ntjpapay; nky;epiy ,uz;lhk; mz;l · ntjpapay; nky;epiy ,uz;lhk; mz;l %d;w kjpg;ngz; ......

1

Kaw;rp nra; Kad;W ghh; ntw;wp ngWtha;

Ntjpapay;

Nky;epiy ,uz;lhk; Mz;L

%d;W kjpg;ngz; tpdh – tpil njhFg;G

tho;j;Jr;nra;jp

tpdh – tpil njhFg;G ntspaPl;bd; %yk; nghJj; Njh;tpy; Nfl;fg;gl;l tpdhf;fisAk;> Kf;fpakhd tpdh-tpilfisAk; xNu njhFg;ghf khzth;fs; ngw KbfpwJ. ,jid khzth;fs; $h;e;J gbj;J> nghJj;Njh;it ek;gpf;ifAld; vjph; nfhs;s KbAk; vd ek;GfpNwhk;. ,t;ntspaPL khzth;fSf;F Cf;fj;ijAk;> cw;rhfj;ijAk; cz;lhf;FtNjhL mth;jk; ey; ntw;wpf;Fk; top tFf;Fnkd cWjpahf ek;GfpNwhk;. khzt khztpfs; mjpf kjpg;ngz;fs; ngw;W ntw;wp ngw vq;fspd; kdkhh;e;j ey;tho;j;Jf;fs;.

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RAJAKRISHNAN M.Tech

RK TUITION CENTRE

RK TUITION CENTRE, ALANKOTTAI www.tnschools.co.inRK TUITION CENTRE, ALANKOTTAI www.tnschools.co.inRK TUITION CENTRE, ALANKOTTAI www.tnschools.co.in

MY

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MY

Typewritten Text

MY

Typewritten Text

MY

Typewritten Text

Teacher in Govt. middle School,

MY

Typewritten Text

Nergunam.

2

Ntjpapay;

1. n`a;rd;gu;f;fpd; epiyapy;yh nfhs;ifiaf; $Wf. xNu Neuj;jpy; kpfTk; Jy;ypakhf Ez;Jfspd; epiy kw;Wk; jpirNtfk; Mfpatw;iw mstpl KbahJ. 2. He - %yf;$W Vd; cUthftpy;iy? `Pypaj;jpd; vyf;l;uhd; mikg;G (Z=2) 1s

2 MFk;. xt;nthU `Pypak; mZTk; ,uz;L vyf;l;uhd;fisg; ngw;wpUg;gjhy; He %yf;$wpy; ehd;F vyf;l;uhd;fs; cs;sd. He2 d; vyf;l;uhd; mikg;G (He2) : (1s)

2 ( *1s )

2 Nb = 2 , Na = 2

Nb - Na 2 – 2 = 0 gpizg;Gj;juk; = 2 2 gpizg;Gj; juk; G+[;[pakhf ,Ug;gjhy; He %yf;$W cUthtjpy;iy. 3. gpizg;Gj;juk; vd;why; vd;d? gpizg;Gj;juk; vd;gJ gpizg;G %yf;$W Mu;gpl;lhypy; cs;s vyf;l;uhd;fspd; vz;zpf;iff;Fk;> vjpu;gpizg;G %yf;$W Mu;gpl;lhy;fspy; cs;s vyf;l;uhd;fspd; vz;zpf;iff;Fk; cs;s NtWghl;by; ghjp msthFk;. Nb - Na

gpizg;Gj;juk; = 2

4. vyf;l;uhd; Mw;wypd; vjpu;f;Fwpapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ahJ? Kbtpyhj; njhiytpYs;s Xu; vyf;l;uhdpd; Mw;wy; Njhuhakhf

G+[;[pak; vdf; fUjyhk;. ,e;epiyahdJ G+[;[pa Mw;wy; epiy vdg;gLk;.

vyf;luhd; efu;e;J> mZf;fUtpd; ftu;r;rpf;F cl;gLk;NghJ> mJ Fwpg;gpl;l Ntiyia nra;tjhy; Mw;wiy ,of;fpwJ.

vdNt> vyf;l;uhdpd; Mw;wy; Fiwe;J nfhz;Nl te;J G+[;[paj;ij tpl FiwfpwJ. mjhtJ vjpu;Fwp kjpg;ig ngWfpwJ.

6. ,df;fyg;G vd;why; vd;d? Vwf;Fiwa rkkhd Mw;wy; nfhz;l mZ Mh;gpl;lhy;fs; xd;Wld; xd;W fye;J rkkhd Mw;wy;> xj;j tbtKila Mh;gpl;lhy;fis cUthf;FtNj MFk;. 7. ghypq; mstPL> Kypfd; mstPl;bd; Fiwfis vOJf.

ghypq; mstPl;bd; Fiwfs;: gy jpz;kq;fspd; gpizg;G Mw;wy;fs; Jy;ypakhf njupahky; ,Ug;gJ.

Kypfd; mstPl;bd; Fiwfs;: rpy jdpkq;fspd; vyf;l;uhd; ehl;l

kjpg;Gfs; rupahf ,y;yhky; ,Ug;gJ ,k;Kiwapd; FiwahFk;.

2

Ntjpapay;

1. n`a;rd;gu;f;fpd; epiyapy;yh nfhs;ifiaf; $Wf. xNu Neuj;jpy; kpfTk; Jy;ypakhf Ez;Jfspd; epiy kw;Wk; jpirNtfk; Mfpatw;iw mstpl KbahJ. 2. He - %yf;$W Vd; cUthftpy;iy? `Pypaj;jpd; vyf;l;uhd; mikg;G (Z=2) 1s

2 MFk;. xt;nthU `Pypak; mZTk; ,uz;L vyf;l;uhd;fisg; ngw;wpUg;gjhy; He %yf;$wpy; ehd;F vyf;l;uhd;fs; cs;sd. He2 d; vyf;l;uhd; mikg;G (He2) : (1s)

2 ( *1s )

2 Nb = 2 , Na = 2

Nb - Na 2 – 2 = 0 gpizg;Gj;juk; = 2 2 gpizg;Gj; juk; G+[;[pakhf ,Ug;gjhy; He %yf;$W cUthtjpy;iy. 3. gpizg;Gj;juk; vd;why; vd;d? gpizg;Gj;juk; vd;gJ gpizg;G %yf;$W Mu;gpl;lhypy; cs;s vyf;l;uhd;fspd; vz;zpf;iff;Fk;> vjpu;gpizg;G %yf;$W Mu;gpl;lhy;fspy; cs;s vyf;l;uhd;fspd; vz;zpf;iff;Fk; cs;s NtWghl;by; ghjp msthFk;. Nb - Na

gpizg;Gj;juk; = 2

4. vyf;l;uhd; Mw;wypd; vjpu;f;Fwpapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ahJ? Kbtpyhj; njhiytpYs;s Xu; vyf;l;uhdpd; Mw;wy; Njhuhakhf

G+[;[pak; vdf; fUjyhk;. ,e;epiyahdJ G+[;[pa Mw;wy; epiy vdg;gLk;.

vyf;luhd; efu;e;J> mZf;fUtpd; ftu;r;rpf;F cl;gLk;NghJ> mJ Fwpg;gpl;l Ntiyia nra;tjhy; Mw;wiy ,of;fpwJ.

vdNt> vyf;l;uhdpd; Mw;wy; Fiwe;J nfhz;Nl te;J G+[;[paj;ij tpl FiwfpwJ. mjhtJ vjpu;Fwp kjpg;ig ngWfpwJ.

6. ,df;fyg;G vd;why; vd;d? Vwf;Fiwa rkkhd Mw;wy; nfhz;l mZ Mh;gpl;lhy;fs; xd;Wld; xd;W fye;J rkkhd Mw;wy;> xj;j tbtKila Mh;gpl;lhy;fis cUthf;FtNj MFk;. 7. ghypq; mstPL> Kypfd; mstPl;bd; Fiwfis vOJf.

ghypq; mstPl;bd; Fiwfs;: gy jpz;kq;fspd; gpizg;G Mw;wy;fs; Jy;ypakhf njupahky; ,Ug;gJ.

Kypfd; mstPl;bd; Fiwfs;: rpy jdpkq;fspd; vyf;l;uhd; ehl;l

kjpg;Gfs; rupahf ,y;yhky; ,Ug;gJ ,k;Kiwapd; FiwahFk;.


3

8. vyf;l;uhd; ehl;lk; tiuaW?

thA epiyikapYs;s xU eLepiy mZtpw;F Xu; vyf;luhid Nru;j;J vjpu; kpd;RikAila madpia cUthf;Fk; NghJ ntsptplg;gLk; Mw;wNy vyf;l;uhd; ehl;lk; vdg;gLk;.

9. /g;@updpd; vyf;luhd; ehl;lk; FNshupid tplf; FiwT Vd;?

/g;@updpd; mZtpd; cUtsT rpwpaJ.

Nrh;f;fg;gLk; vyf;l;uhd; mjpf mlh;j;jpia jUtjhy;> vyf;l;uhd;- vyf;l;uhd; tpyf;F tpiria mjpfhpf;fpwJ.

mZf;fUitr; Rw;wp mjpf vz;zpf;ifapy; vyf;l;uhd;fs; cs;sd. ,e;j vyf;l;uhd;fs; mZf;fUit kiwf;fpd;wd. vdNt> epfu mZf;fU kpd;Rik FiwfpwJ. ,jdhy; Nru;f;fg;gLk; vyf;l;uhd; Fiwe;j <u;g;Gtpiriaf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. vdNt vyf;l;uhd; ehl;lk; FiwfpwJ.

10. B- d; madpahf;Fk; Mw;wiytpl Be d; madpahf;Fk;Mw;wy; mjpfk; Vd;?

Nghuhd; mZ (Z=5) 1s

2 2s

2 2px

1 . Xu; xw;iw vyf;luhid 2p

Jizf;$l;by; ngw;Ws;sJ. ngupypak; mZ (Z=4) 1s

2 2s

2. ,J Xu; ,iz vyf;l;uhid 2s

,izf;$l;by; ngw;Ws;sJ. Be mZtpy; KOtJk; epuk;gpAs;s 2s ,izf;$L rPu;ikAld; cs;sjhy;> B mZit tpl Be mjpf epiyg;Gj;jd;ik cilajhFk;. vdNt Be -y; cs;s vyf;l;uhid ePf;f madpahf;Fk; Mw;wy; mjpfk; Njitg;gLfpwJ.

11. Ne –d; madpahf;Fk; Mw;wy; F –ia tpl mjpfk; Vd;? Ne –d; (mZ vz;- 10) 1s

2 2s

2 2p

6

F –d; (mZ vz;- 9) 1s2 2s

2 2p

5

Ne -y; KOikahf epuk;gpa Mh;gpl;lhy; fhzg;gLtjhy;> mjpf epiyg;Gj; jd;ik tha;e;jJ.

vdNt Ne –mZtpypUe;J vyf;l;uhid ePf;f mjpf Mw;wy; Njit. 12. madpahf;Fk; Mw;wy; vd;why; vd;d?

thA epiyikapYs;s xU jdpj;j mZtpypUe;J Xu; vyf;l;uhid ePf;Ftjw;F Njitg;gLk; Mw;wy; madpahf;Fk; Mw;wy; vdg;gLk;.

,jd; myF – KJ / mole.

13. Be kw;Wk; N -d; vyf;l;uhd; ehl;l kjpg;Gfs; G+[;[pak; Vd;? Be - KOtJk; epuk;gpa Mh;gpl;lhYk;. 1s

2 2s

2 N - rhpghjp epuk;gpa Mh;gpl;lhYk; ngw;Ws;sd. 1s

2 2s

2 2p

3

,jdhy; Be kw;Wk; N mjpf epiyg;Gj; jd;ikia ngw;Ws;sd. epiyahd vyf;l;uhd; mikg;ig ngw;wpUg;gjdhy; vyf;l;uhd;

ehl;l kjpg;G G+[;[pak; MFk;.

3

8. vyf;l;uhd; ehl;lk; tiuaW?

thA epiyikapYs;s xU eLepiy mZtpw;F Xu; vyf;luhid Nru;j;J vjpu; kpd;RikAila madpia cUthf;Fk; NghJ ntsptplg;gLk; Mw;wNy vyf;l;uhd; ehl;lk; vdg;gLk;.

9. /g;@updpd; vyf;luhd; ehl;lk; FNshupid tplf; FiwT Vd;?

/g;@updpd; mZtpd; cUtsT rpwpaJ.

