nuclear accent shape and the perception of syllable pitch rachael-anne knight lagb 16 april 2003
DESCRIPTION
The Perception of Pitch The perception of the pitch of a complex sound is related to the fundamental frequency Sounds that have a higher fundamental frequency sound higher in pitch And in speech are associated with greater prominenceTRANSCRIPT
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Nuclear Accent Shape and the Perception of Syllable Pitch
Rachael-Anne [email protected]
LAGB16 April 2003
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Outline
Factors affecting perception of pitchContour shapeExperiment
Design Results
Theoretical and psychoacoustic explanations
Conclusions and implications
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The Perception of Pitch
The perception of the pitch of a complex sound is related to the fundamental frequency
Sounds that have a higher fundamental frequency sound higher in pitch And in speech are associated with greater
prominence
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Syllable Position In an utterance the
position of a syllable also affects the perception of pitch
If two syllables have identical F0, the one later in the utterance will sound higher in pitch Explained as the listener
‘normalising for declination’
Freq
uenc
y
Time
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Contour Shape
Real contours are not stylised peaks and troughs
The majority of falling nuclear accents are realised as more of a flat stretch of contour
Peak Plateau
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Definition of the Plateau
Plateaux are defined as being 4% down from any absolute peak in F0
4% is the range of perceptual equalityPeak
4% rangePlateau
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Segmental and Prosodic Effects on the Production of the Plateau
Plateaux take up more of syllables that have sonorant onsets and codas
Plateaux are aligned later in the syllable in polysyllabic than monosyllabic feet
Some speakers align the end of the plateau earlier in the syllable before a word boundary
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The End of the Plateau
The end of the plateau is stably aligned within the syllable regardless of pitch span
More errors made with incorrect EP alignment in a true/false judgment task
The end of the plateau seems to be the real target (rather than the peak)
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Experiment
How does a plateau affect the perception of pitch?
3 possible hypotheses No effect A longer plateau makes a syllable sound higher
in pitch A longer plateau makes a syllable sound lower
in pitch
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Stimuli
Test sentence “…came with Manny” taken from “Anna came
with Manny”
Resynthesised nuclear accent (12 versions) Frequency of contour
o 160, 180, 200, 210 Hz Shape of contour
o Peak, 50ms or 100 ms plateau
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Examples of Different Contours
Anna Manny
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Procedure
7 subjects heard pairs of sentences ‘Manny’ differed only in shape never in pitch
Question: “In which version is ‘Manny’ higher in pitch?”
Responded by pressing 1 or 2 on a keyboard
160 Hz plateau, peak 210 Hz peak, plateau
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Results
Percentage of times the longer stretch of contour sounds higher in pitch than the shorter stretch
Overall 50ms vs. peak 100ms vs. peak 100ms vs. 50ms
By frequency 160Hz 180Hz 200Hz 210Hz
By Position Longer stretch in utt. 1 Longer stretch in utt. 2
By shape 1 50ms vs. peak 100ms vs. peak
By shape 2 100ms vs. 50ms
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Results Overall
The shape of the contour does affect the perception of pitch
73% of responses were for “longer stretch of contour sounds higher”
0102030405060708090
100
% r
espo
nses
Longer = LowerLonger = Higher
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Results by Frequency
The significant result holds at each of the 4 frequencies
160 Hz 67% 180 Hz 72% 200 Hz83% 210 Hz67%
0102030405060708090
100
% r
espo
nses
160 180 200 210Hz
Longer = LowerLonger = Higher
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Results by Position
The result is not significant when the plateau occurs in the first token
The result is significant when the plateau occurs in the second position
0102030405060708090
100
% r
espo
nses
1st Token 2nd Token
Longer = LowerLonger = Higher
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Results by Shape 1
Both lengths of plateau are perceived as longer when compared to a peak
50ms 77% 100ms 77%
0102030405060708090
100
% r
espo
nses
50 100ms
Longer = LowerLonger= Higher
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Results by Shape 2
There is no significant difference between the two lengths of plateau
0102030405060708090
100
% r
espo
nses
Longer = LowerLonger = Higher
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Results Summary
Overall plateaux are perceived as higher in pitch than peaks Regardless of the frequency
This result is only significant when the plateau is in second position Suggesting an interaction with position
There is no significant difference between the perception of the 2 plateau lengths Suggesting a categorical rather than gradient difference
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Possible Explanations
There are two possible explanations for why longer stretches of contour may sound higher in pitch
Integration
Temporal Smoothing
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Integration
The listener may be integrating the area under the curve There is a larger area under the curve of a
plateau
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Smoothing
The listener may be smoothing the curve So peaks will sound lower than they actually
are
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Predictions
Integration As the plateau gets longer pitch will be
perceived as increasingly higher
Smoothing There will be a cut-off point at which a longer
plateau no longer sounds higher in pitch
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Psychoacoustic Explanation
“Stability-sensitive weighting” In pitch perception less weight is given to
portions of the signal where frequency is changing rapidly
Due to the sluggishness of the auditory system
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Pitch Perception
There are 2 mechanisms for extracting pitch from a signal
Place mechanism Perceived pitch corresponds to the place of
maximum excitation on the basilar membraneTemporal mechanism
Pitch is derived from the frequency of nerve firings
Phase Locking
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The Inner Ear
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The Cochlea
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Cochlea Cross Section
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The Organ of Corti
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Phase Locking
Neural firings firings occur at the same phase of the waveform each time
The intervals between firings will be integral multiples of the period of the wave
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Sluggishness
If the pitch is changing too rapidly The auditory system does not have enough time
to phase lock Pitch may not be perceived accurately
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Conclusions
The shape of the contour does affect perceptions of pitch Longer stretches of pitch sound higher than single
turning points There is a categorical difference between peaks
and plateau Suggesting an explanation based on smoothing
This effect can be explained as the sluggishness of the phase locking mechanism
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Implications
My PhD Plateaux may occur to enhance the prominence of the
nucleus Models of pitch span
May need to take account of contour shape Intonational phonology
The situation is more complicated than peaks and troughs in the contour
A more perceptual approach is necessary