Nursing ResearchNursing Research

Board Review

Research definedResearch defined

• A systematic search for understanding, an attempt to gain solutions, discover and develop an organized body of knowledge

Nursing ResearchNursing Research

• Concerned with the systematic study and assessment of nursing problems or phenomena, finding ways to improve nursing practice and patient care through creative studies, initiating change and taking action to make new knowledge useful to nursing

Foundation of nursing Foundation of nursing knowledgeknowledge

• Customs and traditions• Authority• Staff development and experience

General types of researchGeneral types of research

• Basic Research– Search for new knowledge

• Applied Research– Application of knowledge to solve

problems

• Action Research– Study of certain problem where

conclusions are drawn

Characteristics of researchCharacteristics of research

1. Involves gathering of new data from new sources

2. Directed towards the solution of problem

3. Analytical and empirical4. Requires expertise5. Logical, honest and innovative6. Can be replicated7. Carefully recorded

Purposes of NURSING Purposes of NURSING researchresearch

1. Provide scientific basis for nursing practice2. Develop new techniques, tools. New

knowledge3. Provide solutions to problems concerning

health4. Help determine the areas of need in nursing5. Prepare oneself to be a diligent researcher.

It is on duty of a NURSE.

NP and NSNP and NS

• Nursing process is similar to research process

• both consist of a number of closely related activities that overlap

• Both involve problem solving and the use of logical systems of inductive and deductive reasoning

Overview of the step in NROverview of the step in NR

• There are variety of steps in conducting research

• Most authors differ slightly but they have common sequence

Steps in nursing researchSteps in nursing research

1. Identify problem2. Conduct literature review3. Identify theoretical concept4. Formulate hypothesis5. Operationalize variables6. Select research design7. Ascertain and select sample8. Conduct a pilot study9. Collect data10. analyze data11. Interpret results12. Disseminate information

stepssteps

1. Formulate the Problem• Define the problem• Define purpose of research• Review related literature• Formulate theoretical framework• Define the population• State the SPECIFIC research problem• State the assumptions• State the scope and limitation• Define the research terms

stepssteps

2. Formulate the hypothesis

3. Determine research design and methodology

4. Select and develop tools for data collection

5. Develop analysis of data plan

stepssteps

6. Collect the data

7. Organize and process the data

8. Analyze and interpret the data

9. Formulate conclusions

10. Write the research reports

Formulate the problemFormulate the problem

• Curiosity or burning interest form the researcher may lead to the formulation of a problem

• The problem must be:– Feasible– Important– Clearly defined– Observable– Satisfies the interests of the QUALIFIED

researcher

Review of related literatureReview of related literature

1. To define research questions, models and tools that may be useful in problem identification

2. To provide comparative data that are available for analysis

3. To compare one’s findings with other theoretical an conceptual frameworks

4. To identify studies that may be replicated

Formulate theoretical Formulate theoretical frameworkframework

• Useful guides are the data from literature

• Previous theories

Delineate the populationDelineate the population

• The POPULATION refers to the largest body of the individuals being research

• SAMPLING is the process of selecting a PORTION of the POPULATION to represent the whole

Delineate the populationDelineate the population

• Factors that can influence sample size include:

1. Accessibility2. Cost3. Amount of time available

Delineate the populationDelineate the population

TYPES OF SAMPLING

1. Probability sampling• Individuals are given chance to be

selected

2. Non probability sampling• Selection is based upon the criteria of

researcher, persons are NOT given equal chance

Delineate the populationDelineate the population

PROBABILITY SAMPLING• Simple random= selection is done by

chance, usually lottery or table of random numbers

• Stratified random sampling= population is divided into LEVELS or strata and selection is done per level

Delineate the populationDelineate the population

PROBABILITY SAMPLING3. Systematic Random sampling= this

consist of establishing a pattern like: every 5th person, every 8th household

4. Cluster sampling= involves selection of sample form various section of the population

Delineate the populationDelineate the population

NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING• CONVENIENCE sampling/accidental

sampling= data are collected from anyone available

• Snowball or network sampling= data are collected from those referred by another person

Delineate the populationDelineate the population

NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING3. Purposive sampling= selection of

subjects based on certain characteristics

4. Cross cultural= variety of culture

5. Cross sectional= one point only

Scope and limitationsScope and limitations

• Scope is the extent to which the study will be made

• Limitations are perceived weaknesses

• Delimitations are restrictions that the researches places on the study

STEP 2STEP 2

Formulate HypothesisHypothesis is a scientific guess. It is only

tested not proved1. Simple hypothesis2. Complex hypothesis3. Null hypothesis= assumption that