Nrh;f;fg;gLk; vyf;l;uhd; mjpf mlh;j;jpia jUtjhy;> vyf;l;uhd;- vyf;l;uhd; tpyf;F tpiria mjpfhpf;fpwJ.

mZf;fUitr; Rw;wp mjpf vz;zpf;ifapy; vyf;l;uhd;fs; cs;sd. ,e;j vyf;l;uhd;fs; mZf;fUit kiwf;fpd;wd. vdNt> epfu mZf;fU kpd;Rik FiwfpwJ. ,jdhy; Nru;f;fg;gLk; vyf;l;uhd; Fiwe;j <u;g;Gtpiriaf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. vdNt vyf;l;uhd; ehl;lk; FiwfpwJ.

10. B- d; madpahf;Fk; Mw;wiytpl Be d; madpahf;Fk;Mw;wy; mjpfk; Vd;?

Nghuhd; mZ (Z=5) 1s

2 2s

2 2px

1 . Xu; xw;iw vyf;luhid 2p

Jizf;$l;by; ngw;Ws;sJ. ngupypak; mZ (Z=4) 1s

2 2s

2. ,J Xu; ,iz vyf;l;uhid 2s

,izf;$l;by; ngw;Ws;sJ. Be mZtpy; KOtJk; epuk;gpAs;s 2s ,izf;$L rPu;ikAld; cs;sjhy;> B mZit tpl Be mjpf epiyg;Gj;jd;ik cilajhFk;. vdNt Be -y; cs;s vyf;l;uhid ePf;f madpahf;Fk; Mw;wy; mjpfk; Njitg;gLfpwJ.

11. Ne –d; madpahf;Fk; Mw;wy; F –ia tpl mjpfk; Vd;? Ne –d; (mZ vz;- 10) 1s

2 2s

2 2p

6

F –d; (mZ vz;- 9) 1s2 2s

2 2p

5

Ne -y; KOikahf epuk;gpa Mh;gpl;lhy; fhzg;gLtjhy;> mjpf epiyg;Gj; jd;ik tha;e;jJ.

vdNt Ne –mZtpypUe;J vyf;l;uhid ePf;f mjpf Mw;wy; Njit. 12. madpahf;Fk; Mw;wy; vd;why; vd;d?

thA epiyikapYs;s xU jdpj;j mZtpypUe;J Xu; vyf;l;uhid ePf;Ftjw;F Njitg;gLk; Mw;wy; madpahf;Fk; Mw;wy; vdg;gLk;.

,jd; myF – KJ / mole.

13. Be kw;Wk; N -d; vyf;l;uhd; ehl;l kjpg;Gfs; G+[;[pak; Vd;? Be - KOtJk; epuk;gpa Mh;gpl;lhYk;. 1s

2 2s

2 N - rhpghjp epuk;gpa Mh;gpl;lhYk; ngw;Ws;sd. 1s

2 2s

2 2p

3

,jdhy; Be kw;Wk; N mjpf epiyg;Gj; jd;ikia ngw;Ws;sd. epiyahd vyf;l;uhd; mikg;ig ngw;wpUg;gjdhy; vyf;l;uhd;

ehl;l kjpg;G G+[;[pak; MFk;.


4

14. gpsk;Ngh rhy;td;rp ( gpsk;Ngh fiug;ghd; ) gw;wp Fwpg;G tiuf. fhw;wpy;yh #o;epiyapy; nyl; J}a ePupdhy; ghjpf;fg;glhJ. Mdhy; ePupy;

fhw;W fiue;J ,Ug;gpd;> fiuAk; jd;ik ngw;w er;Rj;jd;ik nfhz;l nyl; i`l;uhf;irL jUfpwJ. ,JNt ‘gpsk;Ngh fiug;ghd;’ vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

2 Pb + O2 + 2 H2O 2 Pb (OH) 2

15. P2O5 xU kpfr;rpwe;j ePu; ePf;Fk; fuzp vd;gij ep&gp ry;/gpA+upf; mkpyk;> iel;upf; mkpyk; cl;gl gy fdpkr; Nru;kq;fspypUe;Jk;

fupkr; Nru;kq;fspy; ,Ue;Jk; ePiu ePf;f gh];gu]; ngd;lhf;irL gad;gLfpwJ. ,J xU rpwe;j ePu; ePf;Fk; fhuzpahfg; gad;gLfpwJ.

16. gh];gu]; mkpyk; (H3PO3) rpwe;j xLf;Fk; fhuzp vd ep&gp?

gh];gu]; mkpyj;jpy; H- gpizg;G ,Ug;gjhy;. ,J xU rpwe;j xLf;Fk; fuzpahf nray;gLfpwJ.

2 AgNO3 + H3PO3 + H2O ------- 2 Ag + H3PO4 + 2 HNO3 gh];gu]; mkpyk; rpy;tu; iel;Nul;il rpy;tuhf xLf;FfpwJ.

17. jq;fk; vt;thW ,uh[jpuhtfj;jpy; fiufpwJ?

jq;fk; ,uh[jpuhtfj;jpy; fiue;J Mupf;FNshiuil jUfpwJ.

2 Au + 9 HCl + 3 HNO3 ------- 2 AuCl3 + 6 H2O + 3 NOCl

18. Mu;j;Njh gh];ghupf; mkpyk; vt;thW Ma;tfj;jpy; jahupf;fg;gLfpwJ? Fspu;tpg;ghDld; $ba FLitapy; rptg;G gh];gui]Ak; 50% iel;upf;

mkpyj;ijAk; vLj;Jf; nfhz;L ePu;j; njhl;bapy; itj;J iel;u[d; Mf;irLfs; KOtJk; ntspNaWk; tiu nfhjpf;f itf;fg;gl;L gh];ghupf; mkpyk; jahupf;fg;gLfpwJ. mNahbd; tpidNtf khw;wpahf nray;gLfpwJ.

P + 5 HNO3 --------------- H3PO4 + 5 NO2 + H2O

19. a) PCl5 b) H3PO3 Mfpatw;wpd; vyf;l;uhd; mikg;ig tiuf 20. H3PO3 ,Ufhuj;JtKilaJ Vd;?

gh];gu]; mkpyk; ,U fhuj;JtKilajhy; ,uz;L tpjkhd cg;Gfisj; jUfpwJ.

H3PO3 + NaOH ---------- NaH2PO3 + H2O

Nrhbak; il i`l;u[d; gh];igl;

H3PO3 + 2 NaOH--------- Na2HPO3 + 2H2O il Nrhbak; i`l;u[d; gh];igl;

H2SO4P4O10

- H2OSO3

P4O10

- H2ON2O52 HNO3

4

14. gpsk;Ngh rhy;td;rp ( gpsk;Ngh fiug;ghd; ) gw;wp Fwpg;G tiuf. fhw;wpy;yh #o;epiyapy; nyl; J}a ePupdhy; ghjpf;fg;glhJ. Mdhy; ePupy;

fhw;W fiue;J ,Ug;gpd;> fiuAk; jd;ik ngw;w er;Rj;jd;ik nfhz;l nyl; i`l;uhf;irL jUfpwJ. ,JNt ‘gpsk;Ngh fiug;ghd;’ vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

2 Pb + O2 + 2 H2O 2 Pb (OH) 2

15. P2O5 xU kpfr;rpwe;j ePu; ePf;Fk; fuzp vd;gij ep&gp ry;/gpA+upf; mkpyk;> iel;upf; mkpyk; cl;gl gy fdpkr; Nru;kq;fspypUe;Jk;

fupkr; Nru;kq;fspy; ,Ue;Jk; ePiu ePf;f gh];gu]; ngd;lhf;irL gad;gLfpwJ. ,J xU rpwe;j ePu; ePf;Fk; fhuzpahfg; gad;gLfpwJ.

16. gh];gu]; mkpyk; (H3PO3) rpwe;j xLf;Fk; fhuzp vd ep&gp?

gh];gu]; mkpyj;jpy; H- gpizg;G ,Ug;gjhy;. ,J xU rpwe;j xLf;Fk; fuzpahf nray;gLfpwJ.

2 AgNO3 + H3PO3 + H2O ------- 2 Ag + H3PO4 + 2 HNO3 gh];gu]; mkpyk; rpy;tu; iel;Nul;il rpy;tuhf xLf;FfpwJ.

17. jq;fk; vt;thW ,uh[jpuhtfj;jpy; fiufpwJ?

jq;fk; ,uh[jpuhtfj;jpy; fiue;J Mupf;FNshiuil jUfpwJ.

2 Au + 9 HCl + 3 HNO3 ------- 2 AuCl3 + 6 H2O + 3 NOCl

18. Mu;j;Njh gh];ghupf; mkpyk; vt;thW Ma;tfj;jpy; jahupf;fg;gLfpwJ? Fspu;tpg;ghDld; $ba FLitapy; rptg;G gh];gui]Ak; 50% iel;upf;

mkpyj;ijAk; vLj;Jf; nfhz;L ePu;j; njhl;bapy; itj;J iel;u[d; Mf;irLfs; KOtJk; ntspNaWk; tiu nfhjpf;f itf;fg;gl;L gh];ghupf; mkpyk; jahupf;fg;gLfpwJ. mNahbd; tpidNtf khw;wpahf nray;gLfpwJ.

P + 5 HNO3 --------------- H3PO4 + 5 NO2 + H2O

19. a) PCl5 b) H3PO3 Mfpatw;wpd; vyf;l;uhd; mikg;ig tiuf 20. H3PO3 ,Ufhuj;JtKilaJ Vd;?

gh];gu]; mkpyk; ,U fhuj;JtKilajhy; ,uz;L tpjkhd cg;Gfisj; jUfpwJ.

H3PO3 + NaOH ---------- NaH2PO3 + H2O

Nrhbak; il i`l;u[d; gh];igl;

H3PO3 + 2 NaOH--------- Na2HPO3 + 2H2O il Nrhbak; i`l;u[d; gh];igl;

H2SO4P4O10

- H2OSO3

P4O10

- H2ON2O52 HNO3


5

21. H3PO4 ( Mu;j;Njh gh];ghupf; mkpyk; ) Kf;fhuj;JtKilaJ Vd;?

NaOH Nghd;w fhuq;fSld; tpidGupe;J 3 tifahd cg;Gfisj; jUfpwJ.

H3PO4 + NaOH ---------- NaH2PO4 + H 2O ( Nrhbak; il i`l;u[d; gh];Ngl ; )

H3PO4 + 2NaOH ---------- Na2HPO4 + 2 H 2O ( il Nrhbak; i`l;u[d; gh];Ngl;)

H3PO4 + 3NaOH ---------- Na3PO4 + 3 H 2O ( Nrhbak; gh];Ngl; )

22. /g;Supdpd; Mf;]p[Ndw;Wk; jpwd; gw;wp vOJf.

N`y[d;fs; midj;Jk; rpwe;j Mf;]p[Ndw;wpfshFk;. Vnddpy;

mtw;wpd; vyf;l;uhd; ehl;lk; mjpfk;. N`y[d;fspy; /g;@upd; kpfr;rpwe;j Mf;]p[Ndw;wp MFk;. Vnddpy; /g;@upd; kw;w `hiyLfis vspjpy; N`y[d;fshf fiury; kw;Wk; cyu;e;j epiyapYk;$l Mf;]p[Ndw;wk; nra;fpwJ.

F2 + 2 X - --------- 2 F

- + X2 ( X = Cl

-, Br

- , I

- )

23. N`hy;k;]; Kd;dwptpg;ghd; gw;wp rpW Fwpg;G tiuf?

Jisaplg;gl;Ls;s ngl;bapDs; fhy;rpak; gh];igL kw;Wk; fhy;rpak;

fhu;igL epug;gp flypy; vwpag;gLfpwJ. ePu; ngl;bapDs; Jis topahf Eioe;J fhy;rpak; fhu;igL kw;Wk; fhy;rpak; gh];igLld; tpidGupe;J mrpl;bypidAk;> gh];gPidAk; jUfpwJ. gh];gPd; fhw;Wld; cldbahf vupe;J mrpl;bypidAk; vupar;nra;fpwJ.

rptg;Gepwr; RthiyAld; gh];gPd; vuptjhy; cz;lhFk; ngUk;GifAk;

Nru;e;J nfhs;fpwJ. ,J flypy; cs;s fg;gy;fSf;F top fhl;Ltjw;fhf gad;gLfpwJ.

