nuclear structure studies using -...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Nuclear Structure studies using - Sciencesconf.orgejc2015.sciencesconf.org/conference/ejc2015/pages/Michelagnoli1.pdf · 104Ag and 106 Ag Response function = differential spectrum](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022041805/5e53b115a7fcfe6be273fa1c/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Nuclear Structure studies using Advanced-GAmma-Tracking techniques
Caterina Michelagnoli [email protected]
École Joliot-Curie 2015
‘’Instrumentation, detection and simulation in modern nuclear physics’’
![Page 2: Nuclear Structure studies using - Sciencesconf.orgejc2015.sciencesconf.org/conference/ejc2015/pages/Michelagnoli1.pdf · 104Ag and 106 Ag Response function = differential spectrum](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022041805/5e53b115a7fcfe6be273fa1c/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
World-wide projects for g-ray spectroscopy
AGATA (Advanced-Gamma-Tracking Array)
GRETA (Gamma-Ray
Energy Tracking Array)
Use highly segmented Ge detectors
+ digital electronics to reconstruct the path of g rays
in the detector medium
![Page 3: Nuclear Structure studies using - Sciencesconf.orgejc2015.sciencesconf.org/conference/ejc2015/pages/Michelagnoli1.pdf · 104Ag and 106 Ag Response function = differential spectrum](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022041805/5e53b115a7fcfe6be273fa1c/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
World-wide projects for g-ray spectroscopy
Legnaro National Lab. (2009-2012) Demostrator phase
GSI, Germany (2012-2014) @ fragment separator
AGATA (Advanced-Gamma-Tracking Array)
GRETA (Gamma-Ray
Energy Tracking Array)
Grand Accelerateur National d’Ions Lourdes (GANIL) France (2014 – at present)
Use highly segmented Ge detectors
+ digital electronics to reconstruct the path of g rays
in the detector medium
![Page 4: Nuclear Structure studies using - Sciencesconf.orgejc2015.sciencesconf.org/conference/ejc2015/pages/Michelagnoli1.pdf · 104Ag and 106 Ag Response function = differential spectrum](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022041805/5e53b115a7fcfe6be273fa1c/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
PART 1 (September 28th 2015) General Introduction: Physics Motivation 1. Nuclear structure and g-ray spectroscopy 2. Structure of neutron-rich fission fragments
g-ray tracking: Motivation and Concept 1. In-beam γ-ray detection: requirements 2. From conventional germanium detector arrays to g-ray tracking 3. g-ray tracking (‘’philosophy’’, approximations, open questions)
Pulse Shape Analysis (PSA) 1. Principle 2. Position resolution and Compton imaging
Outline
(be aware … personal selection of topics!)
![Page 5: Nuclear Structure studies using - Sciencesconf.orgejc2015.sciencesconf.org/conference/ejc2015/pages/Michelagnoli1.pdf · 104Ag and 106 Ag Response function = differential spectrum](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022041805/5e53b115a7fcfe6be273fa1c/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
(be aware … personal selection of topics!)
PART 2 (September 29th 2015) Pulse Shape Analysis (PSA) 1. Signal bases calculation 2. Signal decomposition Some results from Ge position sensitive mode operation and γ-ray tracking
The AGATA array of segmented HPGe detectors 1. Implementation of Pulse Shape Analysis and Tracking concepts 2. The AGATA detectors and preamplifiers 3. The structure of electronics and data acquisition 4. Digital signal processing (at high counting rate) 5. (AGATA data processing)
AGATA+VAMOS (magnetic spectrometer) at GANIL
Outline
![Page 6: Nuclear Structure studies using - Sciencesconf.orgejc2015.sciencesconf.org/conference/ejc2015/pages/Michelagnoli1.pdf · 104Ag and 106 Ag Response function = differential spectrum](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022041805/5e53b115a7fcfe6be273fa1c/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
nu
mb
er o
f p
roto
ns,
Z
number of neutrons, N
The Atomic Nucleus
Z
N
J. Hans D. Jensen (1907 – 1973) PR75, 1766 (1949)
Maria Goeppert Mayer 1906 - 1972 PR75, 1969 (1949)
NOBEL PRIZE 1963
The Nuclear Shell Model
1
![Page 7: Nuclear Structure studies using - Sciencesconf.orgejc2015.sciencesconf.org/conference/ejc2015/pages/Michelagnoli1.pdf · 104Ag and 106 Ag Response function = differential spectrum](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022041805/5e53b115a7fcfe6be273fa1c/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Nuclear Excitations
Z
N
Shell Model
Cooper Pairs
Collective Excitations
Need to tune model parameters collecting nuclear experimental
information
2
![Page 8: Nuclear Structure studies using - Sciencesconf.orgejc2015.sciencesconf.org/conference/ejc2015/pages/Michelagnoli1.pdf · 104Ag and 106 Ag Response function = differential spectrum](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022041805/5e53b115a7fcfe6be273fa1c/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Nuclear Excitations
Z
N
Shell Model
Cooper Pairs
Collective Excitations
Need to tune model parameters collecting nuclear experimental
information
Test of nucleon-nucleon interaction by comparing the experimental results to model prediction
What is the effective nucleon-nucleon interaction? What are the limits of existence for bound nuclei (driplines) ?
2
![Page 9: Nuclear Structure studies using - Sciencesconf.orgejc2015.sciencesconf.org/conference/ejc2015/pages/Michelagnoli1.pdf · 104Ag and 106 Ag Response function = differential spectrum](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022041805/5e53b115a7fcfe6be273fa1c/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
The Structure of the Nucleus
Observables:
energy levels (Ei)
spin (Ji)
parity (pi)
lifetime (transition probabilities) (ti)
nuclear moments (g-factors)
Ei Ji pi
ground state
Ener
gy
systematics (e.g. shape transitions) benchmarks for nuclear models (e.g. Nuclear Shell Model)
3
![Page 10: Nuclear Structure studies using - Sciencesconf.orgejc2015.sciencesconf.org/conference/ejc2015/pages/Michelagnoli1.pdf · 104Ag and 106 Ag Response function = differential spectrum](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022041805/5e53b115a7fcfe6be273fa1c/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
The Structure of the Nucleus
Observables:
energy levels (Ei)
spin (Ji)
parity (pi)
lifetime (transition probabilities) (ti)
nuclear moments (g-factors)
systematics (e.g. shape transitions) benchmarks for nuclear models (e.g. Nuclear Shell Model)
Ei Ji pi
ground state
populate in excited state(s) and observe g ray de-excitation radiation
g ray spectroscopy is an approach for the study of nuclear structure Ener
gy
Measuring g-ray:
energy
angular distribution
linear polarization
energy Doppler shift (for example)
angular distribution vs t 3
![Page 11: Nuclear Structure studies using - Sciencesconf.orgejc2015.sciencesconf.org/conference/ejc2015/pages/Michelagnoli1.pdf · 104Ag and 106 Ag Response function = differential spectrum](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022041805/5e53b115a7fcfe6be273fa1c/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Level schemes vs Energy spectra
152Dy
What we want ...
