ntd nutrisi ternak dasar - pencernaan dan metabolisme … · these protein-coated lipid droplets...

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11/4/15 1 Lipid Diges.on 3.1 CLASSIFICATION OF LIPID LIPID GLYCEROL BASED NONGLYCEROL BASED SIMPLE COMPOUND GLYCOLIPID PHOSPHOGLYCERIDES SPHINGOMYELINS CEREBROSIDES WAXES STEROIDS TERPENES FATS GLUCOLIPIDS GALACTOLIPIDS LECITHINS CEPHALINS

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Page 1: NTD Nutrisi Ternak Dasar - Pencernaan dan Metabolisme … · These protein-coated lipid droplets are called chylomicrons ... NTD Nutrisi Ternak Dasar - Pencernaan dan Metabolisme

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Lipid  Diges.on  

3.1 CLASSIFICATION OF LIPID

LIPID    

                                         GLYCEROL  BASED                                        NON-­‐GLYCEROL  BASED    SIMPLE                                        COMPOUND                                      GLYCOLIPID                                                PHOSPHOGLYCERIDES  

                                                             SPHINGOMYELINS                                                                CEREBROSIDES                                                                WAXES                                                                STEROIDS                                                                TERPENES  

FATS            GLUCOLIPIDS          GALACTOLIPIDS        LECITHINS                        CEPHALINS  

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3.2.  FATS  

•  FATS  AND  OILS  ARE  CONSTITUENTS  OF  BOTH  PLANTS  AND  ANIMALS    

•  BOTH  HAVE  THE  SAME  GENERAL  STRUCTURE  BUT  HAVE  DIFFERENT  PHYSICAL  AND  CHEMICAL  PROPERTIES.    

 •  ESSENTIAL  FATTY  ACIDS  =  LINOLEIC,  ARACHIDONIC,  LINOLENIC    

•  PROPERTIES  OF  FATS  =  –  HYDROLISIS  (SAPONIFICATION),    –  OXIDATION,    –  ANTIOXIDANTS,    –  HYDROGENATION  

3.3  Glycolipids    •  In  these  compounds  two  of  the  alcohol  groups  of  the  glycerol  are  

esterified  by  faVy  acids  and  the  other  is  linked  to  a  sugar  residue.  

         CH2OH  

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3.4. STEROIDS •  STEROLS

These have eight to ten carbon atoms in the side chain, an alcohol group at carbon atom 3, but no carbonyl or carboxyl groups. They may be classified into: q  The phytosterols of plant origin, q  The mycosterols of fungal origin, q  The zoosterols of animal origin.

•  CHOLESTEROL HDL, LDL

•  ERGOSTEROL

This phytosterol is widely distributed in brown algae, bacteria and higher plants. •  BILE ACID •  STEROID HORMONES            

 OESTROGENS  AND  PROGESTERONE  

Monogastric  Diges.on  

•  Challenges  – Lipids  are  not  water  soluble  – Triglycerides  too  large  to  be  absorbed  

•  Diges.ve  solu.on  – Triglycerides  mix  with  bile  and  pancrea.c  secre.ons  

•  Emulsifica.on  and  diges.on  

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Bile  •  Produced  in  liver,  stored  in  gallbladder  

–  Except  horse  •  Alkaline  solu.on  composed  of:  

–  Bile  salts  –  Cholesterol  –  Lecithin  –  Bilirubin  

•  Responsible  for  fat  emulsifica.on  –  Detergent  ac.on  

Mixed  micelle  formed  by  bile  salts,  triacylglycerols  and    pancreaMc  lipase.    

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Diges.on  of  Lipid  

•  Bile  salts  emulsify  lipids  •  Pancrea.c  lipase  acts  on  triglycerides  

–  Triglycerides                sn-­‐2  monoglyceride  +  2  faVy  acids  

•  Pancrea.c  (co)  lipase  –  Ac.vated  by  trypsin  –  Interacts  with  triglyceride  and  pancrea.c  lipase    

•  Displaces  bile  to  allow  recycling  •  Improves  ac.vity  of  pancrea.c  lipase  

Pancrea.c  Colipase  

•  Secreted  from  pancreas  as  procolipase  –  Ac.vated  (cleaved)  by  trypsin  

•  Anchors  lipase  to  the  micelle  –  One  colipase  to  one  lipase  (i.e.,  1:1  ra.o)  

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Dietary Fat (large TG droplet)

Bile Salts

Lipid emulsion

Lipase 2-Monoglyceride

+ 2 FFA

Emulsifica.on  

•  Produces  small  lipid  spheres  – Greater  surface  area  

•  Lipases  aVack  TG  at  1  and  3  posi.ons  Gl

ycerol

Fatty Acid1

Fatty Acid2

Fatty Acid3

Lipase

Gl

ycerol

Fatty Acid3

Fatty Acid1 Fatty Acid2

Triglyceride 2-Monoglyceride

+

2 Free Fatty Acids

2 H20

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Diges.on  of  Lipid  

•  Phospholipase  A1  and  A2  – Hydrolyzes  faVy  acids  from  phospholipids  

•  Cholesterol  esterase  – Hydrolyzes  faVy  acids  from  cholesterol  esters  

Micelle  Forma.on  

•  Complex  of  lipid  materials  soluble  in  water  •  Contains  bile  salts,  phospholipids  &  cholesterol  

•  Combines  with  2-­‐monoglycerides,  free  faVy  acids  and  fat-­‐soluble  vitamins  to  form  mixed  micelles  

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Micelle  Forma.on  

Lipid  Absorp.on  

•  Mixed  micelles  move  to  intes.nal  mucosal  cells  (enterocytes)  and  release  contents  near  cell  

