΌαΈα±ααΌαΈααΌααΌα ααα±αα¬ααα±αα¬ α±αα¬ααα±ααΈαα α±αα¬αα αα¬ααααΈαα‘α±α»ααα ααα±αα¬ααα¬αΈα»αααΈ α»αα ααα βα αααα α αα¬αΈβ αααα α¬α‘ααα αα±ααΈα α αα¬αΈαα¬αΈα ααα±ααΌαα‘α±α»αα‘α±αα ααΈα±αα¬ααΈααΈα»ααα¬αΈα»αααΈα»αα ααα α α¬α‘ααα α α¬αα¬αΈααΈαααα«αα ααα αα¬αΈααα αα αα¬ααααΈααα±αα¬αΏααΈ α α¬αααααααααα α αααΈα ααααΈα»αα αα¬ααααΈα α α₯αΈα α¬αΈααα±α αα ααααΈαα¬αΈα»αααΈα»αα ααα
Source:
Third Story Project, <https://thirdstoryproject.blogspot.com/> accessed 17 June 2019.
Sampan Travel, βThird Story Projectβ <https://www.sampantravel.com/magazine/third-story-project/>
Third Story Project, 2019 α ααα
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α±α‘α¬ααα«α‘αα»ααααα¬αΈα αα α±αα¬ααααΈαααα±α»αααα«α α‘α»ααα‘ααα±αα¬α(α )α αα±αα¬α(α)α αα±ααα¬(α)α αα±αα¬αα(α)α α‘α»ααα‘ααα±αα¬αα(α) α ααα»αα αααααα¬α±ααα¬ααΌα α‘ααα»αα α»αα αα«α α‘α»αα¬αΈααα¬αΈαα ααα‘α±α»ααα±αααα α»αααααα¬αΈαα«α
α α₯ α‘αα»ααα α α α α α
α ααααΌα¬ααα‘ααΈ ααααΈα±αα¬αααΌααααα¬αΈαα α‘αααααΈα±αα¬ααΈ α±α‘α¬αα»ααααα‘ααΌα αα‘αααα»αα ααααα
α ααααα¬αΈαα ααααααΈα α¬αΈααααα¬αΈαα¬αΈ α»αα αΎαααα
α αα₯α±ααΈαααα ααααα¬αΈααΈα±αα«ααΈαα«αααΎαααα‘ααΌα α‘αΎααΈαα¬αΈααΈα‘ααα α‘αα¬αΈα»αα ααα
α α α¬ααα±αα¬ααΈαα¬αΈαα ααααα¬αΈα αααα ααααΌα¬α‘ααα‘αααΈααΌα α±αα«ααΈα±αα¬ααα α‘αααΈαααα¬αΈαααα‘ααΌα α»ααααα±ααΈαα«ααα
α α»αααα¬αααααΌα αα±ααΈααααΌαα‘αααα αα αα α±α‘α¬αα»αα ααααα
α ααααα¬αΈαα α‘αα¬ααα»αα αΎαααα
α±ααΌαΈα±ααΌαΈα»αααΈ
αα α‘ααΌαα ααααα α‘ααΌαααα±ααΈαα¬αΈα»αα ααααααααα»αααααα¬αΈα ααααΈαα₯α»ααα«ααα ααααα αααα»αααααα ααααΈα α‘ααΌα α‘α±αΎαα¬ααΈα»ααααα¬αΈα αααΈα»ααα«ααα ααααΌααα α‘α±αΎαα¬ααΈα»αααααα¬αΈααααα«α α±ααΈααΌααΈα±ααΈα»αααΈαααα«ααα
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ααααα¬αΈαααα±ααΈαα¬αΈαα ααΈα±αα«ααΈαα«ααα±αα¬αααΌααΎααα α‘αααα‘αα¬αΈαα¬αΈα αΌα¬αα αααααΎααααα α‘αααα α₯αα±αα‘αα»αα ααα α₯ααα¬ α»αααα¬ααααα α‘α»αα¬αΈα±αα¬ααααα¬αΈααΌα αααααααα±ααΈααΌααα α±ααΌαΈ α±αα¬αα α‘αα¬ααα¬αΈα±ααα¬ααΌα ααα±αα¬ααα₯αΏααααα‘ααΌα α‘αα αα αα α αα αΎαα¬αΈαα±αα¬αααααα±α‘α¬α α‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΈαααααααα«α ααααααα±ααΈαα¬αΈαα αα₯α±ααΈαααααααα±ααΈαααα¬ α‘αα¬αΈα‘ααΈαα¬αΈαααΈ αααααΎααααα αααα‘α±αα¬αα¬αΈαα¬αΈααΌα αα±ααΈαααα¬αΈααααααα¬αΈαα ααααΈαα¬αΈααααΈα«ααα»ααααα αααα¬αΎααααα ααααα¬αΈαΎαααα ααααα¬αΈα‘ααΌα ααΈα»αααααα»αααΈαααααΈα α₯αα¬αΈααΌα ααα±αα¬α αα«αααα α‘ααΌαα‘αααΈα‘ααΌααααΈαα«ααα ααααα‘α»αααα¬αΈα αααααα¬αΈααααΈ α¦αΈα α¬αΈα±ααΈα»αααΈαα α‘α±ααΈ αα¬αΈα»αααΈαααΎαα±αα ααααα¬αΈαααα±ααΈαα¬αΈαα ααΎαα¬ααααα α‘ααΌαα‘α¬αα¬ααααα¬αΈα αα¬ααΌαααα α‘αα±αα±ααΈααα¬αΈα αααααααααα¬αΈα ααα»αααΎαααα ααααα α‘α±ααΌαα‘ααααα±ααΈα±αα¬α α ααααΎα α±αα¬α αα¬ααααααα±ααΈα±αα¬α α»ααα¬αα¬ααα±αα¬ αα±ααΈαα¬αΈα‘α»αα αααΈ ααααΎαααα