4
![Page 12: Nuclear Structure studies using - Sciencesconf.orgejc2015.sciencesconf.org/conference/ejc2015/pages/Michelagnoli1.pdf · 104Ag and 106 Ag Response function = differential spectrum](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022041805/5e53b115a7fcfe6be273fa1c/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Level schemes vs Energy spectra
152Dy
What we want ...
What we get ...
Analysis of complex spectra with many lines close in energy
“Allegoria della pazienza” G. Vasari
4
![Page 13: Nuclear Structure studies using - Sciencesconf.orgejc2015.sciencesconf.org/conference/ejc2015/pages/Michelagnoli1.pdf · 104Ag and 106 Ag Response function = differential spectrum](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022041805/5e53b115a7fcfe6be273fa1c/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Nuclear deformation in the A~100 region fi
rst
2+
stat
e e
n [
keV
]
B(E
2; 2
+
0+)
[e
2fm
4]
0+
2+
4+
Z=36 Z=34
Z=38 Z=40 Z=42 Z=44
M. Albers et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 062701, “Evidence of a smooth onset of deformation in the neutron-rich Kr isotopes”
Z, n
um
ber
of
pro
ton
s
N, number of neutrons
half-life stable nuclei
Z=36, towards N=60
Nuclear shape evolution in the neutron-rich Kr isotopes
5
![Page 14: Nuclear Structure studies using - Sciencesconf.orgejc2015.sciencesconf.org/conference/ejc2015/pages/Michelagnoli1.pdf · 104Ag and 106 Ag Response function = differential spectrum](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022041805/5e53b115a7fcfe6be273fa1c/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
γ-ray spectroscopy of neutron-rich isotopically-identified fission fragments
238U + 9Be
6
Gamma ray detector + mass spectrometer
![Page 15: Nuclear Structure studies using - Sciencesconf.orgejc2015.sciencesconf.org/conference/ejc2015/pages/Michelagnoli1.pdf · 104Ag and 106 Ag Response function = differential spectrum](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022041805/5e53b115a7fcfe6be273fa1c/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
GANIL
Intense 238U beam to induce fission in inverse kinematics
7
![Page 16: Nuclear Structure studies using - Sciencesconf.orgejc2015.sciencesconf.org/conference/ejc2015/pages/Michelagnoli1.pdf · 104Ag and 106 Ag Response function = differential spectrum](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022041805/5e53b115a7fcfe6be273fa1c/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
238U beam (@ 6.2 MeV/A) on 9Be target
Isotopic identification event-by-event in the magnetic spectrometer
Courtesy of M. Rejmund
A. Navin et al.,
Phys. Lett. B 278, 136 (2014)
Id. of the element Id. of the isotope
8
![Page 17: Nuclear Structure studies using - Sciencesconf.orgejc2015.sciencesconf.org/conference/ejc2015/pages/Michelagnoli1.pdf · 104Ag and 106 Ag Response function = differential spectrum](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022041805/5e53b115a7fcfe6be273fa1c/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Collectivity in neutron-rich Zr nuclei
A. Navin et al.,
Phys. Lett. B 278, 136 (2014)
Z=40
Z=42
Z=44
Z=46
Z=48
9
![Page 18: Nuclear Structure studies using - Sciencesconf.orgejc2015.sciencesconf.org/conference/ejc2015/pages/Michelagnoli1.pdf · 104Ag and 106 Ag Response function = differential spectrum](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022041805/5e53b115a7fcfe6be273fa1c/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Collectivity in neutron-rich Zr nuclei
A. Navin et al.,
Phys. Lett. B 278, 136 (2014)
Z=40
Z=42
Z=44
Z=46
Z=48
9
How we can do better? Low energy gamma rays Resolution (EXOGAM: 8 keV at 1.2 MeV) Gamma linear polarization measurements ...
