november 2018 (hindi) - researchreinforcement.com

PatronShri Rajendra Prasad Gupta

RAS (Rtd.), Govt. of Rajasthan, Jaipur (Raj.)

Editor in ChiefDr. Pankaj Gupta

Assistant Professor, Department of College Education, Govt. of Rajasthan

EditorsDr. Sanjay Kedia Dr. Archana BansalAssistant Principal, IIERD, Jaipur (Raj.) Lecturer, Govt. S.S. School, Jaipur (Raj.)

Associate EditorsDr. Vinod K. Bhardwaj Dr. Shiv Kumar MishraAssoc. Prof., Dept. of College Edu., Govt. of Raj. Asst. Prof., Govt. P.G. College, Kota (Raj.)

Dr. Jagadeesh Giri Ms. Deepshikha ParasharAsst. Prof., University of Rajasthan, Jaipur (Raj.) Asst. Prof., The IIS University, Jaipur (Raj.)

Dr. Shikha SharmaUniversity of Rajasthan, Jaipur (Raj.)

Research Reinforcement(A P�� R�� I�� R�� J��)

Editor’s Desk

Advisory BoardProf. Lal Mervin Dharmisiri Prof. Dr. Mohammad IqbalDirector, NCAS, Colombo, Sri Lanka Shah Jalal University of Sci. & Tech., Sylhet, Bangladesh

Prof. B.L. Sukhwal Prof. Syeda Rozana RashidWisconsin University, Medison, USA Dhaka University, Bangladesh

Dr. Kedar P. Acharya Prof. Miroljub JevticUGC, Nepal University of Belgrade, Belgrade

Prof. P.N. Shastry Prof. Kaushal Kishore MishraVice Chancellor, Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan, New Delhi Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi (U.P.)

Prof. Uma Gole Prof. Rajeev Gupta (Rtd.)Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur (Chh.) University of Rajasthan, Jaipur (Raj.)

Prof. Ravindra G. Jayabhaye Prof. K.G. SharmaSavitrbai Phule Pune University, Pune (Maharashtra) University of Rajasthan, Jaipur (Raj.)

Prof. P.S. Bhatnagar (Rtd.) Prof. B.L. Fadia (Rtd.)University of Rajsthan, Jaipur (Raj.) JNV University, Jodhpur (Raj.)

Dr. Vimal Prasad Agarwal Prof. M. Pareek (Rtd.)Ex-Chairman, RBSE, Ajmer (Raj.) University of Rajasthan, Jaipur (Raj.)

Dr. Inakshi Chaturvedi Prof. S.K. SharmaUniversity of Rajasthan, Jaipur (Raj.) Chaudhary Charan Singh University, Meerut (U.P.)

Prof. H.S. Sharma Prof. K.S. SharmaUniversity of Rajasthan, Jaipur (Raj.) The IIS University, Jaipur (Raj.)

Prof. B. Srinagesh Prof. Archana PurohitOsmania University, Hyderabad (Telangana) Mata Jijabai Govt. Girls College (Auto.), Indore (M.P.)

Vinay Kumar Sharma Prof. Virendra NagaraleDean, Faculty of Commerce, UOR, Jaipur (Raj.) SNDT Women University, Pune (MH)

Board of RefreesDr. Nandkumar N. Sawant Dr. Savita MishraPrincipal, Parvatibai Chowgule College, Madgaon (Goa) Principal, Vidyasagar College of Education, Darjeeling (W.B.)

Dr. Wangshimenla Jamir Dr. Aditi PednekarAssoc. Prof., Nagaland Central Uni., HQ Lumami (Nagaland) Economics, Jaipur (Raj.)

Dr. Sameena Hameed Dr. Monika KannanAssoc. Prof., SIS, JNU (Delhi) Head, Geography, So�ia Girls Autonomous College, Ajmer (Raj.)

Dr. Anju Beniwal Dr. Iyatta M. UpretiAsst. Prof., Sociology, Govt. Meera Girls College, Udaipur (Raj.) Principal, Sikkim Govt. College, Rhenok (Sikkim)

Dr. Sherap Bhutia Dr. Sheenu JainAsst. Prof., Darjeeling Govt. College, Darjeeling (W.B.) Asst. Prof., Jaipuria Institute of Management, Jaipur (Raj.)

Dr. Ibalari Phylla Khongjoh Dr. Shakti Singh ShekhawatAsst. Prof., Economics, Synod College, Shillong (Meghalaya) Asst. Prof., Pol. Sci., Govt. College, Jaipur (Raj.)

Dr. Batskhem Myrboh Dr. Ravindra TailorAsst. Prof., Pol. Sci., Synod College, Shillong (Meghalaya) Asst. Prof., History, Maulana Azad University, Jodhpur (Raj.)

Virendra Sharma Dr. Avdhesh SharmaAsst. Prof., History, Govt. Girls PG College, Ajmer (Raj.) Asst. Prof., Sanskrit, Govt. Arts College, Chimanpura, Jaipur (Raj.)

Dr. Shivangna Sharma Dr. Vishal Vikram SinghAssoc. Prof., Sanskrit, Govt. Arts College, Chimanpura, Jaipur (Raj.) Vice Principal, Raj. College, Uni. of Rajasthan, Jaipur, (Raj.)


From the EditorDear authors/ readers/ reviewers,

It is my pleasure to welcome you all and wishing you a very happy New Year 2019 in advance.

This Research Reinforcement journal, an initiative, was started to share research works, commenced in the disciplines of social science and humanities. Our focus is to provide platform to young and mature scholars who have been keenly exploring the possibilities to get their research published on one hand, and also to ensure reach upto the pioneer researchers and learners in their respective �ields. This journal, which is UGC approved and is moving in its 6th year of its circulation, is attracting academicians from all corners of the country, and even from abroad like Nepal, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh. It is a peer reviewed journal which is academically cooperated by legendary experts from various disciplines as advisor and referees. Research papers and articles from social science and humanities backgrounds are published in this journal. We more prefer the �irst hand based research and analytical articles in this journal. Besides, we are equally providing space to the research papers based on survey, discussions and reviews.

We expect more scholars to join this platform and make this effort to contribute excellent in academia.

Best Wishes

Dr. Pankaj GuptaThe Editor in chief

S.No. Particulars Page No.

1. Cƒ {ejm, Zd CXmadmX : g¡Õm§{VH$ ÑpîQ>H$moU 1

S>m°. amOoe Hw$_ma Om§{J‹S> Ed§ S>m°. AemoH$

2. amOñWmZ Ho$ àOm_ÊS>b AmÝXmobZ _| _{hbmAm| H$s ^y{_H$m 8

S>m°. g§Ord Hw$_ma

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gwaoe MÝÐ H$mÊS>nmb

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ào_ gmoZdmb

5. ^maV-nm{H$ñVmZ g§~§Ym| _o§ epŠV Ag§VwbZ Am¡a eñÌ Xm¡‹S> H$s g_ñ`m : EH$ {díbofUmË_H$ AÜ``Z 22

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9. ^maVr` amOZr{V _| Z¡{VH$ _yë`mo§ H$m nVZ : EH$ {díbofU 44

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10. ^maVr` bmoH$V§Ì _| amOZr{VH$ Xb VWm Y_© : EH$ AÜ``Z 48

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S>m°. A{Zb Hw$_ma nmarH$

12. ^maV _| X{bV _{hbmAm| H$s _mZdm{YH$ma àpñW{V : dV©_mZ n[aàoú` 58

M§Mb amZr


Contents

13. A\$JmZ g_ñ`m : ^maVr` {dXoe Zr{V Ho$ n[aàoú` _| 64

S>m°. _Yw ~mbm

14. AÝVaamîQ´>r` AmV§H$dmX : bmoH$Vm§{ÌH$ _yë`m| Ed§ _mZd gä`Vm Ho$ {bE ~‹S>r MwZm¡Vr 69

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15. G$½d¡{XH$ amOVÝÌ - CgH$s àH¥${V Ed§ gr_mE± 74

S>m°. H¡$bme MÝX e_m©

16. Bgamo H$m Eo{Vhm{gH$ g\$a, CnbpãY`m± Am¡a ~XbVo n[aX¥í` Ho$ gmW MwZm¡{V`m§ 79

A{ZVm _hbm

17. amOñWmZ H$s geº$ _{hbm : EH$ {dH$mgmË_H$ AÜ``Z ({ejm Ho$ {deof gÝX^© _|) 85

S>m°. A§Ow gwWma

18. AmO H$m g_` Am¡a Jm±YrdmXr H${dVm 90

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19. gm_m{OH$ _r{S>`m : Z¡{VH$ _yë`m| H$m Ad_yë`Z 94

O` àH$me qgh Ed§ S>m°. {dîUw Hw$_ma

20. CÎma AmYw{ZH$VmdmXr H$hmZr H$m d¡Mm[aH$ ñdê$n 98

gr_m g¡Zr

21. ^maVr` amOì`dñWm _| g§gXr` g{_{V`m| H$s àmg§{JH$Vm : EH$ {díbofU 102

S>m°. ào_ qgh

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Vm{ha Ah_X

23. _mZdm{YH$ma Ed§ ñÌr {d_e© 111

S>m°. h[aMaU _rZm

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{eàm qgh

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S>m°. hZw_mZ àgmX _rZm

26. A§Y{dídmg Am¡a M_ËH$mam| H$m g_mO 124

S>m°. AM©Zm JmoXmam

27. gwemgZ Ed§ gyMZm H$m A{YH$ma 129

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28. ñÌr Apñ_Vm Am¡a Zm{gam e_m© 135

S>m° d§XZm ~a_oMm

S.No. Particulars Page No.

C^aVr kmZ AmYm[aV AW©ì`dñWmE§ ì`{º$JV Ed§ amï´>r` XmoZm| ñVam| na Cƒ {ejm Ho$ _hËd H$mo aoIm§{H$V H$aVr h¡§& Am` AO©Z H$m g§~§Y Am¡nMm[aH$ {ejm Ho$ ñVa go Ow‹S>m hþAm h¡ ( ~modoZ, 1977)& AÜ``Z Xem©Vo h¡§ {H$ _mÜ`{_H$ {ejm Ho$ ~mX H$s {ejm H$m Cƒ doVZ, Zm¡H$ar _| A{YH$ J{VerbVm Am¡a OrdZ H$s JwUdÎmm Ho$ gmW _hËdnyU© g§~§Y hmoVm h¡ (~modoZ, 1977)& Xoe AnZr Am{W©H$ Zr{V`m| _| Cƒ {ejm H$s _w»` ^y{_H$m na Ü`mZ H|${ÐV H$aVo h¡§& `Ú{n Cƒ {ejm Ho$ {dñVma VWm BgH$s ~‹T>Vr bmJV Ho$ H$maU gaH$mam| H$s qMVm ~Zr hþB© ahVr h¡& Cƒ {ejm àXmZ H$aZo H$s bmJV H$mo H$_ H$aZo H$s ~mV H$mo gaH$ma Ü`mZ _| aIVr h¡ bo{H$Z BgH$s JwUdÎmm d _mÌm {dñVma Ho$ {bE gX¡d ~b XoZo H$s ahr h¡ (ñbm°Q>a, 2001)& d¡pídH$ kmZ AmYm[aV AW©ì`dñWmAm| Ho$ _Ü` à{V`mo{JVm ~‹T>Zo Ho$ gmW Cƒ {ejm JhZ N>§Q>Zr Ho$ AYrZ Am JB© h¡ (dmoR>og©²nyZ, 2004)& Cƒ {ejm Ho$ H$m`© Xoem| Ho$ AZwgma {^ÝZ {^ÝZ h¡, Omo Xoem| _| ì`dñWm H$m B{Vhmg, g§aMZm, {ejH$m| H$s na§namJV ^y{_H$m d CÎmaXm{`Ëd Ed§ AZw^d VWm N>mÌm| H$s bJZ Am¡a AÝ` {deofVmAm| na AmYm[aV hmoVr h¡& `Ú{n Xoe _| Cƒ {ejm H$s ì`dñWm Xoe H$s {deofVmAm| go ~§Yr hþB© h¡ Vmo ^r d¡pídH$ e{º$`m§ Xþ{Z`m ^a _| BgH$s àH¥${V d CÔoí` _| n[adV©Z bm ahr h¡§ (ñbm°Q>a, VWm boñbr, 1997)& d¡pídH$ e{º$`m§ d¡ídrH$aU Ûmam Cƒ {ejm

emoY gmam§e

Zd CXmadmX Hw$N> Eogr {d{eï> nyd© _mÝ`VmAm| na AmYm[aV h¡ Omo gm_mÝ`: {ejm Ho$ ~mOma Am¡a ImgVm¡a go Cƒ {ejm Ho$ ~mOma na nyar Vah bmJy Zht hmoVr h¡& ZdCXmadmX _ybV: EH$ amOZr{VH$ d¡Mm[aH$s h¡ Omo ì`dhma _| emgZ Ûmam Am{W©H$ Zr{V`m| Ho$ ê$n _| {XImB© XoVr h¡& My§{H$ Cƒ {ejm Hw$N> hX VH$ gmd©O{ZH$ dñVw ^r h¡, `h _o[aQ> dñVw ^r h¡, `h Cn^moJ H$s dñVw ^r h¡ VWm gmW hr {Zdoe H$s dñVw ^r h¡& Cƒ {ejm H$s àH¥${V Cn^moJ H$s AÝ` dñVwAm| go {^ÝZ h¡ Š`m|{H$ Bggo Z Ho$db ì`pŠV H$mo {ZOr bm^ {_bVo h¡§ ~pëH$ BgHo$ gmd©O{ZH$ bm^ ^r h¡&

g§Ho$Vmja … ZdCXmadmX, Cƒ {ejm, gmd©O{ZH$ dñVw, _o[aQ> dñVw, Cn^moJ dñVw, {Zdoe dñVw, d¡ídrH$aU, {ZOrH$aU

H$mo BgHo$ Zm_m§H$Z, gmd©^m¡{_H$ nhþ§M, {ZOrH$aU, dhZr`Vm, {dH|$ÐrH$aU Am¡a CÎmaXm{`Ëd Ho$ ê$n _| n[adV©Z H$a à^m{dV H$a ahr h¡&

amo~moQ>gZ (1992) Ho$ AZwgma d¡ídrH$aU go VmËn`© dh AdYmaUm h¡ {OgZo g§nyU© {díd H$mo ZOXrH$ bm {X`m h¡ VWm {díd H$mo EH$ BH$mB© Ho$ ê$n _| hmoZo H$s MoVZm H$mo Jham {H$`m h¡& ãby_ (2004) H$hVo h¡§ {H$ d¡ídrH$aU dh à{H«$`m h¡ {OgHo$ Ûmam Xoe Amng _| EH$sH¥$V hþE h¡§ Am¡a Bg EH$sH$aU H$m _mÜ`_ ny§Or, l_, dñVwAm| Am¡a {dMmam| H$m AmXmZ-àXmZ h¡& Hw$N> {dÛmZ d¡ídrH$aU H$mo amOZr{VH$ Am¡a Am{W©H$ nhbwAm| na H|${ÐV H$aVo h¡§ VWm Hw$N> AÝ` H$m _mZZm h¡ {H$ d¡ídrH$aU gm§ñH¥${VH$ Am¡a gm_m{OH$ {Z{hVmWm] Ho$ {bE _hËdnyU© h¡& d¡ídrH$aU Ho$ H$B© nj h¡§ {Og_| amOZr{VH$, Am{W©H$ Am¡a gm_m{OH$ àd¥{V`m§ ^r gpå_{bV h¡§ (~m¡_Z, 1998)& ZdCXmadmX {gÕm§V ~mOma H$s ^y{_H$m na H|${ÐV h¡ VWm H$ë`mUH$mar amÁ` H$s AdYmaUm H$mo H$_Omoa H$aVm h¡ (\«$sS>_Z, 1981)& d¡ídrH$aU H$s BZ amOZr{VH$ Am¡a Am{W©H$ {gÕm§Vm| H$s à{V{H«$`m Cƒ {ejm Ho$ joÌ _| XoIr Om gH$Vr h¡& BgHo$ H$maU gaH$ma Ûmam Cƒ {ejm na ì`` _| H$_r, {dkmZ VWm VH$ZrH$s Ho$ joÌ _| emoY hoVw YZ H$m g§H|$ÐU VWm {ZJ_ joÌ Ho$ gmW g§~§Ym| _| {dñVma hþAm h¡ (ñbm°Q>a Ed§ boñbr)& d¡ídrH$aU Ho$ H$B© nhby h¡§ bo{H$Z d¡ídrH$aU

