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  • NUCLEAR STRUCTURE PHENOMENOLOGICAL MODELS From molecules to atomic nuclei. Standard model Basic concepts of nuclear physics. Units Properties of nucleons
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NUCLEAR STRUCTURE • PHENOMENOLOGICAL MODELS • From molecules to atomic nuclei. Standard model • Basic concepts of nuclear physics. Units • Properties of nucleons • Liquid drop model • Surface vibration and rotation • MICROSCOPIC MODELS • Nuclear force • Nuclear mean field • Shell model • Second quantisation in the mean field • Residual interaction. Collective excitations • Collective model. Nilsson model

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Page 1: NUCLEAR STRUCTURE PHENOMENOLOGICAL MODELS From molecules to atomic nuclei. Standard model Basic concepts of nuclear physics. Units Properties of nucleons

NUCLEAR STRUCTURE

• PHENOMENOLOGICAL MODELS• From molecules to atomic nuclei. Standard model• Basic concepts of nuclear physics. Units• Properties of nucleons• Liquid drop model• Surface vibration and rotation• MICROSCOPIC MODELS• Nuclear force • Nuclear mean field• Shell model• Second quantisation in the mean field• Residual interaction. Collective excitations• Collective model. Nilsson model

Page 2: NUCLEAR STRUCTURE PHENOMENOLOGICAL MODELS From molecules to atomic nuclei. Standard model Basic concepts of nuclear physics. Units Properties of nucleons

10-10m=1Å

10-15m=1fm

From molecules to atomic nuclei

Page 3: NUCLEAR STRUCTURE PHENOMENOLOGICAL MODELS From molecules to atomic nuclei. Standard model Basic concepts of nuclear physics. Units Properties of nucleons
Page 4: NUCLEAR STRUCTURE PHENOMENOLOGICAL MODELS From molecules to atomic nuclei. Standard model Basic concepts of nuclear physics. Units Properties of nucleons

Standard model

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bosons-Hadrons-Fermions.png
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles.svg&page=1
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Elementary_particle_interactions.svg&page=1
Page 5: NUCLEAR STRUCTURE PHENOMENOLOGICAL MODELS From molecules to atomic nuclei. Standard model Basic concepts of nuclear physics. Units Properties of nucleons

Basic concepts of nuclear physics

nucleon: proton or neutron

nuclide: nucleus uniquely specified by

number of protons (Z) and neutrons (N)

mass number: A=Z+N

isotopes: nuclides with the same Z

ex: 235U and 238U

isotones: nuclides with the same N

ex: 2H, 3He

isobars: nuclides with the same A

atomic mass unit: 1u=1/12 m(12C)

=1.66 10-27kg=931.5 MeV/c2

Page 6: NUCLEAR STRUCTURE PHENOMENOLOGICAL MODELS From molecules to atomic nuclei. Standard model Basic concepts of nuclear physics. Units Properties of nucleons

• Electric quadrupole momentum

• Angular momentum

• Magnetic dipole momentum

• Parity

• Energy levels

• Decay rates

Basic physical observables in nuclei

Page 7: NUCLEAR STRUCTURE PHENOMENOLOGICAL MODELS From molecules to atomic nuclei. Standard model Basic concepts of nuclear physics. Units Properties of nucleons

Electricquadrupole

moment

Page 8: NUCLEAR STRUCTURE PHENOMENOLOGICAL MODELS From molecules to atomic nuclei. Standard model Basic concepts of nuclear physics. Units Properties of nucleons
Page 9: NUCLEAR STRUCTURE PHENOMENOLOGICAL MODELS From molecules to atomic nuclei. Standard model Basic concepts of nuclear physics. Units Properties of nucleons
Page 10: NUCLEAR STRUCTURE PHENOMENOLOGICAL MODELS From molecules to atomic nuclei. Standard model Basic concepts of nuclear physics. Units Properties of nucleons