![Page 19: Nuclear Structure studies using - Sciencesconf.orgejc2015.sciencesconf.org/conference/ejc2015/pages/Michelagnoli1.pdf · 104Ag and 106 Ag Response function = differential spectrum](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022041805/5e53b115a7fcfe6be273fa1c/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
In-beam g-ray spectroscopy: requirements Energy resolution (Eg ̴10 keV -10 MeV ), in order to disentangle complex spectra germanium detectors
Peak to Total ratio (large continuous Compton background), in order to maximize “good events” Compton background suppression
10
![Page 20: Nuclear Structure studies using - Sciencesconf.orgejc2015.sciencesconf.org/conference/ejc2015/pages/Michelagnoli1.pdf · 104Ag and 106 Ag Response function = differential spectrum](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022041805/5e53b115a7fcfe6be273fa1c/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
In-beam g-ray spectroscopy: requirements Energy resolution (Eg ̴10 keV -10 MeV ), in order to disentangle complex spectra germanium detectors
Peak to Total ratio (large continuous Compton background), in order to maximize “good events” Compton background suppression Doppler correction capability, energy resolution dominated by Doppler broadening if the velocity vector and the emission angle of the g-ray are not well known (b ~ 5-10%, up to 50%)
10
![Page 21: Nuclear Structure studies using - Sciencesconf.orgejc2015.sciencesconf.org/conference/ejc2015/pages/Michelagnoli1.pdf · 104Ag and 106 Ag Response function = differential spectrum](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022041805/5e53b115a7fcfe6be273fa1c/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
In-beam g-ray spectroscopy: requirements Energy resolution (Eg ̴10 keV -10 MeV ), in order to disentangle complex spectra germanium detectors
Peak to Total ratio (large continuous Compton background), in order to maximize “good events” Compton background suppression Doppler correction capability, energy resolution dominated by Doppler broadening if the velocity vector and the emission angle of the g-ray are not well known (b ~ 5-10%, up to 50%)
Good solid angle coverage (ideally 4p), in order to maximize efficiency
Good granularity , in order to reduce multiple hits on the detectors for high g-ray multiplicity events
Avoid dead materials that could absorb radiation (preserve low energies)
10
![Page 22: Nuclear Structure studies using - Sciencesconf.orgejc2015.sciencesconf.org/conference/ejc2015/pages/Michelagnoli1.pdf · 104Ag and 106 Ag Response function = differential spectrum](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022041805/5e53b115a7fcfe6be273fa1c/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
In-beam g-ray spectroscopy: requirements Energy resolution (Eg ̴10 keV -10 MeV ), in order to disentangle complex spectra germanium detectors
Peak to Total ratio (large continuous Compton background), in order to maximize “good events” Compton background suppression Doppler correction capability, energy resolution dominated by Doppler broadening if the velocity vector and the emission angle of the g-ray are not well known (b ~ 5-10%, up to 50%)
Good solid angle coverage (ideally 4p), in order to maximize efficiency
Good granularity , in order to reduce multiple hits on the detectors for high g-ray multiplicity events
Avoid dead materials that could absorb radiation (preserve low energies)
High counting rate capability (frequently background much stronger than channel of interest)
Time resolution (prompt events selection, lifetimes) 10
![Page 23: Nuclear Structure studies using - Sciencesconf.orgejc2015.sciencesconf.org/conference/ejc2015/pages/Michelagnoli1.pdf · 104Ag and 106 Ag Response function = differential spectrum](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022041805/5e53b115a7fcfe6be273fa1c/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Energy resolution
From Sodium Iodide
to
Germanium detectors
104Ag and 106 Ag
Response function = differential spectrum obtained with a detector when
hit by monochromatic radiation
60’s Use of Ge(Li) detectors marks the beginning of high-resolution in-beam g-ray spectroscopy
70’s Only few detectors , operated in g-g coincidence. Development of the HP-Ge detector.
Use of Germanium detectors = breakthrough in nuclear structure
FWHM = 2 keV at 1.3 MeV
11
![Page 24: Nuclear Structure studies using - Sciencesconf.orgejc2015.sciencesconf.org/conference/ejc2015/pages/Michelagnoli1.pdf · 104Ag and 106 Ag Response function = differential spectrum](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022041805/5e53b115a7fcfe6be273fa1c/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
v
q
θ cosβ1
β1E)θ(E
2
CM
γ
Lab
γ
-
-
b=v/c
Doppler broadening: effective energy resolution
b
d
Small d
Large d
Large W
Small W
High eff
Low eff
Poor FWHM
Good FWHM
Efficiency vs Resolution:
q
g-ray
detector
DqD
Source at rest intrinsic energy resolution
12
![Page 25: Nuclear Structure studies using - Sciencesconf.orgejc2015.sciencesconf.org/conference/ejc2015/pages/Michelagnoli1.pdf · 104Ag and 106 Ag Response function = differential spectrum](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022041805/5e53b115a7fcfe6be273fa1c/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
2
Lab
γ
Lab
γ
2
2
Lab2
Lab
2
2
Lab
Lab
2
CM
γ
CM
γ
2Lab
γ
2
Lab
γ
CM
γ2
2CM
γ2Lab
2
Lab
CM
γ2CM
γ
2
Lab
Lab
γ
CM
γ
Lab
2
CM
γ
Lab
γ
E
ΔE
Δβ
θcosβ1β1
θcosβ
Δθ
θcosβ1
sin θβ
E
ΔE
ΔE
E
E
Δβ
β
E
Δθ
θ
E
ΔE
β1
θcosβ1EE
θcosβ1
β1EE
--
-
-
-
-
-
-
Intrinsic
Opening
Recoil
Eg 1 MeV DElab √(1.2+0.003*Elab) b% 5±0.01 20±0.005 DQdeg 8 2
DE g
/Eg %
Doppler broadening: effective energy resolution
g
b
qLAB
13
![Page 26: Nuclear Structure studies using - Sciencesconf.orgejc2015.sciencesconf.org/conference/ejc2015/pages/Michelagnoli1.pdf · 104Ag and 106 Ag Response function = differential spectrum](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022041805/5e53b115a7fcfe6be273fa1c/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Photon interaction with matter
~ 100 keV ~1 MeV ~ 10 MeV
Photoelectric Compton Scattering Pair Production
g ray energy
cos θ1
cm
E
1
E
E
2
0
γ
γ
γ'
-
Ee1=Eg-Eb
54,5.3
n
E
zn
g
(Eg > 2mec2)
2
Z
14
![Page 27: Nuclear Structure studies using - Sciencesconf.orgejc2015.sciencesconf.org/conference/ejc2015/pages/Michelagnoli1.pdf · 104Ag and 106 Ag Response function = differential spectrum](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022041805/5e53b115a7fcfe6be273fa1c/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Compton scatt.
l(10 keV) ~ 55 mm l(100 keV) ~ 0.3 cm l(200 keV) ~ 1.1 cm
l(500 keV) ~ 2.3 cm l(1 MeV) ~ 3.3 cm
Mean free path: l(E) = MA/(NAV.r) . 1/SE
Photoelectric
Pair prod.
Cross Sections in Germanium
15
![Page 28: Nuclear Structure studies using - Sciencesconf.orgejc2015.sciencesconf.org/conference/ejc2015/pages/Michelagnoli1.pdf · 104Ag and 106 Ag Response function = differential spectrum](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022041805/5e53b115a7fcfe6be273fa1c/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
1
2
3 source
q1
q2
e1
e2
e3 Eg0
assuming that the e- is at rest, from conservation of energy and momentum:
Eg1 Eg2
0
iii
i
i
i
iEEe
cm
E
E
Egg
g
g
g
q
-
-
-
-
-
1
2
0
1
1
cos11
Energy of scattered g Energy of scattered e-
Compton Scattering (1)
Arthur Holly Compton Nobel prize 1927
16
![Page 29: Nuclear Structure studies using - Sciencesconf.orgejc2015.sciencesconf.org/conference/ejc2015/pages/Michelagnoli1.pdf · 104Ag and 106 Ag Response function = differential spectrum](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022041805/5e53b115a7fcfe6be273fa1c/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
-
-
-
W qq
q
cos11cos1
cos11
2
cos1
cos11
1
d
d
2
2222
2
erz
The angular distribution of the scattered photon is described by the Klein-Nishina formula:
=Eg/mec2
and re is the classical electron radius
For Eg > few 100 keVs the angular distribution is highly anisotropical and peaked to small forward angles. It strongly ``focuses’’ with the increasing photon energy.