ααα±αα¬αααΈ α€ααααα±ααα¬αΈααα αα α±α»αα¬ααΈααα¬ααα ααα¬α»α±αααααααα¬αΈαα α‘αααΈα«αα»ααα α±αα¬αααα±αα ααΌα ααααα¬αΈαααΈα±αα«ααΈαα«αααααα‘αα±αΎαα¬ααΈα ααα‘αα‘αα α»ααα¬αΎαααα
β’ ααααα¬αΈαα ααααα±αα¬α‘α±ααΌαΈα‘α±αααα αα¬αΈ ααα±αα¬ααα¬αΎααααβ’ ααααα¬αΈαα αααα‘ααΌαααααΈα»αα¬αΈα±αα¬ α‘α±ααΌαα‘αααα¬αΈααα±ααα α‘α±αα¬ααΈααΈα»αα ααα
(ααααα±αα¬ααΈα ααααααα±αα¬ααΈααΌαα±α‘α¬αα±αα¬αααΌαααα±αΎαα¬ααΈ α±αα¬ααΈαα¬αΈ/ααα¬αΈα α±ααΈαα«ααααα αααα¬αΈααα±ααΈαα«αα)
β’ ααααα¬αΈαα α‘ααΌαα±αα¬ααα¬ααα±ααααααα α αα±ααααααααααααααα±αα¬ ααΈα»αα αααα¬αΈα‘αααΈ ααααα‘αααααΎαααααα»αα ααα α‘ααΈααα‘α»αα ααααα¬αΈαα α‘αΏα ααα α ααα«αααααΌα±ααααΎαααα
β’ ααααα¬αΈαα α‘αα¬αααα±αα«ααΈα±αα¬ααα¬αΈαα ααΈα»αααααααααααα¬αΈ α»αα ααα
αα±αααα±ααΌαααααα¬αΈα‘α ααααα‘αα¬αΈαααΌαα±α»αα¬ααα¬α±αα¬ααααα¬αΈααΌα αΏαααΈαααΈα±ααΈααα±αα¬α α»αααΈαα αααΈαααΈα»αααΈααα‘ααΌα ααααα¬αΈααα‘α±ααΈαα«α±αα¬ α‘αααΈααααΌααα«ααααΎαααα14 ααααα¬αΈαα αα α₯ααΈααα α‘αα¬αααααα‘α¬αα ααΎαα±ααααα αΏαααΈαααΈα±ααΈαααα±αα¬αααα ααα±ααΌαααααΈαααα α‘αα¬ααα‘α±αα¬α‘α»αααα¬αΈαα¬αΈααα‘ααΌα αα‘αα±αα¬αααΌαααααααα ααα±αα¬αα±ααΌα αΌα¬ α»αα»ααα±α»αα¬ααΈα αααααααΈ ααΎαααα
α±α‘α¬ααα« α₯ααα¬ααΈαααΌα ααα¬α»α‘αααααααα¬αΈα αα α‘ααα αα₯α±ααΈααα‘α ααααααααα¬αΈαα±αα¬ααΌαα αααα‘ααΌα α‘α±ααΈαα«α±αα¬αα α₯αααα¬αΈα ααααα±αα¬αααΌααα±αΎαα¬ααΈ α±ααΌαα»αααααα»αα ααα α‘ααΌαα αα ααα α‘ααΌααααα¬αΈα»αα α₯ααα¬αα¬αΈαααα α±α‘α¬ααα«α±ααΈααΌααΈαα¬αΈαα±ααΌαΈα±ααΌαΈαα«α
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α±ααΌαΈα±ααΌαΈα»αααΈ
αα α₯ααα¬α»αα αααα¬αΈαα ααααα±ααα¬α α»αα ααααΈααα α‘α±α»αα¬ααΈα‘α α±αα¬αααΌααααα¬αΈαα αααααα α₯αααα¬αΈα ααααΌααααααΈα α¬αΈααΎααα«ααααΈα αα ααααααα±αα¬ααααα¬αΈα α/ααα±αα¬αααΌαααα«ααααΈααα ααααα±αα¬ α‘α±αα¬αα‘ααα¬αΈ αααααααα«ααααΈα
α»αα αα α - α±αα¬α±αααααΌα15
α±αα¬α±αααααΌααα α‘αα αα αα ααΏααΈ αααααΈαΏααααααΌα αααΈαα±ααΈαα¬αΈα‘ααΌα α‘αααΈα±α»αα αα¬ α±ααα¬αα¬αΈααααΈαα α±αα¬αααΌαα±αα±αα¬α‘ααΌααα αα α¦αΈαα« α‘ααΌαα α‘ααΌααααα α¦αΈα»αα αα«ααα ααα»αα ααααα¬αα¬ αα αααααααΈαΏααααααααΌααααΈ ααααααααΈααΌα¬αΈαα α α α₯αα¬αΈααα αααααΈαΏααααααΌα ααααα¬αΈ α‘ααΈα»αααα±αα¬ α‘αα¬αΈα»ααααα ααααααα±ααα¬α‘αα ααααΏααΈα»αα ααα βαα«α±ααα ααα±ααα¬α±ααΌα α±αα¬αα¬αΈα±ααΈα±ααΌα‘ααΌαα α»αα ααα αααΈαα±ααΈα±ααΌα‘ααΌα αααααΈβ α α±αα¬α±αααααααΈα»αααα βαααΈαα±ααΈαα¬αΈα‘ααΌα α‘αα¬αΈααα±ααα¬αααα«ααΈα αα±αααΈαααΈα‘α α₯α‘αα¬α‘α αααΈαα±ααΈαα¬αΈαα‘ααα¬α α±ααΎααααα αα«α±αΎαα¬α ααΌα½ααααααΈαα±ααΈα±ααΌα‘ααΌα ααΏααααα α‘αα¬αΈααα±ααα¬αα αααααΈαααΏααΈα±αα¬ α‘αα±ααα¬α