Magneticdipole

moment

Page 11: NUCLEAR STRUCTURE PHENOMENOLOGICAL MODELS From molecules to atomic nuclei. Standard model Basic concepts of nuclear physics. Units Properties of nucleons
Page 12: NUCLEAR STRUCTURE PHENOMENOLOGICAL MODELS From molecules to atomic nuclei. Standard model Basic concepts of nuclear physics. Units Properties of nucleons
Page 13: NUCLEAR STRUCTURE PHENOMENOLOGICAL MODELS From molecules to atomic nuclei. Standard model Basic concepts of nuclear physics. Units Properties of nucleons

Units used in nuclear physicsLength

1 fm =10-15 mEnergy

1 MeV = 106 eV1 eV = 1,6 10-19 J

Basic constants

MN=938,90 MeV/c2

ħc=197,33 MeV fm e2=ħc/137=1,44 MeV fm

Page 14: NUCLEAR STRUCTURE PHENOMENOLOGICAL MODELS From molecules to atomic nuclei. Standard model Basic concepts of nuclear physics. Units Properties of nucleons

Properties of nucleons

proton neutron

mass 1.007276=

938.280 MeV/c2

1.008665=

939.573 MeV/c2

charge +1 0

spin 1/2 1/2

magnetic moment +2.7928 μN -1.9128 μN

parity +1 +1

Page 15: NUCLEAR STRUCTURE PHENOMENOLOGICAL MODELS From molecules to atomic nuclei. Standard model Basic concepts of nuclear physics. Units Properties of nucleons

Nuclear chartstability of nuclei

Page 16: NUCLEAR STRUCTURE PHENOMENOLOGICAL MODELS From molecules to atomic nuclei. Standard model Basic concepts of nuclear physics. Units Properties of nucleons

Limits of stable nucleiexotic nuclei

Page 17: NUCLEAR STRUCTURE PHENOMENOLOGICAL MODELS From molecules to atomic nuclei. Standard model Basic concepts of nuclear physics. Units Properties of nucleons

Nuclear sizefrom electron scattering experiments

1.2fmr

ArR

0

1/30

Page 18: NUCLEAR STRUCTURE PHENOMENOLOGICAL MODELS From molecules to atomic nuclei. Standard model Basic concepts of nuclear physics. Units Properties of nucleons

Binding energy

2enp M)c-ZMNM(ZMB

Mass defect

2A)c(MΔ

Page 19: NUCLEAR STRUCTURE PHENOMENOLOGICAL MODELS From molecules to atomic nuclei. Standard model Basic concepts of nuclear physics. Units Properties of nucleons

Example

Page 20: NUCLEAR STRUCTURE PHENOMENOLOGICAL MODELS From molecules to atomic nuclei. Standard model Basic concepts of nuclear physics. Units Properties of nucleons
Page 21: NUCLEAR STRUCTURE PHENOMENOLOGICAL MODELS From molecules to atomic nuclei. Standard model Basic concepts of nuclear physics. Units Properties of nucleons

Binding energy/nucleon: B/A

Page 22: NUCLEAR STRUCTURE PHENOMENOLOGICAL MODELS From molecules to atomic nuclei. Standard model Basic concepts of nuclear physics. Units Properties of nucleons

Liquid drop modelWeizsäcker semiempirical formula (1935)

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Liquid_drop_model.svg&page=1
Page 23: NUCLEAR STRUCTURE PHENOMENOLOGICAL MODELS From molecules to atomic nuclei. Standard model Basic concepts of nuclear physics. Units Properties of nucleons
Page 24: NUCLEAR STRUCTURE PHENOMENOLOGICAL MODELS From molecules to atomic nuclei. Standard model Basic concepts of nuclear physics. Units Properties of nucleons
Page 25: NUCLEAR STRUCTURE PHENOMENOLOGICAL MODELS From molecules to atomic nuclei. Standard model Basic concepts of nuclear physics. Units Properties of nucleons