Compton Scattering (2)
17
![Page 30: Nuclear Structure studies using - Sciencesconf.orgejc2015.sciencesconf.org/conference/ejc2015/pages/Michelagnoli1.pdf · 104Ag and 106 Ag Response function = differential spectrum](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022041805/5e53b115a7fcfe6be273fa1c/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
-
e
e
e
e
eEEE
E
Ef
Ef
E
N
gg
2
2
2
1
11
2
1
d
d
The spectrum of the scattered electrons can be deduced from the Klein-Nishina formula:
e
ee
e
EE
E
E
cmEf
-
-
gg
2
1
Since the actual energy deposition is performed by the electrons, photons interacting via Compton scattering will produce a continuum.
Corrections are needed since electrons are not free, rather bound in materials, producing a
smoothening of the actual spectrum
(Compton profile)
1332 keV photons
Compton shoulder
Continuum Compton
Electron Energy [keV]
Dif
fere
nia
l cro
ss s
ect
ion
(a.
u.)
18
![Page 31: Nuclear Structure studies using - Sciencesconf.orgejc2015.sciencesconf.org/conference/ejc2015/pages/Michelagnoli1.pdf · 104Ag and 106 Ag Response function = differential spectrum](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022041805/5e53b115a7fcfe6be273fa1c/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Compton continuum
Full-energy peak
Double-escape peak
Single-escape peak
HPGe detector used with the GASP array
(LNL)
Shape of the g spectrum for a typical size Ge detector
High probability that the incoming photons are only partially absorbed. Response function: full-energy peak, continuum generated by photons which underwent Compton scattering and, if the photon energy is larger than 1.022 MeV, peaks due to the missed detection of one or both the annihilation photons (single and double escape peaks).
Eg=3 MeV
19
![Page 32: Nuclear Structure studies using - Sciencesconf.orgejc2015.sciencesconf.org/conference/ejc2015/pages/Michelagnoli1.pdf · 104Ag and 106 Ag Response function = differential spectrum](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022041805/5e53b115a7fcfe6be273fa1c/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
For large-volume Ge crystals the Anticompton shield (AC) improves the
PeakToTotal ratio (P/T) from ~20% to ~60%
60Co
keV
cou
nts
Escape-suppressed Ge detectors
(Compton suppression)
In a g-g measurement, the fraction of useful peak-peak coincidence events
grows from 4 % to 36%
For high fold (F) coincidences the fraction of useful coincidences is P/T F
g1 \ g2 P B
P PP PB
B BP BB
BGO
The cross section for Compton scattering in germanium implies quite a large continuous
background in the resulting spectra
20
![Page 33: Nuclear Structure studies using - Sciencesconf.orgejc2015.sciencesconf.org/conference/ejc2015/pages/Michelagnoli1.pdf · 104Ag and 106 Ag Response function = differential spectrum](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022041805/5e53b115a7fcfe6be273fa1c/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
GASP @ Legnaro Nat. Lab.
• 40 HPGe + AC (config. II)
• dtarget-det. = 22 cm
• eph~ 5.8% @ 1332.5 keV
• Pb collimator (6 cm thick)
• inner space Rint = 15 cm
Lifetime measurements with Doppler Shift Techniques 7 rings @ 35O, 60O, 72O, 90O, 108O, 120O, 145O 6 6 4 8 4 6 6
C. Rossi-Alvarez, Nucl. Phys. News Europe 2 (1993) 10
D. Bazzacco, in: Proc. Conf. On Physics from Large g-ray detector arrays, 1992, p. 376 21
![Page 34: Nuclear Structure studies using - Sciencesconf.orgejc2015.sciencesconf.org/conference/ejc2015/pages/Michelagnoli1.pdf · 104Ag and 106 Ag Response function = differential spectrum](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022041805/5e53b115a7fcfe6be273fa1c/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
GAMMASPHERE EUROBALL
15 Clusters (7-Ge); 26 Clovers (4-Ge); 30 single Ge 71 CS-systems 239 Ge crystals
up to 110 Compton-Suppressed Ge detectors
Efficiency ep ~ 10 — 5 % Peak/Total PT ~ 55 — 40 % ( Mg=1 — Mg=30)
Solid angle covered by Ge 40-50 %
I.Y. Lee, NPA 520 (1990) 641
22
![Page 35: Nuclear Structure studies using - Sciencesconf.orgejc2015.sciencesconf.org/conference/ejc2015/pages/Michelagnoli1.pdf · 104Ag and 106 Ag Response function = differential spectrum](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022041805/5e53b115a7fcfe6be273fa1c/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Spectroscopic history of 156Dy
The “spectroscopic history” of 156Dy is a notable example of how the
progress with the acceleration and detection techniques leads to better insight on the nuclear
structure.