αααααΈααα αααα α¬αΈα αα¬α±αα¬ααΈα α±ααα¬αα αα‘α»αα αααΈα»ααααααα«ααβα ααα±αα¬α α»αααΈαααααΈαα¬αΈ αααα ααα α§αΏααααΌα α αααα¬α»αα αΏααΈ αααΈααα¬αΈαααα αα αα αααααα¬α α»ααα αα¬αΈα±αα¬α α¬α‘αα ααα α±ααααααΈαα α₯ααΈαα¬αΈαα«αααα»αα ααα α‘αα αα αα α αα αα α‘αΎαα¬αΈααα α‘ααΌα αααα¬αΈαα βααα‘αβ α‘ααα α±ααααΌααΈα‘ααΌαα‘α ααΈαα ααα ααΈα±αα«ααΈα±αα¬αααΌαα±αααα ααα‘αα ααααα¬αΈαα α‘α±ααΌαΈα‘α±αααα¬αΈαααααΈαααΈαα¬α±α αα ααα±ααΈα»αααΈα αααααΈα ααααΈαα α‘ααΈα αααα¬αΈα±ααΈααΌα±α α»αααΈαα αααα±ααΌα±αα¬ααα»αααΈαα α‘ααα±ααΈαααΈαΎααα»αααΈαα¬αΈ ααα±αα¬αα±ααΈα±αααα
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α»αα αα α - αααααααΈ16
ααααααα αα±ααααα¬ααα ααα¬αααΌααααα α»ααααΌααΈα α ααα¬αΈαααΏααΈααΈααΌα¬αΈα±αα¬ α‘αα αα¬αααΌα ααα‘αααα α αα αα¬αα±ααΈααα α‘ααααα±αα¬αααΈ αααααΈααααα‘αα¬αΈαααα ααα±αα¬ααΈααΌαα±α αα α±αα¬αααΌαα±ααΈαααααα αα αα α»ααα±αα¬α‘αα« ααααΌα¬α‘ααΌααΈαα»ααα¬αα¬αΈα α±α»ααααΈ α±ααΈααα‘ααΌα α‘ααααα‘α±ααΈα α¬αΈααα α ααααα»αααΈα αα¬α±ααΌαααα α‘αα αα αα ααΌα α‘ααα α ααα«ααααααα αααααΈα‘ααΌααααΏααΈ ααααααααα»ααααα¬ α‘αα±ααΌαα‘αααΈα±αα¬ααα±α‘α¬α ααα±ααΈαααα ααααΌα¬ααααα α ααααα‘ααΌα αααααΌα¬α‘ααΌααΈααα±αα±αα¬ αα α₯ααΈα‘αααΈα‘α αα¬αΈαα‘ααΈ α»ααΏααΈ α‘αααΈααΈα αα‘α±ααΈα α¬αΈααααΈ ααα±αα¬αα±ααΈαααα αααα α αα¬αα‘α¬αΈα ααααΌα¬α‘ααΌααΈα α±αααα‘αααααααΌααααΈ α‘ααΈα»ααααα α±αααα‘αααααααααΈ αα α₯ααΈα‘α±αα¬ααΈα±ααΌαααΈαΏααΈ α α±αα¬αα±ααΈαα¬αΈαα»αααΈα»αα ααα ααα±ααααααΌα αα±ααα α±αα¬αα»αα αα¬ααΏααΈα ααααααααΈαα¬αΈαα ααααΈα±αα¬ααα¬αΈαα α‘αααααα¬αααα±ααα¬αα¬αΈ α»αα αα¬ααΎαααα βαααααΌα½αα±αα¬α αα±αααΈααα ααα±αααΎααα«ααα αα¬α»αα ααααα±αα¬ αααα¬α‘α¬αα±αα¬ααΈα±αα¬ααΈα ααα¬αΈαααααα ααΈααα (Focus) α±αα¬ααΈα±αα¬ααΈααααααααα αααΌαααααΈααα±ααΌ α±αα¬ααΈα±αα¬ααΈαααααααα αα±αα¬ααΎαααα¬αΈαα αα«αβα αααααααααΈα»αααα αααα ααα α ααα‘αα αα αα α»ααα±αα¬α‘αα« α‘ααα‘ααααΈα§ααα ααα±ααΌαααα¬ααααΌα½ααΈααααα α±αα¬αα‘α»αα α‘α±ααααα»ααα±αα¬αα MIT ααααα αααααα¬ ααΌααΏααΈα±ααΈα±ααα±αα¬ααα α±αα¬ααααααα MIT αα±αα¬ααΈαα¬αΈαα¬αΈα‘α¬αΈ αααααΌααααα¬αΈαα»αααααα αα±α αααααααΈαα¬αΈααΌααααΈαα«ααααΏααΈ αα¬αΈααααααα α‘αααααα¬α±αα¬ααΈαα¬αΈαα¬αΈααα α»αααα αααΎαα¬αΈα±ααΈααα«ααα
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α»αα αα α - αα«ααααααα 17