Cƒ {ejm, Zd CXmadmX : g¡Õm§{VH$ ÑpîQ>H$moU S>m°. amOoe Hw$_ma Om§{J‹S>

gh AmMm`©, AW©emñÌ, amOH$s` _hm{dÚmb` O`nwa (amOñWmZ)

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gh AmMm`©, gm_m{OH$ AÜ``Z g|Q>a, Am{W©H$ AÜ``Z Ed§ Am`moOZ H|$Ð, Odmhabmb Zohé `y{Zd{g©Q>r, ZB© {Xëbr

Research Reinforcement A Peer Reviewed International Refereed Journal ISSN 2348-3857UGC App. No. 64785 Impact Factor (IIJIF): 4.213 Vol. 6, Issue 1 May 2018 - Oct. 2018 pp. 1-7

2 [agM© [aBÝ\$mog©_|Q>> IÊS> 6, A§H$ 1 _B© 2018-AŠQy>~a 2018

ISSN 2348-3857

H$m Zd CXmadmXr ÑpîQ>H$moU Am{W©H$ d amOZr{VH$ nhbwAm| na H|${ÐV h¡, Am¡a BZ nhbwAm| Z| {ejm H$mo g~go Á`mXm à^m{dV {H$`m h¡ (_moam¡ Ed§ Vmoa}g, 2003)&

d¡ídrH$aU Ho$ amOZr{VH$ Am¡a Am{W©H$ nhbwAm| Zo Cƒ {ejm H$mo gdm©{YH$ à^m{dV {H$`m h¡& ñbm°Q>a VWm boñbr (1997) Zo d¡ídrH$aU H$s VrZ à_wI amOZr{VH$ Am¡a Am{W©H$ {gÕm§Vm| H$mo aoIm§{H$V {H$`m& BZ_| go Zd CXmadmX, CXmadmX `m nmoñQ> H$sÝgr`Z VWm ao{S>H$b `m nmoñQ> _m{H©²$gñQ> à_wI h¡§& BZ_| go Zd CXmadmXr {gÕm§V ~mOma H$s ^y{_H$m na ~b XoVm h¡§ VWm H$ë`mUH$mar amÁ` Ho$ _hÎd H$mo H$_ H$aVm h¡§& CXmadmX `m nmoñQ> H$spÝg`Z ÑpîQ>H$moU amï´> amÁ` H$s AdYmaUm na AmYm[aV h¡ Am¡a dh _mZVm h¡ {H$ amï´> amÁ` VH$ZrH$s {dH$mg, _mZd ny§Or {Z_m©U VWm ~mOma H$mo ñdV§Ì H$aZo _| _hËdnyU© ^y{_H$m H$m {Zdm©h H$aVm h¡& BgHo$ {dnarV ao{S>H$b `m nmoñQ> _m{H©²$gñQ> {gÕm§V Ho$ AZwgma Xþ{Z`m Ho$ {dH${gV Xoe VWm A§Vam©ï´>r` g§JR>Z Bg Vah H$s XemE§ Xþ{Z`m _| ~Zm aho h¡§ Vm{H$ ~hþamï´>r` H§$n{Z`m| Ûmam A§Vaamï´>r` ñVa na l_ {d^mOZ H$mo {dH${gV {H$`m Om gHo$ (Mmo_ñH$s 1994)& _mÜ`{_H$ {ejm Ho$ ~mX H$s {ejm _| d¡pídH$ Am{W©H$ ~mOma H$m àdoe hmo ahm h¡ godmAm| Ho$ ì`mnma na gm_mÝ` g_Pm¡Vm VWm {díd ì`mnma g§JR>Z H$s MMm© _| {ejm Ho$ gpå_{bV hmoZo go Cƒ {ejm EH$ gmd©O{ZH$ dñVw H$s ~Om` {ZOr dñVw H$s ^y{_H$m _| Am JB© h¡ (Ab~H$, 2004)& BgHo$ H$maU d¡ídrH$aU Ho$ amOZr{VH$ Am¡a Am{W©H$ à{V{H«$`m à^md Cƒ {ejm _| XoIo Om gH$Vo h¡§& BZ à^mdm| _| Cƒ {ejm _| gaH$ma Ûmam YZ bJmE OmZo _| H$_r, emoY Ho$ {bE Ama{jV YZ H$m Cn`moJ {dkmZ Am¡a VH$ZrH$s joÌm| _| H|${ÐV hmoZm VWm {ZJ_ joÌ Ho$ gmW g§~§Ym| _| {dñVma Ho$ {dñVma Ho$ ê$n _| XoIm Om gH$Vm h¡&

Zd CXmadmX Am¡a Cƒ {ejm

d¡ídrH$aU ZdCXmadmX H$m dmhH$ h¡ (amoSo>O Ed§ Vmoa}g, 2006)& Cƒ {ejm na d¡ídrH$aU H$m à^md Zd CXmadmX {dMmaYmam Ho$ Ûmam XoIm Om gH$Vm h¡& Cƒ {ejm _| Zd CXmadmX à~§YZ H$m g§~§Y bmJV _| H$_r VWm {díd{dÚmb`m| Ho$ dm{UÁ`rH$aU go h¡ (~m¡_Z, 1997)& Zd CXmadmXr Am{W©H$ {dMmaYmam H$m n[aUm_ g§nyU© {díd _| gmd©O{ZH$ godmAm| Ho$ {bE {Z{Y`m| _| H$_r Ho$ ê$n _| h¡& {ejm Ho$ joÌ _| BgH$m VmËn`© {ejm _| gmd©O{ZH$ {Z`§ÌU H$mo H$_Omoa hmoZm gmW hr {ejm godm _| {ZOrH$aU H$mo ~‹T>mdm XoZm VWm ~mOma H$s e{º$`m| na {Z^©aVm H$mo ~‹T>mZm h¡

(~_©Z, 2003 noO Z§~a 253)& d¡pídH$ ñVa na Cƒ {ejm _| gmd©O{ZH$ {Z{Y`m| Ho$ H$_ hmoZo go {ejm Ho$ g§ñWmJV ì`dñWm à^m{dV hmo ahr h¡& Zd CXmadmXr `h _mZVo h¡§ {H$ amÁ` H$s VwbZm _| ~mOma A{YH$ Xj h¡ Bg{bE {OZ dñVwAm| `m joÌm| _| gmd©O{ZH$ joÌ H$m`©aV h¡ CgH$m {ZOrH$aU {H$`m OmE VWm Cg joÌ Ho$ {bE ~mOma H$mo ny§Or bJmZo Ho$ {bE ñdV§Ì {H$`m OmE& Cƒ {ejm _| Eogm H$aZo go `h _mZm OmVm h¡ H$s Cƒ {ejm _| ZdàdV©Z hmoJm VWm YZ g¥OZ A{YH$V_ hmoJm& Zd CXmadmXr {dMmaYmam ì`{º$JV Am{W©H$ {ddoH$erbVm na AmYm[aV h¡ VWm `h _mZVr h¡ {H$ H$_Omoa amÁ` _O~yV amÁ` H$s VwbZm _| ~ohVa h¡& Omo {ZOr h¡ dh Amdí`H$ ê$n go AÀN>m h¡ VWm Omo gmd©O{ZH$ h¡ dh Amdí`H$ ê$n go ~wam h¡ (Eßnb, 2000)& Zd CXmadmXr {dMmaYmam _| {Z`_m| H$mo H$_ H$aZo, {ZOrH$aU H$mo ~‹T>mZo Am¡a CXmarH$aU H$aZo H$s Zr{V`m| H$mo àmoËgm{hV H$aVr h¡& d¡ídrH$aU H$m AmYw{ZH$ {dH$mg Am¡a ZdCXmadmX JhamB© go Ow‹S>o hþE h¡§& Cƒ {ejm _| {ZåZ VrZ àd¥{V`m| _| Zd-CXmadmX {XImB© XoVm h¡& BZ VrZ àd¥{V`m| _| {ZOrH$aU, dm{UÁ`H$aU Am¡a {ZJ_rH$aU h¡ (Ho$Oa, 2004)& Cƒ {ejm _| Zd CXmadmXr Am{W©H$ Zr{V`m| H$s {deofVm ny§Orn{V`m| VWm VWm {ZJ_ joÌ Ho$ à^md _| d¥{Õ Ho$ bjUm| Ho$ ê$n {dÚ_mZ h¡& Zd CXmadmXr {dMmaYmam H$m Cƒ {ejm na gdm©{YH$ ZmQ>H$s` à^md {ejH$ H$s ^y{_H$m Am¡a {Oå_oXm[a`m| H$mo à^m{dV H$aZo _| àH$Q> hmoVm h¡& {ZJ_rH$aU H$m à^md A§eH$mbrZ {ejH$m| H$mo {H$amE na boZo, A{ZpíMV Ad{Y Ho$ {bE nyU© H$mbrZ {ejH$m| H$s {Z`w{º$, gñVo VWm bmoMerb l_ Amny{V© Ho$ {bE ñZmVH$ N>mÌm| H$s ^Vu Am{X Ho$ ê$n _| XoIr Om gH$Vr h¡ (E§S>agZ, 2002)&

l_ H$s bmoM erb ny{V© H$m ì`dgm{`H$ {dMma {díd{dÚmb`m| _| ^r àdoe H$a J`m h¡& ~hþV Wmo‹S>m g_yh Eogo bmoJm| H$m hmoVm h¡ {OZH$mo D$§Mm doVZ Am¡a bm^ {XE OmVo h¡§ VWm ~‹S>r g§»`m _| R>oHo$ na N>mÌm| H$mo ^Vu {H$`m OmVm h¡ {OZH$m doVZ ^r H$_ hmoVm h¡, {Z`w{º$ Agwa{jV hmoVr h¡ VWm {H$gr Vah Ho$ bm^ Zht {XE OmVo& Cƒ {ejm _| Zd CXmadmXr àd¥{Îm`m| Ûmam N>mÌm| d g§H$m` Ho$ ~rM _| A§V{H«$`m H$mo H$_Omoa hþB© h¡ (_{J©ÝgZ, 2000)& H$_ go H$_ bmJV na A{YH$ go A{YH$ g§»`m _| {dÚm{W©`m| H$mo n‹T>mZo VWm _mZd ny§Or H$m {dH$mg H$aZo H$s àd¥{Îm H$mo ~‹T>mdm {_bm h¡& _w»` CÔoí` bmJV H$mo H$_ H$aZo H$m ahVm h¡& Bg bmJV H$_ H$aZo H$m EH$ VarH$m Omo {ZOr joÌ AnZm ahm h¡ dh `h h¡ {H$ nyU©H$m{bH$ {ejH$m| H$s g§»`m H$_ hmo VWm A{YH$ g§»`m H$_ Ad{Y dmbo, {deofH$a H$_ ^wJVmZ dmbo g§H$m`m| H$s ^Vu {H$`m

ISSN 2348-3857

[agM© [aBÝ\$mog©_|Q> IÊS> 6, A§H$ 1 _B© 2018-AŠQy>~a 2018 3

OmZm h¡& emoY g§ñWmZm| _| {ejH$m| H$mo Bg ~mV Ho$ {bE àmoËgm{hV {H$`m OmVm h¡ {H$ do ~mø g«moVm| go {dÎm àmá H$aVo hþE emoY H$m`© H$a|& Cƒ {ejm _| Bg Vah H$s dm{UpÁ`H$ nÕ{V dmbr J{V{d{Y Ho$ ~‹T>Zo H$m à^md `h hþAm h¡ H$s {ejH$m| H$m g_` Am¡a g§gmYZ Omo N>mÌm| d {ejU na ì`` hmoVm hmo dh H$_ hmo J`m h¡ (E§S>agZ, 1989) BgHo$ H$maU {ejU Am¡a {ejm godm H$m Ad_yë`Z hþAm h¡ (_{J©ÝgZ, 2002)&

{dÚm{W©`m| Ho$ g_yh _| {d{dYVm, J¡a na§namJV N>mÌm| _| ~‹T>Vm Zm_m§H$Z, A§eH$mbrZ {ejU VWm àW_ nr‹T>r Ho$ n‹T>Zo dmbo N>mÌm| H$mo, {OZH$mo {ejH$ Ho$ Ü`mZ H$s A{YH$ Amdí`H$Vm hmoVr h¡ na gdm©{YH$ à{VHy$b à^md n‹S>m h¡ (a¡§S>Z, 1994)& Cƒ {ejm na Bg Zd CXmadmXr {dMmaYmam H$m {d{^ÝZ AH$mX_r joÌm| _| Ag_mZVm CËnÝZ H$aZo Ho$ ê$n _| à^md hþAm h¡& {dkmZ, VH$ZrH$s Am¡a _o{S>H$b Ho$ joÌ H$m A{Y_yë`Z hþAm h¡ VWm g_mO {dkmZ Am¡a _mZ{dH$s joÌm| H$m Ad_yë`Z hþAm h¡& ZdCXmadmX {dMmaYmam _| {dMmaH$m| H$m _mZZm h¡ {H$ Zd-CXmadmX go à{V`mo{JVm AmVr h¡ Am¡a Bg à{V`mo{JVm go JwUdÎmm _| d¥{Õ hmoVr h¡& ZdCXmadmXr {dMmaYmam go {_bZo dmbo bm^ Bg_| {Z{hV _mÝ`VmAm| na AmYm[aV h¡& Omo `h _mZVm h¡ {H$ {díd n[aÑí` _| nyU©Vm {dÚ_mZ h¡& Omo _mZVm h¡ {H$ Cn^moº$m {ddoH$erb h¡, CgH$mo M`Z H$s nyar ñdV§ÌVm h¡& {ZU©` H$aZo _| Amdí`H$ gånyU© gyMZm Cgo àmá hmoVr h¡ VWm g§ñWmZ Cn^moº$mAm| Ho$ A{^_mZ Ho$ AZwgma à{V{H«$`m H$aVo h¡§& bo{H$Z ~mOma gr_mAm| Am¡a amOZr{VH$ à^md Ho$ H$maU Zd CXmadmXr {gÕm§V Ho$ ò {ZîH$f© Ag{b`V _| ê$nm§V[aV Zht hþE h¡& ZdCXmadmX Ho$ ~hþV gmao bm^ O¡go Cn^moº$m g~go AÀN>o CËnmX H$m M`Z H$aVm h¡ Am¡a à{V`mo{JVm Ho$ H$maU JwUdÎmm _| gwYma hmoVm h¡ dmñV{dH$Vm _| n[a{UV Zht hþE h¢ BgHo$ ZH$mamË_H$ {XImB© Xo aho h¡§& O¡go, gmd©O{ZH$ joÌ go Cƒ {ejm _| n¡go H$s H$Q>m¡Vr H$s JB© h¡ bo{H$Z d¡H$pënH$ g«moV BVZr VoOr go Zht ~T>o h¡§& CgHo$ Abmdm erK« A{YH$ bm^ àXmZ H$aZo dmbo {ejm H$m`©H«$_ VoOr go ~T>o h¢ Am¡a Cƒ {ejm H$s {Z{Y`m§ A{YH$ à{V\$b g§^mdZm dmbo emoY joÌm| _| bJr hþB© h¡ VWm ~Om` ñZmVH$ {ejm _| {Zdoe H$_ hþAm h¡ (H$pÝXH$mo, 2010)&