Symmetry energy

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Semf_asymmetric_term.svg&page=1
Page 26: NUCLEAR STRUCTURE PHENOMENOLOGICAL MODELS From molecules to atomic nuclei. Standard model Basic concepts of nuclear physics. Units Properties of nucleons
Page 27: NUCLEAR STRUCTURE PHENOMENOLOGICAL MODELS From molecules to atomic nuclei. Standard model Basic concepts of nuclear physics. Units Properties of nucleons
Page 28: NUCLEAR STRUCTURE PHENOMENOLOGICAL MODELS From molecules to atomic nuclei. Standard model Basic concepts of nuclear physics. Units Properties of nucleons

Liquid drop energy versus (Z,N)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Betheweizsaecker.jpg
Page 29: NUCLEAR STRUCTURE PHENOMENOLOGICAL MODELS From molecules to atomic nuclei. Standard model Basic concepts of nuclear physics. Units Properties of nucleons

Surface vibration and rotationDeformation parameters

of the nuclear surface

Page 30: NUCLEAR STRUCTURE PHENOMENOLOGICAL MODELS From molecules to atomic nuclei. Standard model Basic concepts of nuclear physics. Units Properties of nucleons
Page 31: NUCLEAR STRUCTURE PHENOMENOLOGICAL MODELS From molecules to atomic nuclei. Standard model Basic concepts of nuclear physics. Units Properties of nucleons

Vibrational states

Page 32: NUCLEAR STRUCTURE PHENOMENOLOGICAL MODELS From molecules to atomic nuclei. Standard model Basic concepts of nuclear physics. Units Properties of nucleons

Rotational states

Page 33: NUCLEAR STRUCTURE PHENOMENOLOGICAL MODELS From molecules to atomic nuclei. Standard model Basic concepts of nuclear physics. Units Properties of nucleons
Page 34: NUCLEAR STRUCTURE PHENOMENOLOGICAL MODELS From molecules to atomic nuclei. Standard model Basic concepts of nuclear physics. Units Properties of nucleons

Total spin I and its projectionsto laboratory (M) and intrinsic (K) systems

Ω

Page 35: NUCLEAR STRUCTURE PHENOMENOLOGICAL MODELS From molecules to atomic nuclei. Standard model Basic concepts of nuclear physics. Units Properties of nucleons

Parameters in the intrinsic systemΩ is the rotation angle

Page 36: NUCLEAR STRUCTURE PHENOMENOLOGICAL MODELS From molecules to atomic nuclei. Standard model Basic concepts of nuclear physics. Units Properties of nucleons

β & γ vibrations of a deformed shape

Page 37: NUCLEAR STRUCTURE PHENOMENOLOGICAL MODELS From molecules to atomic nuclei. Standard model Basic concepts of nuclear physics. Units Properties of nucleons

Rotational-vibrational modelRotational bands

built on top of thevibrational band head

Page 38: NUCLEAR STRUCTURE PHENOMENOLOGICAL MODELS From molecules to atomic nuclei. Standard model Basic concepts of nuclear physics. Units Properties of nucleons

Sakai-Sheline rulevibrational states → rotational bands

Page 39: NUCLEAR STRUCTURE PHENOMENOLOGICAL MODELS From molecules to atomic nuclei. Standard model Basic concepts of nuclear physics. Units Properties of nucleons

Nuclear force

Page 40: NUCLEAR STRUCTURE PHENOMENOLOGICAL MODELS From molecules to atomic nuclei. Standard model Basic concepts of nuclear physics. Units Properties of nucleons

Deuteron: the simplest nuclear system

Page 41: NUCLEAR STRUCTURE PHENOMENOLOGICAL MODELS From molecules to atomic nuclei. Standard model Basic concepts of nuclear physics. Units Properties of nucleons