αα«αααααα α‘αα αα α‘ααΌαααΌα α‘αα΅αααα αα¬ααα αααα¬α αααααΌα¬αα αα«ααααα¬αα¬αα‘ααα αα±ααα±αα¬ α±ααααΌααΈα‘ααΌαα‘α ααΈαα αα±αα¬αααα¬αααα ααα±αα¬ααα‘ααΌααα αα±ααΈα‘ααααα¬αΈαα¬αΈαααΈα ααααα αα±ααΈαα¬αΈα‘ααΌα α±αα¬ααΈα‘αα±ααΈαααααααααΈαα¬αΈα α ααααΎααα«ααα α ααααΈα α‘α αα‘αααΈαα αα‘α±αα»αα ααααα¬αΈααααΌα¬ααααΈαα¬αΈ ααααΌαα±αα«ααΈααΈα±ααΈααααα‘ααΌα αα±ααΈα±αα¬αα α‘ααΌαα ααΌαα ααΈαααα αα«ααααααα αα α±αα¬αα ααααα¦αΈααΈα±αα«ααΈα±αα¬αα‘α»αα α±ααΌαΈα±αα¬ααα α±α»ααα¬αααααα«ααα ααΌα¬α α±αα«ααΈα±αα¬αααααΈαα¬αΈααα‘α ααααα‘α»αα¬αΈα±αα¬ αα±ααΈαααα¬αΈαα ααα ααΌα¬αα±ααΈα "αα±ααΈαααα¬αΈα‘ααΌα αααΈααΈααΌα½ααΈααα±αα¬αααααΈαα" α»αα ααααα±αα¬αααΎααα«ααα "α±αα«ααΈα±αα¬αα±αα¬ααΈαα α±αα¬ααα¬ ααΈαα¬αΈααΏααΈ α»ααα¬αα‘α»αα ααααα‘α α¬αΈ α±α»ααααΈαααα¬αααΈα α¬αΈααα« ααα ααΌα½ααααα α‘αα±ααΌαα¬αα αα±ααΈααααα¬αΈααα ααΌα¬αΈα±αα¬ααΎαααααΎααΏααΈ αααα¬αΈααααΈ α±αα¬ααΈαα¬αΈαα α‘α±ααΈαααΈα±αΎαα¬ααΈ αααΈα»αααα«ααα αααα±ααΌααααΈ αα±ααΈα±ααΌα αααΈααα±ααΌα ααααααα α±α»αα¬αααα«ααα αααααααα αα αααα α±ααααΎαααααα α‘α¬αΈααΈα ααααΈα±α»ααΎαααα±αβα αα«ααα α±α»αα¬αα«ααα αα«αααα αααααααΌα¬αα¬αα ααα¬ααα α±αα¬αα»αα αα¬αα α αααΈαα¬αΈαα«ααα ααΌα¬ααα¬α α±αα¬ ααααΈαα¬αΈα αα±ααΈα±αα¬αα ααα‘α α‘αααααααααΈααΌααΈααααα¬ α‘αααααααΌαααα α±αα¬ αααα±αα ααα±αα¬αααΈ ααααΈαα¬αΈαα‘α»ααα αα»αααΈα»αααΈα±α»αα¬ααΈααα¬αααα ααα‘ααααΌα ααααΌα¬ααααΈα±αα¬αα α α±αα«ααΈα±αα¬ααααα«αααα αααααααααΈαα¬αΈαα α‘αααα¬ααα¬αΈ ααΎαα¬αα α±αα¬ααΈαα¬ααα "ααααΈα±ααΌα ααΌα½ααααααα‘αααα¬αα±ααΌααα¬αΈα±αα¬ααΏααΈ ααΌα½ααααα α‘αα‘αα±ααΈαΎααα« ααβα ααα ααααα±α»αα¬αα«ααα
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αααα±αα α α‘α±α»αααα ααΈα±αα«ααΈαα«ααα»αααΈαα αααΈααααα α‘α±α»ααααα¬αΈα»αα ααα αααα±αα ααΌα ααααΈ αα ααααααα±αα¬ααααα±αα¬ ααΈα»αααααα»αααΈαα¬αΈααΌααα«αααα αααΈαααα‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΈαααα ααα±αα¬ αααΈ α‘αααΈα«αα»αααα±αα¬ ααΈα±αα«ααΈαα«ααα»αααΈαα αααααα ααααα ααααααααααΈαα¬αΈα αα‘ααα αα¬αΈα α‘α»αααα¬αΈαα α₯αΈα α¬αΈα±ααΈαααα¬αΈαααα»αααααα α αααα«ααα
β’ αααα αααα»αα ααααΈαβ’ ααα α‘α¬αΈαα¬αααα¬αΈαα¬ α‘αααααΈα α‘α¬αΈαααΈαααα¬αΈαα¬ α‘αααααΈαβ’ ααα ααααΌα α‘α±ααΈαα«α±αα¬ααα¬αΈαα¬ αααα±ααΌα»αα ααααΈαβ’ αααααα α₯αα¬αΈα ααααα ααα«ααα ααααα‘αα¬αα¬αΈαα ααα‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΈαααΈαα«αααβ’ ααα α±αα¬α α αα ααΌα ααααααα‘α±αα‘αα¬αΈαα α±αα¬ααααα«ααα α±αα¬α αα αα α α±αα¬α α‘αα αα
ααΌα ααααα±ααα¬αα α±αα¬ααααα«ααα β’ ααααα α»αα αααα«ααα ααααααα±αα¬ ααα’αα»αα αααα«ααα β’ ααα‘ααααα¬αΈα α‘α±αα¬αα‘ααα±αα¬αα ααααα‘α±αα¬αα‘ααα¬αΈαα‘αααα αααα«ααααΈα
ααα±ααααα±αα¬ ααα¬α»αααα±αα¬ααα ααααα‘α±αα¬αα‘ααα¬αΈ αα‘ααα«ααααΈα
α±ααααααΈ - α±α‘α¬ααα«ααΌαααααΌα ααα α‘αααΈαα α‘αααα ααααααααααααα±αα¬αα ααΌαα« ααααα α α¬α±ααΈαα«α
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ααΈα‘α±αα¬ - α‘α±ααΌαα‘αΎαααα±αα¬α α±ααααααΈα»αα¬αΈααα±αα¬ αα¬αααα±αα¬α
