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2/26/2011 1 The Plight of the Honey Bee Just how important are honey bees? U.S. Honey Industry (2010) 200,000 beekeepers (1,500 commercial) Produced 144 million pounds of honey valued at nearly $ 250 million Value of Other U.S. Crops Crop Millions of Dollars Asparagus 200 Leaf lettuce 244 H 250 Honey 250 Garlic 260 Celery 270 Pecans 400 Cranberries 450 Mushrooms 900 Almonds > 1,000 Honey Production/Consumption (2010) Country Production (1,000 tons) Consumption (lbs./person) China 303 0.2 Argentina 81 0.3 United States 72 1.2 Mexico 54 0.2 Brazil 35 0.3 Canada 31 1.7 Spain 31 0.8 Germany 14 3.4 What is the Importance of Honey Bees to Cultivated Crops in the U.S. ?

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Page 1: Nunnamaker, -Plight of the Honey Bee (Wed, 11 15am) · The Plight of the Honey Bee Just how important are honey bees? U.S. Honey Industry (2010) • 200,000 beekeepers (1,500 commercial)

2/26/2011

1

The Plight

of the

Honey Bee

Just how important arehoney bees?

U.S. Honey Industry (2010)

• 200,000 beekeepers (1,500 commercial)

• Produced 144 million pounds of honey valued at nearly $ 250 million

Value of Other U.S. Crops

Crop Millions of Dollars

Asparagus 200

Leaf lettuce 244

H 250Honey 250

Garlic 260

Celery 270

Pecans 400

Cranberries 450

Mushrooms 900

Almonds > 1,000

Honey Production/Consumption (2010)

Country Production (1,000 tons) Consumption (lbs./person)

China 303 0.2

Argentina 81 0.3g

United States 72 1.2

Mexico 54 0.2

Brazil 35 0.3

Canada 31 1.7

Spain 31 0.8

Germany 14 3.4

What is the Importance of Honey Bees to 

Cultivated Crops in the U.S. ?

Page 2: Nunnamaker, -Plight of the Honey Bee (Wed, 11 15am) · The Plight of the Honey Bee Just how important are honey bees? U.S. Honey Industry (2010) • 200,000 beekeepers (1,500 commercial)

2/26/2011

2

Common statements…

“One‐third of all the food we eat is pollinated by honey bees.”

“ hi d bi f f d i lli d b“Every third bite of food we eat is pollinated by honey bees.”

“One‐third of all crops are pollinated by honey bees.”

One‐third of what?

What is the Dollar Value of Honey Bee 

Pollination of Cultivated Crops in the United States?

$ 14,600,000,000

R.A. Morse and N.W. Calderone.  The Value of Honey Bees as Pollinators of U.S. Crops in 2000.  Cornell University Press (2006)

Colorado Fruits and Vegetables

Dependent Upon Honey Bees Benefit From Honey Bees

Apples Cucumbers Apricots Strawberries

Cherries Asparagus Peaches CantaloupeCherries Asparagus Peaches Cantaloupe

Pumpkins Celery Pears Watermelon

Broccoli Onions Nectarines Sugar beets

Carrots Cauliflower Plums Lima beans

Squash Eggplant Blackberries

Raspberries

Additional Honey Bee Pollination in Colorado

Forage Plants Oil Crops Herbs/Spices

Oregano

Alfalfa Sunflower Chives

Clover Rapeseed Coriander

Vetch Soybean Dill

Fennel

Mint

Lavender

Page 3: Nunnamaker, -Plight of the Honey Bee (Wed, 11 15am) · The Plight of the Honey Bee Just how important are honey bees? U.S. Honey Industry (2010) • 200,000 beekeepers (1,500 commercial)

2/26/2011

3

Pollination of Non‐Cultivated Crops

Pollinators strongly influence…

–Ecological relationships

–Ecosystem conservation and stability

Dollar Value ??

Why do honey b t i k?bees get sick?

Pesticides

Predators/Pests

Diseases

Parasitic mites

Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD)

Pesticides“Insecticides kill insects and honey bees are insects.”

More toxic:  organophosphates, carbamatesg p p ,

Less toxic:  pyrethroids

Contact insecticides:  Affect worker bees sprayed directly

Systemic insecticides:  Contaminate nectar and pollen…kill bees within the hive

More hazardous:  Dusts, wettable powders

Less hazardous:  Solutions, emulsifiable concentrates

Predators/Pests

Wasps (e.g., Western yellow jacket)

A tAnts

Wax moth (Galleria mellonela)

Small Hive Beetle

DiseaseBacterial

Fungalg

Microsporidia

Viral

Page 4: Nunnamaker, -Plight of the Honey Bee (Wed, 11 15am) · The Plight of the Honey Bee Just how important are honey bees? U.S. Honey Industry (2010) • 200,000 beekeepers (1,500 commercial)

2/26/2011

4

Bacterial Diseases

American foulbrood

European foulbrood

American Foulbrood

Colony has a characteristic sour odor

Spotty brood pattern

Perforated sunken cappingsPerforated, sunken cappings

Resultant black scales; “tongue line”