156Dy
23
![Page 36: Nuclear Structure studies using - Sciencesconf.orgejc2015.sciencesconf.org/conference/ejc2015/pages/Michelagnoli1.pdf · 104Ag and 106 Ag Response function = differential spectrum](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022041805/5e53b115a7fcfe6be273fa1c/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
The nucleus is always full of surprises
Instrumentation advances New Science 24
![Page 37: Nuclear Structure studies using - Sciencesconf.orgejc2015.sciencesconf.org/conference/ejc2015/pages/Michelagnoli1.pdf · 104Ag and 106 Ag Response function = differential spectrum](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022041805/5e53b115a7fcfe6be273fa1c/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Advances in g-ray spectroscopy: sensitivity vs year
cou
nts
Sensitivity = inverse of the weakest channel
reaction cross-section that can be measured over total cross section
Ge detector system sensitivity vs year
new eyes for new phenomena:
super-deformation in 156Dy major/minor axis = 2:1
25
![Page 38: Nuclear Structure studies using - Sciencesconf.orgejc2015.sciencesconf.org/conference/ejc2015/pages/Michelagnoli1.pdf · 104Ag and 106 Ag Response function = differential spectrum](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022041805/5e53b115a7fcfe6be273fa1c/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Advances in g-ray spectroscopy: sensitivity vs year
cou
nts
Sensitivity = inverse of the weakest channel
reaction cross-section that can be measured over total cross section
Ge detector system sensitivity vs year
new eyes for new phenomena:
AGATA (EU) and GRETA (US) will allow unprecedented gamma detection sensitivity, by using
the germanium detectors in position sensitive mode
(Pulse Shape Analysis and Tracking)
super-deformation in 156Dy major/minor axis = 2:1
25
![Page 39: Nuclear Structure studies using - Sciencesconf.orgejc2015.sciencesconf.org/conference/ejc2015/pages/Michelagnoli1.pdf · 104Ag and 106 Ag Response function = differential spectrum](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022041805/5e53b115a7fcfe6be273fa1c/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
The g-ray spectroscopy dream
Cover the whole detection solid angle by germanium and track the path of the g rays inside the detector medium
• segmented detectors
• digital electronics • timestamping of events • analysis of pulse shapes • tracking of γ-rays
4 time more efficient than standard arrays, also for high γ multiplicity (28 % Mγ=30)
High count rate capabilities (100s KHz)
Study of nuclei in extreme conditions of angular momentum and neutron/proton asymmetry
“perfect” Doppler correction (6 keV @ 1 MeV, β=50%)
new accuracy and sensitivity for nuclear level lifetimes γ linear polarization
γ source
“continuous” angular distributions of the γ interaction points (θ~1o)
26
![Page 40: Nuclear Structure studies using - Sciencesconf.orgejc2015.sciencesconf.org/conference/ejc2015/pages/Michelagnoli1.pdf · 104Ag and 106 Ag Response function = differential spectrum](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022041805/5e53b115a7fcfe6be273fa1c/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Position resolution used to limit Doppler broadening of gammas emitted in flight -- Benefits of the g-ray tracking
scarce
good
Def
init
ion
of
the
p
ho
ton
dir
ecti
on
Do
pp
ler
corr
ecti
on
ca
pab
ility
Detector
Segment
Pulse shape analysis
+
tracking g Energy (keV)
v/c = 20 %
27
![Page 41: Nuclear Structure studies using - Sciencesconf.orgejc2015.sciencesconf.org/conference/ejc2015/pages/Michelagnoli1.pdf · 104Ag and 106 Ag Response function = differential spectrum](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022041805/5e53b115a7fcfe6be273fa1c/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Tracking of radiation
in High Energy Physics in Nuclear Spectroscopy
“continuous tracks” from very energetic particles
huge detectors for “one” experiment
Physics the study of “complete” events
“many” low energy (0.01 -- 10 MeV) neutral transitions
with low density of energy deposition
“general-purpose” detectors for a large variety of experiments
Physics large number of incomplete events
28
![Page 42: Nuclear Structure studies using - Sciencesconf.orgejc2015.sciencesconf.org/conference/ejc2015/pages/Michelagnoli1.pdf · 104Ag and 106 Ag Response function = differential spectrum](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022041805/5e53b115a7fcfe6be273fa1c/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Position-sensitive operation mode and g-ray tracking
highly segmented HPGe detectors
Event by event: how many gammas,
for each gamma: energy, first interaction point, path
29
![Page 43: Nuclear Structure studies using - Sciencesconf.orgejc2015.sciencesconf.org/conference/ejc2015/pages/Michelagnoli1.pdf · 104Ag and 106 Ag Response function = differential spectrum](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022041805/5e53b115a7fcfe6be273fa1c/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
highly segmented HPGe detectors
Event by event: how many gammas,
for each gamma: energy, first interaction point, path
digital electronics to record sampled
waveforms
Position-sensitive operation mode and g-ray tracking
29
![Page 44: Nuclear Structure studies using - Sciencesconf.orgejc2015.sciencesconf.org/conference/ejc2015/pages/Michelagnoli1.pdf · 104Ag and 106 Ag Response function = differential spectrum](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022041805/5e53b115a7fcfe6be273fa1c/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Position-sensitive operation mode and g-ray tracking
highly segmented HPGe detectors
Event by event: how many gammas,
for each gamma: energy, first interaction point, path
digital electronics to record sampled
waveforms
Pulse Shape Analysis of the recorded waves
29
![Page 45: Nuclear Structure studies using - Sciencesconf.orgejc2015.sciencesconf.org/conference/ejc2015/pages/Michelagnoli1.pdf · 104Ag and 106 Ag Response function = differential spectrum](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022041805/5e53b115a7fcfe6be273fa1c/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Position-sensitive operation mode and g-ray tracking
highly segmented HPGe detectors
Event by event: how many gammas,
for each gamma: energy, first interaction point, path
digital electronics to record sampled
waveforms
Pulse Shape Analysis of the recorded waves
Identified interaction points
(hits)
(x,y,z,E,t)i
29
![Page 46: Nuclear Structure studies using - Sciencesconf.orgejc2015.sciencesconf.org/conference/ejc2015/pages/Michelagnoli1.pdf · 104Ag and 106 Ag Response function = differential spectrum](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022041805/5e53b115a7fcfe6be273fa1c/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Position-sensitive operation mode and g-ray tracking
highly segmented HPGe detectors
Event by event: how many gammas,
for each gamma: energy, first interaction point, path
digital electronics to record sampled
waveforms
Pulse Shape Analysis of the recorded waves
Identified interaction points
(hits)
(x,y,z,E,t)i
reconstruction of g-rays from the hits
(tracking)
29
![Page 47: Nuclear Structure studies using - Sciencesconf.orgejc2015.sciencesconf.org/conference/ejc2015/pages/Michelagnoli1.pdf · 104Ag and 106 Ag Response function = differential spectrum](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022041805/5e53b115a7fcfe6be273fa1c/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Aim of gamma-ray tracking
e1, x1, y1,z1
e2, x2, y2,z2
…………………..
en, xn, yn,zn
E1, (q,f)inc,1,(q,f)sc,1. …
E2, (q,f)inc,2,(q,f)sc,2. …
………………………………
Ei, (q,f)inc,i,(q,f)sc,i
deposited energies and the positions of all the interactions points of an event in the detector
reconstruct individual photon trajectories and write out photon energies,
incident and scattering directions
discard events corresponding to
incomplete energy release e1
e2
30
![Page 48: Nuclear Structure studies using - Sciencesconf.orgejc2015.sciencesconf.org/conference/ejc2015/pages/Michelagnoli1.pdf · 104Ag and 106 Ag Response function = differential spectrum](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022041805/5e53b115a7fcfe6be273fa1c/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Aim of gamma-ray tracking
e1, x1, y1,z1
e2, x2, y2,z2
…………………..