ααααααΈα α¬αΈααααα¬αΈ - α€α αα¬αΈααΈαα α‘α¬αΈαααΈα±αα¬ααααΈα α¬αΈαα α αα α‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΈααα αΌα¬ ααα α±αα¬ ααααΈα α¬αΈαα αααΌααα«ααα±αα¬ αα α αα α₯αΈαααααααΈαα¬ααΌα α‘ααΈα»αα±αα¬α αα¬αΈααα»αα ααα
ααααααααα»αααΈ - ααα α‘α¬αΈαα¬ααα α‘α¬αΈαααΈααα α‘α±ααΌαΈα‘α±ααα ααααΈα ααΎααααα α αα‘α¬αΈ αααΎααΌαα αα α ααα α¬αΈααααα‘αα«α‘αα αααααααα ααα α±ααα¬α αΌα¬αααα¬αΈααα»αααΈα
αααα±ααΈα‘αα¬αΈα‘ααΈαα¬αΈ - αα¬αΈαα αααΈα αααΈαααΈαα¬αΈα αα¬αα¬α±ααΈα αααΈαα¬α±ααΈ ααααα αα±αααα‘αα α‘αααΈαα ααΌα¬αααα‘α±αααααα αα α₯αΈαα α±αα¬α ααααα αα‘αα αα α α‘α¬αΈα αααα αααΈαα αα¬αΈααααα αααααα¬αΈααΈα»αααΈα
αα±ααα¬αΈαααααα»αααΈ - ααα α₯αΈαα α±αα¬α ααααα α‘α±αΎαα¬ααΈα‘αα¬αα ααα ααααα α‘ααΌααααααα¬αΈα±αα¬ α‘α±ααΌαΈα‘α±ααα ααα±αα¬ ααα ααααααα ααααααααΈαααααα«ααα
αααααΈα α¬ αα - α±αα«αα¬α
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(α) ααααα±ααα¬αααααααα¬αΈα αααα±αΎαα¬α αααααααΌα ααααα‘αα¬αα¬αΈα±α»αα¬ααΈααα¬αααα«ααα
(α) αααααα±αα¬α‘αα¬αα¬αΈα‘ααΌα α±αααααα αααααα αα¬α±ααΌααααααα
(α) αααααααΌα αα±ααΌαα ααααα‘α±αα¬αα‘αααΈααααα«ααα
(α) αααααα α α±αα¬αα±α»αα¬ααα‘αΎαα¬α‘α αααααα α±αα¬αααΈαΎαααα«α ααα±ααα¬ααα αα¬αΈα α»ααααα‘ααΈααα«α αα¬α±ααΌα±α»αα¬ααΈαααΌα¬αΈαααα«ααα
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α€α α¬α‘ααα αααα±αα αα‘αα₯αΈααααααα±ααΈα»ααΈ ααααααα ααα‘ααΌαα‘α ααΈααΌα α±αααα±αα¬ α»ααααα α¦αΈαα αααααα α»αα ααα±αΎαα¬ααΈα αααΈα»ααα¬αΈαα«ααα ααα±αα¬ αααΈ α€α α¬α‘αααΌααα«ααα±αα¬ α‘ααα‘αααα¬αΈαα α‘α±ααΌαΈα‘α±αααα¬αΈα α‘ααΈααα αα‘α αα«ααα αααα±αα αα ααΈα±αα«ααΈαα«ααα±αα¬αααΌααΎαα»αααΈα»αα α±αα¬α±αΎαα¬α ααα±ααΌαα±αα¬αααΌα α»αααΈαα α‘α±ααΈαααΈαα«ααα α€α±αα¬αααΈα»ααααααΈααα»αααΈ α‘αααΈααΌα αααα¬α±ααΌαα±ααα¬ αααα αα¬α±ααΌαααααααααααααααααα α₯αΈα α¬αΈαα«α ααα±ααα¬ααααααα¬αΈα±αΎαα¬α ααααααΌα αα¬α±ααΌααΈα»αα¬αΈαα¬ααααα ααα»ααααααα α‘α±α»αα¬ααΈα‘ααα¬αΈ ααα«ααα¬αΈα ααα αααα‘α±ααΌαΈα‘α±αααα¬αΈαα α±α»αα¬ααΈαααΌα¬αΈαααα¬αΈ ααα«ααα¬αΈα ααααΌα α¦αΈαααα α‘αα αα¬αΈ α±αααα¬αα«ααα¬αΈα ααααα‘αααΈα‘α»αα αα α αΌααΈαααα¬αΈ ααααΌααααα±ααΏααΈ α»αα αα« ααα ααααααααΈαααα¬αΈαα±α‘α¬αα»αααα ααααα¬αΈα αα ααααααΈαα¬αΈαα ααααα‘α α‘ααα¬αΈ αα‘ααα«ααα
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α±α‘α¬αα±αα¬α»ααα« α αα¬αΈααΈαα¬αΈαα αα ααα αααα±αα αΎαα¬αΈ ααααΌαααα α‘ααΌααα‘ααα α±α»αα¬α α±ααΌαΈα±ααΌαΈαΎααα«α ααΌαα A α α αα¬αΈααΈαα ααΈαααΌαα»ααΈα ααΌαα B α‘ααα αΎααα±αα α₯ααΌα α ααα αα α‘αΎαα¬αΈααααα±α»αα¬ααααα»αα αα«ααα ααα±αα¬α ααΌαα B α α αα¬αΈααΈα‘αα αααΌαα»ααΈα ααα αα α‘αΎαα¬αΈαααα α±α»αα¬αα±αααααΌα ααΌαα A α α‘ααααΎαααα¬αΈα±ααΈαααα»αα αα«ααα ααααα¬α ααααααΈααααΈα αα¬αΈααΈ α‘αα αα¬αΈ ααααααΌαα α±α»αα¬αα±ααααα»αα αα«ααα
αααα±αα αα β¦β¦β¦β¦..