Deuteronspin & magnetic moment

Page 42: NUCLEAR STRUCTURE PHENOMENOLOGICAL MODELS From molecules to atomic nuclei. Standard model Basic concepts of nuclear physics. Units Properties of nucleons
Page 43: NUCLEAR STRUCTURE PHENOMENOLOGICAL MODELS From molecules to atomic nuclei. Standard model Basic concepts of nuclear physics. Units Properties of nucleons
Page 44: NUCLEAR STRUCTURE PHENOMENOLOGICAL MODELS From molecules to atomic nuclei. Standard model Basic concepts of nuclear physics. Units Properties of nucleons
Page 45: NUCLEAR STRUCTURE PHENOMENOLOGICAL MODELS From molecules to atomic nuclei. Standard model Basic concepts of nuclear physics. Units Properties of nucleons
Page 46: NUCLEAR STRUCTURE PHENOMENOLOGICAL MODELS From molecules to atomic nuclei. Standard model Basic concepts of nuclear physics. Units Properties of nucleons
Page 47: NUCLEAR STRUCTURE PHENOMENOLOGICAL MODELS From molecules to atomic nuclei. Standard model Basic concepts of nuclear physics. Units Properties of nucleons
Page 48: NUCLEAR STRUCTURE PHENOMENOLOGICAL MODELS From molecules to atomic nuclei. Standard model Basic concepts of nuclear physics. Units Properties of nucleons
Page 49: NUCLEAR STRUCTURE PHENOMENOLOGICAL MODELS From molecules to atomic nuclei. Standard model Basic concepts of nuclear physics. Units Properties of nucleons
Page 50: NUCLEAR STRUCTURE PHENOMENOLOGICAL MODELS From molecules to atomic nuclei. Standard model Basic concepts of nuclear physics. Units Properties of nucleons
Page 51: NUCLEAR STRUCTURE PHENOMENOLOGICAL MODELS From molecules to atomic nuclei. Standard model Basic concepts of nuclear physics. Units Properties of nucleons
Page 52: NUCLEAR STRUCTURE PHENOMENOLOGICAL MODELS From molecules to atomic nuclei. Standard model Basic concepts of nuclear physics. Units Properties of nucleons

Electromagnetic versus strong field

Page 53: NUCLEAR STRUCTURE PHENOMENOLOGICAL MODELS From molecules to atomic nuclei. Standard model Basic concepts of nuclear physics. Units Properties of nucleons

Yukawa potential

Page 54: NUCLEAR STRUCTURE PHENOMENOLOGICAL MODELS From molecules to atomic nuclei. Standard model Basic concepts of nuclear physics. Units Properties of nucleons

Shell model

Page 55: NUCLEAR STRUCTURE PHENOMENOLOGICAL MODELS From molecules to atomic nuclei. Standard model Basic concepts of nuclear physics. Units Properties of nucleons

Nuclear mean field:the selfconsistent single particle potential

created by all nucleons

Page 56: NUCLEAR STRUCTURE PHENOMENOLOGICAL MODELS From molecules to atomic nuclei. Standard model Basic concepts of nuclear physics. Units Properties of nucleons

Mean field potentialfor protons and neutrons

Page 57: NUCLEAR STRUCTURE PHENOMENOLOGICAL MODELS From molecules to atomic nuclei. Standard model Basic concepts of nuclear physics. Units Properties of nucleons

Spin-orbit interaction

Page 58: NUCLEAR STRUCTURE PHENOMENOLOGICAL MODELS From molecules to atomic nuclei. Standard model Basic concepts of nuclear physics. Units Properties of nucleons

Example

Page 59: NUCLEAR STRUCTURE PHENOMENOLOGICAL MODELS From molecules to atomic nuclei. Standard model Basic concepts of nuclear physics. Units Properties of nucleons

Shell model magic numbersappear due to the spin-orbit interaction

Page 60: NUCLEAR STRUCTURE PHENOMENOLOGICAL MODELS From molecules to atomic nuclei. Standard model Basic concepts of nuclear physics. Units Properties of nucleons

Spherical shell model scheme

Page 61: NUCLEAR STRUCTURE PHENOMENOLOGICAL MODELS From molecules to atomic nuclei. Standard model Basic concepts of nuclear physics. Units Properties of nucleons

The last nucleon of an odd-even (even-odd) nucleus determinesthe nuclear properties (spin, quadrupole and magnetic moments)