Am{W©H$ EO|Q> à{V`moJr dmVmdaU _| hr AnZm gdm}Îm_ XoVo h¡§ (Amoëñg| Am{X, 2014)& Zd CXmadmXr g_mO ~mOma {gÕm§Vm| na AmYm[aV h¡& gaH$ma H$s Cƒ Zr{V`m§ {ZOrH$aU Am¡a ~mOmarH$aU go `wº$ h¡& Xÿgao eãXm| _| h_ H$h gH$Vo h¢ {H$ ò Zr{V`m§ Zd CXmadmXr ÑpîQ>H$moU H$s Va\$ Om ahr h¡& Zd

CXmadmXr Zr{V`m§ à_wI ê$n go VrZ _mÝ`VmAm| na AmYm[aV h¡, Omo {ZåZ àH$ma go A{^ì`º$ H$s Om gH$Vr h¡& {ejm H$mo ^r ~mOma _| CnbãY AÝ` dñVwAm| H$s Vah EH$ dñVw _mZm OmVm h¡& {díd{dÚmb`m| H$mo EH$ \$_© (CËnmXH$ BH$mB© ) _mZm OmVm h¡& VWm `hm± _mZm OmVm h¡ {H$ Cƒ {ejm _| gwYma Ed§ CËH¥$ï>Vm Ho$ {bE Cƒ {ejm H$m AÝ` dñVwAm| H$s Vah ~mOma H$m ApñVËd Oê$ar h¡ (MÅ>monmÜ`m`, 2014)& {ejm EH$ dñVw Zht h¡& `h gå_mZOZH$ ApñVËd Ho$ {bE AmYma^yV h¡& `h g^r H$mo CnbãY hmoZr Mm{hE, Omo ~mOma Ho$ Ûmam g§^d Zht h¡& {ejm ì`{º$ VWm g_mO H$mo EH$ ZE D$§Mo ñVa Ho$ {bE ê$nm§V[aV H$aVr h¡ (goZ, 2000)& {díd{dÚmb` H$mo EH$ CËnmXH$ BH$mB© (EH$ \¡$ŠQ´>r) H$s Vah Zht _mZm Om gH$Vm& {ejm _| CËnmXZ \$bZ H$s AdYmaUm bmJy H$aZm _wpíH$b h¡& AXm - àXm _m°S>b, n[a^m{fV AmJV Am¡a {ZJ©V, VH$ZrH$s g§~§Y VWm Hw$ebVm H$mo {ejm VWm {díd{dÚmb` _| XjVm H$mo gmH$ma ê$n XoZo Ho$ {bE (~mOma àUmbr Ûmam) AdYmaU g§^d Zht h¡ (_Ow_Xma, 1983)

`{X {ejm Ho$ CËnmXZ \$bZ H$s AdYmaUm ghr h¡ Vmo {ZOr g§ñWmZ JwUdÎmmnyU© {ejm CnbãY H$a gH$Vo Wo (MQ>monmÜ`m`, 2012)& {ejm H$s JwUdÎmm EH$ _erZrH¥$V àUmbr go Zht _mnr Om gH$Vr& `h {ejH$ Am¡a {dÚmWu H$s àoaUm Ho$ ñVa na {Z^©a H$aVr h¡ VWm BgH$s CnbpãY`m§ {ejH$ VWm N>mÌ Ûmam g`w§º$ ê$n go {H$ò JE à`mgm| na {Z^©a H$aVr h¡& {ejm Ho$ joÌ _| godm àXmVm H$m ÑpîQ>H$moU bmJy Zht {H$`m Om gH$Vm& gm_mÝ`V: `h _mZm OmVm h¡ {H$ `{X N>mÌm| H$s Ag\$bVm H$s Xa A{YH$ h¡ Vmo {ejm H$s JwUdÎmm D$§Mr h¡ (_Ow_Xma, 1983)& {ejm H$s JwUdÎmm {ejH$ H$s Hw$ebVm Am¡a CgH$s {ejm Ho$ à{V à{V~ÕVm na {Z^©a H$aVr h¡, Omo {H$gr \¡$ŠQ´>r _| CËnm{XV dñVw Ho$ g_H$j Zht h¡& AÀN>o {dÚmWu d AÀN>o {ejH$ gdm}Îm_ g§ñWmZ H$m M`Z H$aVo h¡§& {ejm _| gdm}Îm_ g§ñWmZ H$mo ñWm{nV H$aZm VH$ZrH$ ê$n _| EH$ \¡$ŠQ´>r ñWm{nV H$aZo H$s ^m§{V Zht h¡& {Og àH$ma _mZd ny±Or H$m Xÿgam à{Vê$n Zht ~Zm`m Om gH$Vm Cgr àH$ma AÀN>o {ejm g§ñWmZ H$m Xÿgam à{Vê$n Zht ~Zm`m Om gH$Vm O~{H$ \¡$ŠQ´>r H$m ~Zm`m Om gH$Vm h¡ (MQ>monmÜ`m`, 2012)&

ES>_ pñ_W (1776) Cn^moº$m H$s gmd©^m¡{_H$Vm na ~b XoVo h¡§ VWm {díd{dÚmb`m| H$mo Ag\$bVm go ~MmZo Ho$ {bE N>mÌm| Am¡a {ejH$m| Ho$ _Ü` à{V`mo{JVm H$mo _hËdnyU© _mZVo h¡§ bo{H$Z Bg {dMma Ho$ nrN>o Omo _mÝ`VmE§ h¡§ {H$ N>mÌ ~hþV A{YH$ _ohZVr h¡§,


ISSN 2348-3857

CZH$m CÔoí` ^r ñnï> h¡ VWm {ejH$ {dÚm{W©`m| H$mo àgÝZ H$aZo Ho$ {bE CZH$mo A{YH$ _mH©²$g Zht XoVo&

{ejH$ H$mo A{^`§Vm `m à~§YH$ Zht _mZm Om gH$Vm& {ejH$ H$s JwUdÎmm Cg_| {Z{hV _mZd ny§Or na {Z^©a H$aVr h¡& Bggo ^r A{YH$ `h H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡ H$s {ejH$ _| {Z{hV àoaUm na hr Cg {ejH$ H$s JwUdÎmm {Z^©a H$aVr h¡& Bg{bE EH$ {ejH$ Ho$ {ZînmXZ H$m _mnZ EH$ JbV à{H«$`m h¡& AH$mX{_H$ {ZînmXZ g§Ho$VH$m| Ho$ _mÜ`_ go {ejH$ H$s JwUdÎmm H$m _yë`m§H$Z EH$ JbV à{H«$`m h¡& AH$mX{_H$ {ZînmXZ g§Ho$VH$m| Ho$ _mÜ`_ CgHo$ {ZînmXZ H$m _yë`m§H$Z, nXmoÝZ{V Am¡a {Z`w{º$ {ejH$ Am¡a {díd{dÚmb` XmoZm| H$s ^y{_H$m H$mo H$_Va _mZVm h¡& `h àUmbr ^maVr` Cƒ {ejm ì`dñWm H$s JwUdÎmm H$mo Iam~ H$aZo dmbr h¡, Š`m|{H$, `h {ejH$ Ûmam kmZ CËnmXZ H$s à{H«$`m H$mo _hËdnyU© Zht _mZVr, O~{H$ {ejH$ H$s àoaUm VWm CgH$s é{M {ejm H$s JwUdÎmm Ho$ {bE Á`mXm _hËdnyU© h¡ (Xmg Ed§ MQ>monÔ²æ`m` 2014)& AH$mX{_H$ {ZînmXZ g§Ho$VH$m| Ho$ _mÜ`_ {ejH$ Ho$ {ZînmXZ H$m _yë`m§H$Z {ejH$m| H$mo hVmoËgm{hV H$aVr h¡ VWm {ejH$ VWm {díd{dÚmb` H$s gm_m{OH$ ^y{_H$m H$mo H$_ H$aHo$ Am§H$Vm h¡& `hm± ì`dñWm ^maVr` Cƒ {ejm ì`dñWm H$mo {~Jm‹S> gH$Vr h¡& `hm± kmZ g¥OZ H$s à{H«$`m H$mo H$_Omoa H$aVr h¡&

Cƒ {ejm Ho$ {bE g§nyU© Zd-CXmadmXr T>m§Mm JbV _mÝ`VmAm| na AmYm[aV h¡ (^yfU, 2009)& Zd CXmadmXr {gÕm§V JwUdÎmm d¥{Õ H$mo à~§YZ Ûmam ào[aV _mZVm h¡& `h {gÕm§V `h _mZVm h¡ H$s Cƒ {ejm _| JwUdÎmm, {Oå_oXmar V` H$aZo go ~‹T> gH$Vr h¡& g§ñWmZm| Ho$ _Ü` à{V`mo{JVm go JwUdÎmm ~‹T>oJr& Bg àH$ma `h ì`{º$JV {ddoH$erbVm H$m nj boVm h¡ Am¡a gm_y{hH$ {ddoH$erbVm, Omo amÁ` H$s h¡ CgH$mo ZH$maVm h¡& Zd CXmadmXr _mZVo h¢ {H$ amÁ` à~§YH$s` {ddoH$erbVm H$s eV] g¥{OV H$a gH$Vm h¡& g§ñWm{ZH$ gwYmam| H$m CXmadmXr amñVm Hw$N> {ZpíMV _mÝ`VmAm| na AmYm[aV h¡& `h _mZVm h¡ {H$ g^r nj (N>mÌ Am¡a {ejH$) g_ê$n h¡& BgH$s `h ^r _mÝ`Vm h¡ {H$ g^r g§ñWmZ ({ejH$ Am¡a H$m°boOo) g_ê$n h¡§& gyMZm Ho$ ê$n _| ~mOma g§Ho$Vm§H$ CnbãY h¡& N>mÌ _m§J Am¡a ny{V© Ûmam CËnÝZ ~mOma g§Ho$Vm§H$ Ho$ AZwgma {ZU©` boVm h¡ Ed§ H$m`© H$aVm h¡& `h {gÕm§V `h _mZVm h¡ {H$ g^r {ejH$m| H$mo {_bZo dmbr gw{dYmE§ g_mZ h¡ Am¡a CZHo$ nydm©{YH$ma ^r g_mZ h¡& {H$gr J«m_rU joÌ _| pñWV _hm{dÚmb` Ed§ ehar joÌ _| pñWV _hm{dÚmb` _¡§ {Z`wº$ {ejH$m|, N>mÌm| Ed§ g§ñWmAmo _| h {H$gr Vah H$m oX Zht

_mZVm& ò _mÝ`VmE§ ghr Zht h¡& nyU© à{V`mo{JVm H$m ApñVËd Zht hmoVm& N>mÌm| H$s n¥ð>^y{_ ^r {^ÝZ-{^ÝZ hmoVr h¡& àdoe, {dÎmr` ghm`Vm Am¡a AÜ``Z àUmbr Ho$ g§X^© _| N>mÌm| H$mo {^ÝZ-{^ÝZ Vah H$s ghm`Vm H$s Amdí`H$Vm hmoVr h¡& J«m_rU VWm ehar joÌm| _| pñWV _hm{dÚmb`m| _| CnbãY gw{dYmAm| _| ôX H$aZm Amdí`H$ h¡& `h g§^d Zht h¡ {H$ J«m_rU VWm ehar Ho$ joÌm| _| AÜ``Z H$a aho N>mÌ H$s à{V{H«$`m ~mOma _| CnbãY g§Ho$Vm| na AmYm[aV hmo& CÝh| {^ÝZ {^ÝZ Vah Ho$ g§ñWm{ZH$ gnmoQ>© H$s Amdí`H$Vm hmoVr h¡& EH$ hr _hm{dÚmb` _| do N>mÌ ^r Am gH$Vo h¡§ Omo H¥${f H$m`© H$aZo dmbo n[admam| go AmVo h¡§ BgHo$ A{V[aº$ Cƒ dJ© Ho$ N>mÌ ^r Am gH$Vo h¡§& BZ {^ÝZ {^ÝZ n¥ð>^y{_ Ho$ N>mÌm| Ho$ {bE {^ÝZ {^ÝZ Vah H$s aUZr{V`m| H$s Amdí`H$Vm hmoVr h¡&

Zd CXmadmXr g§aMZm _| amÁ` H$s ^y{_H$m H$mo {ZåZ Vah go n[a^m{fV H$s Om gH$Vr h¡ (^yfU 2009)& Zd CXmadmXr `h VH©$ XoVo h¡§ {H$ amÁ` H$m EH$m{YH$ma g_má hmoZm Mm{hE& àdoe H$s ~mYmE§ g_má hmoZr Mm{hE& A{YH$ go A{YH$ {ZOr gh^m{JVm Ho$ Adga n¡Xm H$aZo Ho$ à`mg hmoZo Mm{hE& gaH$ma H$s ^y{_H$m H$mo Am`moOZ H$s ~Om` {ZOr joÌ H$s ^y{_H$m H$mo ~‹T>mZo dmbr Zr{V {Z_m©U Ho$ nwZg§©aMZm Ho$ nj _| hmoZr Mm{hE& amÁ` Ho$ Ûmam ~mOma AmYm[aV àoaUmAm| H$mo àmoËgmhZ XoZo H$s Amdí`H$Vm h¡& Bg_| amÁ` H$s ^y{_H$m H$mo ZH$mam Zht OmVm& amÁ` H$s gh^m{JVm dñVwAm| Am¡a godmAm| Ho$ CËnmXZ _| Zht _mZr OmVr, ~pëH$ {ZOr joÌ Ûmam CËnmXZ _| gh`moJ CnbãY H$amZo H$s hmoVr h¡& {díd _| Zd CXmadmXr {gÕm§V {^ÝZ-{^ÝZ AH$mX{_H$ ê$nm| _| àM{bV h¡ O¡go, _mZd ny§Or {gÕm§V, EO|gr Ï`moar, npãbH$ Mm°Bg Ï`moar, Q´>m§O¡ŠeZ H$m°ñQ> BH$moZm°{_Šg VWm H$m§god©{Q>ñQ> S>m°pŠQ´>Z Am°\$ _moZoQ>ar Am{X& Zd CXmadmXr {gÕm§V {ZåZ H$aUr`m| _| {dídmg aIVm h¡& (i) àewëH$ VWm gpãgS>r g_má H$s OmZr Mm{hE, (ii) bmJV H$m nwZ^©aU hmoZm Mm{hE, (iii) d¡Ym{ZH$ A{Zdm`©Vm O¡gr, àdoe H$s ~mYmE§ Zht hmoZr Mm{hE (iv) godmAm| Ho$ àmdYmZ _| Á`mXm go Á`mXm {dH«o$Vm `m godm àXmVm hmoZo Mm{hE Vm{H$ à{V`mo{JVm CËnÝZ hmo gHo$, (v) dñVwAm| Am¡a godmAm| VWm ny§Or Ho$ Am`mV d {Z`m©V na {Z`§ÌU g_má hmoZm Mm{hE (vi) {Z`_Z ~hþV A{YH$ Zht hmoZo Mm{hE Š`m|{H$ ò à{V`mo{JVm H$mo H$_Omoa H$aVo h¡& (vii) dñVw{Zð> n¡_mZo Ed§ à{V`mo{JVm Ûmam CÎmaXm{`Ëd n¡Xm {H$`m OmZm Mm{hE& (viii) gm_y{hH$ {ddoH$erbVm H$s Anojm ì`{º$JV {ddoH$erbVm H$mo A{Y_mZ {X`m OmE Š`m|{H$, gm_y{hH$ {ddoH$erbVm H$m