αααΈααααα
ααα¬α±ααΈ
ααΈα»αααααααα»αααΈ
ααααα‘
ααααα¬αΈα»αα αα
ααα
α±ααΌαΈα±αα¬αααΌ
ααααΈα‘ααα‘αα
α‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΈ
α‘ααααα
α±αα«ααΈα±αα¬α
ααααΈαα¬αΈ
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α€ααααΈααΌα α‘αααΈ αα αααΈαα«αααΏααΈα αααααΈα α¬ αα αααΈαα α»ααααααΈααα»αααΈ α αααΈ αα«αααα«ααα αΏααΈαα±αα¬ αααααααα¬αΈααΌα ααααΈα±αα«ααΈαα«ααααΏααΈαα α±ααααααΈαα¬αΈα α‘α±ααΌαΈα‘α±αααα¬αΈα α±ααΌαΈα±ααΌαΈαααα¬αΈα α±α‘α¬α α±αα¬α»ααα«α‘αααΈααΌα α»ααααααααΈαα₯ααΈαααα«α
ααα‘ααΌα ααααΈα‘αααΈαααα±α α¬α‘αααΈα±αα«ααΈα α₯α±ααΈααΌα αααΈαα¬αΈαααΌα±ααΈαα«α
ααααααΌα¬α‘ααΌα ααααΈα‘αααΈαααα±αα¬ α‘αααΈα±αα«ααΈα α₯α±ααΈααΌα α ααααΈαααΌα±ααΈαα«α
ααααα±ααα¬ααα±αα¬ α‘αααΈα±αα«ααΈα α₯α±ααΈααΌα α‘α±αα«ααΈααα‘αα¬αααΌα±ααΈαα«α
αααα±αα αα ααααΌα»αα¬αΈααα¬αΈ α ααα αΌα¬αα±ααα
αααα±αα αα ααΈα»αααααααα»αααΈ
αααα±αα αα α±αα«ααΈα±αα¬ααα
α±ααΌαΈα±αα¬αααΌαα¬αΈ
α»ααααααΈααα»αααΈ
αααα±αα αα αααΈααααα
α‘ααΌαα‘α±ααΈααα¬αααα αααα¬αΈ
ααααα¬αΈα»αα αα
ααααΈα‘ααα‘αααα ααΌααααΈα»αααα¬αα
αααα±αα ααΌαααααα¬αΈα α‘αααΈαα
α‘ααΌααα»αα ααααΈαα»αααα ααααα αα±ααα«α
αααΈαα¬αΈ - αααααααααΌα¬αΈα±αα¬ α‘α±ααΌαΈα‘α±ααα±αα¬αααα₯αΈα±αα«ααΈ - ααα αα‘ααα α¬αΈααΈ ααααα ααααααα α₯αΈα α¬αΈα±ααΌαΈα±ααα±α α±αα¬ α‘α±ααΌαΈα‘α±ααα±αα¬αααα±α»αα±αα¬α - ααααα‘ααΌα α»ααααα‘ααΈαααα±αα¬ α‘α±αα¬ααΈααΈα‘α±ααΌαΈα‘α±αα α±αα¬αααα αα α±α»αα¬αααα
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Julian, Katie and Sally Kantar, Activities for Social Science Teachers, (Yangon: Mote Oo)
McLaughlin, Rory, Democracy: a civic education course for Myanmar, (Yangon: Mote Oo Education)
Myanmar, The Union of the Republic of, The Myanmar National Human Rights Commission Law, The PyidaungsuHluttaw Law No. 21/2014, <http://www.burmalibrary.org/docs23/2014-03-28-Myanmar_Human_Rights_Commission_Law-21-en.pdf> ,accessed 16 May 2019
Wong, Kara and Rory McLaughlin, Active Citizenship, (Yangon: Mote Oo Education)
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ENDNOTES
1 Slachmuijlder, L., The Common Ground Approach: A Guide for Facilitators, 1st ed (Washington DC: Search For Common Ground, 2018)
2 Democracy Reporting International, Manual on the Legal Framework for Elections in Myanmar, (Berlin, Germany: Democracy Reporting International, 2016) p15,
<http://www.stepdemocracy.eu/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/DRI-MM-EIDHR-Manual-on-Legal-FW-Election-v4-EN-2016.pdf> ,accessed 16 May 2019
3 Adapted from: GSAFE, Qualities of a Leader, <https://www.gsafewi.org/wp-content/uploads/Qualities-of-a-Leader-Activity-1.pdf>
4 Slachmuijlder, L., The Common Ground Approach: A Guide for Facilitators, 1st ed (Washington DC: Search For Common Ground, 2018)
5 Democracy Reporting International, Manual on the Legal Framework for Elections in Myanmar, (Berlin, Germany: Democracy Reporting International, 2016) p15,
<http://www.stepdemocracy.eu/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/DRI-MM-EIDHR-Manual-on-Legal-FW-Election-v4-EN-2016.pdf> , accessed 16 May 2019