Page 62: NUCLEAR STRUCTURE PHENOMENOLOGICAL MODELS From molecules to atomic nuclei. Standard model Basic concepts of nuclear physics. Units Properties of nucleons
Page 63: NUCLEAR STRUCTURE PHENOMENOLOGICAL MODELS From molecules to atomic nuclei. Standard model Basic concepts of nuclear physics. Units Properties of nucleons
Page 64: NUCLEAR STRUCTURE PHENOMENOLOGICAL MODELS From molecules to atomic nuclei. Standard model Basic concepts of nuclear physics. Units Properties of nucleons

Schmidt limits for magnetic moments

Page 65: NUCLEAR STRUCTURE PHENOMENOLOGICAL MODELS From molecules to atomic nuclei. Standard model Basic concepts of nuclear physics. Units Properties of nucleons
Page 66: NUCLEAR STRUCTURE PHENOMENOLOGICAL MODELS From molecules to atomic nuclei. Standard model Basic concepts of nuclear physics. Units Properties of nucleons

Schmidt limits for quadupole moments

Page 67: NUCLEAR STRUCTURE PHENOMENOLOGICAL MODELS From molecules to atomic nuclei. Standard model Basic concepts of nuclear physics. Units Properties of nucleons

Second quantisation in the mean fieldEach spherical level is filled by 2j+1 nucleons

with different projections

kk'kkkkk'k

kk

δaaaa}a,{a

0a)(ψ

x

creation/annihilationoperators for

nucleons (fermions)Fermi level

Ground state is a Slater determinantobeying the Pauli exclusion principle

0......aaaΨ)](x)...ψ(x)ψ(xdet[ψ)x,...,(xΨ F21gsFF2211F1gs

Page 68: NUCLEAR STRUCTURE PHENOMENOLOGICAL MODELS From molecules to atomic nuclei. Standard model Basic concepts of nuclear physics. Units Properties of nucleons

Particle (croses) andhole (open circles) states

gshp aa p-h excitation:

Page 69: NUCLEAR STRUCTURE PHENOMENOLOGICAL MODELS From molecules to atomic nuclei. Standard model Basic concepts of nuclear physics. Units Properties of nucleons

(p,2p) reaction in the shell model

Page 70: NUCLEAR STRUCTURE PHENOMENOLOGICAL MODELS From molecules to atomic nuclei. Standard model Basic concepts of nuclear physics. Units Properties of nucleons
Page 71: NUCLEAR STRUCTURE PHENOMENOLOGICAL MODELS From molecules to atomic nuclei. Standard model Basic concepts of nuclear physics. Units Properties of nucleons

Residual interaction among nucleons in the mean field

l

12l21l )(cos)Pr,(rV)V( 21 r,r

Multipole expansionl=0 : pairingl=2 : quadrupole-quadrupole

Page 72: NUCLEAR STRUCTURE PHENOMENOLOGICAL MODELS From molecules to atomic nuclei. Standard model Basic concepts of nuclear physics. Units Properties of nucleons

Particle-particle (p-p) short-range interaction describes pairing correlations

QuasiparticleQuasiparticle

approximationapproximation

kkkkk avauα

Ground state Ground state =BCS vacuum=BCS vacuum

νπ

k

BCSBCSBCS

0BCSα

kkk

kkk

aaP

aaN

where

PPGNH

HamiltonianHamiltonian

Page 73: NUCLEAR STRUCTURE PHENOMENOLOGICAL MODELS From molecules to atomic nuclei. Standard model Basic concepts of nuclear physics. Units Properties of nucleons

Occupation probabilitiesGap parameter

Fermi level

k

kk BCS|aa|BCSGΔ

Normal system Superfluid system

Page 74: NUCLEAR STRUCTURE PHENOMENOLOGICAL MODELS From molecules to atomic nuclei. Standard model Basic concepts of nuclear physics. Units Properties of nucleons