Ca3P2 + 6H2O -------- 2PH3 (gh];gPd;) + 3Ca(OH) 2

CaC2 + 2H2O ------- C2H2 (mrpl;byPd;) + Ca(OH) 2

24. epahdpd; gad;fs; ahit?

tpsk;guq;fspy; gad;gLk; xspUk; Foy; tpsf;Ffspy; epahd; gad;gLfpwJ.

mjpf kpd;dOj;jj;jpypUe;J kpd;rhjdq;fis ghJfhf;f `Pypaj;Jld; Nru;j;J gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

%LgdpapDs; CLUtpr; nry;Yk; gz;ig ngw;wpUg;gjhy;> Mfha tpkhdq;fs; kiyapd; kPJ Nkhjhky; ,Uf;f gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

25. nghl;lh\; gbfhuk; vt;thW ngwg;gLfpwJ?

nghl;lh\; gbfhuk; gbfhuf; fy;ypypUe;J ngUkstpy; jahupf;fg;gLfpwJ

mYiel; my;yJ gbfhuf;fy;ypUe;J K2SO4.Al2 (SO4)3 4Al(OH)3 jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,J ed;F J}shf;fg;gl;L ePu;j;j ry;/gpA+upf; mkpyj;Jld; Nru;j;J nfhjpf;f itf;fg;gLfpwJ. mg;nghOJ mYkpdpak; i`l;uhf;irL gFjp mYkpdpak; ry;Ngl;lhf khWfpwJ.

,jDld; fzf;fplg;gl;l msT K2SO4 Nru;j;J gbfhuk;

gbfkhf;fg;gLfpwJ.

5

21. H3PO4 ( Mu;j;Njh gh];ghupf; mkpyk; ) Kf;fhuj;JtKilaJ Vd;?

NaOH Nghd;w fhuq;fSld; tpidGupe;J 3 tifahd cg;Gfisj; jUfpwJ.

H3PO4 + NaOH ---------- NaH2PO4 + H 2O ( Nrhbak; il i`l;u[d; gh];Ngl ; )

H3PO4 + 2NaOH ---------- Na2HPO4 + 2 H 2O ( il Nrhbak; i`l;u[d; gh];Ngl;)

H3PO4 + 3NaOH ---------- Na3PO4 + 3 H 2O ( Nrhbak; gh];Ngl; )

22. /g;Supdpd; Mf;]p[Ndw;Wk; jpwd; gw;wp vOJf.

N`y[d;fs; midj;Jk; rpwe;j Mf;]p[Ndw;wpfshFk;. Vnddpy;

mtw;wpd; vyf;l;uhd; ehl;lk; mjpfk;. N`y[d;fspy; /g;@upd; kpfr;rpwe;j Mf;]p[Ndw;wp MFk;. Vnddpy; /g;@upd; kw;w `hiyLfis vspjpy; N`y[d;fshf fiury; kw;Wk; cyu;e;j epiyapYk;$l Mf;]p[Ndw;wk; nra;fpwJ.

F2 + 2 X - --------- 2 F

- + X2 ( X = Cl

-, Br

- , I

- )

23. N`hy;k;]; Kd;dwptpg;ghd; gw;wp rpW Fwpg;G tiuf?

Jisaplg;gl;Ls;s ngl;bapDs; fhy;rpak; gh];igL kw;Wk; fhy;rpak;

fhu;igL epug;gp flypy; vwpag;gLfpwJ. ePu; ngl;bapDs; Jis topahf Eioe;J fhy;rpak; fhu;igL kw;Wk; fhy;rpak; gh];igLld; tpidGupe;J mrpl;bypidAk;> gh];gPidAk; jUfpwJ. gh];gPd; fhw;Wld; cldbahf vupe;J mrpl;bypidAk; vupar;nra;fpwJ.

rptg;Gepwr; RthiyAld; gh];gPd; vuptjhy; cz;lhFk; ngUk;GifAk;

Nru;e;J nfhs;fpwJ. ,J flypy; cs;s fg;gy;fSf;F top fhl;Ltjw;fhf gad;gLfpwJ.

Ca3P2 + 6H2O -------- 2PH3 (gh];gPd;) + 3Ca(OH) 2

CaC2 + 2H2O ------- C2H2 (mrpl;byPd;) + Ca(OH) 2

24. epahdpd; gad;fs; ahit?

tpsk;guq;fspy; gad;gLk; xspUk; Foy; tpsf;Ffspy; epahd; gad;gLfpwJ.

mjpf kpd;dOj;jj;jpypUe;J kpd;rhjdq;fis ghJfhf;f `Pypaj;Jld; Nru;j;J gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

%LgdpapDs; CLUtpr; nry;Yk; gz;ig ngw;wpUg;gjhy;> Mfha tpkhdq;fs; kiyapd; kPJ Nkhjhky; ,Uf;f gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

25. nghl;lh\; gbfhuk; vt;thW ngwg;gLfpwJ?

nghl;lh\; gbfhuk; gbfhuf; fy;ypypUe;J ngUkstpy; jahupf;fg;gLfpwJ

mYiel; my;yJ gbfhuf;fy;ypUe;J K2SO4.Al2 (SO4)3 4Al(OH)3 jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,J ed;F J}shf;fg;gl;L ePu;j;j ry;/gpA+upf; mkpyj;Jld; Nru;j;J nfhjpf;f itf;fg;gLfpwJ. mg;nghOJ mYkpdpak; i`l;uhf;irL gFjp mYkpdpak; ry;Ngl;lhf khWfpwJ.

,jDld; fzf;fplg;gl;l msT K2SO4 Nru;j;J gbfhuk;

gbfkhf;fg;gLfpwJ.


6

26. ,ilepiyj; jdpkq;fs; mizTr; Nru;kq;fis cz;lhf;FtNjd;?

d - njhFjp jdpkq;fspd; Neh;kpd; madpfs;> <dpfs; vdg;gLk;. ,it rpy %yf;$Wfs; my;yJ madpfSld; mizTr; Nrh;kq;fis cUthf;Fk; jd;ikia typikahf ngw;Ws;sd.

fhuzk; :

rpwpa cUtsT kw;Wk; mjpf Neu;kpd; mlu;j;jp.

ntw;wplkhd (n-1)d Mu;gpl;lhy;fisg; ngw;Ws;sjhy; mit <dpfspy; cs;s jdpj;j kw;Wk; gpizg;gpy; <Lglhj jdpj;j ,iz vyf;l;uhd;fisg; ngw;W gpizg;ig Njhw;Wtpf;fpd;wd. (v.fh) [Cu(NH3) 4]

2+ 27. rpy;tu; ckpo;jy; vd;why; vd;d? mij vt;thW jtpu;f;fyhk;?

cUfpa epiyapYs;s rpy;tuhdJ mjd; fd msitg; Nghy; 20

klq;F Mf;]p[id cl;nfhs;Sk; jd;ikAilajhFk;. ,jid Fspu;tpf;Fk; NghJ cwpQ;rpa Mf;]p[d; ntspNaWfpwJ. ,jw;F rpy;tu; ckpo;jy; vd;W ngau;.

,r;nraiy cUfpa rpy;tupd; kPJ fupglyj;ij Vw;gLj;Jtjd; %yk;

jLf;fyhk;. 28. fhg;gu; ry;Ngl; gbfq;fis ntg;gg;gLj;Jk; NghJ epfo;tnjd;d?

CuSO4 –I ntg;gg;gLj;Jk; NghJ> jdJ gbf ePiu Kw;wpYk; ,oe;J> gpd; 720

oC ntg;gepiyapy;> rpijtile;J Fg;upf; Mf;irlhfTk;> SO3

MfTk; khWfpwJ.

29. [pq;f;-I #lhd mlu ; NaOH fiurYld; Nru;f;Fk; NghJ vd;d epfOk;? Zn cld; NaOH Nru;j;J tpidg;gLj;jpdhy; Nrhbak; [pq;Nfl; Nru;kk;

fpilf;fpwJ.

Zn + 2NaOH Na2ZnO2 + H2 [pq;f; Nrhbak; [pq;Nfl;

30. Mn3+

madpfis tpl Mn2+ madpfs; mjpf epiyg;Gj; jd;ikia

nfhz;Ls;sd. Vd;? tpsf;Ff

Mn2+ madpapd; ntspf;$l;L vyf;l;uhd; mikgg;G 3d

5 MFk;.

Mdhy; Mn3+ madpapd; ntspf;$l;L vyf;l;uhd; mikg;G 3d

4.

M/gh jj;Jtj;jpd;gb rupghjp epuk;gpa Mu;gpl;lhy;fs; (my;yJ) KOikahf epuk;gpa Mu;gpl;lhy;fis cilait mjpf epiyg;Gj; jd;ikiag; ngw;Ws;sd

vdNt> d- Mu;gpl;lhypy; rupghjp epuk;gpAs;s vyf;l;uhd; mikg;igg; ngw;w Mn

2+ madp> Mn3+ madpia tpl mjpf epiyj;jd;ikia

nfhz;Ls;sJ.

CuSO4 5H2O 100oC-4H2O

CuSO4 H2O 230oC-H2O

CuSO4 720oC CuO + SO3

6

26. ,ilepiyj; jdpkq;fs; mizTr; Nru;kq;fis cz;lhf;FtNjd;?

d - njhFjp jdpkq;fspd; Neh;kpd; madpfs;> <dpfs; vdg;gLk;. ,it rpy %yf;$Wfs; my;yJ madpfSld; mizTr; Nrh;kq;fis cUthf;Fk; jd;ikia typikahf ngw;Ws;sd.

fhuzk; :

rpwpa cUtsT kw;Wk; mjpf Neu;kpd; mlu;j;jp.

ntw;wplkhd (n-1)d Mu;gpl;lhy;fisg; ngw;Ws;sjhy; mit <dpfspy; cs;s jdpj;j kw;Wk; gpizg;gpy; <Lglhj jdpj;j ,iz vyf;l;uhd;fisg; ngw;W gpizg;ig Njhw;Wtpf;fpd;wd. (v.fh) [Cu(NH3) 4]

2+ 27. rpy;tu; ckpo;jy; vd;why; vd;d? mij vt;thW jtpu;f;fyhk;?

cUfpa epiyapYs;s rpy;tuhdJ mjd; fd msitg; Nghy; 20

klq;F Mf;]p[id cl;nfhs;Sk; jd;ikAilajhFk;. ,jid Fspu;tpf;Fk; NghJ cwpQ;rpa Mf;]p[d; ntspNaWfpwJ. ,jw;F rpy;tu; ckpo;jy; vd;W ngau;.

,r;nraiy cUfpa rpy;tupd; kPJ fupglyj;ij Vw;gLj;Jtjd; %yk;

jLf;fyhk;. 28. fhg;gu; ry;Ngl; gbfq;fis ntg;gg;gLj;Jk; NghJ epfo;tnjd;d?

CuSO4 –I ntg;gg;gLj;Jk; NghJ> jdJ gbf ePiu Kw;wpYk; ,oe;J> gpd; 720

oC ntg;gepiyapy;> rpijtile;J Fg;upf; Mf;irlhfTk;> SO3

MfTk; khWfpwJ.

29. [pq;f;-I #lhd mlu ; NaOH fiurYld; Nru;f;Fk; NghJ vd;d epfOk;? Zn cld; NaOH Nru;j;J tpidg;gLj;jpdhy; Nrhbak; [pq;Nfl; Nru;kk;

fpilf;fpwJ.

Zn + 2NaOH Na2ZnO2 + H2 [pq;f; Nrhbak; [pq;Nfl;

30. Mn3+

madpfis tpl Mn2+ madpfs; mjpf epiyg;Gj; jd;ikia

nfhz;Ls;sd. Vd;? tpsf;Ff

Mn2+ madpapd; ntspf;$l;L vyf;l;uhd; mikgg;G 3d

5 MFk;.

Mdhy; Mn3+ madpapd; ntspf;$l;L vyf;l;uhd; mikg;G 3d

4.

M/gh jj;Jtj;jpd;gb rupghjp epuk;gpa Mu;gpl;lhy;fs; (my;yJ) KOikahf epuk;gpa Mu;gpl;lhy;fis cilait mjpf epiyg;Gj; jd;ikiag; ngw;Ws;sd

vdNt> d- Mu;gpl;lhypy; rupghjp epuk;gpAs;s vyf;l;uhd; mikg;igg; ngw;w Mn

2+ madp> Mn3+ madpia tpl mjpf epiyj;jd;ikia

nfhz;Ls;sJ.

CuSO4 5H2O 100oC-4H2O

CuSO4 H2O 230oC-H2O

CuSO4 720oC CuO + SO3


7

31. d- njhFjp jdpkq;fs; khWgLk; Mf;]p[Ndw;w epiyia ngw;wpUg;gNjd;?

midj;J d-njhFjp jdpkq;fSk; khWgLk; Mf;]p[Ndw;w epiyia ngw;Ws;sd.

,e;jj; jdpkq;fspy; gy (n-1)d kw;Wk; ns vyf;l;uhd;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sd

(n-1)d kw;Wk; ns Mu;gpl;lhYf;Fk; cs;s Mw;wy; NtWghL kpff; FiwthFk;.

32. Ni2+ madpfs; epwKs;sitahf cs;sd. Mdhy; Zn

2+ cg;Gfs; kl;Lk; ntz;ikahf cs;sd. Vd;?