ISSN 2348-3857


ApñVËd Zht hmoVm (lX) JwUdÎmm dht na ah gH$Vr h¡ Ohm§ à{V`mo{JVm hmoVr h¡& `h Ü`mZ `mo½` h¡ H$s Zd CXmadmX H$m VmËn`© `h Zht h¡ {H$ amÁ` H$m ApñVËd ZmH$mam OmE& amÁ` hr g{H«$` ê$n go ~mOma H$m {Z_m©U H$aVm h¡& amÁ` H$m {Z`§ÌU Bg Vah H$m hmoZm Mm{hE Omo, ~mOma VWm à{V`mo{JVm H$mo ~‹T>mdm X|& amÁ` H$m `h {Z`§ÌU d {Z`_Z bmoMerb hmoZm Mm{hE& godmAm| Ho$ àmdYmZm| _| e{º$ d H$m`© H$m {dH|$ÐrH$aU hmoZm Mm{hE& `h é{MH$a h¡ {H$ amï´>r` kmZ Am`moJ {H$ A{ê§gm Zd CXmadmX {gÕm§V go ào[aV Wr&

\$m¡H$mCëQ> (1999) Ûmam {XE JE Zd-CXmadmX Ho$ {gÕm§Vm| H$mo ^yfU (2009) {ZåZ àH$ma go gmam§e ê$n _| àñVwV H$aVo h¡§& (i) amÁ` Ûmam ~mOma VWm à{V`mo{JVm H$mo ~‹T>mdm {X`m OmE& (ii) gånyU© g_mO, gm_m{OH$ VWm H$m`© g§~§Ym| _| à{V`mo{JVm H$mo ~‹T>m`m Omò Vm{H$ ò ~mOma ñdê$n H$m AmH$ma bo gH|$& (iii) à^mdr ~mOma ì`dñWm Ho$ {bE Amdí`H$ gm_m{OH$ XemAm| Ho$ g{H«$` g¥OZ H$m g_W©Z H$aZm& (iv) Zm¡H$aemhr H$s nhb H$m {damoY H$aZo dmbr VWm CY{_Vm H$s ^mdZmAm| H$mo ~‹T>mZo dmbr Zr{V`m| H$mo àmoËgmhZ& (v) Zm¡H$aemhr Ho$ H$m`© joÌm| H$m nwZ: {ZYm©aU H$aZm (vi) amÁ` ^r ~mOma Ho$ {Z`_m| Ho$ AYrZ hmoZm Mm{hE&

Zd CXmadmX d¡`{º$H$ {ddoH$erbVm Ho$ CXmadmX Ho$ {dMma H$mo ~‹T>mdm XoVm h¡& `h à{V`mo{JVm H$m g_W©Z H$aVm h¡ Š`m|{H$, ~mOma àUmbr _| gmå` H$mo àmá H$aZo Ho$ {bE à{V`mo{JVm hr AmYma H$m H$m`© H$aVr h¡& CXmadmX go Zd CXmadmX H$s Va\$ J_Z H$m VmËn`© `h h¡ {H$ amÁ` ~mOma Ho$ H$m`©H$aU H$mo Am¡a Jham H$aZo _| gh`moJ H$a|& BgH$m {Z{hVmW© `h h¡ {H$ Omo godmE§ amÁ` Ûmam àXÎm h¡ `m CËnm{XV H$s Om ahr h¡§ CZH$m {ZOr H$aU hmo& Zd CXmadmX H$m VmËn`© h¡ {H$ Zm¡H$aemhr H$mo à~§YZ Am¡a {ZînmXZ _yë`m§H$Z Ho$ ZE {gÕm§Vm| go à{VñWm{nV {H$`m OmE& Bg_| `h _mÝ`Vm hmoVr h¡ {H$ Zm¡H$aemh H$s ì`{º$JV ê${M AHw$ebVm VWm ^«ï>mMma bmVr h¡ Š`m|{H$, gm_y{hH$ {hV gmYZ O¡gr H$moB© AdYmaUm {dÚ_mZ Zht hmoVr& amÁ` Ho$ KQ>H$ Ho$ ê$n _| ì`{º$ Bg Vah go H$m`© H$a| {H$ ~mOma Ho$ g§Ho$Vm§H$ VWm {ZînmXZ CÝZ`Z Ho$ {bE dh à{V{H«$`merb hmo& Zd CXmadmXr {dMmaYmam Ho$ à^md Ho$ H$maU Cƒ {ejm H$mo Amdí`H$ ê$n go EH$ {ZOr dñVw _mZm OmVm h¡ (Om|g, 1997)& `h {díd ~¡§H$ H$s {dMmaYmam Ho$ AZwgma hr h¡§& {díd ~¡§H$ {díd AW©ì`dñWm H$mo Bgr {Xem _| EH$sH¥$V H$aZo H$m à`mg H$a ahm h¡& `h {ZåZ {dMmaYmam na H$m`© H$a ahm h¡ : (i) Cƒ {ejm _| bmJV nwZ^©aU

hmoZm Mm{hE Vm{H$ gaH$ma g§gmYZm| H$m Amd§Q>Z àmW{_H$ {ejm Ho$ {bE H$a gHo$& (ii) Cƒ {ejm Ho$ {bE G$U H$mo ~‹T>mdm XoZm Vm{H$ gmI ~mOma H$m {dH$mg hmo gHo$ Bggo M`{ZV N>mÌ d¥{Îm`m§ àXmZ H$s Om gH|$ (iii) gmd©O{ZH$ {ejm Ho$ à~§YZ H$m {dH|$ÐrH$aU H$aZm Am¡a BgHo$ {bE J¡a gaH$mar Am¡a gm_wXm{`H$ g§JR>Zm| Ûmam _XX H$m {dñVma hmoZm Mm{hE&

Zd CXmadmX {ejm Ho$ {bE ~mOma Ho$ {Z_m©U Ho$ nj _| h¡ Ohm§ {ejm godm àXmVm XoZo dmbm Am¡a N>mÌ - EH$ Cn^moº$m Ho$ ê$n _| XmoZm| ñdV§Ì h¡§& BgHo$ H$maU ~mOma _| à{V`mo{JVm AmEJr& à{V`mo{JVm go ~mOma Xj hmoJm Am¡a Bggo {ejm H$s JwUdÎmm _| gwYma hmoJm (OmoZJãbmoEX, 2004)& Cƒ {ejm _| JwUdÎmm gwYma Ho$ {bE g§ñWm{ZH$ gwYmam| H$s Amdí`H$Vm h¡& Cƒ {ejm H$s JwUdÎmm H$m g§~§Y _yë`, {d{dYVm VWm CgHo$ amoOJmaj_ ~ZmZo na AmYm[aV h¡& Bg{bE `h (Cƒ {ejm) gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$ d amOZr{VH$ {df` h¡ {Ogo Ho$db ~mOma Ho$ {gÕm§Vm| Ho$ AmYma na Zht XoIm Om gH$Vm&

ñdV§Ì ~mOma Xe©Z Ho$ EH$ A{VdmXr ê$n Ho$ AZwgma (ho`H$, 1944), gm_m{OH$ AÀN>mB© Am¡a gm_m{OH$ H$ë`mU H$m H$moB© AW© Zht h¡& g_mO `m g_mO Ho$ _yë` O¡gr H$moB© dñVw Zht hmoVr, Omo ì`{º$JV bm^ go {^ÝZ Z H$ar Om gHo$& Ho$db ì`{º$ hr dmñVd h¡ Am¡a Bg{bE CgHo$ bm^ hr _hËdnyU© h¡, VWm ì`{º$JV ñdV§ÌVm àOmVm§{ÌH$ _yë`m| go ^r A{YH$ _hËdnyU© h¡& gmd©O{ZH$ dñVw VWm gm_m{OH$ Ý`m` Ag§^d _mZo OmVo h¡§ Am¡a CZH$mo àmá {H$`m OmZm dm§N>Zr` hmo `h Amdí`H$ Zht&

{ejm, {deofH$a Cƒ {ejm Ho$ g§~§Y _| H$sÝgr`Z go Zd-CXmadmX VH$ Ho$ Zr{VJV _m°S>b _| {ddV©Z H$m {VbH$ (2005) AÝdofU H$aVo h¡§& AmOH$b ~mOma ~hþV gmao Xoem| _| {deof ê$n go {dH$mgerb Xoem| _| ~mOma _w»` ^y{_H$m bo ahm h¡& `h {dídmg {H$`m OmVm h¡ {H$ ~mOma hr g~ Ho$ {bE g~ Hw$N> H$a gH$Vm h¡ O~{H$ gaH$ma Zht& ~mOma Xe©Z {ejm Ho$ joÌ _|, {deof ê$n go Cƒ {ejm Ho$ joÌ _| ^r àdoe H$a J`m h¡& Cƒ {ejm H$m joÌ ~mOma Ho$ {gÕm§Vmo go em{gV hmo ahm h¡& Bg {dMma Bg {dMma H$m {dñVma hþAm h¡ {H$ Am{W©H$ Hw$ebVm Ho$ {bE amÁ` H$s ^y{_H$m H$mo H$_ {H$`m OmZm Mm{hE& `h VH©$ {X`m OmVm h¡ {H$ gaH$ma H$s ^y{_H$m Ho$db g§JV Zr{V {Z_m©U Ho$ ê$n VH$ hr gr{_V hmoZr Mm{hE (dëS>© ~¡§H$, 1994)& {ejm Ho$ joÌ _| ~mOma Xe©Z Zo VoOr go àdoe {H$`m h¡, {deof ê$n go A_o[aH$s _Zmo{dkmZ _|& Bggo {dH$mgerb Xoem| Ho$ VWm ~hþV gmao `yamonr`


ISSN 2348-3857

Xoem| O¡go hr B§½b¡§S> Ho$ A{YH$m§e bmoJm| _| EH$ gm§ñH¥${VH$ PQ>H$m bJm h¡ (~moÎmoar 1992, noO 83)& ZE Am{W©H$ gwYmam| Zo ~mOma Zr{V`m| H$mo àmoËgmhZ {X`m h¡ {OgHo$ H$maU na§namJV d AÀN>o go ñWm{nV _yë` AdYmaUm Ho$ ÑpîQ>H$moUm| H$m ñWmZ ZE _yë`m| Am¡a Aä`mg Zo bo {b`m h¡, {deofH$a Cƒ {ejm _|& ò Zr{V`m§ {ejm H$mo {H$gr ^r Vah EH$ ì`mnm[aH$ dñVw go {^ÝZ Zht _mZVo `m EH$ dm{UpÁ`H$ CËnmX go Á`mXm Zht _mZVo& Bggo Cƒ {ejm Ho$ kmZ CËnÝZ H$aZo VWm kmZ H$m {dñVma H$aZo Ho$ na§namJV H$m`© H$m Ad_yë`Z hþAm h¡ VWm Cƒ {ejm _| nhþ±M _| g_mZVm H$m nhby H$s ^r Cno{jV hþAm h¡ ({VbH$, 2005)&

{d{^ÝZ ÑpîQ>H$moU

{ejm Ho$db EH$ dñVw Zht h¡ A{nVw, gå_mZOZH$ ApñVËd Ho$ {bE AmYma^yV h¡& àËòH$ ì`{º$ VH$ BgH$s nhþ§M hmoZr Mm{hE Am¡a `h nhþ§M ~mOma àUmbr Ho$ _mÜ`_ go g§^d Zht h¡& {ejm ì`{º$ Am¡a g_mO H$m ê$nm§VaU H$aVr h¡ (goZ, 2000)& _mZd ny§Or {gÕm§VH$ma Cƒ {ejm H$mo _hËd XoVo h¡§ Š`m|{H$, Cƒ {ejm _mZd H$mo CgH$s JwUdÎmm gwYma H$aHo$, Am{W©H$ g_¥{Õ bmH$a Ho$, Am¡a g_mO H$m H$ë`mU ~T>mH$a _mZd ny§Or Ho$ ê$n _| n[ad{V©V H$aVr h¡ (Q>moS>mamo, ewëËO Ed§ Joar ~oH$a)& Cƒ {ejm _| JwUdÎmm gwYma Ho$ {bE g§ñWm{ZH$ gwYma Amdí`H$ h¡§& Cƒ {ejm H$s JwUdÎmm _yë`, {d{dYVm VWm BgHo$ amoOJmaj_ hmoZo go g§~§{YV h¡ Bg{bE BgH$m amOZr{VH$, gm_m{OH$, Am¡a Am{W©H$ _hËd h¡& ~mOma ÑpîQ>H$moU _| Bg gmoM H$m A^md hmoVm h¡& _mZd ny§Or ÑpîQ>H$moU Ho$ AZwgma {ejm na ì`` {Zdoe h¡& Omo YZmË_H$ à{V\$b Ho$ àXmZ H$aVm h¡& BgHo$ YZmË_H$ à{V\$b ì`{º$ Ho$ {bE ^{dî` _| A{YH$ Am` AO©Z Ho$ ê$n _| hmoVr h¡ VWm g_mO Ho$ {bE Bgo àXmZ Zht {H$ò OmZo H$s ^{dî` H$s àË`j Am¡a AàË`j bmJV ~hþV A{YH$ hmoJr (ewëVO, 1961, ~oH$a, 1993)& (ngMamo{nCbm¡g, 1973) Ho$ AZwgma àmW{_H$ {ejm na ì`` Ho$ à{V\$b Cƒ {ejm na ì`` go àmá à{V\$bm| H$s VwbZm _| A{YH$ hmoVo h¡§ Bg{bE do àmW{_H$ {ejm _| gpãgS>r ~‹T>mZo H$s ~mV H$aVo h¡§ Vm{H$ àËòH$ ì`{º$ H$_ go H$_ àmW{_H$ {ejm àmá H$a gHo$& kmZ AmYm[aV g_mO _| VWm à{V`moJr {díd AW©ì`dñWm _| Cƒ {ejm ZdàdV©Z, {dH$mg Ed§ VH$ZrH$s CÝZ{V Ho$ {bE _hËdnyU© h¡&