Proton gap versus Z

Page 75: NUCLEAR STRUCTURE PHENOMENOLOGICAL MODELS From molecules to atomic nuclei. Standard model Basic concepts of nuclear physics. Units Properties of nucleons

Particle-hole (p-h) long-range interactiondescribes collective excitations:1) low-lying surface vibrations

2) giant resonance of protons against neutrons

)a(ah||Yr||pQ

aaN

where

)QQF(NH

phhp

kkk

0λ

p

h

HamiltonianHamiltonianp-h excitation

gsλμhpλph

ph

Ψ)a(aX

Page 76: NUCLEAR STRUCTURE PHENOMENOLOGICAL MODELS From molecules to atomic nuclei. Standard model Basic concepts of nuclear physics. Units Properties of nucleons

Distribution of collective excitationsfor various multipolarities versus energy

Giantresonance

Low-lying vibrational state

Page 77: NUCLEAR STRUCTURE PHENOMENOLOGICAL MODELS From molecules to atomic nuclei. Standard model Basic concepts of nuclear physics. Units Properties of nucleons

Collective model

Page 78: NUCLEAR STRUCTURE PHENOMENOLOGICAL MODELS From molecules to atomic nuclei. Standard model Basic concepts of nuclear physics. Units Properties of nucleons

Nilsson model of single particle statesin the deformed intrinsic system

2

2022

Nsphdef

βδ

YrωδmHH

Single particle energy versus deformation

Deformed Hamiltonian

Page 79: NUCLEAR STRUCTURE PHENOMENOLOGICAL MODELS From molecules to atomic nuclei. Standard model Basic concepts of nuclear physics. Units Properties of nucleons

DECAY PROCESSES

• Alpha decay, cluster emission

• Beta decay

• Gamma decay

• Fission and fusion

Page 80: NUCLEAR STRUCTURE PHENOMENOLOGICAL MODELS From molecules to atomic nuclei. Standard model Basic concepts of nuclear physics. Units Properties of nucleons

Nuclear decay modes

Page 81: NUCLEAR STRUCTURE PHENOMENOLOGICAL MODELS From molecules to atomic nuclei. Standard model Basic concepts of nuclear physics. Units Properties of nucleons

Decay law

Γ=ħλ

Decay width

Page 82: NUCLEAR STRUCTURE PHENOMENOLOGICAL MODELS From molecules to atomic nuclei. Standard model Basic concepts of nuclear physics. Units Properties of nucleons

Narrow decaying resonance (Γ is small)is a quasi-stationary process

Page 83: NUCLEAR STRUCTURE PHENOMENOLOGICAL MODELS From molecules to atomic nuclei. Standard model Basic concepts of nuclear physics. Units Properties of nucleons

Decay rate (activity)

Page 84: NUCLEAR STRUCTURE PHENOMENOLOGICAL MODELS From molecules to atomic nuclei. Standard model Basic concepts of nuclear physics. Units Properties of nucleons
Page 85: NUCLEAR STRUCTURE PHENOMENOLOGICAL MODELS From molecules to atomic nuclei. Standard model Basic concepts of nuclear physics. Units Properties of nucleons

Alpha decay

Page 86: NUCLEAR STRUCTURE PHENOMENOLOGICAL MODELS From molecules to atomic nuclei. Standard model Basic concepts of nuclear physics. Units Properties of nucleons
Page 87: NUCLEAR STRUCTURE PHENOMENOLOGICAL MODELS From molecules to atomic nuclei. Standard model Basic concepts of nuclear physics. Units Properties of nucleons

G. Gamow "Zur Quantentheorie des Atomkernes" (On the quantum theory of the atomic nucleus), Zeitschrift für Physik, vol. 51, 204-212 (1928).