Ni2+ - madpapd; ntspf;$l;L vyf;l;uhd; mikg;G 3d

8

Ni2+ madpapy; Fiwe;j Mw;wy; kl;lj;jpypUe;J cau; Mw;wy;

kl;lj;jpw;F d - vyf;l;uhd;fs; cau;j;jg;gLtjw;F fl;GydhFk; xspia cwpQ;Rtjhy; epwKila cg;Gf;fis jUfpd;wd.

Zn2+ - madpapd; ntspf;$L vyf;l;uhd; mikg;G 3d

10

Mdhy; Zn2+ madpapd; d - Mu;gpl;lhy; KOikahf epuk;gp

,Ug;gjhy; vyf;l;uhd;fs; cau;j;jg;gLtjpy;iy. ,jdhy; epwKila xspia cwpQ;Rtjpy;iy.

vdNt Zn2+ cg;Gfs; ntz;ikahf cs;sd.

33. FNuhk; Kyhk; G+Rjy; vt;thW epfo;j;jg;gLfpwJ?

vjpu;kpd; tha; - FNuhkpa Kyhk; G+r Ntz;ba nghUs;

Neu;kpd; tha;- nyl; jfL

kpd;gFsp - FNuhkpf; mkpyk; + ry;gpA+upf; mkpyk;

kpd;dhw;gFf;Fk; NghJ FNuhkpak; vjpu;kpd;tha; kPJ rPuhf gbfpwJ.

nghJthf FNuhkpa Kyhk; G+Rtjw;F Kd;du; epf;fy;Kyhk; G+rg;gLfpwJ.

34. ,ilepiyj; jdpkq;fs; vspjpy; epwKila Nru;kq;fisj; jUfpd;wd?

ngUk;ghd;ikahd ,ilepiy cNyhfr;Nru;kq;fs; jpl my;yJ fiury; epiyapy; epwKs;sitahf cs;sd. cNyhf madpfspd; epwj;jpw;F fhuzk;. jdpj;j vyf;l;uhd; mikg;G kw;Wk; xNu ,izf; $l;by; cs;s mLj;jLj;j Mw;wy; kl;lq;fSf;F ,ilNaahd rpwpa Mw;wy; NtWghL MFk;.

Fiwe;j Mw;wiy vspjhf fl;GydhFk; xspapdhy; $l ju ,aYk;.

vdNt cwpQ;rg;gl;l xspf;F <lhd kw;nwhU epwj;ijf; nfhLf;fpwJ. 35. mjpkpd;flj;jpfs; vd;why; vd;d? VNjDk; xU gaid $Wf.

mjpf Fspuitf;fg;gl;l rpy Nru;kq;fs; vj;jifa kpd;jilAkpd;wp kpd;rhuj;ijf; flj;Jk; nray;Kiw mjpkpd;flj;J jpwd; vdg;gLk;. mjpkpd;flj;Jjpwd; epiyapYs;s nghUshdJ G+[;[pa kpd;jiliag; ngw;Ws;sJ. ,g;gz;igg; ngw;Ws;s Nru;kq;fs; mjpkpd;flj;jpfs; vdg;gLfpd;wd.

,it Gjpa jiyKiw Mw;wy; Nrkpg;G jpwd; mikg;Gfspd; mbg;gil MFk;. rhjhuz n[dNul;lh;fis tpl Fiwe;j vilAk;> rpwpa cUtsTk; ngw;Ws;sjhy; ,jpy; mjpf Mw;wiy Nrkpf;fyhk;.

7

31. d- njhFjp jdpkq;fs; khWgLk; Mf;]p[Ndw;w epiyia ngw;wpUg;gNjd;?

midj;J d-njhFjp jdpkq;fSk; khWgLk; Mf;]p[Ndw;w epiyia ngw;Ws;sd.

,e;jj; jdpkq;fspy; gy (n-1)d kw;Wk; ns vyf;l;uhd;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sd

(n-1)d kw;Wk; ns Mu;gpl;lhYf;Fk; cs;s Mw;wy; NtWghL kpff; FiwthFk;.

32. Ni2+ madpfs; epwKs;sitahf cs;sd. Mdhy; Zn

2+ cg;Gfs; kl;Lk; ntz;ikahf cs;sd. Vd;?

Ni2+ - madpapd; ntspf;$l;L vyf;l;uhd; mikg;G 3d

8

Ni2+ madpapy; Fiwe;j Mw;wy; kl;lj;jpypUe;J cau; Mw;wy;

kl;lj;jpw;F d - vyf;l;uhd;fs; cau;j;jg;gLtjw;F fl;GydhFk; xspia cwpQ;Rtjhy; epwKila cg;Gf;fis jUfpd;wd.

Zn2+ - madpapd; ntspf;$L vyf;l;uhd; mikg;G 3d

10

Mdhy; Zn2+ madpapd; d - Mu;gpl;lhy; KOikahf epuk;gp

,Ug;gjhy; vyf;l;uhd;fs; cau;j;jg;gLtjpy;iy. ,jdhy; epwKila xspia cwpQ;Rtjpy;iy.

vdNt Zn2+ cg;Gfs; ntz;ikahf cs;sd.

33. FNuhk; Kyhk; G+Rjy; vt;thW epfo;j;jg;gLfpwJ?

vjpu;kpd; tha; - FNuhkpa Kyhk; G+r Ntz;ba nghUs;

Neu;kpd; tha;- nyl; jfL

kpd;gFsp - FNuhkpf; mkpyk; + ry;gpA+upf; mkpyk;

kpd;dhw;gFf;Fk; NghJ FNuhkpak; vjpu;kpd;tha; kPJ rPuhf gbfpwJ.

nghJthf FNuhkpa Kyhk; G+Rtjw;F Kd;du; epf;fy;Kyhk; G+rg;gLfpwJ.

34. ,ilepiyj; jdpkq;fs; vspjpy; epwKila Nru;kq;fisj; jUfpd;wd?

ngUk;ghd;ikahd ,ilepiy cNyhfr;Nru;kq;fs; jpl my;yJ fiury; epiyapy; epwKs;sitahf cs;sd. cNyhf madpfspd; epwj;jpw;F fhuzk;. jdpj;j vyf;l;uhd; mikg;G kw;Wk; xNu ,izf; $l;by; cs;s mLj;jLj;j Mw;wy; kl;lq;fSf;F ,ilNaahd rpwpa Mw;wy; NtWghL MFk;.

Fiwe;j Mw;wiy vspjhf fl;GydhFk; xspapdhy; $l ju ,aYk;.

vdNt cwpQ;rg;gl;l xspf;F <lhd kw;nwhU epwj;ijf; nfhLf;fpwJ. 35. mjpkpd;flj;jpfs; vd;why; vd;d? VNjDk; xU gaid $Wf.

mjpf Fspuitf;fg;gl;l rpy Nru;kq;fs; vj;jifa kpd;jilAkpd;wp kpd;rhuj;ijf; flj;Jk; nray;Kiw mjpkpd;flj;J jpwd; vdg;gLk;. mjpkpd;flj;Jjpwd; epiyapYs;s nghUshdJ G+[;[pa kpd;jiliag; ngw;Ws;sJ. ,g;gz;igg; ngw;Ws;s Nru;kq;fs; mjpkpd;flj;jpfs; vdg;gLfpd;wd.

,it Gjpa jiyKiw Mw;wy; Nrkpg;G jpwd; mikg;Gfspd; mbg;gil MFk;. rhjhuz n[dNul;lh;fis tpl Fiwe;j vilAk;> rpwpa cUtsTk; ngw;Ws;sjhy; ,jpy; mjpf Mw;wiy Nrkpf;fyhk;.


8

36. tpl;upa]; epiyik vd;why; vd;d?

gbf tbtkw;w jplg;nghUshd fz;zhb tpl;upa]; epiyikapy; fhzg;gLk;.

fz;zhb my;yJ tpl;upa]; epiyik vd;gJ jpl kw;Wk; ePu;k epiyfSf;F ,ilapy; cs;s epiyik vdg;gLfpwJ.

37. Xu; myFf; $l;bYs;s CsCl myFfspd; vz;zpf;ifia fzf;fpLf.

CsCl nghUs;ika fdrJu tifiar; rhu;e;jjhFk; Xu; myFf; $l;bYs;s myFfspd; vz;zpf;if = Nc + Nb = 8 + 1 = 2 8 1 8 1

Xu; myFf; $l;bYs;s myFfspd; vz;zpf;if = 2

38. mjpkpd;flj;J epiykhW ntg;gepiy vd;why; vd;d?

xU nghUspd; mjpkpd;flj;J epiykhW ntg;gepiy Tc vd;gJ xU Fwpg;gpl;l ntg;gepiyapy; xU nghUspd; kpd;jilahdJ jpBnud G+[;[paj;ij miltjhFk;.

me;j ntg;gepiyapy; nghUshdJ rhjhuz epiyapy; ,Ue;J mjpkpd; flj;jpahf khwptpLfpwJ.

39. %yf;$W gbfq;fs; gw;wpf; Fwpg;G tiuf.

%yf;$W gbfq;fspy; cs;s mzpf;Nfhit Gs;spfspy; kpd;Rikaw;w %yf;$Wfs; mike;Js;sd. %yf;$Wfs; gpize;Js;s tpirfs; ,Utifg;gLk;.

m) ,UKid-,UKid ftu;r;rp tpir

M) thz;lu;thy;]; ftu;r;rp tpirfs; MFk;.

40. buTl;ld; tpjpiaf; $Wf. xU ePh;kj;jpd; Mtpahjy; ntg;gj;ij mjd; nfhjpepiyahy; tFf;Fk; NghJ fpilf;Fk; kjpg;G khwpyp MFk; 41. vd;l;Nuhgp vd;why; vd;d? mjd; myFfisf; $Wf. vd;l;Nuhgp vd;gJ xOq;fw;w jd;ikia mstpLk; Xh; gz;ghFk;.

SI myF - JK-1

(OR) Eu

42. yP rhl;ypah; nfhs;ifiaf; $Wf. rkepiyapy; cs;s Xh;mikg;gpd; kPJ ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;jpdhy;

rkepiyahdJ me;j ghjpg;gpdhy; cz;lhFk; tpisit rkd; nra;Ak; jpiria Nehf;fp efUk;.

43. rkepiy khwpyp vd;why; vd;d? khwhj ntg;gepiyapy; tpidtpis nghUs;fspd; nray;gL

nghUz;ikfspd; ngUf;Fj; njhiff;Fk;> tpidgL nghUs;fspd; nraw;gL nghUz;ikffspd; ngUf;Fj; njhiff;Fk; cs;s tpfpj khwpyp MFk;

8

36. tpl;upa]; epiyik vd;why; vd;d?

gbf tbtkw;w jplg;nghUshd fz;zhb tpl;upa]; epiyikapy; fhzg;gLk;.

fz;zhb my;yJ tpl;upa]; epiyik vd;gJ jpl kw;Wk; ePu;k epiyfSf;F ,ilapy; cs;s epiyik vdg;gLfpwJ.

37. Xu; myFf; $l;bYs;s CsCl myFfspd; vz;zpf;ifia fzf;fpLf.

CsCl nghUs;ika fdrJu tifiar; rhu;e;jjhFk; Xu; myFf; $l;bYs;s myFfspd; vz;zpf;if = Nc + Nb = 8 + 1 = 2 8 1 8 1

Xu; myFf; $l;bYs;s myFfspd; vz;zpf;if = 2

38. mjpkpd;flj;J epiykhW ntg;gepiy vd;why; vd;d?

xU nghUspd; mjpkpd;flj;J epiykhW ntg;gepiy Tc vd;gJ xU Fwpg;gpl;l ntg;gepiyapy; xU nghUspd; kpd;jilahdJ jpBnud G+[;[paj;ij miltjhFk;.

me;j ntg;gepiyapy; nghUshdJ rhjhuz epiyapy; ,Ue;J mjpkpd; flj;jpahf khwptpLfpwJ.

39. %yf;$W gbfq;fs; gw;wpf; Fwpg;G tiuf.

%yf;$W gbfq;fspy; cs;s mzpf;Nfhit Gs;spfspy; kpd;Rikaw;w %yf;$Wfs; mike;Js;sd. %yf;$Wfs; gpize;Js;s tpirfs; ,Utifg;gLk;.

m) ,UKid-,UKid ftu;r;rp tpir

M) thz;lu;thy;]; ftu;r;rp tpirfs; MFk;.

40. buTl;ld; tpjpiaf; $Wf. xU ePh;kj;jpd; Mtpahjy; ntg;gj;ij mjd; nfhjpepiyahy; tFf;Fk; NghJ fpilf;Fk; kjpg;G khwpyp MFk; 41. vd;l;Nuhgp vd;why; vd;d? mjd; myFfisf; $Wf. vd;l;Nuhgp vd;gJ xOq;fw;w jd;ikia mstpLk; Xh; gz;ghFk;.

