nucleus cytoplasm membrane - estrellamountain.edu
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Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Plasmamembrane
(a) Generalized animal cell
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Nuclear envelopeChromatin
Nucleolus
Nuclearpores
(b) Nucleus
Nucleus
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Extracellular fluid(watery environment)
Glycoprotein Glycolipid
Cholesterol
Sugar group
Polar heads ofphospholipidmolecules
Bimolecularlipid layercontainingproteins
Nonpolar tails ofphospholipidmolecules
Channel
Proteins Filaments ofcytoskeleton Cytoplasm
(watery environment)
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Microvilli Tight(impermeable)junction
Desmosome(anchoringjunction)
Plasmamembranes ofadjacent cells
Connexon
Gap(communicating)junction
Underlyingbasementmembrane
Extracellularspace betweencells
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Chromatin
Nucleolus
Smooth endoplasmicreticulum
Cytosol
Lysosome
Mitochondrion
Nuclear envelope
Nucleus
Plasmamembrane
Centrioles
Roughendoplasmicreticulum
Ribosomes
Golgi apparatus
Microtubule
Intermediatefilaments
Secretion being releasedfrom cell by exocytosis
Peroxisome
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Ribosome mRNA
Rough ERAs the protein is synthesized on the ribosome,
it migrates into the rough ER tunnel system.
In the tunnel, the protein folds into itsfunctional shape. Short sugar chains may beattached to the protein (forming a glycoprotein).
The protein is packaged in a tinymembranous sac called a transport vesicle.
The transport vesicle buds from the rough ERand travels to the Golgi apparatus for furtherprocessing.
Protein
Transportvesicle buds off
Protein insidetransport vesicle
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Rough ER Tunnels Proteins in tunnels
Membrane
Transportvesicle
Lysosome fuses withingested substances.
Golgi vesicle containingdigestive enzymesbecomes a lysosome.
Pathway 3
Golgiapparatus
Pathway 1
Golgi vesicle containingproteins to be secretedbecomes a secretoryvesicle.
Pathway 2
Secretory vesicles
Proteins
Secretion byexocytosis
Golgi vesicle containingmembrane componentsfuses with the plasmamembrane and isincorporated into it.
Plasma membrane
Extracellular fluid
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(a) Microfilaments
Actin subunit
7 nm
(b) Intermediate filaments
Fibrous subunits
10 nm
(c) Microtubules
Tubulin subunits
25 nm
Microfilaments form the bluebatlike network.
Intermediate filaments formthe purple network surroundingthe pink nucleus.
Microtubules appear as goldnetworks surrounding the cells’pink nuclei.
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Fibroblasts
Secretedfibers
Rough ER andGolgi apparatus
No organelles
NucleusErythrocytes
(a) Cells that connect body parts
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Epithelialcells
NucleusIntermediatefilaments
(b) Cells that cover and line body organs
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Skeletalmuscle cell
Contractilefilaments
Nuclei
Smoothmuscle cells
(c) Cells that move organs and body parts
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Fat cell Lipid droplet
Nucleus
(d) Cell that stores nutrients
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LysosomesMacrophage
Pseudopods
(e) Cell that fights disease
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ProcessesRough ER
Nerve cell
Nucleus
(f) Cell that gathers information andcontrols body functions
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Nucleus
Sperm
(g) Cell of reproduction
Flagellum
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Extracellular fluid
Lipid-solublesolutes
Cytoplasm
(a) Simple diffusionof lipid-solublesolutes directlythrough thephospholipidbilayer
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Watermolecules
(b) Osmosis,diffusion of waterthrough a specificchannel protein(aquaporin)
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(a) RBC in isotonic solution (b) RBC in hypertonic solution (c) RBC in hypotonic solution
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Small lipid-insolublesolutes
Lipid-insolublesolutes
Lipidbilayer
(d) Facilitated diffusion viaprotein carrier specific for onechemical; binding of substratecauses shape change intransport protein
(c) Facilitateddiffusion througha channel protein;mostly ions,selected on basisof size and charge
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Binding of cytoplasmic Na+to the pump protein stimulatesphosphorylation by ATP, whichcauses the pump protein tochange its shape.
The shape change expelsNa+ to the outside. ExtracellularK+ binds, causing release of theinorganic phosphate group.
Loss of phosphate restoresthe original shape of the pumpprotein. K+ is released to thecytoplasm, and Na+ sites areready to bind Na+ again; thecycle repeats.