there is NO difference

Step 2Step 2

Variable• A quality, property or characteristic of a

person or thing to be studied that can be quantitatively measured

• It is a factor that varies

Step 2Step 2

Variable1. INDEPENDENT Variable= the

presumed CAUSE. The one MANIPULATED by the researcher

2. DEPENDENT VARIABLE= the presumed EFFECT or the response. It is otherwise called CRITERION VARIBALE

Step 2Step 2

Variable3. EXTRANEOUS or UNCONTROLLED or

CONFOUNDING variable= variable that may affect the dependent variable

Step 2Step 2

VariableDichotomous variable= sexPolychotomous variable= many

categories

Step 3Step 3

Research Design1. EXPERIMENTAL research

• Conducted in a specialized setting

2. NON experimental research• Conducted in a natural setting such as

hospital, clinic

Step 3Step 3

DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH approach• Describes and interprets what IS and

reveals conditions and relationships that EXIST or DO NOT exist

• Survey, Case analysis, comparative studies, relationship studies

Step 3Step 3

DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH approachSurvey• Data are gathered from a relatively LARGE

number of cases at a particular time1. Normative survey= norms or typical

condition2. Social survey= current social problem3. Community survey4. School survey

Non-experimentalNon-experimentalADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

Less expensive CANNOT establish causal relationships

Completed in SHORT time NOT used for diagnosis and explanation

Cooperation of subjects easily obtained

NOT always useful for theory development

Translation of findings is more acceptable to consumers of research

Difficult to get financial aid

Use for PREDICTIVE purpose CANNOT be applied to test a program or procedure

Step 4Step 4

Select data collection method1. Reliability= ACCURACY or precision of

the tool. The measurements are the same if REPEATED

Step 4Step 4

Select data collection method2. VALIDITY= relevancy of

measurements. It measures what it is supposed to measure

Step 4Step 4

Select data collection method3. SENSITIVITY= measures the fine

differences among the subjects

Step 5 Step 5

Develop the data analysis planconsider how the data should be analyze

Step 6Step 6

COLLECTION OF DATA1. Use of existing records2. Observation3. Questionnaire4. interview

Data Data

Nominal data Data that can be organized into CATEGORIES of a defined property but cannot be compared

Ordinal Used when data can be assigned categories that can be ranked

Interval Have equal numerical distance between intervals. NO ZERO SCALE

Ratio Highest form of measure, similar to interval BUT with ZERO POINT

Step 6Step 6

Questionnaire• The most common• Written in a form that is distributed• Questions constructed and pre-tested

carefully1. FREE response/ unstructured= respondents

can write 2. Close-ended/Structured= respondents just

check the prepared response

Step 6 QuestionnaireStep 6 Questionnaire

Advantages Disadvantages

Simple method Responses may lack depth

Less time consumed Omission of items

Data gathered can be widely scattered

Responses may not be the actual responses

Researcher does not need to see respondents personally

Printing, distribution and collection are expensive and maybe difficult

Step 6Step 6

INTERVIEW• Second most common• Relevant ideas and depth van be

explored

1. Structured interview= read to the respondents

2. Unstructured interview= guide questions only

Step 6 InterviewStep 6 InterviewAdvantages disadvantages

Complete answers possible

Requires more time

Misunderstanding minimized

Interpersonal relationship between subject and researcher may not be the same

Topics can be pursued Cost, time, effort are even greater than interview

No items omitted

Subjects does not have to be literate

Step 6Step 6

Observation• Most directive means• Common in nursing care research

1. Participant observation= investigator blends with subject

2. Non-participant= use of weighing scale, BP to monitor quantitative changes

Step 6: ObservationStep 6: Observation

Advantages Disadvantages

Valuable in studying nursing practice

Observed clients are subject to bias

Inexpensive. Can be continued anytime

Events may occur rapidly and impossible to record

Subjects are available Extensive training necessary

Simple to develop Time needed to wait for the occurrence

Allows view of situation Difficult to be always PRESENT to view

Step 6Step 6

HAWTHORNE effect• People may INTENTIONALY change

their behavior because they know that they are being studied

Step 6Step 6

HALO effect• Observer may have the TENDENCY to

rate certain subjects as either LOW or HIGH depending on the impression the subject gives to the observer

Step 7Step 7

ORGANIZE AND PROCESS DATA• Editing• Coding• Scoring • Sealing summarizing• Use of tables and computer to calculate

the data

Step 7Step 7

ORGANIZE AND PROCESS DATAFor QUALITATIVE DATA• Rate and percentages

For QUANTITATIVE DATA• Measures of central tendency and

measures of variation

Step 8Step 8

ANALYZE the DATA• Draw meaning from the finding• The researcher should be able to say if

the NULL hypothesis is accepted or rejected

Step 9Step 9

FORMULATE CONCLUSIONS and Recommendations

These are judgment about the data collected and the suggestions of possible application of the research

Step 10Step 10

WRITE THE RESEARCH REPORT• Report may be prepared for publication• The MAIN purpose is to disseminate the

findings of the study for others to utilize

Ethical Issues in ResearchEthical Issues in Research

1. Confidentiality2. Autonomy3. Beneficence4. Non-maleficence5. Justice