SI myF - JK-1

(OR) Eu

42. yP rhl;ypah; nfhs;ifiaf; $Wf. rkepiyapy; cs;s Xh;mikg;gpd; kPJ ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;jpdhy;

rkepiyahdJ me;j ghjpg;gpdhy; cz;lhFk; tpisit rkd; nra;Ak; jpiria Nehf;fp efUk;.

43. rkepiy khwpyp vd;why; vd;d? khwhj ntg;gepiyapy; tpidtpis nghUs;fspd; nray;gL

nghUz;ikfspd; ngUf;Fj; njhiff;Fk;> tpidgL nghUs;fspd; nraw;gL nghUz;ikffspd; ngUf;Fj; njhiff;Fk; cs;s tpfpj khwpyp MFk;


9

44. tpid Fzfk; - tiuaW. rkepiy khwpypAld; mjd; njhlh;G vd;d? rkepiyaw;w epiyapy; tpidgL nghUs;fspd; nrwptpw;Fk; tpidtpis

nghUs;fspd; nrwptpw;Fk; ,ilNaahd tpfpjk; MFk;.

[ L ] l [ M ]

m

Q = [ A ] a [ B ]

b

45. ng=0 ,ng= -Ve¸ ng=+Ve ,Uf;Fk;NghJ thA tpidapy; vd;d epfOk;?

ng = 0 vd;why; tpidgL nghUs;fspd; nkhj;j thA Nkhy;fspd;

vz;zpf;ifAk;> tpidtpis nghUs;fspd; nkhj;j thA Nkhy;fspd; vz;zpf;ifAk; rkk;.

ng = - Ve vd;why; thA epiyapy; cs;s nkhj;j tpidtpis

nghUs;fspd; vz;zpf;ifahdJ> nkhj;j tpidgL nghUs;fspd; vz;zpf;ifia tplf; Fiwthf ,Uf;Fk;.

ng = + Ve vd;why; thA epiyapy; cs;s nkhj;j tpidtpis nghUs;fspd; vz;zpf;ifahdJ> nkhj;j tpidgL nghUs;fspd; vz;zpf;ifia tpl mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fk;.

46. fpsh;T nfhs; Mw;wy; - tiuaW. tpidgL %yf;$Wfs; Nkhjypd; fhuzkhf neUq;fp te;J

tpidtpis %yf;$Wfshf khWfpd;wd. Nkhjypy; <LgLk; midj;J %yf;$WfSk; ngw;wpUf;Fk; Fwpg;gpl;l msT Fiwe;j Mw;wyhdJ Fiwe;j gl;r Mw;wy; vdg;gLk;.

,j;jifa Fiwe;jgl;r Mw;wiy miltjw;Fr; Nrh;f;fg;gLk;

Mw;wyhdJ fpsh;TW Mw;wy; vdg;gLk;. 47. tpidtif tiuaW. xU Ntjptpidapd; Nrhjid%yk; eph;zapf;fg;gl;l tpidNtf

tpjpapy; cs;s nrwpTfspd; gbfspd; $LjNy tpidtif vdg;gLk;. 48. miu tho;T fhyk; - tiuaW? tpidgL nghUspd; njhlf;fr; nrwptpd; kjpg;ghdJ ghjpahff; Fiwtjw;Fj; Njitg;gLk; Neuk; MFk; 0.693 tpdhbfs;

t ½ = k

49. mLj;jLj;J epfOk; tpidfs; vd;why; vd;d vd;gij tpsf;Ff? tpidgLnghUs; Kjypy; ,ilepiyg; nghUisAk;> gpwF

,ilepiyg; nghUshdJ xd;W my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l njhlh; tpidfspy; tpisnghUis cUthf;fpdhy; mt;tif tpidfs; mLj;jLj;J epfOk; tpidfs; my;yJ njhlh; tpidfs; vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.

50. ,iz tpidfs; (gf;f tpidfs;) vd;why; vd;d? v.fh jUf? tpidgL nghUs;fs; xNu Neuj;jpy; ,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F

Nkw;gl;l tpidtpis nghUs;fisj; jUfpd;wd.

9

44. tpid Fzfk; - tiuaW. rkepiy khwpypAld; mjd; njhlh;G vd;d? rkepiyaw;w epiyapy; tpidgL nghUs;fspd; nrwptpw;Fk; tpidtpis

nghUs;fspd; nrwptpw;Fk; ,ilNaahd tpfpjk; MFk;.

[ L ] l [ M ]

m

Q = [ A ] a [ B ]

b

45. ng=0 ,ng= -Ve¸ ng=+Ve ,Uf;Fk;NghJ thA tpidapy; vd;d epfOk;?

ng = 0 vd;why; tpidgL nghUs;fspd; nkhj;j thA Nkhy;fspd;

vz;zpf;ifAk;> tpidtpis nghUs;fspd; nkhj;j thA Nkhy;fspd; vz;zpf;ifAk; rkk;.

ng = - Ve vd;why; thA epiyapy; cs;s nkhj;j tpidtpis

nghUs;fspd; vz;zpf;ifahdJ> nkhj;j tpidgL nghUs;fspd; vz;zpf;ifia tplf; Fiwthf ,Uf;Fk;.

ng = + Ve vd;why; thA epiyapy; cs;s nkhj;j tpidtpis nghUs;fspd; vz;zpf;ifahdJ> nkhj;j tpidgL nghUs;fspd; vz;zpf;ifia tpl mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fk;.

46. fpsh;T nfhs; Mw;wy; - tiuaW. tpidgL %yf;$Wfs; Nkhjypd; fhuzkhf neUq;fp te;J

tpidtpis %yf;$Wfshf khWfpd;wd. Nkhjypy; <LgLk; midj;J %yf;$WfSk; ngw;wpUf;Fk; Fwpg;gpl;l msT Fiwe;j Mw;wyhdJ Fiwe;j gl;r Mw;wy; vdg;gLk;.

,j;jifa Fiwe;jgl;r Mw;wiy miltjw;Fr; Nrh;f;fg;gLk;

Mw;wyhdJ fpsh;TW Mw;wy; vdg;gLk;. 47. tpidtif tiuaW. xU Ntjptpidapd; Nrhjid%yk; eph;zapf;fg;gl;l tpidNtf

tpjpapy; cs;s nrwpTfspd; gbfspd; $LjNy tpidtif vdg;gLk;. 48. miu tho;T fhyk; - tiuaW? tpidgL nghUspd; njhlf;fr; nrwptpd; kjpg;ghdJ ghjpahff; Fiwtjw;Fj; Njitg;gLk; Neuk; MFk; 0.693 tpdhbfs;

t ½ = k

49. mLj;jLj;J epfOk; tpidfs; vd;why; vd;d vd;gij tpsf;Ff? tpidgLnghUs; Kjypy; ,ilepiyg; nghUisAk;> gpwF

,ilepiyg; nghUshdJ xd;W my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l njhlh; tpidfspy; tpisnghUis cUthf;fpdhy; mt;tif tpidfs; mLj;jLj;J epfOk; tpidfs; my;yJ njhlh; tpidfs; vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.

50. ,iz tpidfs; (gf;f tpidfs;) vd;why; vd;d? v.fh jUf? tpidgL nghUs;fs; xNu Neuj;jpy; ,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F

Nkw;gl;l tpidtpis nghUs;fisj; jUfpd;wd.


10

51. Nghyp Kjy; tif tpid vd;why; vd;d? vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs; jUf? Xh; ,uz;lhk; tif tpidapy; VjhtnjhU tpidgL nghUspd; nrwpit mjpfkhf (10 Kjy; 100 klq;F ) kw;nwhd;iw tpl vLj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; NghJ> mt;tpid Kjy; tif tpid vdg;gLk;.

CH3COOCH3 + H2O H+

CH3COOH + CH3OH

52. vspa kw;Wk; rpf;fyhd tpidfs; vd;why; vd;d? v.fh jUf? vspa tpidfs;: xNu gbapy; kl;Lk; eilngwf; $ba tpidfs; vspa tpidfs; vdg;gLk; NaOH + HCl NaCl + H2O

rpf;fyhd tpidfs;: xU gbapy; epfohky; tupirahd gy gbfspy; epfOk; tpidfs; rpf;fyhd tpidfs; vdg;gLk;. R’OOC – (CH2)n – COOR------- R’OOC – (CH2)n –COOH -------HOOC–(CH2)n – COOH 53. vjpnujph; tpidfSf;fhd rhd;Wfs; jUf.

fhu;gd; il Mf;i]L

HI rpijtilAk; tpid

54. jd; tpidNtf khw;wp gw;wp vOJf. rpy tpidfspy; cUthFk; tpis nghUs;fspy; xd;W tpidNtf

khw;wpahfr; nray;gLfpwJ. mj;jifa tpidNtf khw;wp jd;tpid Ntf khw;wp vd;Wk;> ,e;j nray;Kiwf;F jd;tpidNtf khw;wk; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

(v.fh) : Mf;]hypf; mkpyj;ijg; nghl;lhrpak; ngh;khq;fNdl; %yk;

Mf;rp[Ndw;wk; nra;Ak; NghJ> tpis nghUs;fspy; xd;whd MnSO4 jd; tpidNtf khw;wpahfr; nray;gLfpwJ

55. tpidNtf khw;wp er;R vd;why; vd;d? tpidNtf khw;wpapd; nray;jpwid ,of;fr; nra;Ak; Nrh;kk; tpidNtf khw;wp er;R vdg;gLk;

56. cah;j;jpfs; vd;why; vd;d? vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs; jUf? xU Nrh;kk; tpidNtf khw;wpahfr; nray;glhky;> xU tpidNtf

khw;wpapd; nray;jpwid mjpfhpj;jhy; mjw;F cah;j;jpfs; vd;W ngah;. N`gh; Kiwapy; Fe- tpidNtf khw;wpahfTk;> Mo - cah;j;jpahfTk;

nray;gLfpwJ. 57. thA – thA $o;k mikg;G Vd; cUthtjpy;iy?

thAtpy; thA $o;kk; Njhd;Wtjpy;iy fhuzk; : thAf;fs;

xd;Wld; xd;W fye;J cz;ikf;fiuriyj; jUfpd;wd.

Pt

As2O3

2SO2 + O2 2SO3

N2 + 3H2 2NH3

Fe

Mo

CO(g) + NO2 (g) CO2 (g) + NO (g)

kf

kr

2HI (g) H2 (g) + I2 (g)

10

51. Nghyp Kjy; tif tpid vd;why; vd;d? vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs; jUf? Xh; ,uz;lhk; tif tpidapy; VjhtnjhU tpidgL nghUspd; nrwpit mjpfkhf (10 Kjy; 100 klq;F ) kw;nwhd;iw tpl vLj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; NghJ> mt;tpid Kjy; tif tpid vdg;gLk;.

CH3COOCH3 + H2O H+

CH3COOH + CH3OH

52. vspa kw;Wk; rpf;fyhd tpidfs; vd;why; vd;d? v.fh jUf? vspa tpidfs;: xNu gbapy; kl;Lk; eilngwf; $ba tpidfs; vspa tpidfs; vdg;gLk; NaOH + HCl NaCl + H2O

rpf;fyhd tpidfs;: xU gbapy; epfohky; tupirahd gy gbfspy; epfOk; tpidfs; rpf;fyhd tpidfs; vdg;gLk;. R’OOC – (CH2)n – COOR------- R’OOC – (CH2)n –COOH -------HOOC–(CH2)n – COOH 53. vjpnujph; tpidfSf;fhd rhd;Wfs; jUf.

fhu;gd; il Mf;i]L

HI rpijtilAk; tpid

54. jd; tpidNtf khw;wp gw;wp vOJf. rpy tpidfspy; cUthFk; tpis nghUs;fspy; xd;W tpidNtf

khw;wpahfr; nray;gLfpwJ. mj;jifa tpidNtf khw;wp jd;tpid Ntf khw;wp vd;Wk;> ,e;j nray;Kiwf;F jd;tpidNtf khw;wk; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

(v.fh) : Mf;]hypf; mkpyj;ijg; nghl;lhrpak; ngh;khq;fNdl; %yk;

Mf;rp[Ndw;wk; nra;Ak; NghJ> tpis nghUs;fspy; xd;whd MnSO4 jd; tpidNtf khw;wpahfr; nray;gLfpwJ

55. tpidNtf khw;wp er;R vd;why; vd;d? tpidNtf khw;wpapd; nray;jpwid ,of;fr; nra;Ak; Nrh;kk; tpidNtf khw;wp er;R vdg;gLk;

56. cah;j;jpfs; vd;why; vd;d? vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs; jUf? xU Nrh;kk; tpidNtf khw;wpahfr; nray;glhky;> xU tpidNtf

khw;wpapd; nray;jpwid mjpfhpj;jhy; mjw;F cah;j;jpfs; vd;W ngah;. N`gh; Kiwapy; Fe- tpidNtf khw;wpahfTk;> Mo - cah;j;jpahfTk;

nray;gLfpwJ. 57. thA – thA $o;k mikg;G Vd; cUthtjpy;iy?

thAtpy; thA $o;kk; Njhd;Wtjpy;iy fhuzk; : thAf;fs;

xd;Wld; xd;W fye;J cz;ikf;fiuriyj; jUfpd;wd.