Cytoplasm
Extracellular fluid
Na+Na+
K+
Na+
Na+
Na+
Pi
K+
Na+Pi
ATP
ADP
Na+ K+
K+
Na+-K+ pump
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Slide 1
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Extracellularfluid
Plasmamembranedockingprotein
The membrane-bound vesiclemigrates to theplasma membrane.
VesicledockingproteinMoleculeto besecreted
CytoplasmSecretoryvesicle
Fusion pore formed
Fuseddockingproteins
There, dockingproteins on thevesicle and plasmamembrane bind, thevesicle andmembrane fuse, anda pore opens up.
Vesicle contentsare released to thecell exterior.
(a) The process of exocytosis
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2
3
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Extracellularfluid Cytoplasm
Vesicleforms and fuseswith lysosomefor digestion.
Vesicle
Plasmamembrane
Lysosome
Release ofcontents tocytosol
Transport to plasmamembrane and exocytosisof vesicle contents
Detached vesicleIngestedsubstance
Pit
Membranes and receptors(if present) recycled toplasma membrane
(a) Endocytosis (pinocytosis)
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2
3
2A
2B
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Extracellularfluid
Cytoplasm
Bacteriumor otherparticle
Pseudopod(b) Phagocytosis
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Membranereceptor
Target molecule
(c) Receptor-mediatedendocytosis
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KEY:AdenineThymineCytosineGuanine
Old(template)strand
Newlysynthesizedstrand
Newstrandforming
DNA of one sister chromatid
Old (template)strand
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Centrioles Chromatin Centrioles Spindlemicrotubules
Centromere
Formingmitoticspindle
Centromere
Plasmamembrane
Interphase
Nuclearenvelope
Nucleolus
Chromosome,consisting of twosister chromatids
Early prophase
Fragments ofnuclear envelope
Late prophase
Nucleolusforming
Metaphaseplate
Cleavagefurrow
Mitoticspindle
Metaphase
Sisterchromatids
Daughterchromosomes
Anaphase
Nuclearenvelopeforming
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Nucleus(site of transcription)
DNAgene
Cytoplasm(site of translation)
mRNA specifyingone polypeptide ismade from a gene onthe DNA template by anenzyme (not shown).
mRNA
Nuclear pore
Nuclear membrane Correct aminoacid attached toeach type oftRNA by anenzyme
Aminoacids
mRNA leaves nucleusand attaches to ribosome,and translation begins.
Synthetaseenzyme
As the ribosome movesalong the mRNA, a new aminoacid is added to the growingprotein chain.
Growingpolypeptidechain
tRNA “head”bearing anticodon
Incoming tRNArecognizes a complementarymRNA codon calling for itsamino acid by temporarilybinding its anticodon to thecodon.
Peptide bond
Released tRNAreenters the cytoplasmicpool, ready to be rechargedwith a new amino acid.
Large ribosomal subunit
Codon
Portion ofmRNA alreadytranslated
Direction of ribosomereading; ribosomemoves the mRNA strandalong sequentiallyas each codon is read.
Small ribosomal subunit
IIe
Met
Gly
Ser
Ala
Phe
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4
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Apical surface
Basalsurface
Simple
Apical surface
Basalsurface Stratified
(a) Classification based on numberof cell layers
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Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar
(b) Classification based oncell shape
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Number of layersCell shape
Squamous
One layer: simple epithelialtissues
Diffusion and filtration Secretion inserous membranes
Secretion and absorption; ciliated typespropel mucus or reproductive cellsSecretion and absorption; ciliated typespropel mucus or reproductive cells
More than one layer: stratifiedepithelial tissues
Protection
Cuboidal
Columnar
Protection; these tissue types are rarein humans
Transitional
(c) Function of epithelial tissue related to tissue type
Protection; stretching to accommodatedistension of urinary structures
No simple transitional epithelium exists
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Air sacs oflungs
Nucleus ofsquamousepithelial cell
Nuclei ofsquamousepithelialcells
Basementmembrane
(a) Diagram: Simple squamous
Photomicrograph: Simple squamousepithelium forming part of the alveolar(air sac) walls (275×).
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Nucleus ofsimplecuboidalepithelialcellBasementmembrane
Simplecuboidalepithelialcells
Basementmembrane
Connectivetissue
Photomicrograph: Simple cuboidalepithelium in kidney tubules (250×).(b) Diagram: Simple cuboidal
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Nuclei of simplecolumnar epithelial cellstend to line up
Mucus of agoblet cell
Simple columnarepithelial cell
Basementmembrane
Basementmembrane
(c) Diagram: Simple columnarPhotomicrograph: Simple columnarepithelium of the small intestine (575×).