The first probabilistic interpretationof the wave function

int extARext

↓

Internal region External region

Page 88: NUCLEAR STRUCTURE PHENOMENOLOGICAL MODELS From molecules to atomic nuclei. Standard model Basic concepts of nuclear physics. Units Properties of nucleons

Quantum penetration explainsGeiger-Nuttall law for α

and cluster decays (C, O, Ne, Mg, Si)

Coulomb parameter

Q

eZZ

v

eZZχ

221

221

Page 89: NUCLEAR STRUCTURE PHENOMENOLOGICAL MODELS From molecules to atomic nuclei. Standard model Basic concepts of nuclear physics. Units Properties of nucleons

Beta decay

Page 90: NUCLEAR STRUCTURE PHENOMENOLOGICAL MODELS From molecules to atomic nuclei. Standard model Basic concepts of nuclear physics. Units Properties of nucleons
Page 91: NUCLEAR STRUCTURE PHENOMENOLOGICAL MODELS From molecules to atomic nuclei. Standard model Basic concepts of nuclear physics. Units Properties of nucleons
Page 92: NUCLEAR STRUCTURE PHENOMENOLOGICAL MODELS From molecules to atomic nuclei. Standard model Basic concepts of nuclear physics. Units Properties of nucleons
Page 93: NUCLEAR STRUCTURE PHENOMENOLOGICAL MODELS From molecules to atomic nuclei. Standard model Basic concepts of nuclear physics. Units Properties of nucleons

Fermi & Gamow-Teller transitions

Page 94: NUCLEAR STRUCTURE PHENOMENOLOGICAL MODELS From molecules to atomic nuclei. Standard model Basic concepts of nuclear physics. Units Properties of nucleons
Page 95: NUCLEAR STRUCTURE PHENOMENOLOGICAL MODELS From molecules to atomic nuclei. Standard model Basic concepts of nuclear physics. Units Properties of nucleons

Gamma decay

Page 96: NUCLEAR STRUCTURE PHENOMENOLOGICAL MODELS From molecules to atomic nuclei. Standard model Basic concepts of nuclear physics. Units Properties of nucleons

Parity rules for gamma transitions

Page 97: NUCLEAR STRUCTURE PHENOMENOLOGICAL MODELS From molecules to atomic nuclei. Standard model Basic concepts of nuclear physics. Units Properties of nucleons

Decay operatorsin second quantisation:

gamma transitions beta transitions

λμλ

λμ YrV

if,

nipfλμ- aain,|V|fp,β

if,

τiτfλμnp,τ

τ aai,|V|f,eγ

σV

1V

GT

F

if,

pinfλμ aaip,|V|fn,β

Page 98: NUCLEAR STRUCTURE PHENOMENOLOGICAL MODELS From molecules to atomic nuclei. Standard model Basic concepts of nuclear physics. Units Properties of nucleons

Fission & fusion

Page 99: NUCLEAR STRUCTURE PHENOMENOLOGICAL MODELS From molecules to atomic nuclei. Standard model Basic concepts of nuclear physics. Units Properties of nucleons

Fission - liquid drop model

Page 100: NUCLEAR STRUCTURE PHENOMENOLOGICAL MODELS From molecules to atomic nuclei. Standard model Basic concepts of nuclear physics. Units Properties of nucleons

Energy release for various processes

Page 101: NUCLEAR STRUCTURE PHENOMENOLOGICAL MODELS From molecules to atomic nuclei. Standard model Basic concepts of nuclear physics. Units Properties of nucleons

Strutinsky shell-model correctionThe double humped barrier

determines the occurrence of superhevy nuclei

liquid drop shell model

Density of levels

Page 102: NUCLEAR STRUCTURE PHENOMENOLOGICAL MODELS From molecules to atomic nuclei. Standard model Basic concepts of nuclear physics. Units Properties of nucleons

Superheavy nucleiare formed by fusion

and detected by alpha decay chains

Page 103: NUCLEAR STRUCTURE PHENOMENOLOGICAL MODELS From molecules to atomic nuclei. Standard model Basic concepts of nuclear physics. Units Properties of nucleons

Fusion energy

Page 104: NUCLEAR STRUCTURE PHENOMENOLOGICAL MODELS From molecules to atomic nuclei. Standard model Basic concepts of nuclear physics. Units Properties of nucleons

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