Pt

As2O3

2SO2 + O2 2SO3

N2 + 3H2 2NH3

Fe

Mo

CO(g) + NO2 (g) CO2 (g) + NO (g)

kf

kr

2HI (g) H2 (g) + I2 (g)


11

58. bd;lhy; tpisT & gpnusdpad; ,af;fk; vd;why; vd;d? xU $o;kj;jpd; topNa xspf;fw;iwia nrYj;jp xspapid rpjwbf;Fk;

gz;G bd;lhy; tpisT MFk;. gphpif Clfj;jpy; $o;kj;Jfs;fs; mq;Fk; ,q;Fk; jhWkhwhf

xOq;fpd;wp jphpAk; nray; gpnusdpad; ,af;fk; MFk;.

fhuzk; : $o;kj; Jfisj; njhlh;r;rpahf gpupif Clf %yf;$Wfs; xOq;fpd;wp NkhJtJ MFk;.

59. ,aw;gpay; kw;Wk; Ntjpapay; gug;G fth;r;rpf;Fk; ,ilNaahd NtWghLfs;.

,aw;gpay; gug;G fth;r;rp Ntjpapay; gug;G fth;r;rp

gug;Gf; fth;jypd; ntg;gk; FiwT

gug;Gf; fth;jypd; ntg;gk; mjpfk;

kPs; jd;ikAilaJ

kPsh jd;ikAilaJ

gug;Gf; ftUk; nghUspd; gug;gpd; kPJ gy %yf;$W mLf;fpidj;

Njhw;Wtpf;fpwJ.

Xw;iw %yf;$W mLf;F kl;Lk;

cUthfpwJ

60. kpd; Kidf; ftu;r;rp (m) fhl;NlhNghurp]; vd;why; vd;d? $o;k Jfs;fspd; topNa kpd;Ndhl;lj;ij nrYj;Jk; NghJ kpd;Kidia Nehf;fp efUk; nray; kpd;Kidf; fth;r;rp MFk;.

61. nghJ madp tpisT vd;why; vd;d? vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs; jUf.

Xh; cg;gpd; gphpif tPjk; nghJ madpiar; Nrh;g;gjhy; FiwtJ nghJ madp tpisT vdg;gLk;

NaCl I Nrh;f;Fk; NghJ nghJ madp tpisT fhuzkhf AgCl - d; fiujpwd; FiwfpwJ.

62. Nfhy;uh\; tpjpia $Wf. mstpy;yh ePh;j;j epiyapy;; kpd;gFspapd; madpahf;fk; epiwT ngWfpwJ. Xt;nthU madpAk; jd;dpr;irahf efUfpwJ> Xt;nthU madpAk; nkhj;j flj;J jpwDf;F Fwpg;gpl;l kjpg;gpid nfhLf;fpd;wJ. 63. kpd;dhw;gFj;jy; gw;wp /ghuNlapd; tpjpfisf; $Wf. /ghuNlapd; Kjy; tpjp : kpd;dhw; gFj;jypd; NghJ kpd;thapy; ntspg;gLk; nghUspd; epiwahdJ (m) kpd;gFspapd; topNa nrYj;jg;gLk; kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; mstpw;F (Q) Neu;tpfpjj;jpypUf;Fk;. /ghuNlapd; ,uz;lhk; tpjp : ntt;NtW kpd;gFspfspd; topNa xNu msT kpd;Ndhl;lj;ij nrYj;Jk; NghJ> kpd;tha;fspy; ntspg;gLk; nghUs;fspd; msTfs; mtw;wpd; Ntjpr; rkhdq;fSf;F Neu;tpfpjj;jpypUf;Fk;. 64. M];thy;bd; ePh;j;jy; tpjpia $Wf. typik Fiwe;j kpd;gFspapd; gphpif khwpyp> gphpif tPjk;> kw;Wk; nrwpTld; njhlh;GgLj;Jk; rkd;ghbw;F M];thy;bd; ePh;j;jy; tpjp vd;W ngah;.

11

58. bd;lhy; tpisT & gpnusdpad; ,af;fk; vd;why; vd;d? xU $o;kj;jpd; topNa xspf;fw;iwia nrYj;jp xspapid rpjwbf;Fk;

gz;G bd;lhy; tpisT MFk;. gphpif Clfj;jpy; $o;kj;Jfs;fs; mq;Fk; ,q;Fk; jhWkhwhf

xOq;fpd;wp jphpAk; nray; gpnusdpad; ,af;fk; MFk;.

fhuzk; : $o;kj; Jfisj; njhlh;r;rpahf gpupif Clf %yf;$Wfs; xOq;fpd;wp NkhJtJ MFk;.

59. ,aw;gpay; kw;Wk; Ntjpapay; gug;G fth;r;rpf;Fk; ,ilNaahd NtWghLfs;.

,aw;gpay; gug;G fth;r;rp Ntjpapay; gug;G fth;r;rp

gug;Gf; fth;jypd; ntg;gk; FiwT

gug;Gf; fth;jypd; ntg;gk; mjpfk;

kPs; jd;ikAilaJ

kPsh jd;ikAilaJ

gug;Gf; ftUk; nghUspd; gug;gpd; kPJ gy %yf;$W mLf;fpidj;

Njhw;Wtpf;fpwJ.

Xw;iw %yf;$W mLf;F kl;Lk;

cUthfpwJ

60. kpd; Kidf; ftu;r;rp (m) fhl;NlhNghurp]; vd;why; vd;d? $o;k Jfs;fspd; topNa kpd;Ndhl;lj;ij nrYj;Jk; NghJ kpd;Kidia Nehf;fp efUk; nray; kpd;Kidf; fth;r;rp MFk;.

61. nghJ madp tpisT vd;why; vd;d? vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs; jUf.

Xh; cg;gpd; gphpif tPjk; nghJ madpiar; Nrh;g;gjhy; FiwtJ nghJ madp tpisT vdg;gLk;

NaCl I Nrh;f;Fk; NghJ nghJ madp tpisT fhuzkhf AgCl - d; fiujpwd; FiwfpwJ.

62. Nfhy;uh\; tpjpia $Wf. mstpy;yh ePh;j;j epiyapy;; kpd;gFspapd; madpahf;fk; epiwT ngWfpwJ. Xt;nthU madpAk; jd;dpr;irahf efUfpwJ> Xt;nthU madpAk; nkhj;j flj;J jpwDf;F Fwpg;gpl;l kjpg;gpid nfhLf;fpd;wJ. 63. kpd;dhw;gFj;jy; gw;wp /ghuNlapd; tpjpfisf; $Wf. /ghuNlapd; Kjy; tpjp : kpd;dhw; gFj;jypd; NghJ kpd;thapy; ntspg;gLk; nghUspd; epiwahdJ (m) kpd;gFspapd; topNa nrYj;jg;gLk; kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; mstpw;F (Q) Neu;tpfpjj;jpypUf;Fk;. /ghuNlapd; ,uz;lhk; tpjp : ntt;NtW kpd;gFspfspd; topNa xNu msT kpd;Ndhl;lj;ij nrYj;Jk; NghJ> kpd;tha;fspy; ntspg;gLk; nghUs;fspd; msTfs; mtw;wpd; Ntjpr; rkhdq;fSf;F Neu;tpfpjj;jpypUf;Fk;. 64. M];thy;bd; ePh;j;jy; tpjpia $Wf. typik Fiwe;j kpd;gFspapd; gphpif khwpyp> gphpif tPjk;> kw;Wk; nrwpTld; njhlh;GgLj;Jk; rkd;ghbw;F M];thy;bd; ePh;j;jy; tpjp vd;W ngah;.


12

65. jhq;fy; fiury; vd;why; vd;d?

rpwpjsT mkpyk; my;yJ fhuk; Nru;f;Fk; NghJ fiurypd; PH kjpg;G

khwhky; ,Ug;gJ jhq;fy; fiury; MFk;. 66. Ropkha; fyit vd;why; vd;d? d kw;Wk; l khw;wpaq;fis rkmstpy; fye;jhy; fpilg;gJ Ropkha; fyit ( cjhuzk; ) yhf;bf; mkpyk; > lhh;lhupf; mkpyk; 67. kPNrh mikg;ig Ropkha;f; fyitapypUe;J NtWgLj;Jf.

Ropkha;f; fyit

kPNrh mikg;G

,J xU fyit. ,jpYs;s khw;wpaq;fis gphpj;jy; ,aYk;

,J xU Nrh;kk;. ,jpYs;s khw;wpaq;fis gphpj;jy; ,ayhJ

Gwkhu;e;j <L nra;jyhy; ,J xsp Row;Wk; jd;ik ,of;fpwJ.

,J cs;shu;e;j <L nra;jyhy; xsp Row;Wk; jd;ik mw;wjhfpwJ.

ifuy; jd;ik cs;sit

ifuy; jd;ikaw;wit

68. kPNrh lhu;lhupf; mkpyk; xspRow;Wk; jd;ik ,y;yhj Nru;kk;. tpthp kPNrh khw;wpaj;jpy; ,uz;L rPu;ikj; jd;ikaw;w fhh;gd; mZf;fs; ,Ug;gpDk;> xd;W kw;nwhd;wpd; Mb gpk;gkhf ,Uf;fpwJ. tpisT> ,k;%yf;$iw KOikahf Nehf;Fk;NghJ rPu;ikj; jd;ikAs;sjhf ,Uf;fpwJ. rPu;ikj;jsk; ,k;%yf;$iw ,U rk ghjpahf gpupf;fpwJ. mjdhy; ,k;%yf;$wpy; Gwntsp mikg;G> Mb gpk;gj;jpd; Nkw; nghUe;Jtjhf cs;sJ. kPNrhlhu;lhupf; mkpyj;jpd; xsp Row;whj; jd;ik %yf;$wpd; cs;shu;e;j gz;ghfpwJ kPNrhlhu;lhupf;mkpyk; 69. fPo;f;fz;l %yf;$W mikg;gpw;fhd E , Z FwpaPl;il vOJf. 1) 2) E – mikg;G Z – mikg;G 70. gpdhy;/g;jyPd; vt;thW jahupf;fg;gLfpwJ?

gPdhYld; jhypf; mkpy ePupypia Nru;j;J mlu; H2SO4 Kd;dpiyapy;

tpidg;gLj;jpdhy;> gpdhy;/g;jyPd; cz;lhfpwJ.

jhypf; ePhpyp gPdhy; gpdhy;/g;jyPd ;

H

COOH

COOH

OH

OH

H

C C

CH2OH

CH3HOH2C

H

C C

Cl

HF

Br

C

C

O

O

O

+

H

H OH

OH

con. H2SO4C

C

O

O

OH

OH

12

65. jhq;fy; fiury; vd;why; vd;d?

rpwpjsT mkpyk; my;yJ fhuk; Nru;f;Fk; NghJ fiurypd; PH kjpg;G

khwhky; ,Ug;gJ jhq;fy; fiury; MFk;. 66. Ropkha; fyit vd;why; vd;d? d kw;Wk; l khw;wpaq;fis rkmstpy; fye;jhy; fpilg;gJ Ropkha; fyit ( cjhuzk; ) yhf;bf; mkpyk; > lhh;lhupf; mkpyk; 67. kPNrh mikg;ig Ropkha;f; fyitapypUe;J NtWgLj;Jf.

Ropkha;f; fyit

kPNrh mikg;G

,J xU fyit. ,jpYs;s khw;wpaq;fis gphpj;jy; ,aYk;

,J xU Nrh;kk;. ,jpYs;s khw;wpaq;fis gphpj;jy; ,ayhJ

Gwkhu;e;j <L nra;jyhy; ,J xsp Row;Wk; jd;ik ,of;fpwJ.