Control measures: Terramycin®

Burning of infected hives

Page 5: Nunnamaker, -Plight of the Honey Bee (Wed, 11 15am) · The Plight of the Honey Bee Just how important are honey bees? U.S. Honey Industry (2010) • 200,000 beekeepers (1,500 commercial)

2/26/2011

5

s

Page 6: Nunnamaker, -Plight of the Honey Bee (Wed, 11 15am) · The Plight of the Honey Bee Just how important are honey bees? U.S. Honey Industry (2010) • 200,000 beekeepers (1,500 commercial)

2/26/2011

6

Fungal Disease

ChalkbroodChalkbrood 

Chalkbrood

Infected brood become brittle and look like pieces of chalk

Weakens colonyWeakens colony

Spread mainly by beekeepers

Control measures: No chemical controls

Re‐queening

Microsporidia

Nosema 

NosemaDisease of adult bees

Pathogen infects gut

Symptoms include unhooked wings, distended bd b h li dabdomen, bees that are crawling and disoriented in front of the hive

Leads to reduction in honey crop

Control measure: Fumagillin

Page 7: Nunnamaker, -Plight of the Honey Bee (Wed, 11 15am) · The Plight of the Honey Bee Just how important are honey bees? U.S. Honey Industry (2010) • 200,000 beekeepers (1,500 commercial)

2/26/2011

7

Parasitic Mites

VarroaVarroa

Tracheal mite

VarroaExternal parasite of adults and brood ; feeds on hemolymph

If unchecked, kills colony in 1‐2 years

Control measures:   Chemicals

Resistant strains of bees

Page 8: Nunnamaker, -Plight of the Honey Bee (Wed, 11 15am) · The Plight of the Honey Bee Just how important are honey bees? U.S. Honey Industry (2010) • 200,000 beekeepers (1,500 commercial)

2/26/2011

8

Tracheal Mite

Internal parasite of adults; feeds on hemolymph

Completes its entire life cycle in the respiratory system of the honey beesystem of the honey bee

Control measures:   Chemicals

Resistant strains of bees

Page 9: Nunnamaker, -Plight of the Honey Bee (Wed, 11 15am) · The Plight of the Honey Bee Just how important are honey bees? U.S. Honey Industry (2010) • 200,000 beekeepers (1,500 commercial)

2/26/2011

9

Page 10: Nunnamaker, -Plight of the Honey Bee (Wed, 11 15am) · The Plight of the Honey Bee Just how important are honey bees? U.S. Honey Industry (2010) • 200,000 beekeepers (1,500 commercial)

2/26/2011

10

Colony Collapse Disorder

Bees appear healthy as few as three weeks prior to collapse…then, adults bees disappear!

Dead bees not found within hive or on ground

Small hive beetles, wax moths, and nearby honey bees ignore empty hive

Not a totally new phenomenon (over the past 60 years, have had disorders called:  spring dwindle, fall dwindle, autumn collapse, May disease and disappearing disease)

Honey Bee Losses in the U.S. During the Past Five Years*

October through April*—

2006‐2007 32%

2007‐2008 36%

2008‐2009 29%

2009‐2010 34%

*  Does not account for summer losses, which can be significant

*  22% of 2.4 million colonies were surveyed

Possible Causes of CCD

• Traditional bee pests and diseases• Bee management• Queen sourceCh i l i b l i• Chemical use in bee colonies

• Chemical toxins in the environment• Genetically modified crops• Parasitic mites• Nutritional stresses• Undiscovered or new pests and diseases

Page 11: Nunnamaker, -Plight of the Honey Bee (Wed, 11 15am) · The Plight of the Honey Bee Just how important are honey bees? U.S. Honey Industry (2010) • 200,000 beekeepers (1,500 commercial)

2/26/2011

11

What Can We Do to Help Protect Honey Bees?

• Utilize IPM– Follow label directions

– Use pesticides that are less toxic to honey bees

• Encourage organic farmingEncourage organic farming

• Utilize biological and cultural control methods, and support organizations who promote this   (e.g., Palisade Insectary)

• Promote biodiversity by planting flowers and crops that benefit honey bees and other beneficial insects

What Can We Do to Help Protect Honey Bees?

• Plant alternative crops that have multiple benefits… (e.g., lavender)

• Grows well in Colorado

D ht t l t i l th t i d ti f 10• Drought‐tolerant perennial that is productive for  10 years

• Looks nice, smells nice (good for us, good for agri‐tourism)

• Provides income in and of itself (oil, dried flowers)

• By‐products (e.g., lavender honey)

• Source of supplemental income (e.g., vineyards)

• Few insect pests, hence reduced pesticide use

• Good for honey bees and other beneficial insects

What Can We Do to Help Protect Honey Bees?

• Encourage and promote education about honey bees and beekeeping via schools, 4‐H, FFA county fairs etcFFA, county fairs, etc.

• Support local beekeepers by purchasing honey and/or pollination services.

• Always remember that many of the wholesome foods we eat every day came from plants that were pollinated by honey bees!