{VbH$ (2003) VH©$ XoVo h¡§ {H$ Cƒ {ejm go àmá à{V\$b Ho$db Am{W©H$ Zht h¡, Am{W©H$ go A{YH$ h¡§& Cƒ {ejm go àmá Hw$N> à{V\$b h¡§ Eogo hmoVo h¡§ {OZH$mo _mÌmË_H$ ê$n _| Zht _mnm

Om gH$Vm O¡go OrdZ H$s JwUdÎmm, ì`{º$JV gå_mZ Am¡a ì`{º$JV ñdV§ÌVm Omo Cƒ {ejm go àmá Am{W©H$ à{V\$bm| go A{YH$ _hËdnyU© h¡§& Cƒ {ejm _| {Zdoe {ZU©` Ho$db Am{W©H$ à{V\$bm| Ho$ AmYma na Zht {b`m OmZm Mm{hE& {VbH$ Zo 1987 _| ^maV _| {d{^ÝZ gm_m{OH$ g_yh _| {ejm go àmá à{V\$b _¡§ Ag_mZVm H$mo {díbo{fV {H$`m {OgHo$, _w»` {ZîH$f© {ZåZ àH$ma nmE JE& (i) g_mO H$m H$_Omoa dJ© O¡go _{hbmE§ VWm {nN>‹S>r Om{V`m| Ho$ ì`{º$ Ho$ {bE AÝ` H$s VwbZm _| {ejm go àmá à{V\$b H$_ nmE JE& (ii) g_mO Ho$ {d{^ÝZ g_yhm| _| {ejm _mZd ny§Or {Z_m©U _| Ag_mZVm nmB© JB© Am¡a Bg _mZd ny±Or {Z_m©U H$m {dVaU H$_Omoa dJm] Ho$ à{VHy$b nm`m J`m& l_ ~mOma _| amoOJma VWm _OXÿar Ho$ g§~§Y _| H$_Omoa dJ© Ho$ gmW ôX^md nm`m J`m (iii) `h nm`m J`m {H$ {d{^ÝZ gm_m{OH$ g_yh _¡§ `h Ag_mZ {dVaU gm_m{OH$ Am¡a Am{W©H$ H$maUm| go hmo gH$Vm h¡ bo{H$Z gmd©O{ZH$ Zr{V H$s An`m©áVm ^r BgHo$ {bE {Oå_oXma h¡&

Hw$_ma (2004) VWm _Oy_Xma (1997) H$hVo h¡§ {H$ `h VH©$ JbV h¡ {H$ àmW{_H$ {ejm d Cƒ {ejm na ì`` EH$ Xÿgao Ho$ à{V`moJr hmoVo h¡§& CZH$m _mZZm h¡ {H$ dmñVd _| XmoZm| H$m EH$ H«$_ h¡ Am¡a BZHo$ _Ü` EH$ _O~yV g§~§Y h¡& BZH$mo AbJ AbJ H$aHo$ Zht XoIZm Mm{hE& Cƒ {ejm {ejm àXmZ H$aZo dmbm| d àemgH$m| H$mo CËnÝZ H$aVr h¡ Omo àmW{_H$ d _mÜ`{_H$ {ejm àXmZ H$aZo _| ^y{_H$m {Zdm©h H$aV| h¡§& Xÿgar Amoa H$moB© ^r ì`{º$ Cƒ {ejm àmá H$aZo _¡§ `mo½` V^r hmoJm O~ dh AÀN>r JwUdÎmm nyU© àmW{_H$ d _mÜ`{_H$ {ejm àmá H$a gHo$Jm& Hw$_ma (1987) h VH©$ XoVo h¡§ H$s Cƒ {ejm ì`dñWm Ho$ ñdñW {dH$mg Ho$ {bE BgH$m ñdm`Îm, CÎmaXm{`Ëd nyU© d àOmVm§{ÌH$ hmoZm Mm{hE& ì`dñWm H$m `h CÎmaXm{`Ëd {ejm go Ow‹S>r Zm¡H$aemhr Ho$ {hV H$s Anojm g_mO Ho$ XrK©H$mbrZ {hV Ho$ {bE hmoZm Mm{hE& _erZrH¥$V CËnmXH$Vm H$s ì`dñWm Cƒ {ejm _| bmJy Zht H$s Om gH$Vr&

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ISSN 2348-3857


CËnmXZ {dÚmWu H$s `mo½`Vm Ed§ à`mg na ^r {Z^©a H$aVm h¡ CŠV g^r {d{eîVmAm| Ho$ H$maU Cƒ {ejm Ho$ ~mOma na Zd CXmdmX H$s nyd© _mÝ`VmE§ nyar Vhr bmJy Zht hmoVr h¡§ VWm Zd CXmadmXr Zr{V`m| Ho$ bmJy hmoZo na Hw$b CËnmXZ AZwHy$bV_ go H$_ hmoVm h¡& AV: Cƒ {ejm H$mo Zd CXmadmXr _mÝ`VmAm| Ho$ AZwgma nyar Vah ~mOma Ho$ âmogo Zht N>mo‹S>m Om gH$Vm h¡ Ed§ Bg_| amÁ` H$m hñVnjon Amdí`H$ h¡ Vm{H$ AZwHy$bV_ CËnmXZ {H$`m Om gHo$& Ho$db à{V`mo{JVm Ho$ H$maU JwUdÎmm H$m CÝZ`Z Ed§ bmJV H$mo Ý`yZV_ {H$`m OmZm g§^d Zht h¡&

gÝX^© J«ÝW gyMr

1. Ab~H$, nr.Or., hmà EOwHo$eZ H«$moñgog ~m°S©>g©, M|O, 36(2), 2004, n¥. 18-25

2. E§S>agZ, B©., Xm H$måßboŠg [aboeZ {~Q>drZ Xm AH$mX{_H$ E§S> B§S>ñQ´>r, Xm OZ©b Am°\$ hmà EOwHo$eZ, 72(2), 2001, n¥. 226-46

3. Eßnb, E_².S>ãby., {~Q>drZ ZoAmo{b~«{bñ_ E§S> ZoAmoH$moÝgod©{Vñ_: EOwHo$eZ E§S> H$m§god©{Vñ_ BZ E ½bmo~b H$m°ÝQ>oŠñQ> BZ EZ gr ~w~©²bog E§S> gr E Vmoa}g ½bmo~{bOogZ A§g EOwHo$eZ, {H«${Q>H$b ng©nopŠQ>d, bÝXZ am¡ËboX²Jo, 2000, n¥. 56-57

4. ~_©Z, B©.EM., Xm nmo{b{Q>H$b BH$m°Z_r Am°\$ EOwHo$eZ [a\$m_©, BZ Ama EAZm}d E§S> Q>moaog, H$ånoao{Q>d EOwHo$eZ: Xm {XboŠQ> AmoJ Wo ½bmo~b E§S> bmoH$b, b§h_ {bÎbo{\$EëX npãbeg©, 2003, n¥. 252-91

5. Mmo_ñH$s, EZ., db©²S> AmS©>a AmoëS> E§S> Ý`y, Ý`y`m°H©$, H$mob§{~`m `y{Zd{g©Q>r àog BZ H$pÝS>H$mo ~r Ho$_bo (2010), {Z`mo{b~«{bÁ_ BZ hmà EÁ`yHo$eZ : E H$ånao{Q>d AàmoM, BÊQ>aZoeZb OZ©b Am°\$ AmQ²>©g EÊS> gmBg|O 3(14), 1994, n¥. 155

6. Mmo_ñH$s, EZ., àm°{\$Q> Amoda nrnb: ZoAmo{b~«{bñ_ E§S> ½bmo~b AmS©>a, Ý`y`m°H©$, godoZ ñQ>moarO E§S> àog BZ H$pÝS>H$mo ~r Ho$_bo (2010), {Z`mo{b~«{bÁ_ BZ hmà EÁ`yHo$eZ : E H$ånao{Q>d AàmoM, BÊQ>aZoeZb OZ©b Am°\$ AmQ²>©g EÊS> gmBg|O 3(14), 1998, n¥. 157

7. \«$sS>_Z, E_²., Xm B§{d{g~b h¡ÊS> BZ BH$moZm°{_Šg E§S> nm°{b{Q>Šg, n{ga n§O§J qgJmnwa: B§pñQ>Q>çyQ> Am°\$ gmCW E{e`Z ñQ>S>rO BZ H$pÝS>H$mo ~r Ho$_bo (2010), {Z`mo{b~«{bÁ_ BZ hmà EÁ`yHo$eZ : E H$ånao{Q>d AàmoM, BÊQ>aZoeZb OZ©b Am°\$ AmQ²>©g EÊS> gmBg|O 3(14), 1981, n¥. 169

8. Ho$Oa, E.Oo., AmoãV¡qZJ B§Q>r{J«Q>r ? ao{dEqdJ E§S> EŠgm{_qZJ Xm MmQ>©a {~Q>drZ hmà EOwHo$eZ E§S> gmogmBQ>r, Xm [aì`w Am°\$ hmà EOwHo$eZ, 27(4), 2004, n¥. 429-59

9. _{J©ÝgZ, Eg. E§S> hm}AXog, Or., {~`m°ÝS> ZoeZb ñQ>oQ²>g, _m{H©$Q> E§S> {gñQ>_ Am°\$ hmà EOwHo$eZ: E ½bmo~b EO|gr h`y[apñQ>H$ : hmà EOwHo$eZ, 43(3), 2002, n¥. 281-309

10. _moam¡, Ama.E. E§S> Vmoa}g, Xm ñQ>oQ>, ½bmo~{bOogZ, E§S> EOwHo$eZ nm{bgr BZ EZ gr ~w~w©bog E§S> gr E Vmoa}g ½bmo~{bOogZ E§S> EOwHo$eZ: {H«${Q>H$b ng©nopŠQ>d, bÝXZ am¡ËboX²Jo, 2000, n¥. 27-56

11. ñbm°Q>a, Eg. E§S> boñbr, AH$mX{_H$ H¡${nQ>{bÁ_: nm°{b{Q>Šg nm°{bgrg E§S> Xm EÝVon©³w[aAb y{Zd{g©Q>r, ~mpëQ>_moa E_² Xr : Xm Om°Z hmopßH§$J `w{Zd{g©Q>r àog BZ H$pÝS>H$mo ~r Ho$_bo (2010), {Z`mo{b~«{bÁ_ BZ hmà EÁ`yHo$eZ : E H$ånao{Q>d AàmoM, BÊQ>aZoeZb OZ©b Am°\$ AmQ²>©g EÊS> gmBg|O 3(14), 1997, n¥. 153

12. ewëVO, Q>r. S>ãë`y., "Am°Z BÝdopñQ>§J BZ ñnoebmB©ÁS> h²`y_Z Ho${nQ>b Qy> AQ>oZ BÝH«$sqgJ [aQ>©Z' BZ Or. aoÝg EÊS> Q>r.nr. ñH$ëQ²>O (ES>), {X ñQ>oQ> Am°\$ S>dbon_oÝQ> BH$m°Zmo{_H$ àmoJ«og EÊS> àognopŠQ>d, ~o{gb ãboH$dob, Am°Šg\$moS©>, nrnr 339-52. (Eg ao\$S©> BZ {VbH$, Oo.~r.Or. (2005):"hmà EOwHo$eZ BZ {Ìe§Hw$', BH$m°Zmo{_H$ EÊS> nm°{b{Q>H$b {dH$br, 40(37), 1961, n¥. 4029-37.

13. {VbH$, Oo.~r.Or., hmà EOwHo$eZ EÊS> S>dbn_|Q>' BZ ES>. {VbH$, Oo.~r.Or. EOwHo$eZ EÊS> gmogm`Q>r EÊS> S>dbn_|Q>, ZoíZb EÊS> BÊQ>a ZoeZb, àognopŠQ>d. E.nr.EM. npãbqgJ, Ý`y {Xëbr \$m°a EZAmB©BE, 2003, n¥. 46

14. {VbH$, Oo.~r.Or., hmà EOwHo$eZ BZ {Ìe§Hw$, BH$m°Zmo{_H$ EÊS> nm°br{Q>H$b {dH$br, 40(37), 2003, n¥. 4029-37

15. Hw$_ma, E., EH$mCÝQ>o{~boQ>r EÊS> EQ>moZmo_r BZ hmà EÁ`wHo$eZ, BH$moZmo{_H$ EÊS> nm°{bQ>rH$b {dH$br, Am°ŠQ>mo~a 31, 1987, n¥. 1564

16. nogMmoamonm°bmog, Or., [aQ>©Z Qy> BÝdoñQ>_oÝQ> BZ EOwHo$eZ: E ½bmo~b AnSo>Q>, dëS©> S>dbon_oÝQ> 22(9):1325-43. (Eg ao\$S©> BZ {VbH$, Oo.~r.Or. (2005): "hmà EOwHo$eZ BZ {Ìe§Hw$', BH$moZmo{_H$ EÊS> nm°{bQ>o{ŠZH$ {dH$br, 40 (37), 1994, n¥. 4029-37

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ISSN 2348-3857


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ZW_b Ho$ H$Q>bo _| Am`m H$amo&

Obgo H$s Iw{e`m± _Zm`m H$amo&

1938 B©. _| O`nwa _| EH$ Owbyg {ZH$mbm J`m {Og_| g¡H$‹S>m| pñÌ`m| Zo ^mJ {b`m& Bg Adga na H$ñVya~m Jm±Yr O`nwa AmB©& CÝhm|Zo àOm_ÊS>b Ho$ A{YdoeZ Ho$ ~mX 10 _B© 1938 B©. H$mo gm`§ ZW_b Or Ho$ H$Q>bo _| pñÌ`m| H$s EH$ {deof g^m H$mo gå~mo{YV {H$`m&3 Bg A{YdoeZ _| bJ^J 3-4 hOma _{hbmAm| Zo ^mJ {b`m {Og_| dZñWbr H$s N>mÌmE± ^r em{_b hþB©&4 O`nwa gaH$ma Zo àOm_ÊS>b H$s J{V{d{Y`m| H$mo ghZ Zht {H$`m Vmo àOm_ÊS>b Zo gË`mJ«h H$aZo H$m {ZíM` {H$`m& OZdar 1936 _| 2 hOma gË`mJ«{h`m| Ho$ Zm_ {bIo Jò, {Og_| _{hbmE± ^r em{_b hþB©& \$adar 1939 H$mo O`nwa _| gË`mJ«{h`m| Ho$ OËWo {ZH$bZo àmaå^ hþE Vmo 05 \$adar, 1939 H$mo a_m Xodr XoenmÊSo>, Omo ^maVr` MaIm g§K Ho$ _§Ìr ~bdÝV gmdb-am_ H$s nËZr Wr, Ho$ ZoV¥Ëd _| nm±M AÝ` _{hbmAm| Zo gË`mJ«h {H$`m& ò nm±M _{hbmE± Wt, gw{_Ìm Xodr, BÝÐm Xodr, {dÚm Xodr, emaXm Xodr Am¡a gwerbm Jmo`b& BZ N>: _{hbmAm| _| go nm±M Ho$ gmW N>moQ>o ~ƒo ^r Wo& 5 6 pñÌ`m| H$m EH$ OËWm 5 _mM©, 1939 H$mo hrambmb emñÌr H$s nËZr aVZ Xodr Ho$ ZoV¥Ëd _| {JaâVma hþAm& 6 O~ gË`mJ«{h`m| H$mo nw{bg {JaâVma H$a bm°ar _| bo OmZo bJr Vmo Hw$N> _{hbmAm| Zo bm°ar ê$H$dm br Am¡a 2-3 pñÌ`m| Zo gË`mJ«{h`m| Ho$ Jbo _| nwîn_mbmE± S>mb Xr& 7 nyao gË`mJ«h Ho$ Xm¡amZ nÝÐh _{hbmAm| H$mo {JaâVma {H$`m J`m, BZ_| à_wI Wr emaXm Xodr, a_m Xodr, B§{Xam Xodr, {dÚm Xodr, gw{_Ìm Xodr BZ g~H$mo VrZ-VrZ _mh H$s gOm hþB©& 8 eoImdmQ>r joÌ H$s _{hbmAm| Zo ^r gaH$mar Ed§ O_tXmar Ho$ AË`mMmam| Ho$ {damoY àXe©Z _| ^mJ {b`m& 11 _mM©, 1938 B©. H$mo {dÚmWu ^dZ PwÝPwZy _| EH$ d¥hX² _{hbm gå_obZ ~wbm`m J`m, {Og_| hOmam| H$s g§»`m _| _{hbmAm| Zo ^mJ {b`m& Bg gå_obZ H$mo Hw±$. ZoVam_qgh Jm¡ara H$s nwÌr erVb ~mB© Zo _{hbmAm| H$mo {e{jV hmoZo, amï´> H$s CÝZ{V _| ^mJrXma ~ZZo d gm_m{OH$ Hw$ê${V`m| H$m n[aË`mJ H$aZo H$m