,J cs;shu;e;j <L nra;jyhy; xsp Row;Wk; jd;ik mw;wjhfpwJ.

ifuy; jd;ik cs;sit

ifuy; jd;ikaw;wit

68. kPNrh lhu;lhupf; mkpyk; xspRow;Wk; jd;ik ,y;yhj Nru;kk;. tpthp kPNrh khw;wpaj;jpy; ,uz;L rPu;ikj; jd;ikaw;w fhh;gd; mZf;fs; ,Ug;gpDk;> xd;W kw;nwhd;wpd; Mb gpk;gkhf ,Uf;fpwJ. tpisT> ,k;%yf;$iw KOikahf Nehf;Fk;NghJ rPu;ikj; jd;ikAs;sjhf ,Uf;fpwJ. rPu;ikj;jsk; ,k;%yf;$iw ,U rk ghjpahf gpupf;fpwJ. mjdhy; ,k;%yf;$wpy; Gwntsp mikg;G> Mb gpk;gj;jpd; Nkw; nghUe;Jtjhf cs;sJ. kPNrhlhu;lhupf; mkpyj;jpd; xsp Row;whj; jd;ik %yf;$wpd; cs;shu;e;j gz;ghfpwJ kPNrhlhu;lhupf;mkpyk; 69. fPo;f;fz;l %yf;$W mikg;gpw;fhd E , Z FwpaPl;il vOJf. 1) 2) E – mikg;G Z – mikg;G 70. gpdhy;/g;jyPd; vt;thW jahupf;fg;gLfpwJ?

gPdhYld; jhypf; mkpy ePupypia Nru;j;J mlu; H2SO4 Kd;dpiyapy;

tpidg;gLj;jpdhy;> gpdhy;/g;jyPd; cz;lhfpwJ.

jhypf; ePhpyp gPdhy; gpdhy;/g;jyPd ;

H

COOH

COOH

OH

OH

H

C C

CH2OH

CH3HOH2C

H

C C

Cl

HF

Br

C

C

O

O

O

+

H

H OH

OH

con. H2SO4C

C

O

O

OH

OH


13

71. My;f`hy; cl;nfhz;l kdpjid vt;thW fz;lwpayhk;?

(my;yJ)

Rthr gFg;gha;T Nrhjidia vOJf.

xUtd; My;f`hy; cl;nfhz;bUg;gijf; fz;Lgpbf;f Rthrg; gFg;gha;T elj;jg;gLfpwJ. vj;jdhiy mkpyq;fye;j nghl;lhrpak; ilFNuhNkl;bdhy; Mf;]p[Ndw;wk; nra;J ftdpj;jwpag;gLfpwJ.

kQ;rs; epw (Cr

VI) FNuhkpak; madp (Cr

III) vDk; gr;ir epw

madpfshf khwpdhy; My;f`hy; cs;sJ cWjp nra;ag;gLfpwJ. 72. il Mf;Nrd; vt;thW jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ?

vj;jpyPd; fpisf;fhYld; mlu; fe;jf mkpyj;ij tpidGupar; nra;jhy;> ePu; %yf;$Wfs; ePf;fg;gl;L il Mf;Nrd; fpilf;fpwJ.

fpisf;fhy; 1>4> il Mf;N]d;

73. gPdhiy ilaNrhdpak; FNshiuLld; NaOH Kd;dpiyapy; tpidg; gLj;Jk; NghJ vd;d epfOk;?

(OR) ,izg;G tpidia vOJf.

(OR) gPdhiy fz;lwpa cjTk; rha Nrhjidia vOJf.

gPdhy;> ngd;rPd; ilaNrhdpak; FNshiuLld; fhuf;fiurypy;

,ize;J P- i`l;uhf;rp mNrhngd;rPd; fpilf;fpwJ.

ngd;rPd; ilaNrhdpak; gPdhy; P - i`l;uhf;rp mNrh ngd;rPd; FNshiuL (xU rptg;G MuQ;R rhak;) 74. ngd;iry; My;f`hypd; VNjDk; %d;W gad;fis vOJf.

Fwpg;gpl;l gFjpia kuj;Jg;Nghfr; nra;Ak; euk;gpy; NghLk; Crp kUe;jhfTk; GiuNahLtijj; jLf;Fk; fspk;gpy; M];Jkh> ff;Fthd; Nghd;wtw;iwf; Fzg;gLj;Jk; ngd;iry; ngd;NrhNal;lhf

nraw;if gprpd;fs; ngUkstpy; jahupf;fg;gad;gLfpwJ. 75. Nfhy;gpd; tpidia vOJf Nrhbak; gPdhf;iril fhu;gd;-il-Mf;irL cld; Nrh;j;J ntg;gg;gLj;Jk;

NghJ Nrhbak; rhyprpNyl; cz;lhfpwJ. ,ij ePu;j;j i`l;NuhFNshupf; mkpyk; nfhz;L rpijf;Fk; NghJ rhyprpypf; mkpyk; cz;lhfpwJ.

Nrhbak; gPdhf;irL rhyprpypf; mkpyk;

HO- CH2-CH2-OH

HO-CH2-CH2-OH

con. H2SO4

HO- CH2-CH2

HO-CH2-CH2

Ocon. H2SO4

CH2-CH2

CH2-CH2

OO- H2O - H2O

N=N-Cl + H OHOH -

N=N OH

ONa

COONa

CO2

OH

HCl

COOH

OH

13

71. My;f`hy; cl;nfhz;l kdpjid vt;thW fz;lwpayhk;?

(my;yJ)

Rthr gFg;gha;T Nrhjidia vOJf.

xUtd; My;f`hy; cl;nfhz;bUg;gijf; fz;Lgpbf;f Rthrg; gFg;gha;T elj;jg;gLfpwJ. vj;jdhiy mkpyq;fye;j nghl;lhrpak; ilFNuhNkl;bdhy; Mf;]p[Ndw;wk; nra;J ftdpj;jwpag;gLfpwJ.

kQ;rs; epw (Cr

VI) FNuhkpak; madp (Cr

III) vDk; gr;ir epw

madpfshf khwpdhy; My;f`hy; cs;sJ cWjp nra;ag;gLfpwJ. 72. il Mf;Nrd; vt;thW jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ?

vj;jpyPd; fpisf;fhYld; mlu; fe;jf mkpyj;ij tpidGupar; nra;jhy;> ePu; %yf;$Wfs; ePf;fg;gl;L il Mf;Nrd; fpilf;fpwJ.

fpisf;fhy; 1>4> il Mf;N]d;

73. gPdhiy ilaNrhdpak; FNshiuLld; NaOH Kd;dpiyapy; tpidg; gLj;Jk; NghJ vd;d epfOk;?

(OR) ,izg;G tpidia vOJf.

(OR) gPdhiy fz;lwpa cjTk; rha Nrhjidia vOJf.

gPdhy;> ngd;rPd; ilaNrhdpak; FNshiuLld; fhuf;fiurypy;

,ize;J P- i`l;uhf;rp mNrhngd;rPd; fpilf;fpwJ.

ngd;rPd; ilaNrhdpak; gPdhy; P - i`l;uhf;rp mNrh ngd;rPd; FNshiuL (xU rptg;G MuQ;R rhak;) 74. ngd;iry; My;f`hypd; VNjDk; %d;W gad;fis vOJf.

Fwpg;gpl;l gFjpia kuj;Jg;Nghfr; nra;Ak; euk;gpy; NghLk; Crp kUe;jhfTk; GiuNahLtijj; jLf;Fk; fspk;gpy; M];Jkh> ff;Fthd; Nghd;wtw;iwf; Fzg;gLj;Jk; ngd;iry; ngd;NrhNal;lhf

nraw;if gprpd;fs; ngUkstpy; jahupf;fg;gad;gLfpwJ. 75. Nfhy;gpd; tpidia vOJf Nrhbak; gPdhf;iril fhu;gd;-il-Mf;irL cld; Nrh;j;J ntg;gg;gLj;Jk;

NghJ Nrhbak; rhyprpNyl; cz;lhfpwJ. ,ij ePu;j;j i`l;NuhFNshupf; mkpyk; nfhz;L rpijf;Fk; NghJ rhyprpypf; mkpyk; cz;lhfpwJ.

Nrhbak; gPdhf;irL rhyprpypf; mkpyk;

HO- CH2-CH2-OH

HO-CH2-CH2-OH

con. H2SO4

HO- CH2-CH2

HO-CH2-CH2

Ocon. H2SO4

CH2-CH2

CH2-CH2

OO- H2O - H2O

N=N-Cl + H OHOH -

N=N OH

ONa

COONa

CO2

OH

HCl

COOH

OH


14

76. lt; Kiw gw;wp Fwpg;G tiuf.

FNshNuh ngd;rPid fhuj;Jld;; ntg;gg;gLj;Jk; NghJ gPdhy;; fpilf;fpwJ. ,e;j tpid lt; Kiw vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

77. mNahNlhghu;k; tpidia vOJf.

mrpl;lhy;bifL I2 / KOH cld; tpidGhpe;J mNahNlhghu;ikj;

jUfpwJ.

78. uPkh; - Bkd; tpid – rpW Fwpg;G tiuf?

gPdhiy CHCl3 kw;Wk; NaOH cld; Nrh;j;J ntg;gg;gLj;Jk; NghJ Mh;j;Njh kw;Wk; ghuh ngd;rhy;bifL fpilf;fpwJ. gPdhy; Mh;j;Njh ngd;rhy;bifL ghuh ngd;rhy;bifL 79. nlhpypd; vt;thW ngwg;gLfpwJ? nlhpjhypf; mkpyj;Jld; fpisf;fhy; tpidGhpe;J nlhpypd; fpilf;fpwJ 80.My;f`hy;fis fpupf;dhu;Lfuzpf;F fiug;ghdhf gad;gLj;j,ayhJ Vd;?

mjpf fhuj;jd;ik cs;s nghUs;fshd fupk cNyhfr; Nru;kk; (

RMgX ) -OH My; rpijtilfpd;wd. vdNt My;f`hy;fis fpupf;dhu;L fuzpf;F fiug;ghdhf gad;gLj;j ,ayhJ.

R - OH + CH3MgBr CH4 + RO – Mg – Br

81. gPdhy; [pq;f; cld; elj;Jk; tpidia vOJf.

gPdhiy [pq;f; JfSld; cld; tpidg;gLj;;Jk; NghJ ngd;rPd; fpilf;fpwJ.

gPdhy ; ngd;rPd;

C6H5Cl + NaOH C6H5OH + NaCl

FNshNuh ngd;rPd; gPdhy;

OH

CHO

CHCl3

OH

HCl

CHO

OH

NaOH

C6H5OH + Zn C6H6 + ZnO

3I2CH3CHO CI3CHO

KOHCHI3

+ HCOOK

n (OH-CH2-CH2-OH) + n HOOC- -COOH

HO-[ CH2- CH2-O-CO- -COO]n-H + (2n-1) H2O

nlhpypd;

14

76. lt; Kiw gw;wp Fwpg;G tiuf.

FNshNuh ngd;rPid fhuj;Jld;; ntg;gg;gLj;Jk; NghJ gPdhy;; fpilf;fpwJ. ,e;j tpid lt; Kiw vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

77. mNahNlhghu;k; tpidia vOJf.

mrpl;lhy;bifL I2 / KOH cld; tpidGhpe;J mNahNlhghu;ikj;

jUfpwJ.

78. uPkh; - Bkd; tpid – rpW Fwpg;G tiuf?

gPdhiy CHCl3 kw;Wk; NaOH cld; Nrh;j;J ntg;gg;gLj;Jk; NghJ Mh;j;Njh kw;Wk; ghuh ngd;rhy;bifL fpilf;fpwJ. gPdhy; Mh;j;Njh ngd;rhy;bifL ghuh ngd;rhy;bifL 79. nlhpypd; vt;thW ngwg;gLfpwJ? nlhpjhypf; mkpyj;Jld; fpisf;fhy; tpidGhpe;J nlhpypd; fpilf;fpwJ 80.My;f`hy;fis fpupf;dhu;Lfuzpf;F fiug;ghdhf gad;gLj;j,ayhJ Vd;?

mjpf fhuj;jd;ik cs;s nghUs;fshd fupk cNyhfr; Nru;kk; (

RMgX ) -OH My; rpijtilfpd;wd. vdNt My;f`hy;fis fpupf;dhu;L fuzpf;F fiug;ghdhf gad;gLj;j ,ayhJ.