6 Hald, Matilda and Sarah Smith, Supporting youth contributions to peace in Myanmar, Development Dialogue Paper no.24, Dag HammarskjΓΆld Foundation, February 2018, <https://www.youth4peace.info/system/files/2018-04/24.%20CFR_Myanmar-Youth%20Participation2_DHF.pdf>, accessed 16 May 2019
7 International IDEA, Compulsory voting,<https://www.idea.int/data-tools/data/voter-turnout/compulsory-voting>, accessed 16 May 2019
8 British Library, Votes for Women: Suffragettes, violence and militancy, 6 February 2018, <https://www.bl.uk/votes-for-women/articles/suffragettes-violence-and-militancy#footnote6> , accessed 16 May 2019
9 Al Jazeera, Myanmar police crack down on student protesters, 11 March 2015, <https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/03/myanmar-police-crack-student-protesters-150310123609713.html> , accessed 16 May 2019
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10 Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), 10 December 1948 (General Assembly resolution 217 A), preamble,<https://www.un.org/en/universal-declaration-human-rights/> , accessed 16 May 2019
11 Australian Government, Study Assist: FEE-HELP, <https://www.studyassist.gov.au/help-loans/fee-help> , accessed 16 May 2019
12 Connell, Tula, MWRN: A Champion for Migrant Workers in Thailand, Solidarity Centre, 8 January 2019, <https://www.solidaritycenter.org/mwrn-a-champion-for-migrant-worker-rights-in-thailand/> , accessed 16 May 2019
13 Norwegian Refugee Council, Half a million identities, (Relief Web, 8 June 2017) <https://reliefweb.int/report/myanmar/half-million-identities> , accessed 16 May 2019
14 UNFPA and PBSO, The Missing Peace: Independent Progress Study on Youth, Peace and Security, 2018, p115-8, <https://www.youth4peace.info/system/files/2018-10/youth-web-english.pdf> , accessed 16 May 2019
15 Myanmar Mix, An all-girl team is building more public spaces in Yangon, 16 April 2019, <https://myanmarmix.com/en/articles/an-all-girl-team-is-building-more-public-spaces-in-yangon> , accessed 16 May 2019
16 Julia Pimentel, Carolyn Bernucca, Khal, 20 Young Activists Who Are Changing the World, Complex, 23 December 2018, <https://www.complex.com/life/young-activists-who-are-changing-the-world/bana-alabed> , accessed 16 May 2019
17 The Worldβs Childrenβs Prize, PayalJangid, <https://worldschildrensprize.org/payaljangid> , accessed 16 May 2019
ENDNOTES
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αααα±αα αα α±ααΌαΈα±αα¬αααΌαααα¬ α‘αα‘αα±ααΈα±ααΈαααααα¬α‘ααΌα (International IDEA) αα α‘α αΈαα‘αα¬αΈαα«ααα±αα¬ α‘ααΌαα‘α ααΈαα ααα»αα αΏααΈ ααα»α¬αα αααΈ αααα±αα α±ααααααααα±ααΈ αααΈααα±ααΈαα«ααα International IDEA α αααααΈαα¬αααα¬ ααααΈαα₯ α±ααα¬αα α‘αααα¬α»αααααΈα±ααΈα»αααΈα αααα±αα α»αα»ααα±α»αα¬ααΈαα±ααΈα α‘αα‘α α±ααΈα»αααΈα ααα«ααα¬αΈαα αααα±ααΈα‘α±αα αΎααα¬ααα±αα¬αα»αααΈααα»αα α±αααααααααα αααα±αα α‘α±α»αα¬ααΈα‘αα αααΈααα±ααΈαα α»αα αα«ααα
International IDEA αα αααα αααααΈαα¬αΈα ααα±αα¬ααα«ααααΈα