Amh²dmZ {H$`m& Bg gå_obZ Ho$ CnamÝV ~‹S>r g§»`m _| _{hbmE± dZñWbr AÜ``Z H$aZo hoVw JB©&9

gw{_Ìm Xodr IoVmZ Zo 1939 Ho$ gË`mJ«h _| Ho$g[a`m gm‹S>r nhZo Ed§ H§$Yo na ham W¡bm VWm hmWm| _| {Va§Jm PÊS>m boH$a AnZo So>‹T>-Xmo dfu` ~ƒo Ho$ gmW {JaâVmar Xr VWm ~ƒo Ho$ gmW hr Oob _| ahr&10 4 _mM© 1939 H$mo O`nwa {H$gmZ gË`mJ«h na PwÝPwZy àOm_ÊS>b AmÝXmobZ Ho$ ZoVm habmb qgh H$s nËZr a_mH$moar Xodr, CZH$s _m± \y$brXodr, H¥$îUm e_m© O`nwa AmB©, {OÝh| nw{bg Ûmam {JaâVma H$a {b`m J`m& Cgr {XZ _{hbmAm| H$m EH$ OËWm Ho$g[a`m gm‹S>r nhZo hþE Om¡har ~mOma nhþ±Mm, {OgH$m ZoV¥Ëd O`nwa Ho$ à{V{ð>V ZoVm _ybMÝX Or H$s nËZr O_Zm Xodr Zo {H$`m& BZHo$ gmW gañdVr Xodr, ^maVr Xodr, H$_bm Xodr, YmnmXodr, XþJm©dVr, gwerbm Xodr d {edm Xodr AJ«dmb Am{X H$_©R> _{hbmE± Wr& {OÝh| nw{bg Zo {JaâVma H$a {b`m&

_B© 1940 H$mo àOm_ÊS>b H$m dm{f©H$ A{YdoeZ ZW_b Or Ho$ H$Q>bo _| Am`mo{OV {H$`m J`m, {Og_| dZñWbr {dÚmnrR> H$s N>mÌmAm| Zo Ho$g[a`m ~mZm nhZH$a Kmo‹S>m| na gdma hmoH$a Owbyg _| ^mJ {b`m& BZHo$ gmW OmZH$s Xodr ~OmO VWm CZH$s ~hZ Jwbm~ Xodr ^r Wr& 11 lr_Vr Zma§JrXodr H$mo ^r EH$ Owbyg _| nw{bg ~~©aVm H$m gm_Zm H$aZm n‹S>m& {\$a ^r CgZo PÊSo> H$mo Zht {JaZo {X`m& CZHo$ gmW Vmam e_m©, gwerbm gMXodm, a_m~mB© XoenmÊSo> d grVm YdZ ^r Wr& 12 amOñWmZ Ho$ grH$a {Obo H$s Zr_H$mWmZm {Zdmgr JrVm ~OmO EH$ gm_m{OH$ H$m`©H$Îmm© Wr, {OgZo ^maV N>mo‹S>mo AmÝXmobZ _| ^mJ {b`m& ò nwê$f doe _| ~mê$X gßbmB© H$aVo hþE nH$‹S>r JB© Wr, BÝh| bmhm¡a Oob H$s H$mbH$moR>ar _| ~ÝX H$a {X`m J`m Wm&13

^maV N>mo‹S>mo AmÝXmobZ Ho$ Xm¡amZ d¡go Vmo O`nwa [a`mgV emÝV ahr, bo{H$Z AmOmX _moM} Ho$ ZoV¥Ëd _| AmÝXmobZ, àXe©Z hþE& N>mÌmAm| Zo ^r AmÝXmobZ _| ^mJ {b`m& dZñWbr {dÚmnrR> H$s N>mÌmAm| Zo YaZm {X`m, EH$ N>mÌm empÝV Xodr Zo 05 AŠQy>~a, 1942 H$mo EH$ g^m H$mo gå~mo{YV {H$`m&14 lr_Vr aVZ emñÌr Zo dZñWbr {dÚmnrR> H$s N>mÌmAm| H$mo {Xëbr d CÎmaàXoe OmH$a AmÝXmobZ _| ^mJ boZo H$s Iwbr Ny>Q> àXmZ H$s& lr_Vr aVZ emñÌr gË`mJ«{h`m| H$mo Oob VH$ {dXm H$aZo VWm Oob go Ny>Q>H$a AmZo na CZH$m ñdmJV H$aZo hoVw N>mÌmAm| Ho$ gmW gX¡d CnpñWV ahVr Wr VWm àOm_ÊS>b Ho$ A{YdoeZm| _| N>mÌmAm| Ho$ gmW nhw§M H$a VÝ_Ý`Vm go godm H$aVr Wr&15


ISSN 2348-3857

OmoYnwa _| ^r _{hbmAm| H$s ^y{_H$m ghamZr` ahr& 13 Zdå~a 1938 H$mo lr_Vr {dO`bú_r npÊS>V Ho$ OmoYnwa AmZo go _{hbmAm| _| CËgmhdY©Z hþAm VWm A~ do amOZr{V _| g{H«$` hmoZo bJr& 1942 Ho$ ^maV N>mo‹S>m| AmÝXmobZ Ho$ Xm¡amZ OmoYnwa H$s pñÌ`m± ^r nrN>o Zht ahr& _{hbmAm| H$m OËWm Ho$g[a`m gm‹S>r nhZo gË`mJ«h Ho$ {bE K§Q>mKa Ho$ nmg EH$Ì hþAm, _{h_mXodr qH$H$a Zo à{V~pÝYV nwñVH$ ""CÎmaXm`r emgZ' n‹T>H$a gwZm`r Am¡a 17 OwbmB© 1942 H$mo _{hbmAm| Ho$ EH$ gË`mJ«hr OËWo H$m ZoV¥Ëd ^r {H$`m& 16 pñÌ`m± nwê$fm| Ho$ gmW H$ÝYo go H$ÝYm {_bmH$a ^mJ bo ahr Wr& CÝhm|Zo à{V~pÝYV nwñVH$m| H$mo ~‹S>o hr JmonZr` T>§J go ~m±Q>Zo H$m H$m`© {H$`m& 17 8 AJñV 1942 H$mo nm±M pñÌ`m| Zo Hw$N> ñHy$br N>mÌm| Ho$ gmW {_bH$a {~«{Q>e {damoYr Zmao bJmVo hþE à^mV \o$ar {ZH$mbr& BZH$mo XoIH$a hOmam| H$s g§»`m _| ^r‹S> EH$Ì hmo JB©, O~ nw{bg Zo gË`mJ«{h`m| na Kmo‹S>o Xm¡‹S>mZo Ho$ AmXoe {X`m Vmo pñÌ`m± Kw‹S>gdma nw{bg Ho$ AmJo boQ> JB©& 18 X`mdVr, a_mXodr Am¡a H¥$îUmHw$_mar Zo {JaXrH$moQ> _| EH$ Am_ g^m H$mo gå~mo{YV {H$`m& H¥$îUmHw$_mar AMboída àgmX H$s nËZr Am¡a X`mdVr am_MÝÐ nm{bdmb H$s nËZr Wr O~{H$ a_m Xodr O`ZmamÙ ì`mg H$s nwÌr Wr& BZ _{hbmAm| Zo nhbo ga àVmn ñHy$b d gaXma hmB© ñHy$b Ho$ nmg YaZm XoZo H$m à`mg ^r {H$`m& 22 {gVå~a 1942 H$mo gyaOXodr _mWwa d gm{dÌr Xodr _mWwa Zo EH$ Am_g^m _| CÎmaXm`r emgZ gå~ÝYr JrV Jmò& Bg g^m _| Am`© g_mO H$Ý`m nmR>embm H$s àYmZmÜ`m{nH$m Zo EH$ Omoerbm mfU {X`m&19 O~ 25 {Xgå~a 1942 H$mo OmoYnwa _| X_Z {damoYr {Xdg _Zm`m Om ahm Wm Vmo EH$ {demb Owbyg {ZH$bm {OgH$m ZoV¥Ëd har^mB© qH$H$a H$a aho Wo& {OgH$m ~am~a gmW gyaOXodr _mWwa d gm{dÌr Xodr Xo ahr Wr&20 Owbyg _| ~‹S>r g§»`m _| _{hbmE± em{_b Wr& lr_Vr JmoaOmXodr Omoer, lr_Vr gm{dÌr Xodr ^mQ>r, lr_Vr {gaoH§$db ì`mg Am¡a lr_Vr amOH$moa ì`mg H$mo {JaâVma H$a {b`m J`m&21

Aà¡b 1938 H$mo _odm‹S> [a`mgV _| àOm_ÊS>b H$s ñWmnZm hþB©, {dO`mXe_r Ho$ {XZ gË`mJ«h Amaå^ H$a {X`m J`m& erK« hr AmÝXmobZ nyar [a`mgV _| \¡$b J`m& ZmWÛmam _| nwê$fm| Ho$ gmW ~‹S>r _mÌm _| _{hbmAm| Zo AmÝXmobZ _| ^mJ {b`m Am¡a CÝh|o ^r ~ÝXr ~Zm`m J`m& {OZ_| lr_Vr J§Jm~mB© à_wI Wr& 22 BgHo$ ~mX Vmo _{hbmAm| Zo _odm‹S> _| ha OJh gË`mJ«h _| ^mJ {b`m& à{V~pÝYV nM} {dV[aV {H$ò, YaZo {Xò& 24 OZdar 1939 H$mo _m{UŠ`bmb d_m© H$s nËZr ZmamÙr Xodr, CZH$s ~‹S>r nwÌr ñZohbVm Am¡a ß`maMÝX {díZmoB© H$s nËZr ^JdVr Xodr

H$mo àOm_ÊS>b _| g{H«$` ^mJ boZo Ho$ H$maU _odm‹S> [a`mgV go {ZîH$m{gV H$a {X`m J`m& 23 BgHo$ ~mX ZmamÙr Xodr CX`nwa go AO_oa Mbr JB©, do _odm‹S> àOm_ÊS>b H$s Am{W©H$ pñW{V gwYmaH$a aMZmË_H$ H$m`© àmaå^ H$aZm MmhVr Wr& AV: JUnVbmb d_m© Ho$ gmW {_bH$a àËòH$ Jm§d go Xmo VrZ AmX_r ~wbmH$a MÝXm EH$Ì H$aZm àmaå^ {H$`m& 24 X`me§H$a lmo{Ì` Zo dYm© Aml_ go MÝÐH$mÝVm Hw$_mar H$mo CX`nwa Am_§{ÌV {H$`m, Vm{H$ dmo CZH$s nËZr H$_bmXodr Ho$ gmW aMZmË_H$ H$m`© _| gh`moJ H$a gH|$& 25 Bg H$m`© _| lr_Vr ^JdVr Xodr d lr_Vr a_m Xodr Zo ^r gh`moJ {H$`m& Bg g_` _odm‹S> _| EH$ KQ>Zm Am¡a KQ>r, _odm‹S> _| ^`§H$a AH$mb n‹S>m& d_m© Or Zo AnZr nËZr d àOm_ÊS>b H$m`©H$Îmm©Am| H$mo Jwá g§Xoe ôOo, {OgHo$ \$bñdê$n CZH$s nËZr ZmamÙr Xodr, ZÝXbmb Omoer Am{X Zo ""AH$mb ghm`Vm g{_{V'' H$s ñWmnZm H$s, {OgZo _odm‹S> Ho$ AZoH$ ñWmZm| na AH$mb ghm`Vm Ho$ÝÐ Imobo& àOm_ÊS>b Zo AH$mb ghm`Vm _| àe§gZr` `moJXmZ {X`m&26

df© 1940 B©©. _| _odmS> Ho$ à_wI eham| _| Jm§Yr O`ÝVr ~‹S>o CËgmh go _ZmB© JB©& `h g_mamoh 18 {gVå~a 1940 go àmaå^ hþAm Omo AJbo 15 {XZ VH$ MbVm ahm& _{hbmAm| Zo ~‹S>r g§»`m _| à^mV \o$[a`m| _| ^mJ {b`m& 29 {gVå~a, 1940 B©. H$mo gw^ÐmXodr H$s AÜ`jVm _| ^rbdmS>m _| EH$ g^m hþB©& {Og_| H¥$îUm Hw$_mar, H$_bm Hw$_mar lmo{Ì` Am¡a {Z_©bm Hw$_mar Zo ^mfU {Xò& gw^ÐmHw$_mar Zo AnZo AÜ`jr` ^mfU _| ñÌr {ejm d ñdXoer Ho$ à`moJ na Omoa {X`m&27 ^maV N>mo‹S>mo AmÝXmobZ Ho$ g_` _odm‹S> _| ^r AmÝXmobZ hþAm, ~hþV ~‹S>r g§»`m _| gË`mJ«hr {JaâVma hþE, {Og_| pñÌ`m± ^r nrN>o Zht ahr& _m{UŠ`bmb d_m© H$s nËZr lr_Vr ZmamÙ Xodr AnZo N>:_mh Ho$ nwÌ XrZ~ÝYw H$mo AnZo gmW boH$a Oob JB©& CZH$s ~‹S>r nwÌr gwerbm d lr_Vr ^JdVr Xodr H$mo ^r {JaâVma H$a {b`m J`m& Bg Xm¡amZ N>mÌmE± ^r {JaâVma hþB© Omo ~mX _| N>mo‹S> Xr JB©&

~rH$mZoa _| _hmamOm J§Jmqgh Zo àOm_ÊS>b AmÝXmobZ H$mo g\$b Zht hmoZo {X`m& AV: H$bH$Îmm _| {Zdmg H$aZo dmbo ~rH$mZoa amÁ` Ho$ {Zdm{g`m| Zo _Kmam_ d¡Ú, bú_r Xodr AmMm`© Am¡a CZHo$ n{V lram_ AmMm`© Am{X Zo H$bH$Îmm _| ~rH$mZoa àOm_ÊS>b H$s ñWmnZm H$s& BgH$s AÜ`j bú_r Xodr H$mo ~Zm`m J`m& 28