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Pseudo-stratifiedepitheliallayer
Basementmembrane
Nuclei ofpseudostratifiedcells do not line up
(d) Diagram: Pseudostratified (ciliated)columnar
Cilia
Pseudostratifiedepithelial layer
Basementmembrane
Connective tissue
Photomicrograph: Pseudostratifiedciliated columnar epithelium liningthe human trachea (560×).
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Nuclei
Stratifiedsquamousepithelium Stratified
squamousepithelium
BasementmembraneConnectivetissue
Basementmembrane
Photomicrograph: Stratifiedsquamous epithelium lining ofthe esophagus (140×).(e) Diagram: Stratified squamous
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Basementmembrane
Transi-tionalepithelium
Basementmembrane
Transitionalepithelium
Connectivetissue
Photomicrograph: Transitional epithelium lining ofthe bladder, relaxed state (270×); surface rounded cellsflatten and elongate when the bladder fills with urine.(f) Diagram: Transitional
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Osteocytes(bone cells)in lacunae Central canal
Lacunae
(a) Diagram: Bone Photomicrograph: Cross-sectional viewof bone (165×).
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Chondrocyte(cartilage cell)
Chondrocytein lacuna
Lacunae
(b) Diagram: Hyaline cartilage
Matrix
Photomicrograph: Hyaline cartilagefrom the trachea (400×).
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Chondrocytesin lacunae
Chondro-cytes inlacunae
Collagenfibers
(c) Diagram: Fibrocartilage
Collagen fiber
Photomicrograph: Fibrocartilage of anintervertebral disc (150×).
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Ligament
Tendon
Collagenfibers
Collagenfibers
Nuclei offibroblasts
Nuclei offibroblasts
(d) Diagram: Dense fibrous Photomicrograph: Dense fibrous connectivetissue from a tendon (475×).
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MucosalepitheliumLaminapropria
Elasticfibers
Collagenfibers
Elasticfibers ofmatrix
Fibroblastnuclei
Nuclei offibroblasts
Collagenfibers
(e) Diagram: Areolar Photomicrograph: Areolar connective tissue, asoft packaging tissue of the body (270×).
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Nuclei offat cells
Vacuolecontainingfat droplet
Nuclei offat cells
Vacuolecontainingfat droplet
(f) Diagram: Adipose Photomicrograph: Adipose tissue from thesubcutaneous layer beneath the skin (570×).
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Spleen
ReticularcellBloodcell
Reticularfibers
(g) Diagram: Reticular
White blood cell(lymphocyte)
Reticular fibers
Photomicrograph: Dark-staining networkof reticular connective tissue (400×).
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Blood cellsin capillary Plasma (fluid
matrix)
Neutrophil(white bloodcell)
Whiteblood cell
Redblood cells
Red bloodcells
Monocyte(white bloodcell)
(h) Diagram: Blood Photomicrograph: Smear of human blood (1290×)
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(a) Diagram: Skeletal muscle Photomicrograph: Skeletal muscle (195×).
StriationsMultiple nucleiper fiber
Part of musclefiber
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Intercalateddiscs
Nucleus
(b) Diagram: Cardiac muscle Photomicrograph: Cardiac muscle (475×).
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Nuclei
Smoothmuscle cell
(c) Diagram: Smooth muscle Photomicrograph: Sheet of smooth muscle (360×).
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Brain
Spinalcord
Nuclei ofneuroglia(supportingcells)Cell bodyof neuron
Neuronprocesses
Diagram: Nervous tissue
Nuclei ofneuroglia(supportingcells)
Cell bodyof neuron
Neuronprocesses
Photomicrograph: Neurons (320×)
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Nervous tissue: Internal communication and controlHallmarks: irritable, conductive• Brain, spinal cord, and nerves
Muscle tissue: Contracts to cause movementHallmarks: irritable, contractile• Muscles attached to bones (skeletal)• Muscles of heart wall (cardiac)• Muscles of walls of hollow organs (smooth)
Epithelial tissue: Forms boundaries between differentenvironments, protects, secretes, absorbs, filtersHallmarks: one free (apical) surface, avascular• Lining of GI tract and other hollow organs• Skin surface (epidermis)
Connective tissue: Supports, protects, bindsother tissues togetherHallmarks: extracellular matrix, varying vascularity• Cartilage• Bones• Tendons• Fat and other soft padding tissue
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