α±ααΌαΈα±αα¬αααΌαα¬αΈαααα¬α ααΌαα ααΈαα‘α±α»ααα₯αα±α ααα±αα¬αα»αααΈαααα¬α αααα±ααΈαα«α αα¬αΈαααα¬α αααα±αα α αα ααΌα αα¬αΈ-α α‘αααΈαααααα¬α α‘ααΈαααΈαα¬αΈ αααα±ααΈαααΈ α αΌααΈ α±αα¬αααα±α α»αααΈαααα¬αα αααα±αα ααααα‘αα»ααα»αααΈαααα¬ αααααα¬αΈααΌα αααααΈ αα¬αΈα ααΈαααΈααΌα»αα¬αΈαα αααααΈα±αα¬αααΌααα«ααα
αα ααα»α¬αα αααΈ ααααΌα»αα¬αΈα±αα¬ αααα‘α±α»αα‘α±αα‘ααΈααΈα αααα±αα ααα±αα¬α αα αααααΈα α₯αα¬αΈαααα¬ ααα±ααΌαα‘α±ααΌαα‘αΎαααααα ααααΈαα₯α±ααα¬αα¬αΈ α±αα¬ α‘αααα¬αααααα¬αΈ α»αααααΈα±ααΈα»αααΈ
αα αααα±αα α‘αα αααΈαααΈαα¬αΈαααααααΈα α₯αα¬αΈα α»αα»ααα±α»αα¬ααΈααα¬ααΌα αααα±ααΈ αα«ααα±αα¬αααΌαα±αααα¬αΈα α‘αα‘αα±ααΈα»αααΈαα αααΎαα¬αΈαα¬αα«α αααα±ααΈ αααααΈα α₯αα¬αΈααΌα αα±ααΌααα«ααα±αα¬αααΌαα»αααΈ
αα ααααΈαα₯α±ααα¬αα¬αΈαα α‘αααα¬αααα α‘αααΈα‘α»αα αα¬αΈα α»αααααΈα±ααΈα»αααΈα αααα±ααΈαα«ααα±αα¬αααΌαα±αααα¬αΈα α‘αα‘αα±ααΈα»αααΈα»αα αααα±αα ααα±αα¬α α±ααΈ ααα«ααα¬αΈα‘α±αα αΎααα¬ααα±αα¬αα»αααΈ
International IDEA αα ααααα±ααα¬α±αααα¬αΈααΌα αααααΈα±αα¬αααΌααα«ααααΈα
International IDEA αα ααα»α¬αα αααΈααΌα αααααΈα±αα¬αααΌααα«ααα α α±αα¬αααΈαΏαα ααΌαααΈα ααΏααΈ α‘α¬αααα α‘α¬α-αα ααα ααααα‘α±ααααα αααα αααα±αααα¬αΈααΌα ααΈαα¬αΈ ααΌααα αα¬αΈααα«ααα International IDEA αα αααααα’ααΌα α‘αΏααααΈ α±ααα¬α α»αα αα«ααα
ααααα - <http://www.idea.int>
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ISBN: 978-91-7671-259-7 (PDF)
DOI: <https://doi.org/10.31752/idea.2019.25>
International IDEA International IDEA MyanmarStrΓΆmsborg αα (α)α ααα¬α αααΈα ααααΈαΏααααα SEβ10334 Stockholm αααα αααααα Sweden α»αααα¬αTel. +46 8 698 37 00 Tel: +95 9 263128104Website: <https://www.idea.int> Project website: : <http://www.stepdemocracy.eu>
αααα±αα αα α±ααΌαΈα±αα¬αααΌαααα¬ α‘αα‘αα±ααΈα±ααΈαααααα¬α‘ααΌα (International IDEA) αα αααα¬αα αααΈ αααα±αα α»αααααα»αααΈαα α±ααααααααα±ααΈααα‘ααΌα α±αα¬αααΌαα±αα¬ α‘α αΈα α‘αα¬αΈαα«ααα±αα¬ α‘ααΌαα‘α ααΈαα αα»αα αα«ααα
International IDEA αα αααα±ααΈααΌα ααΈα±αα«ααΈαα«αααααα ααα α¬αΈα»αααα ααΌαα ααΈαα‘α±α»ααα₯αα±α ααα±αα¬αα»αααΈαααααΈα α₯αα¬αΈα α±ααΌαΈα±αα¬αααΌαααα¬ αααααΈα α₯αα¬αΈαα‘α¬αΈα αα αααα±αα α±ααααααα±ααΈα‘ααΌα α±αα¬αααΌαα±ααΎαα±αα¬α‘ααΌαα‘α ααΈαα¬αΈαα αααα’ααα¬αΈα α»αα»ααα±α»αα¬ααΈα α±ααΈαααααΈαα¬αΈα αααααΈα»αααΈαα αααα±αα α‘α±ααΈ α‘αα¬αΈα»αααα±ααΌαΈα±ααΌαΈαααα¬αΈα αααααΈ α±ααΈααα αα½αΌααααα αααααΈα α₯αα¬αΈααΌα αα¬αΈ/ααα α‘α¬αΈααΈααΈα±αα«ααΈαα«ααα±α α±ααΈα ααααα‘αααα¬ α‘ααααααα α±αααααΌαα»ααΈααΈααα±ααΈααα ααααΌααΈα α₯αΈα α¬αΈα±αα¬αααΌααα«ααα
International IDEA αα α‘ααΌαααααααα¬αΈα»ααααΌαα ααΈαα¬αΈααα±αα¬αα α»αα α αα‘αααα»ααΈ α‘αΎα α±ααΈα‘ααΌααααα¬αΈα αααΈααα±ααΈααα
International IDEA αα‘ααΌαααααααα¬αΈα‘α¬αΈααΈαα αααα±αα α αα αααααΈαΎαα»ααΈ α‘ααΌαα‘α ααΈα αααααΈα α₯αα¬αΈα αααα±ααΈαα ααα¬α±ααΈα‘αα‘ααα¬αΈ αααΈα±ααΈααα α‘ααΌαααααααα¬αΈαα α©α α±αΎααΈαα αα¬αα¬ααΈα α ααααα αααα α±αα¬α αα«αα¬α ααα¬ααΈα αα±ααα«α αα¬ααα¬α±αα ααα αα αα¬ααα¬α ααααααααααα α ααααα αα¬ααα αα«αα¬α α‘αα΅αα α‘ααααΈαα¬αΈα αααααα αα¬ααΈααΈααα α ααααα ααΌααααΈαα¬αΈα ααααΈααΈαα¬αΈα αααα¬ααα α±αα¬α±αα ααα¬αΈαα¬αΈα αααΈα ααα ααα α±ααααα α±αα¬αα‘α¬αααα α ααα ααΌααα ααΌα αα¬αααα α₯αα±ααΌαΈααα»αα αΎαααα αααααα αα α±ααα¬αα‘α±αα‘αα¬αΈα αα±ααα«ααα