`Ú{n ~rH$mZoa _| _{hbmAm| H$mo amOZr{V _| AmJo AmZo H$m _m¡H$m Zht {_bm, Š`m|{H$ ~rH$mZoa gaH$ma Zo amOZr{VH$ J{V{d{Y`m| H$mo nZnZo hr Zht {X`m& âVnwa [a`mgV _| H$m§J««og H$m`©H$Îmm©Am| H$m AmZm OmZm ahVm Wm& AV: âVnwa _| àOm_ÊS>b H$s

ISSN 2348-3857


J{V{d{Y`m± 1938 Ho$ ~mX g{H«$` hþB©& 07 go 13 Aà¡b 1939 H$mo O{b`m±dmbm ~mJ H$s KQ>Zm H$s `mX _| amï´>r` gámh _Zm`m J`m& H$m`©H$Îmm© N>moQ>o-N>moQ>o PÊSo> boH$a g‹S>H$m| na {ZH$bo, {Og_| _{hbmAm| H$s ^r ~‹S>r ^y{_H$m ahr& n§{S>V XoeamO H$s nËZr lr_Vr {ÌdoUr, Jm¡are§H$a {_Îmb H$s nËZr lr_Vr ^JdVr Am¡a JmoHw$bMÝX d_m© H$s nwÌr H¥$îUm ^r g‹S>H$m| na {ZH$br& amï´>r` gámh _| lr_Vr {ÌdoUr d H¥$îUm ImXr H$m R>obm boH$a Jmob~mJ nhþ±Mr, `Ú{n dhm± na dmo EH$ Q>mB© hr ~oM nmB©& 29 1939 _| lr_Vr {ÌdoUr Xodr H$mo AMZoam go âVnwa ôOm J`m Vm{H$ do dhm± na H$m`©H$Îmm©Am| H$s npËZ`m| H$mo ^r gË`mJ«h Ho$ {bE V¡`ma H$a gHo$& 10 Aà¡b H$mo {ÌdoUr Xodr AnZo hmW _| àOm_ÊS>b H$m Ho$g[a`m PÊS>m boH$a EH$ Owbyg H$m ZoV¥Ëd {H$`m VWm àOm_ÊS>b H$m EH$ _m§JnÌ gaH$ma H$mo {X`m&30 23 Aà¡b 1939 H$mo lr_Vr {ÌdoUr Xodr Zo âVnwa _| EH$ Am_ g^m _| JmZm Jm`m, {Og_| âVnwadm{g`m| go Am•mZ {H$`m J`m {H$ do OmJo Am¡a AnZo A{YH$mam| Ho$ {bE gË`mJ«h H$a|&31 {Oggo âVnwa H$s gaH$ma K~am JB©& AZoH$ H$m`©H$Îmm©Am| H$mo Oob _| S>mb {X`m& Oob _| ñÌr gË`mJ«{h`m| Ho$ gmW Xþì`©dhma {H$`m J`m Am¡a CZHo$ ~ƒm| H$mo Oob A{YH$m[a`m| Zo N>rZ {b`m& {damoYñdê$n pñÌ`m| d nwê$fm| Zo Oob _| hr yI h‹S>Vmb H$a Xr&32 _{hbmE§ ht na Zht ê$H$s, 21 {gVå~a 1939 H$mo _mñQ>a Am{XËòÝÐ H$s nËZr O~ _{hbmAm| Ho$ Owbyg H$m ZoV¥Ëd H$a ahr Wr, nw{bg Zo CÝh| {JaâVma H$a {b`m& CZHo$ gmW CZH$s gdm gmb H$s nwÌr H$mÝVm ^r Wr& BgHo$ Abmdm aodVreaU H$s nËZr amOoídar Xodr Am¡a amd Jmonrbmb `mXd H$s nËZr Y_©dVr H$mo ^r {JaâVma H$a {b`m J`m& 33

âVnwa àOm n[afX² Zo 20-21 _mM© 1941 H$mo EH$ amOZr{VH$ gå_obZ H$m Am`moOZ {H$`m J`m& gå_obZ Ho$ Xm¡amZ 21 _mM© H$mo _{hbm g^m r hþB©, {OgH$s AÜ`jVm gañdVr ~moham Zo H$s& Bg g^m _| OJVJmonmb H$s nËZr ~«OamZr Am¡a nwÌr am_amZr Zo ^mfU {Xò& ^mfUm| _| _{hbmAm| H$mo AnZo Kam| d ~ƒm| H$mo gm\$ gwWam aIZo, MaIm H$mVZo d Xoe godm H$s gbmh Xr& Bg g^m _o§ 15-20 _{hbmAm| Zo ^mJ {b`m&34 ^maV N>mo‹S>mo AmÝXmobZ Ho$ Xm¡amZ âVnwa eha _| à{V{XZ Owbygm| _| gañdVr ~moham Ho$ ZoV¥Ëd _| g¡H$‹S>m| pñÌ`m± ^mJ boVr Wr& AJñV 1942 _| gañdVr ~moham H$mo ^r Omo AmÝXmobZ H$m Ho$ÝÐ {~ÝXw ~Z MwH$s Wr, {JaâVma H$a {b`m J`m&35 A~ _{hbmAm| H$m BVZm gmhg ~‹T> MwH$m Wm {H$ âVnwa Ho$ Hw$N> X{O©`m| Zo g¡{ZH$ dXu H$s {gbmB© H$m R>oH$m bo aIm Wm& AmÝXmobZ Ho$ Xm¡amZ àOm n[afX² H$m`©H$Îmm©Am| empÝVXodr Am¡a {H$aZ Xodr Zo BZ X{O©`m| H$s

XwH$mZm| na OmH$a CÝh| MoVmdZr Xr, {H$ do EH$ gámh Ho$ ^rVa R>oH$m N>mo‹S> Xo, AÝ`Wm CÝh| ~wao n[aUm_ ^wJVZo n‹S>|Jo&36 23 _B© 1945 H$mo aVnwa _| EH$ _{hbm gå_obZ hþAm, {OgH$s AÜ`jm JUoerbmb H$s nËZr ~gÝVrXodr Wr& Bg gå_obZ _| wJb{H$emoa MVwd}Xr H$s nËZr O_wZm Xodr Zo AnZo ^mfU _| ñÌr {ejm Am¡a ImXr Ho$ à`moJ na ~b {X`m&37 15 OZdar 1947 H$mo âVnwa _| Kw‹S>gdmam| Zo gË`mJ«{h`m| H$mo am¡§X S>mbm, {Og_| H$m`©H$Îmm©Am| Ho$ gmW lr_Vr O_ZmXodr MVwd}Xr Ho$ Jå^ra MmoQ> AmB©&38 Bg àH$ma âVnwa [a`mgV _| _{hbmAm| Zo VZ-_Z go g{H«$` ^mJ {b`m&

H$moQ>m [a`mgV _| ^maV N>mo‹S>mo AmÝXmobZ Ho$ Xm¡amZ g¡H$‹S>m| N>mÌ-N>mÌmAm| Zo Owbygm|, àXe©Zm| _| ^mJ {b`m& àXe©Zm| Ho$ Bg H$m`©H«$_ _| N>mÌm Hw$gw_ Jwám H$m `moJXmZ CëboIZr` ahm& \$adar 1946 H$mo ~m±gdm‹S>m _| O~ nw{bg Zo {ÌdoXr d YybOr ^mB© H$mo {JaâVma {H$`m Vmo _{hbmAm| Zo Ymam 144 H$mo Vmo‹S>H$a àYmZ_§Ìr _mohZqgh _ohVm Ho$ ~§Jbo H$mo Koa {b`m& `hm± àOm_ÊS>b Ho$ gh`moJr Ho$ ê$n _| _{hbm _ÊS>b r g{H«$` ahm& Abda, Ym¡bnwa d H$am¡br _| ^r àOm_ÊS>b AmÝXmobZ _| _{hbmAm| H$s ^y{_H$m gamhZr` ahr& Sy§>Janwa [a`mgV _| amñVmnmb Ho$ ñHy$b H$mo ~ÝX H$amZo JB© nw{bg Zo ñHy$b Ho$ _m{bH$ ZmZm^mB© Im±Q> H$mo nrQ>-nrQ> H$a _ma S>mbm VWm AÜ`mnH$ g|Jm^mB© H$s H$_a _| añgm ~m§YH$a KgrQ>Vo XoIH$a ~mah dfu` ^rb H$Ý`m H$mbr~mB© AnZo Jwé H$mo ~MmVo hþE nw{bg H$s Jmobr H$m {eH$ma hþB©& {Og_| CgH$m gmW ñWmZr` _{hbmAm| Zo ^r {X`m& H$mbr~mB© H$s ehmXV Zo Bg joÌ _| VZmd n¡Xm H$a {X`m, {Oggo {dde hmoH$a _hmamdb H$mo {JaâVma bmoJm| H$mo [ahm H$aZm n‹S>m& ZmZm ^mB© Am¡a H$mbr~mB© H$s `mX _| à{Vdf© _obm bJVm h¡&39 22 OZdar 1938 H$mo {gamohr àOm_ÊS>b H$m JR>Z hþAm& àOm_ÊS>b H$s O` hmo Ho$ Zmao bJmVo hþE EH$ ^ì` Owbyg {ZH$mbm J`m& _Üàm{Ì H$mo {gamohr H$s _{hbm H$m`©H$Îmm©Am| Zo àOm_ÊS>b Ho$ H$m`m©b` na {Va§Jm PÊS>m \$ham`m&40 àOm_ÊS>b bmoH${à` hmoVm J`m Vmo gaH$ma Zo Cg na à{V~ÝY bJm {X`m& A~ ^y{_JV J{V{d{Y`m± hmoZo bJr& O¡Z ^dZm| _| g^mE± hmoVr Wr, {OZ_| _{hbmE± ^r CËgmh go ^mJ boVr Wr& àOm_ÊS>b H$s àW_ O`ÝVr 23 OZdar 1941 B©. H$mo Am~yamoS> _| Mma {Xdgr` àXe©Zr bJmB© JB©& 24 OZdar H$mo aobdo ñQ>oeZ go EH$ ^ì` Owbyg {ZH$mbm J`m {Og_| 800 pñÌ`m| Zo ^mJ {b`m& Xmonha _| pñÌ`m| H$m EH$ A{YdoeZ hþAm {Og_o§ bJ^J ~mah gm¡ _{hbmAm| Zo ^mJ {b`m& BZ_| à_wI Wr H$mÝVm ~oZ (amo{h‹S>m) H$mer ~oZ (Am~yamo‹S>), {d_bm Xodr (H$mb§Xar)


ISSN 2348-3857

Am{X& A{YdoeZ _| ñÌr {ejm à{e{jV XmB© Ed§ ñÌr _Vm{YH$ma H$s _m±J H$s JB©& àOm_ÊS>b Bggo BVZm bmoH${à` hþAm {H$ bmoJ àOm_ÊS>b H$mo AnZm _mB©-~mn _mZZo bJo&41

Bg àH$ma amOñWmZ _| àOm_ÊS>b AmÝXmobZ _| _{hbmAm| H$s g{H«$` ^mJrXmar ahr& `Ú{n _{hbmAm| _| BVZr OmJ¥{V Zht Wr {H$ do ~‹S>r g§»`m _| ^mJ bo& {\$a ^r _{hbmAm| _| OmJ¥{V bmZo _| Ztd H$s nËWa gm{~V hþB©& O~ nwê$f H$m ©H$Îmm©Am| H$mo Oob _| S>mbm Om ahm Wm V~ AmÝXmobZ H$s ~mJS>moa AnZo hmW _| boH$a CgH$mo AmJo ~‹T>mZo H$m H$m_ {H$`m& BgHo$ {bE do AnZm Ka N>mo‹S>H$a AnZo N>moQ>o ~ƒm| Ho$ gmW Oob VH$ H$m g\$a ^r {H$`m& ^maV N>moS>mo AmÝXmobZ Ho$ Xm¡amZ _{hbmAm| Zo gm_m{OH$ gwYmam|, àXe©Z Am{X _| ~T>-MT>H$a ^mJ {b`m& ~‹S>o ñVa na {JaâVm[a`m± Xr& Bg AmÝXmobZ Ho$ _mÜ`_ go _{hbmAm| _| AnZo A{YH$mamo Ho$ à{V b‹S>Zo H$s OmJê$H$Vm CËnÝZ hþB©& AmOmXr Ho$ ~mX _{hbm | amOZr{V _| g{H«$` hmoZo bJr E§d ~‹S>o-~‹S>o nXm| na nhþ±MZo H$m gm¡ m½` àmá {H$`m& AV: amOñWmZ Ho$ ñdV§ÌVm AmÝXmobZ _| _{hbmAm| H$m `moJXmZ h_oem `mX {H$`m OmVm ahoJm&

g§X^© gyMr1. amOnyVmZm _Ü`^maV g^m H$m dm{f©H$ {ddaU 1924, n¥.1

2. e_m©, JmonrZmW, amOñWmZ H$m ñdV§ÌVm g§J«m_, amOñWmZ amÁ` A{^boImJma,~rH$mZoa 1991 n¥. 255

3. O`nwa àOm_ÊS>b, ~ñVm Z§. 29, \$mB©b Z§. 1 (A.~r.)

4. emñÌr, hrambmb - àË`j OrdZ emñÌ, AZwn_m àH$meZ _pÝXa,O`nwa,1970, n¥. 559

5. O`nwa nÌmdbr, H«$_m§H$ 4, ~ñVm Z§. 24, n¥. 61 (A.~r.) gw{_Ìm Xodr

6. {hÝXþñVmZ Q>mB©åg 20/03/39

7. O` àOm 22/2/39, àOm_ÊS>b nÌmdbr H«$_m§H$-4,~ñVm Z§.24, à.67 (A.~r.)

8. {hÝXÿñVmZ Q>mB©åg 20/03/39

9. qgh, _mohZ, eoImdmQ>r _| ñdV§ÌVm AmÝXmobZ H$m B{Vhmg, a{dÝÐ àH$meZ, PwÝPwZy, 1990 n¥. 636

10. Omoer, gw_Zoe, amOñWmZ _| ñdÌ§Vm g§J«m_ Ho$ goZmZr, J«ÝWmJma ZmaZmobr ^dZ, OmoYnwa, 1973, n¥. 636

11. àOm_ÊS>b ~wbo{Q>Z _B©, 1940, amOñWmZ amÁ` A{^boImJma, ~rH$mZoa, n¥.1

12. O¡Vbr, __Vm Ed§ e_m©, {edàH$me, AmYr Am~mXr H$m g§Kf©, amOH$_b n¡na~¡Šg, ZB© {Xëbr, 2011, n¥. 52

13. dhr, n¥. 63

14. gŠgoZm, e§H$a ghm`, Omo Xoe Ho$ {bE {Oò,_wŠVdmUr àH$meZ, ~rH$mZoa, 19772 n¥. 146

15. ì`mg, Ama.nr., AmYw{ZH$ amOñWmZ H$m d¥hV B{Vhmg, IÊS> 02, 1998,amOñWmZ {hÝXr J«ÝW AH$mX_r, O`nwa, n¥. 485

16. B§ñn¡ŠQ>a OZab nw{bg H$m Jwá nÌm§H$ 51201 {XZm§H$ 20/7/1942 (O.J.emo.g.)

17. WmZdr, ~mbH¥$îU, _madm‹S> H$m OZ AmÝXmobZ, amOñWmZr J«ÝWAmJma OmoYnwa, 1994, n¥.25

18. OmoYnwa H$mopÝ\$So>pÝe`b \$mBb, AmB©.Or.nr.gr.gr.~r.,~ñVm Z§.1, H«$_m§H$ 2

19. dra AOw©Z 22/8/42

20. {dídm{_Ì 22/9/42

21. nZJ{‹S>`m, ~r.Eb., amOñWmZ _| ñdV§ÌVm g§J«m_, am.{h.J«.A.O`nwa, 1988, n¥.70

22. nZJ{‹S>`m, ~r.Eb., amOñWmZ _| ñdV§ÌVm g§J«m_, am.{h.J«.A.O`nwa, 1988, n¥. 73

23. CX`nwa gr.~r. ~ñVm Z§.1 H«$_m§H$ 4, n¥. 06 (A.~r.)

24. CX`nwa gr.~r., ~ñVm Z§.1 H«$_m§H$ 4, n¥. 44 (A.~r.)

25. dhr H«$_m§H$ 118 n¥. 67 (A.~r.)

