NS 1300 Emergence of Modern Science

Chapter #18Rock Cycle

Rock Cycle

Types of Rocks

IgneousIntrusiveExtrusivePyroclastic

SedimentaryChemical

Precipitates and Evaporites Fossiliferous

Clastic Sorted Unsorted

MetamorphicFoliatedUnfoliated

Distribution of Elements in the Solar System

Elements in the Sun

Carbonaceous Chondrites

Elements in the Earth’s Core

Elements in the Earth’s Mantle

Elements in the Earth’s Crust

Elements in the Earth’s Hydrosphere and Atmosphere

Minerals in Earths’ Crust

Oxygen = 46.6 %Silicon = 27.7 %Aluminum = 8.1 %Iron = 5 %Calcium = 3.6 %Potassium = 2.8 %Magnesium = 2.6 %All Others = 1.5 %

Mineral Identification

Mineral ClassesSilicatesOxidesCarbonatesSulfidesSulphatesHalidesPhosphatesHydroxidesNative Elements

Using Mineral Properties to Identify Minerals

Luster

Color and Streak

HardnessMoh’s Scale of Hardness

Cleavage

Specific Gravity

Special Properties

Rock Texture

Random Crystalline Texture

Clastic Texture

Foliated Texture

Mineralogic Composition

Igneous Minerals

Sedimentary Minerals

Metamorphism

Recrystallization

Using Texture and Mineralogic Composition to Identify Rocks

Igneous RocksIntrusiveExtrusivePyroclastic

Sedimentary RocksClasticNonclastic

Metamorphic RocksFoliatedUnfoliated

Igneous Rock Texture

PhaneriticCoarse-GrainedMedium-GrainedFine-Grained

AphaniticGlassyVesicularPyroclastic

Porphyritic

Igneous Mineral Composition

FelsicGraniteRhyolite

MaficBasaltGabbro

IntermediateDioriteAndesite

Bowen’s Reaction Series

Continuous Reaction Series

Discontinuous Reaction Series

Using Texture and Mineralogic Characteristics to Identify Igneous Rocks

PhaneriticAmount of QuartzAmount and Type of FeldsparFerromagnesian Minerals

AphaniticTextureColor

PorphyriticPhenocrysts

Sedimentary Rocks

Sediment FormationMechanical and Chemical Weathering

Sediment TransportWater, Ice, Wind and Gravity

Sediment DepositionEnvironment of Deposition

Environment of Deposition

Non-marineTerrigenousLacustrine

MarineLittoralPelagic

Transitional

Clastic Sedimentary Rocks

SortingGrain Size

Boulders Pebbles Sand Silt Clay

Rounding

Classification by Grain Size

UnsortedConglomerateBreccia

SortedQuartz SandstoneArkoseGraywackeSiltstoneShale

BioClastic Sedimentary Rocks

Micritic LimestonePelletal LimestoneOolitic LimestoneChalkFossiliferous LimestoneCoquina

Chemical Sedimentary Rocks

PrecipitatesLimestoneDolomiteTravertineChert

EvaporitesGypsumHalite

Other Compositions

Siliceous Sedimentary Rocks

Dolomite

Coal

Sedimentary Structures

Cross-Stratification

Graded Bedding

Ripple-Marks

Mud Cracks

Metamorphic Processes

Recrystallization

Crystallization

Rotation

Metamorphic Mineral Composition

PeliticShale to Slate to Phylite to Schist to Gneiss

ArenaceousGranite to Schist to Gneiss

MaficAndesite to Schist to Gneiss

CalcareousLimestone to Marble

Conditions of Metamorphism

Contact Metamorphism

Regional Metamorphism

Classification of Metamorphic Rocks

FoliatedSlatePhylliteSchistGneiss

UnfoliatedMarbleQuartzite

Rock Cycle