en, xn, yn,zn
E1, (q,f)inc,1,(q,f)sc,1. …
E2, (q,f)inc,2,(q,f)sc,2. …
………………………………
Ei, (q,f)inc,i,(q,f)sc,i
deposited energies and the positions of all the interactions points of an event in the detector
reconstruct individual photon trajectories and write out photon energies,
incident and scattering directions
discard events corresponding to
incomplete energy release e1
e2
30
Doppler correction
Linear Polarization
![Page 49: Nuclear Structure studies using - Sciencesconf.orgejc2015.sciencesconf.org/conference/ejc2015/pages/Michelagnoli1.pdf · 104Ag and 106 Ag Response function = differential spectrum](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022041805/5e53b115a7fcfe6be273fa1c/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Tracking of Compton Scattered Events
Source position is known
Questions :
1) Is the event complete?
2) What is the right sequence?
31
![Page 50: Nuclear Structure studies using - Sciencesconf.orgejc2015.sciencesconf.org/conference/ejc2015/pages/Michelagnoli1.pdf · 104Ag and 106 Ag Response function = differential spectrum](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022041805/5e53b115a7fcfe6be273fa1c/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Tracking of Compton Scattered Events
Source position is known
Questions :
1) Is the event complete?
2) What is the right sequence?
31
![Page 51: Nuclear Structure studies using - Sciencesconf.orgejc2015.sciencesconf.org/conference/ejc2015/pages/Michelagnoli1.pdf · 104Ag and 106 Ag Response function = differential spectrum](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022041805/5e53b115a7fcfe6be273fa1c/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Tracking of Compton Scattered Events
-
-
-
-
-
1N
1 n
2PE
P
2
0
E
E
P
'
P
1
1
E
'
1
E
22EE2
cos θ1
cm
E
1
E
E
1201
1201cos θ
EE
γ'γ '
nn
ee
N
ni
i
N
ni
i
g
g
g
gg
Source position is known
Questions :
1) Is the event complete?
2) What is the right sequence?
From source + interaction positions
From energy deposition + incident energy
Track order = permutation with best 2
31
![Page 52: Nuclear Structure studies using - Sciencesconf.orgejc2015.sciencesconf.org/conference/ejc2015/pages/Michelagnoli1.pdf · 104Ag and 106 Ag Response function = differential spectrum](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022041805/5e53b115a7fcfe6be273fa1c/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Find 2 for the N! permutations of the
interaction points
Fit parameter is the permutation number
Accept the best
permutation if its 2 is below a predefined value
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
0 24 48 72 96 120
Permutation number
Two 5-point events
2
Tracking of Compton Scattered Events
32
![Page 53: Nuclear Structure studies using - Sciencesconf.orgejc2015.sciencesconf.org/conference/ejc2015/pages/Michelagnoli1.pdf · 104Ag and 106 Ag Response function = differential spectrum](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022041805/5e53b115a7fcfe6be273fa1c/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Identification is not 100% sure spectra will always contain background
The acceptance value determines the quality (P/T ratio) of the spectrum
Often we use the R = Efficiency•PT to qualify the reconstructed spectra
Full energy deposition or not?
33
![Page 54: Nuclear Structure studies using - Sciencesconf.orgejc2015.sciencesconf.org/conference/ejc2015/pages/Michelagnoli1.pdf · 104Ag and 106 Ag Response function = differential spectrum](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022041805/5e53b115a7fcfe6be273fa1c/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Reconstruction of multi-gamma events
• Analysis of all partitions of measured hits is not feasible: Huge computational problem (~1023 partitions for 30 points) Figure of merit is ambiguous the total figure of merit of the “true” partition not necessarily the minimum
• Forward peaking of Compton scattering cross-section implies that the hits of one gamma tend to be localized along the emission direction
• The most used algorithm (G.Schmid et al. NIMA 430 1999, GRETA) starts by identifying clusters of points which are then analyzed as individual candidates gammas
-
θ
E
E
E
E
E
ErZ
d Ω
d σ
'
''
KN 2
22
0sin
2
34
![Page 55: Nuclear Structure studies using - Sciencesconf.orgejc2015.sciencesconf.org/conference/ejc2015/pages/Michelagnoli1.pdf · 104Ag and 106 Ag Response function = differential spectrum](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022041805/5e53b115a7fcfe6be273fa1c/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
1. Create cluster pool => for each cluster, Eg0 = depositions in the cluster
Forward tracking implemented for AGATA (D.Bazzacco, Padova - A. Lopez-Martens, Orsay [NIMA 533 (2004) 454])
35
![Page 56: Nuclear Structure studies using - Sciencesconf.orgejc2015.sciencesconf.org/conference/ejc2015/pages/Michelagnoli1.pdf · 104Ag and 106 Ag Response function = differential spectrum](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022041805/5e53b115a7fcfe6be273fa1c/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
1. Create cluster pool => for each cluster, Eg0 = depositions in the cluster
2. Find most probable sequence of interaction points, test the 3 mechanisms
1. do the interaction points satisfy the Compton scattering rules ?
2. does the interaction satisfy photoelectric conditions (e1,depth,distance to other points) ?
3. do the interaction points correspond to a pair production event ?
E1st = Eg – 2 mec2
-
-
1N
1 n n
γ
Pos
γ'
n
2
E
EE
W
2γ'
Forward tracking implemented for AGATA (D.Bazzacco, Padova - A. Lopez-Martens, Orsay [NIMA 533 (2004) 454])
35
![Page 57: Nuclear Structure studies using - Sciencesconf.orgejc2015.sciencesconf.org/conference/ejc2015/pages/Michelagnoli1.pdf · 104Ag and 106 Ag Response function = differential spectrum](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022041805/5e53b115a7fcfe6be273fa1c/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
1. Create cluster pool => for each cluster, Eg0 = depositions in the cluster
2. Find most probable sequence of interaction points, test the 3 mechanisms
1. do the interaction points satisfy the Compton scattering rules ?
