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Nuclear Fission Nuclear Fusion versus Fission is the release of energy by splitting heavy nuclei such as Uranium-235 and Plutonium-239 Fusion is the release of energy by combining two light nuclei such as deuterium and tritium How does a nuclear plant work? • Each fission releases 2 or 3 neutrons • These neutrons are slowed down with a moderator to initiate more fission events • Control rods absorb neutrons to keep the chain reaction in check Nuclear Power produces no greenhouse gas emissions; each year U.S. nuclear plants prevent atmospheric emissions totaling: • 5.1 million tons of sulfur dioxide • 2.4 million tons of nitrogen oxide • 164 million tons of carbon The energy from the reaction drives a steam cycle to produce electricity Neutron Neutron Neutron Neutron Target Nucleus Fission Product Fission Product Control Rods Reactor Vessel Steam Line Generator Containment Structure Pump Pump Cooling Water Condenser Control Rods Reactor Vessel Steam Line Gene Pump Turbine Deuterium-Tritium Fusion Reaction • The goal of fusion research is to confine fusion ions at high enough temperatures and pressures, and for a long enough time to fuse Tritium (H-3) Deuterium (H-2) 3.5 MeV Alpha Particle (He-4) 14.1 MeV Neutron There are two main confinement approaches • Magnetic Confinement uses strong magnetic fields to confine the plasma • The photo above is a cross-section of the International Thermo-nuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) Tokamak which is being built in France 1 • Inertial Confinement uses powerful lasers or ion beams to compress a pellet of fusion fuel to the right temperatures and pressures • The photo to the left is a view of the target chamber at the National Ignition Facility (NIF) at Lawrence Livermore National Lab 2 Sources: 1. http://www.iter.org/album/media/7%20-%20technical#797 2. https://lasers.llnl.gov/multimedia/photo_gallery/target_area/?id=7&category=target_area American Nuclear Society www.NuclearConnect.org

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Nuclear Fission Nuclear Fusion

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Fission is the release of energy by splitting heavy nuclei such as Uranium-235 and Plutonium-239 Fusion is the release of energy by combining two light nuclei such as deuterium and tritium

How does a nuclear plant work?• Each fission releases 2 or 3 neutrons

• These neutrons are slowed down with a moderator to initiate more fission events

• Control rods absorb neutrons to keep the chain reaction in check

Nuclear Power produces no greenhouse gas emissions; each year U.S. nuclear plants prevent atmospheric emissions totaling:• 5.1 million tons of sulfur dioxide

• 2.4 million tons of nitrogen oxide

• 164 million tons of carbon

The energy from the reaction drives a steam cycle to produce electricity

Moderator

Uranium-235

Slow Neutron

Fission

Fission Control Rods

Moderator

Neutron Neutron

Neutron

Target Nucleus

Fission Product

Control Rods

Reactor Vessel

Steam Line

Generator

Containment Structure

Pump

Cooling Water

CondenserControl Rods

Reactor Vessel

Steam Line

Gene

Pump

Turbine

Deuterium-Tritium Fusion Reaction• The goal of fusion research is to confine fusion ions

at high enough temperatures and pressures, and for a long enough time to fuse

Tritium (H-3)Deuterium (H-2)

3.5 MeVAlpha Particle

(He-4)

14.1 MeVNeutron

There are two main confinement approaches• Magnetic Confinement uses strong

magnetic fields to confine the plasma

• The photo above is a cross-section of the International Thermo-nuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) Tokamak which is being built in France1

• Inertial Confinement uses powerful lasers or ion beams to compress a pellet of fusion fuel to the right temperatures and pressures

• The photo to the left is a view of the target chamber at the National Ignition Facility (NIF) at Lawrence Livermore National Lab2

Sources: 1. http://www.iter.org/album/media/7%20-%20technical#797 2. https://lasers.llnl.gov/multimedia/photo_gallery/target_area/?id=7&category=target_areaAmerican Nuclear Society www.NuclearConnect.org

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