•  The  bile  salts  are  re-­‐absorbed  further  down  the  gastrointes.nal  tract  (in  the  ileum),  transported  to  the  liver,  and  finally  recycled  and  secreted  back  into  the  diges.ve  tract  

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Nutrient  Absorp.on  -­‐  Lipids  

•  FaVy  acids,  2-­‐monoglycerides,  cholesterol,  and  cholesterol  esters  move  down  concentra.on  gradient  (passive  diffusion)  

•  Repackaged  in  intes.nal  cell  for  transport  to  liver  – Some  is  reformed  into  triglycerides  – Chylomicrons  

Lipid  Absorp.on  

•  Once  in  enterocyte  – Glycerol  and  short  chain  faVy  acids  directly  enter  mesenteric  blood  

– 2-­‐monoglycerides  and  longer-­‐chain  free  faVy  acids  reformed  into  triglycerides,  and  then  packaged  with  protein  to  form  chylomicrons  

– Phospholipids  hydrolyzed  to  free  faVy  acids  

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Lipid  Absorp.on  

Short and medium chain fatty acids

simple diffusion exocytosis

Lipid  Absorp.on  (Chylomicrons)  •  Chylomicrons  absorbed  from  enterocytes  into  lacteals  (lymph  vessels)  – Ul.mately  enter  blood  via  thoracic  duct  

•  Most  long  chain  faVy  acids  absorbed  into  lympha.c  system  

–  Excep.on  is  poultry  

•  Blood  lipids  transported  as  lipoproteins  

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Lipid  Absorp.on  (Direct  Transfer)  •  Alternate  route  is  for  free  faVy  acids  to  enter  circula.on  directly  – Free  faVy  acids  (FFA)  also  called  non-­‐esterified  faVy  acids  (NEFA)  

– Mostly  less  than  12  C  (short  and  medium  chain  faVy  acids)  

•  Non-­‐esterified  faVy  acids  enter  the  liver  via  the  portal  vein  

Overview  of  FaVy  Acid  Uptake  •  Short-­‐  and  medium-­‐chain  faVy  acids  

–  Enter  portal  blood  directly  from  enterocytes  –  Bound  to  albumin  in  blood  

•  Albumin–FFA  complex  –  Oxidized  in  liver  or  elongated  and  used  for  triglyceride  forma.on  

•  Long-­‐chain  faVy  acids  –  Form  chylomicrons  –  Drain  into  the  lympha.cs  via  the  lacteal  in  mammals  (no  lacteal  in  avian  small  intes.nal  villi)  

–  Enter  bloodstream  at  the  thoracic  duct  •  Upstream  from  liver  •  Slow  entry  into  the  blood  

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In  the  Enterocyte...  •  Newly  formed  triglycerides  accumulate  as  ‘lipid  droplets’  at  the  endoplasmic  re.culum  –  Coated  with  a  protein  layer  

•  Stabilizes  lipids  for  transport  in  lymph  and  blood  (aqueous  environment)  

•  At  the  Golgi  apparatus,  carbohydrates  are  aVached  to  the  protein  coat  

•  The  glycoproteins  act  as  signaling  molecules    

These protein-coated lipid droplets are called chylomicrons

Overview of Lipid Digestion in Mammals

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Overview  of  Lipid  Diges.on  and  Absorp.on  in  Avians  

Portal blood*  

*Lymph  in  mammals  

FaVy  acid  

bind

ing  protein  

Lipid  Diges.on  -­‐  Ruminants  

•  Microbes  rapidly  modify  lipids:  •  Lipolysis  

Triglycerides    Glycerol  +  3  free  faVy  acids  

•  Biohydrogena.on  –  Addi.on  of  H  to  unsaturated  faVy  acids  

•  Satura.on  –  If  carried  to  comple.on,  all  double  bonds  become  single  bonds  

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Biohydrogena.on  

Weight percent of fatty acids

Fatty acid Diet Abomasal digesta

16:0 (palmitic) 18:0 (stearic) 18:2 (linoleic) 18:3 (linolenic)

26 6 17 31

29 45 4 6

Sheep fed alfalfa hay

Biohydrogena.on  

•  Reduc.on  of  double  bonds  •  Result:  faVy  acids  that  are  more  saturated  with  hydrogen  

Saturated  

Unsaturated  

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Biohydrogena.on  of  Linoleic  Acid  

Linoleic acid (18:2)

cis-9, trans-11 CLA

trans-11 18:1

Stearic acid (18:0)

isomerase

reductase

reductase

Intermediate  fa-y  acids  are  conjugated  linoleic  acids  

Lipid  Diges.on  and  Synthesis  by  Microbes  

•  Rumen  microbes  –  Produce  “trans”  configured  double  bonds  –  Alter  chain  length  –  Change  posi.on  of  double  bonds  –  Produce  odd-­‐chain  and  branched-­‐chain  FA  

•  Rumen  adipose  .ssue  varies  greatly  from  dietary  fat  –  Dietary  fat  must  be  rumen  protected  to  affect  animal    

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Effect  of  Lipid  on  Rumen  Fermenta.on  

•  Excess  amounts  of  unsaturated  faVy  acids  and  triglycerides  –  Decrease  methane  produc.on  –  Impair  fiber  diges.on  –  Form  soaps  –  Alter  rumen  metabolism  towards  propionate  produc.on  –  less  acetate  

•  Decrease  milk  fat  –  Produce  trans  faVy  acids  

•  Inhibit  lipid  synthesis  in  mammary  gland  –  Decrease  milk  fat  

Lipid  Diges.on  -­‐  Ruminant  

•  Diges.on  and  absorp.on  of  lipids  is  similar  to  monogastrics  except  – Fat  enters  small  intes.ne  in  different  form  than  was  presented  to  animal  in  diet  

– Lipids  absorbed  more  slowly  – More  transported  as  VLDL