2. does the interaction satisfy photoelectric conditions (e1,depth,distance to other points) ?
3. do the interaction points correspond to a pair production event ?
E1st = Eg – 2 mec2
3. Select clusters based on 2
-
-
1N
1 n n
γ
Pos
γ'
n
2
E
EE
W
2γ'
Forward tracking implemented for AGATA (D.Bazzacco, Padova - A. Lopez-Martens, Orsay [NIMA 533 (2004) 454])
35
![Page 58: Nuclear Structure studies using - Sciencesconf.orgejc2015.sciencesconf.org/conference/ejc2015/pages/Michelagnoli1.pdf · 104Ag and 106 Ag Response function = differential spectrum](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022041805/5e53b115a7fcfe6be273fa1c/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
~40 keV X-rays
Examples of tracked source spectra
152Eu 12 AGATA detectors
36
![Page 59: Nuclear Structure studies using - Sciencesconf.orgejc2015.sciencesconf.org/conference/ejc2015/pages/Michelagnoli1.pdf · 104Ag and 106 Ag Response function = differential spectrum](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022041805/5e53b115a7fcfe6be273fa1c/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Performance of the Germanium Shell Idealized configuration to determine maximum attainable performance.
1.33 MeV Mg = 1 Mg = 30
eph (%) 65 36
P/T(%) 85 60
27 gammas detected -- 23 in photopeak 16 reconstructed -- 14 in photopeak
Eg = 1.33 MeV Mg = 30
A high multiplicity event
Reconstruction by Cluster-Tracking Packing Distance: 5 mm Position Resolution: 5 mm (at 100 keV)
37
![Page 60: Nuclear Structure studies using - Sciencesconf.orgejc2015.sciencesconf.org/conference/ejc2015/pages/Michelagnoli1.pdf · 104Ag and 106 Ag Response function = differential spectrum](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022041805/5e53b115a7fcfe6be273fa1c/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0.1 1 10 100Position resolution (mm)
Pe
ak
Eff
icie
nc
y (
%)
M = 2
M = 5
M = 10
M = 20
M = 30
Standard shell; Eg = 1.33 MeV; Packing=Smearing;
Energy independent smearing
The biggest losses are due to multiplicity (mixing of points) not to bad position resolution
5 mm is the standard “realistic” packing and smearing assumption
Efficiency of Standard Ge Shell vs. Position Resolution and g Multiplicity
If positions inside segments are not known, performance
is a factor 2 worse
38
![Page 61: Nuclear Structure studies using - Sciencesconf.orgejc2015.sciencesconf.org/conference/ejc2015/pages/Michelagnoli1.pdf · 104Ag and 106 Ag Response function = differential spectrum](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022041805/5e53b115a7fcfe6be273fa1c/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0.1 1 10 100Position resolution (mm)
Pe
ak
Eff
icie
nc
y (
%)
M = 2
M = 5
M = 10
M = 20
M = 30
Standard shell; Eg = 1.33 MeV; Packing=Smearing;
Energy independent smearing
The biggest losses are due to multiplicity (mixing of points) not to bad position resolution
5 mm is the standard “realistic” packing and smearing assumption
Efficiency of Standard Ge Shell vs. Position Resolution and g Multiplicity
If positions inside segments are not known, performance
is a factor 2 worse
Sub-segment position resolution is needed
38
![Page 62: Nuclear Structure studies using - Sciencesconf.orgejc2015.sciencesconf.org/conference/ejc2015/pages/Michelagnoli1.pdf · 104Ag and 106 Ag Response function = differential spectrum](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022041805/5e53b115a7fcfe6be273fa1c/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Pulse Shape Analysis (PSA)
8 AGATA Triple Clusters (24 detectors)
@ GANIL “captured” during an
experiment
Reconstruction of the interaction points
(hits)
39
![Page 63: Nuclear Structure studies using - Sciencesconf.orgejc2015.sciencesconf.org/conference/ejc2015/pages/Michelagnoli1.pdf · 104Ag and 106 Ag Response function = differential spectrum](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022041805/5e53b115a7fcfe6be273fa1c/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Pulse shapes in a coaxial Ge detector
40
Radiation carriers in the bulk,
swept out by electric field signal
Reverse bias (-HV on p+ contact) depletes
bulk and generates high electric filed
On “true” coaxial detectors, the shape depends on initial radius
![Page 64: Nuclear Structure studies using - Sciencesconf.orgejc2015.sciencesconf.org/conference/ejc2015/pages/Michelagnoli1.pdf · 104Ag and 106 Ag Response function = differential spectrum](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022041805/5e53b115a7fcfe6be273fa1c/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Segmented detectors • When one of the electrodes is (electrically) segmented, the motion of
charges within one segment induces a transient signal also in the neighboring electrodes
• Contrary to the segment where the interaction takes place (the charge is released), the total collected charge in the neighboring electrodes is null
• The amplitude of the induced transient signals provides a convenient way to locate the interaction with sub-segment precision
Segmentation of an AGATA detector
41
![Page 65: Nuclear Structure studies using - Sciencesconf.orgejc2015.sciencesconf.org/conference/ejc2015/pages/Michelagnoli1.pdf · 104Ag and 106 Ag Response function = differential spectrum](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022041805/5e53b115a7fcfe6be273fa1c/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Pulse Shape Analysis concept Interaction occurred in segment 4
(net charge signal)
Interaction is closer to segment 3 (larger amplitude than segment 5)
42
![Page 66: Nuclear Structure studies using - Sciencesconf.orgejc2015.sciencesconf.org/conference/ejc2015/pages/Michelagnoli1.pdf · 104Ag and 106 Ag Response function = differential spectrum](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022041805/5e53b115a7fcfe6be273fa1c/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Pulse Shape Analysis concept Interaction occurred in segment 4
(net charge signal)
Interaction is closer to segment 3 (larger amplitude than segment 5)
42
Sub-segment precision … but not enough to efficiently perform tracking! Pulse Shape Analysis