R - OH + CH3MgBr CH4 + RO – Mg – Br

81. gPdhy; [pq;f; cld; elj;Jk; tpidia vOJf.

gPdhiy [pq;f; JfSld; cld; tpidg;gLj;;Jk; NghJ ngd;rPd; fpilf;fpwJ.

gPdhy ; ngd;rPd;

C6H5Cl + NaOH C6H5OH + NaCl

FNshNuh ngd;rPd; gPdhy;

OH

CHO

CHCl3

OH

HCl

CHO

OH

NaOH

C6H5OH + Zn C6H6 + ZnO

3I2CH3CHO CI3CHO

KOHCHI3

+ HCOOK

n (OH-CH2-CH2-OH) + n HOOC- -COOH

HO-[ CH2- CH2-O-CO- -COO]n-H + (2n-1) H2O

nlhpypd;


15

82. gPdhy; mk;NkhdpahTld; vt;thW tpidGupfpwJ?

gPdhiy mk;NkhdpahTld; Nru;j;J ePuw;w [pq;f; FNshiuL Kd;dpiyapy; ntg;gg;gLj;Jk;NghJ> mdpyPd; fpilf;fpwJ.

gPdhy; mdpyPd; 83. A+l;Nuhgpd; vt;thW jahupf;fg;gLfpwJ? mjd; gad;ghL ahJ? mNkhdpahTld; /ghu;khy;bi`L tpidGupe;J n`f;rh

nkj;jpypd; nll;uhkpidf; nfhLf;fpwJ. gad; : kUj;Jt Jiwapy; rpWePuf Giuj; jLg;ghdhf gad;gLfpwJ A+l;Nuhgpd; 84. /gpuPly; fpuhg;l; tpidia vOJf? ngd;rPd; ePuw;w mYkpdpak; FnshiuL Kd;dpiyapy; mrpl;ily;

FNshiuL cld; tpidgl;L mrpl;Nlh gPNdhd; fpilf;fpwJ. Ngd;rPd; mrpl;Nlh gPNdhd; 85. etefy; tpidia vOJf. ngd;rhy;bi`L gphpbd; Kd;dpiyapy; kNyhdpf; mkpyj;Jld;

tpidGhpe;J rpd;dkpf; mkpyj;ij nfhLf;fpwJ. 86. fpskd;rd; xLf;f tpidia vOJf. mrpl;Nlhd; [pq;f; ,urf;fyit> mlh; HCl cld; xLf;fkile;J i`l;Nuh fhu;gd;fshf fpilf;fpd;wd. mrpl;Nlhd; Gug;Ngd ;

H2CN

CH2

CH2

H2C

N

CH2

N

CH2

N

C6H5OH + NH3 C6H5 NH2 + H2OZnCl2

6 CH2O + 4 NH3( CH2)6 N4 + 6H2O

+ ClCOCH3AlCl3

COCH3

+ HCl

C6H5 CHO + H2C ( COOH )2gpupbd;

C6H5 CH C ( COOH )2CO2

C6H5 CH CH COOH

kNyhdpf; mkpyk; rpd;dkpf; mkpyk;

C

H3C

H3C

OZn / Hg

HClCH2

H3C

H3C

+ 4 H

15

82. gPdhy; mk;NkhdpahTld; vt;thW tpidGupfpwJ?

gPdhiy mk;NkhdpahTld; Nru;j;J ePuw;w [pq;f; FNshiuL Kd;dpiyapy; ntg;gg;gLj;Jk;NghJ> mdpyPd; fpilf;fpwJ.

gPdhy; mdpyPd; 83. A+l;Nuhgpd; vt;thW jahupf;fg;gLfpwJ? mjd; gad;ghL ahJ? mNkhdpahTld; /ghu;khy;bi`L tpidGupe;J n`f;rh

nkj;jpypd; nll;uhkpidf; nfhLf;fpwJ. gad; : kUj;Jt Jiwapy; rpWePuf Giuj; jLg;ghdhf gad;gLfpwJ A+l;Nuhgpd; 84. /gpuPly; fpuhg;l; tpidia vOJf? ngd;rPd; ePuw;w mYkpdpak; FnshiuL Kd;dpiyapy; mrpl;ily;

FNshiuL cld; tpidgl;L mrpl;Nlh gPNdhd; fpilf;fpwJ. Ngd;rPd; mrpl;Nlh gPNdhd; 85. etefy; tpidia vOJf. ngd;rhy;bi`L gphpbd; Kd;dpiyapy; kNyhdpf; mkpyj;Jld;

tpidGhpe;J rpd;dkpf; mkpyj;ij nfhLf;fpwJ. 86. fpskd;rd; xLf;f tpidia vOJf. mrpl;Nlhd; [pq;f; ,urf;fyit> mlh; HCl cld; xLf;fkile;J i`l;Nuh fhu;gd;fshf fpilf;fpd;wd. mrpl;Nlhd; Gug;Ngd ;

H2CN

CH2

CH2

H2C

N

CH2

N

CH2

N

C6H5OH + NH3 C6H5 NH2 + H2OZnCl2

6 CH2O + 4 NH3( CH2)6 N4 + 6H2O

+ ClCOCH3AlCl3

COCH3

+ HCl

C6H5 CHO + H2C ( COOH )2gpupbd;

C6H5 CH C ( COOH )2CO2

C6H5 CH CH COOH

kNyhdpf; mkpyk; rpd;dkpf; mkpyk;

C

H3C

H3C

OZn / Hg

HClCH2

H3C

H3C

+ 4 H


16

87. ghu;kpf; mkpyk; lhyd;]; tpidg; nghUis xLf;FfpwJ. Mdhy; mrpbf; mkpyk; xLf;Ftjpy;iy fhuzk; jUf.

ghu;kpf; mkpyk; My;bi`L njhFjpiaAk;> fhh;ghf;rpy; njhFjpiaAk; ngw;Ws;sJ. ,jpYs;s My;bi`L njhFjp lhyd;]; tpidg;nghUis xLf;Ffpd;wJ.

Mdhy; mrpbf; mkpyj;jpy; My;bi`L njhFjp ,y;iy. vdNt ,J lhyd;]; tpidg;nghUis xLf;Ftjpy;iy.

88. v];luhf;Fjy;> kw;Wk; khw;W v];luhf;Fjy; tpidia vOJf. v];luhf;Fjy; tpid:

mrpbf; mkpyk; fdpk mkpyj;jpd; Kd;dpiyapy; My;f`hYld; tpidg;gl;L v];lh;fis cUthf;Ffpd;wd.

mrpbf; mkpyk; My;f`hy; v];lh; khw;W v];luhf;Fjy; tpid:

v];liu fdpk mkpyj;jpd; Kd;dpiyapy; My;f`hYld; tpidg;gl;L khw;W v];lh;fisAk; cUthf;Ffpd;wd.

v];lh; My;f`hy; khw;W v];lh;

89. M];gphpd; vt;thW jahupf;fg;gLfpwJ. rhyprpypf; mkpyk; mrpbf; ePhpypAld; Nrh;j;J ntg;gg;gLj;Jk; NghJ

M];gphpd; fpilf;fpwJ. rhyprpypf; mkpyk; M];gphpd; 90. Nfg;upay; /jhypikL njhFj;jy; gw;wp vOJf.

jhypikL KOH cld; tpidGhpe;J nghl;lhrpak; /jhypikilj; jUfpwJ. ,ij My;ify; `hiyLld; tpidg;gLj;j N – My;ify; /jhypikL fpilf;fpwJ.

mjid KOH cld; tpidg;gLj;j nghl;lhrpak; /jhNyl;ilAk;>

Xhpiza mkpidAk; jUfpwJ. jhypikL Xhpiza mkpd;

CH3COOH + CH3OHH+

CH3COOCH3 + H2O

CH3COOCH3 + C2H5OHH+

CH3COOC2H5 + H2O

COOH

OH( CH3CO )2O

COOH

OCOCH3

CO

CO

NH

CO

CO

NKKOH

-H2O

RX

-KXCO

CO

NR

KOH

COOK

COOK

+ RNH2


17

91. laNrh Mf;fk; vd;why; vd;d? Fsph; epiyapy; cs;s Nrhbak; iel;iul;> HCl y; fiuf;fg;gl;Ls;s mdpyPDld; tpidGhpe;J njspthd fiury; ngwg;gLfpwJ. ,e;;j jputk; ngd;rPd; ilaNrhdpak; FNshiuL MFk;.

ngd;rPd; ilaNrhdpak; FNshiuL 92. kaf;f%l;bfs; ahit? Xu; cjhuzk; jUf. czh;tpof;fr; nra;Ak; kUe;Jfs; kaf;f %l;bfs; vdg;gLk; kaf;f%l;bfs; (v.fh) <jh;> FNshNuhghu;k;

nghJ kaf;f%l;bfs; Fwpg;gpl;l ,lj;ij czh;tpof;fr; nra;Ak; fhuzpfs; ,it vy;yh tifahd czh;itAk; ,of;fr; nra;git. Fwpg;ghf typ czh;it kPs; jd;ikAld; ,of;fr; nra;fpwJ.

,it nghJ czh;it ghjpf;fhky; typAs;s ,lj;jpy; kl;Lk; typ czh;it ePf;Ffpd;wd.

93. Giu jLg;ghd; (or) Md;bnrg;bf; gw;wp RUf;fkhf vOJf. (or)

maNlhghu;k;> gPidy; fiury;fs; Vd; Giuj;jLg;ghd;fs; vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wd?

Ez;Zaph;fis mopg;gjw;Nfh my;yJ mtw;iw fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;Nfh gad;gLk; Ntjpg;nghUs;fs; Giu jLg;ghd; vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.

maNlhghu;k; GiujLg;ghdhfTk;> ,jd; 1% fiury; fpUkp ehrpdpahfTk;

0.2% gPdhy; fiury; GiujLg;ghdhfTk;> ,jd; 1% fiury; fpUkp ehrpdpahfTk; gad;gLfpwJ.

94. epwk; cwpQ;rpfs; ahit? rhd;Wfs; jUf.

fhpkr; Nru;kq;fspd; epwj;jpw;F fhuzkha; tpsq;Fk; mtw;wpd; epiwTwh njhFjpfs; (2 kw;Wk; 3 gpizg;G cs;s Nrh;kk;) epwk; cwpQ;rpfs; vdg;gLk;.

iel;Nuh njhFjp

95. nraw;if ,dpg;G RitA+l;bfs; ahit? rhd;Wfs; jUf. Ma;tfj;jpy; njhFf;fg;gLk; rpy fupkr; Nrh;kq;fs; fUk;Gr; ru;f;fiuia tpl gd;klq;F ,dpg;Gr; Rit cilajhf ,Uf;Fk;. mit nraw;if ,dpg;G Rita+l;bfs; vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.

v.fh rhf;upd;> ly;rpd; 96. gPdhiy fz;lwpAk; Ma;Tfis $Wf.

gPdhy; eLepiy nghpf;FNshiuL cld; Cjh epwj;ij nfhLf;Fk; gPdhy; GNuhkpd; ePh; cld; ntz;ik epw tPo;gbT fpilf;Fk;; gPdhy; laNrhdpak; cg;Gld; MuQ;R rptg;G rhak; fpilf;fpwJ.

C6H5 NH2 + HNO2HCl C6H5N2Cl + 2H2O

N

O

O


18

97. ghu;kpf; mkpyk; kw;w mkpyq;fspypUe;J vt;thW NtWgLfpwJ? (my;yJ) ghu;kpf; mkpyj;jpd; xLf;Fk; gz;gpid tpsf;Ff.

My;bifL kw;Wk; mkpyk; ,uz;L njhFjpiaAk; ngw;Ws;sJ.

/ngypq;f; fiuriyAk;> lhyd;]; fuzpAk; xLf;FfpwJ.

KMnO4 fiurypd; ,sQ;rptg;G epwj;ij epwkpof;fr; nra;fpwJ.

98. rhaq;fspd; rpwg;gk;rq;fs; ahit?

jFe;j epwq;fis ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk;

ePh;> ePh;;j;j mkpyk; & fhuk; Mfpatw;wpy; ghjpf;fg;glhj jd;ikia ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.

rhaq;fs; Jzpfspd; Nky; epue;jukhf gpizf;fg;gLk; jd;ikAilajhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;

99. fpspruhy; ePh; ePf;f tpidia (or) mf;Nuhypd; jahupj;jiy vOJf

fpspruhy; KHSO4 Kd;dpiyapy; ePh; %yf;$Wfis ,oe;J mf;Nuhypd;

fpilf;fpwJ.

100. gpuhf; tpjpia $Wf. X – fjph;fspd; miyePsk;> gbfj;jpy; cs;s jsq;fSf;F ,ilNaahd njhiyT kw;Wk; vjpnuhspg;Gf; Nfhzk; Mfpatw;wpf; fpilNaahd njhlh;ig tpsf;Fk; vspa rkd;ghL gpuhf; rkd;ghL MFk; n= 2d sin

Nju;tpy; mjpf kjpg;ngz;fs; ngw

tho;j;Jf;fs;…

CH2OH

CHOH

CH2OH

KHSO4

CH2

C

CHOH

CH2

CH

CHO

fpspruhy; epiyaw;wJ mf;Nuhypd;


ntjpapay; nky;epiy ,uz;lhk; mz;l · ntjpapay; nky;epiy ,uz;lhk; mz;l %d;w kjpg;ngz; ......

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