![Page 67: Nuclear Structure studies using - Sciencesconf.orgejc2015.sciencesconf.org/conference/ejc2015/pages/Michelagnoli1.pdf · 104Ag and 106 Ag Response function = differential spectrum](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022041805/5e53b115a7fcfe6be273fa1c/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Pulse Shape Analysis concept
B4 B5 B3
C4 C5 C3
CORE
A4 A5 A3
791 keV deposited in segment B4
measured
43
![Page 68: Nuclear Structure studies using - Sciencesconf.orgejc2015.sciencesconf.org/conference/ejc2015/pages/Michelagnoli1.pdf · 104Ag and 106 Ag Response function = differential spectrum](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022041805/5e53b115a7fcfe6be273fa1c/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
B4 B5 B3
C4 C5 C3
CORE
A4 A5 A3
C4
D4
E4 F4
A4
B4
x
y
z = 46 mm
(10,10,46)
Pulse Shape Analysis concept
791 keV deposited in segment B4
measured calculated
43
![Page 69: Nuclear Structure studies using - Sciencesconf.orgejc2015.sciencesconf.org/conference/ejc2015/pages/Michelagnoli1.pdf · 104Ag and 106 Ag Response function = differential spectrum](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022041805/5e53b115a7fcfe6be273fa1c/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
B4 B5 B3
C4 C5 C3
CORE
A4 A5 A3
C4
D4
E4 F4
A4
B4
x
y
z = 46 mm
(10,15,46)
Pulse Shape Analysis concept
791 keV deposited in segment B4
measured calculated
43
![Page 70: Nuclear Structure studies using - Sciencesconf.orgejc2015.sciencesconf.org/conference/ejc2015/pages/Michelagnoli1.pdf · 104Ag and 106 Ag Response function = differential spectrum](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022041805/5e53b115a7fcfe6be273fa1c/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
B4 B5 B3
C4 C5 C3
CORE
A4 A5 A3
C4
D4
E4 F4
A4
B4
x
y
z = 46 mm
(10,20,46)
Pulse Shape Analysis concept
791 keV deposited in segment B4
measured calculated
43
![Page 71: Nuclear Structure studies using - Sciencesconf.orgejc2015.sciencesconf.org/conference/ejc2015/pages/Michelagnoli1.pdf · 104Ag and 106 Ag Response function = differential spectrum](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022041805/5e53b115a7fcfe6be273fa1c/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
B4 B5 B3
C4 C5 C3
CORE
A4 A5 A3
C4
D4
E4 F4
A4
B4
x
y
z = 46 mm
(10,25,46)
Pulse Shape Analysis concept
791 keV deposited in segment B4
measured calculated
43
![Page 72: Nuclear Structure studies using - Sciencesconf.orgejc2015.sciencesconf.org/conference/ejc2015/pages/Michelagnoli1.pdf · 104Ag and 106 Ag Response function = differential spectrum](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022041805/5e53b115a7fcfe6be273fa1c/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
B4 B5 B3
C4 C5 C3
CORE
A4 A5 A3
C4
D4
E4 F4
A4
B4
x
y
z = 46 mm
(10,30,46)
Pulse Shape Analysis concept
791 keV deposited in segment B4
measured calculated
43
![Page 73: Nuclear Structure studies using - Sciencesconf.orgejc2015.sciencesconf.org/conference/ejc2015/pages/Michelagnoli1.pdf · 104Ag and 106 Ag Response function = differential spectrum](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022041805/5e53b115a7fcfe6be273fa1c/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Result of Grid Search Algorithm B4 B5 B3
C4 C5 C3
CORE
A4 A5 A3
C4
D4
E4 F4
A4
B4
x
y
z = 46 mm
(10,25,46)
Pulse Shape Analysis concept
791 keV deposited in segment B4
measured calculated
43
![Page 74: Nuclear Structure studies using - Sciencesconf.orgejc2015.sciencesconf.org/conference/ejc2015/pages/Michelagnoli1.pdf · 104Ag and 106 Ag Response function = differential spectrum](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022041805/5e53b115a7fcfe6be273fa1c/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Position resolution of AGATA
F. Recchia et al., NIMA 604 (2009) 555
P-A. Soederstroem et al., NIMA 638 (2011) 96
Method = Doppler correction capability in an in-beam experiment
Energy [channel]
Simulation of reaction + detector response
F. R
ecch
ia e
t a
l., N
IMA
60
4 (
20
09
) 5
55
P
-A. So
ederstro
em et a
l., NIM
A 6
38
(20
11
) 96
44
![Page 75: Nuclear Structure studies using - Sciencesconf.orgejc2015.sciencesconf.org/conference/ejc2015/pages/Michelagnoli1.pdf · 104Ag and 106 Ag Response function = differential spectrum](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022041805/5e53b115a7fcfe6be273fa1c/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Imaging of Eg=1332 keV gamma rays AGATA used as a big and exspensive Compton Camera
F. Recchia et al., NIMA 604 (2009) 60
Far Field Backprojection
Near Field Backprojection
All 9 detectors One detector
All 9 detectors One detector 2
0
111cos cm
EE
-
gg
q
Source at 51 cm Dx ~Dy ~2 mm Dz ~2 cm
45
![Page 76: Nuclear Structure studies using - Sciencesconf.orgejc2015.sciencesconf.org/conference/ejc2015/pages/Michelagnoli1.pdf · 104Ag and 106 Ag Response function = differential spectrum](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022041805/5e53b115a7fcfe6be273fa1c/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
Doppler correction capabilities
F
O
N
C
B
Be
Li
No Dopp Corr Crystal Centers Segment Centers PSA+Tracking
16O
TKE (MeV)
dE
(MeV
)
Inelastic scattering 17O @ 20 MeV/u on 208Pb
F.Crespi, Milano
AGATA Demonstrator at LNL
46
![Page 77: Nuclear Structure studies using - Sciencesconf.orgejc2015.sciencesconf.org/conference/ejc2015/pages/Michelagnoli1.pdf · 104Ag and 106 Ag Response function = differential spectrum](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022041805/5e53b115a7fcfe6be273fa1c/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
(be aware … personal selection of topics!)
PART 2 (September 29th 2015) Pulse Shape Analysis (PSA) 1. Signal bases calculation 2. Signal decomposition Some results from Ge position sensitive mode operation and γ-ray tracking
The AGATA array of segmented HPGe detectors 1. Implementation of Pulse Shape Analysis and Tracking concepts 2. The AGATA detectors and preamplifiers 3. The structure of electronics and data acquisition 4. Digital signal processing (at high counting rate) 5. (AGATA data processing)
AGATA+VAMOS (magnetic spectrometer) at GANIL
Outline