26. dhr n¥. 90

27. CX`nwa, gr.~r. ~ñVm Z§. 1, H«$_m§H$ 7, n¥.01 (A.~r.)

28. hmo_ {S>nmQ>©_oÝQ> ~rH$mZoa 1937, Z§. gr.8, n¥. 1-23 (A.~r.)

29. âVnwa gr.~r.0 ~ñVm Z§. 3 H«$_m§H$ 28 n¥. 163 (A.~r.)

30. AJ«dmb, {Z_©bm, amOñWmZ Ho$ ñdV§ÌVm g§J«m_ Ho$ nwamoYm _mñQ>a Am{XËòÝÐ (O`nwa),2003, n¥. 23

31. âVnwa gr.~r. ~ñVm Z§.3 H«$_m§H$ 28, n¥. 184

32. âVnwa àOm_ÊS>b H$s nÌmdbr H«$_m§H$ 7, n¥. 14

33. AJ«dmb, {Z_©bm, Cn`w©ŠV, n¥.34

34. âVnwa gr.~r. ~ñVm Z§.5 H«$_m§H$ 48 {ÛVr`, n¥. 914

35. âVnwa gr.~r. ~ñVm Z§. 5 H«$_m§H$ 39, n¥. 47

36. âVnwa gr.~r. ~ñVm Z§. 8 H«$_m§H$ 50, n¥. 653

37. âVnwa gr.~r. ~ñVm Z§.4 H«$_m§H$ 32, n¥. 187

38. nZJ{S>`m, ~r.Eb., amOñWmZ _| ñdV§ÌVm g§J«m_, am.{h.J«.A.O`nwa, 1988, n¥. 102

39. amOñWmZ {S>ñQ´>ŠQ> JOo{Q>`g©, Sy§>Janwa n¥. 37-38

40. {gamohr amÁ` Ho$ àYmZ_§Ìr Ûmam _hmamd H$mo 3/2/39 H$mo {bIo nÌ

41. {gamohr àOm_ÊS>b \$mBb Z§. 26, n¥. 30

{Og àH$ma CÝZrgdt gXr H$mo {~«{Q>e Am¡n{Zdo{eH$ gXr VWm ~rgdt gXr H$mo A_o[aH$s gXr _mZm OmVm h¡, Cgr àH$ma BŠH$sgdt gXr E{e`mB© Xoem| Ho$ {dH$mg VWm à^wËd H$s gXr h¡& Bg gXr _| E{e`mB© Xoe amOZr{V, AW©ì`dñWm, {dH$mg Xa, Y_© d g§ñH¥${V, OZm§H$s`, BË`m{X joÌm| _| {díd H$mo à^m{dV H$aZo H$s pñW{V _| ah|Jo& E{e`mB© {dH$mg ~¡§H$ Zo df© 2011 _| {H$ò Jò AnZo AÜ``Z _| nm`m {H$ dV©_mZ OZg§»`m Ho$ A{V[aŠV VrZ Aa~ Am¡a E{e`mB© ì`pŠV Or{dV ahZo Ho$ _mZH$m| (Living Standrads) H$m AmZÝX bo gH$Vo h¡§ Omo {H$ `yamon H$s OZg§»`m Ho$ ~am~a h¡& Bg gXr Ho$ _Ü` VH$ E{e`mB© Xoem| H$m gH$b Kaoby CËnmXZ 174 Ia~ A_o[aH$s S>mba hmoJm Omo {H$ {díd Ho$ Or.S>r.nr. Ho$ AmYo go A{YH$ hmoJm& E{e`m

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ISSN 2348-3857

H$s gXr ~ZmZo _| ghm`H$ {gÕ hmo gH$Vo h¡§&

Am{W©H$ g§JR>Z "{~«Šg'(BRICS) H$s ñWmnZm gZ² 2009 _| "{~«H$' Ho$ ê$n _| hþB© Wr, {OgHo$ g§ñWmnH$ gXñ` ~«mOrb, ê$g, ^maV VWm MrZ Wo& Bg g§JR>Z H$m CX²Xoí` d¡pídH$ Am{W©H$ pñW{V d {dÎmr` g§ñWmZm| _| gwYma H$aZm VWm ^{dî` _| gXñ` Xoem| Ho$ ~rM ~ohVa gh`moJ gw{ZpíMV H$aZm Wm& df© 2010 _| X{jU A\«$sH$m H$mo Bg g§JR>Z H$m gXñ` ~Zm`m J`m VWm g§JR>Z H$m Zm_ {~«H$ go {~«Šg H$a {X`m J`m& {~«Šg g§JR>Z Ho$ gXñ` Xoem| H$m Am¡nMm[aH$ {eIa gå_obZ à{Vdf© hmoVm h¡& Bg g§JR>Z H$m nhbm {eIa gå_obZ 16 OyZ 2009 H$mo ê$g Ho$ `oH$mQ>o[aZ~J© _|, Xÿgam {eIa gå_obZ 16 Aà¡b 2010 H$mo ~«mgr{b`m (~«mOrb) _|, Vrgam {eIa gå_obZ 14 An¡«b 2011 H$mo gmÝ`m (MrZ) _|, Mm¡Wm {eIa gå_obZ 29 _mM© 2012 H$mo ZB© {Xëbr (^maV) _|, nm±Mdm§ {eIa gå_obZ 26-27 _mM© 2013 H$mo S>a~Z (X{jU A\«$sH$m) _|, N>R>m {eIa gå_obZ 15-16 OwbmB© 2014 H$mo \$moQ>m©boOm (~«mOrb) _|, gmVdm§ {eIa gå_obZ 8-9 OwbmB© 2015 H$mo D$\$m (ê$g) _|, AmR>dm§ {eIa gå_obZ 15-16 AŠQy>~a 2016 H$mo ~oZmo{b_, Jmodm (^maV) _| d Zdm§ {eIa gå_obZ 3-5 {gVå~a 2017 H$mo {Oµ`m_oZ (MrZ) _|, Xgdm§ {eIa gå_obZ 25-27 OwbmB© 2018 H$mo OmohmZg²~J© (X{jU A\«$sH$m) _| gånÝZ hþAm Am¡a ½`mahdm§ {eIa gå_obZ 2019 _| ~«mOrb _| gånÝZ hmoJm& {~«Šg g§JR>Z H$m N>R>m {eIa gå_obZ (15-16 OwbmB© 2014 H$mo \$moQ>m©boOm _|) Bg X¥{ï> go _hËdnyU© Wm {H$ Bg_| gXñ` Xoe "{dH$mg {dÎm H$s CnbãYVm VWm ZH$Xr g§H$Q>m| go {ZnQ>Zo hoVw' EH$ "{~«Šg {dH$mg ~¡§H$' ({Ogo A~ "Ý`y So>dbn_oÊQ> ~¡§H$' H$hm OmVm h¡) H$s ñWmnZm H$aZo Ho$ {bE gh_V hþE& Ý`y So>dbn_oÊQ> ~¡§H$ H$s A{YH¥$V ny±Or 100 Aa~ S>m°ba {ZYm©[aV H$s J`r VWm 100 Aa~ S>m°ba H$s "AmnmV Ama{jV {dXoer {d{Z_` ì`dñWm' (Contingent Reserve Arrangement - CRA) aIr J`r, {Og_| gdm©{YH$ 41 Aa~ S>m°ba H$m `moJXmZ MrZ H$m, 18-18 Aa~ S>m°ba H$m moJXmZ maV, ê$g d ~«mOrb H$m, Am¡a eof 5 Aa~ S>m°ba H$m `moJXmZ X{jU A\«$sH$m H$m {ZpíMV {H$`m J`m& gr.Ama.E. H$m CX²Xoí` gXñ` Xoem| H$mo d¡pídH$ VabVm X~mdm| go gwajm àXmZ H$aZm, CZH$s _wÐm Ho$ "d¡pídH$ {dÎmr` X~mdm|'go AË`{YH$ à^m{dV hmoZo H$s pñW{V _| ghm`Vm H$aZm, Am{W©H$ ApñWaVm Am¡a A{ZpíMV d¥hV² Am{W©H$ dmVmdaU H$s Xem _| gwajm àXmZ H$aZm h¡& gr.Ama.E. H$mo gm_mÝ`V`m AÝVam©ï´>r` _wÐm H$mof Ho$ à{VÛÝXr Ho$ ê$n _| XoIm Om ahm h¡

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ISSN 2348-3857


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ISSN 2348-3857

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1. E{e`m 2050: [a`bmBqOJ X E{e`Z go§Myar ~mB© E.S>r.~r., goO npãbHo$eZ, ZB© {Xëbr, 2012, n¥. 3

2. MmZ, Ama.gr., E{e`mO â`yMa BZ A ½bmo~bmBÁS> dëS©>, BZQ>aZoeZb nm°{b{Q>H$, {Xgå~a, 1999

3. CX²Xo{eH$m, H«$_m±H$ 5, Xgdm§ {~«Šg {eIa gå_obZ KmofUmnÌ, ({eIa gå_obZ 25 go 27 OwbmB© 2018) goÝS>Q>Z H$Ýd|eZ goÝQ>a, OmohmÝg~J©,X{jU A\«$sH$m, n¥. 1

4. {díd ~¡§H$ Ûmam àH$m{eV [anmoQ>© "dëS©> BH$m°Zm{_H$ AmCQ>bwH$' An¡«b, 2013, n¥. 5

5. {díd ~¡§H$ Ûmam àH$m{eV ZoeZb AH$mCÝQ> S>mQ>m, Amo.B©.gr.S>r. ZoeZb AH$mCÝQ> S>mQ>m \$mBbo, 2018

6. g§`wŠV amï´> g§K MmQ>©a H$m AZwÀN>oX 1

7. AJ«dmb, S>m°. EM.Amo., BÝQ>aZoeZb bm° EÊS> øy_Z amBQ²>g goÝQ´>b bm° npãbHo$eZ, Bbmhm~mX, 2003, n¥. 342

8. g§`wŠV amï´> _hmg^m Ûmam 24 _B© 2018 H$mo àH$m{eV [anmoQ>© VWm `yZmBQ>oS> ZoeÝg h¡ÝS>~wH$, 2018-19, n¥. 410

9. g§`wŠV amï´> _hmg^m Ûmam {XZm§H$ 11 {Xgå~a 2014 H$mo nm[aV àñVmd g§»`m 69/131

10. _¡ŠS>m°ZmëS>, ñH$m°Q> ~r. EÊS> bo_H$mo, OmoZmWZ, E{e`mO² amBO BZ Q‰>oÝQ>r \$ñQ´> goÝMyar, no«Oa, Ho$br\$mo{Z©`m, 2011, n¥. 152

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A^r hmb hr _| Obdm`w n[adV©Z na Omar {díd ~¡§H$ H$s [anmoQ>© X{jU E{e`m Ho$ hmQ>ñnm°Q>: OrdZ ñVa na Vmn_mZ Ed§ dfm© _| n[adV©Z H$m à^md (2018) _| ~Vm`m {H$ ^maV Ho$ OrdZ-ñVa _| VoOr go {JamdQ> XO© hmo ahr h¡& [anmoQ>© _| ~Vm`m {H$ df© 2050 VH$ `h {JamdQ> A{YH$V_ 10 à{VeV VH$ hmo gH$Vr h¡& BgH$s MnoQ> _| CÎma àXoe, _Ü` àXoe, N>VrgJ‹T>, amOñWmZ d _hmamï´> O¡go H¥${f AmYm[aV AW©ì`dñWm dmbo amÁ` hm|Jo& BgHo$ MbVo H$hr gyIm Vmo H$hr ~m‹T> H$m H$ha hmoJm {Oggo OZ-OrdZ Ho$ à^m{dV hmoZo H$s Ame§H$m h¡& Bggo ^maV H$m gm_m{OH$-Am{W©H$ VmZm-~mZm ~‹S>o n¡_mZo na à^m{dV hmoJm& Obdm`w n[adV©Z Ho$ H$maU ~‹T>Vo Vmn_mZ d _mZgyZr dfm© Ho$ ~XbVo ñdê$n H$m Aga Xoe H$s H$ar~ 60 H$amo‹S> Am~mXr na n‹S>oJm Ed§ Xoe H$s Or.‹S>r.nr. _| 2.8 à{VeV Xa H$s H$_r hmoJr& H¥${f CËnmXH$Vm _| H$_r d ñdmñÏ` g§~§Yr Ed§ l_ CËnmXZ _| H$_r hmoJr& BgH$s MnoQ> _| AmZo dmbo 10 g~go à^m{dV hmQ>ñnm°Q> {Obm| _| _hmamï´> Ho$ 7 ({dX^© joÌ Ho$), N>VrgJ‹T> Ho$ amOZm§X Jm§d d XþJ© Am¡a _Ü`àXoe H$m hmoe§Jm~mX hmoJm& ò g^r {Obo AJbo 32 gmbm| _| Xoe Ho$ g~go Ja_ ñWmZ hm|Jo& `{X ^maV Zo df© 2015 _| hþE Obdm`w n[adV©Z no[ag g_Pm¡Vo Ho$ Cnm`m| H$mo Zht AnZm`m Vmo df© 2050 VH$ Vmn_mZ _| 1.5 {S>J«r goÊQ>rJ«S> go 3.0 {S>J«r goÊQ>rJ«oS> VH$ H$s d¥{Õ hmoZo H$s g§^mdZm h¡& Bg [anmoQ>© _| Obdm`w n[adV©Z g§Ho$V Ho$ à^md H$mo H$_ H$aZo H$s AZwe§gmAm| à^mdr e_Z Ho$ {bE ñWmZr` n[apñW{V`m| Ho$ AmYma na {d{eï> Amdí`H$VmAm| Ho$ AZwgma b{jV Zr{V`m| Ed§ H$m`©dm{h`m| H$s Amdí`H$Vm h¡& H$m¡eb, ñdmñÏ`, kmZ, ~ohVa AmYma^yV g§aMZm Ed§ EH$ {d{d{YH¥$V AW©ì`dñWm _| {Zdoe, Kaoby, {Obm Ed§ amï´>r` ñVa na Obdm`w hm°Q>ñnm°Q> H$mo H$_ H$aoJm& 3

ISSN 2348-3857


Obdm`w n[adV©Z H$s Y_H$ VoO hmoVr Om ahr h¡& df© 2018 Ho$ OyZ Am¡a OwbmB© _hrZm| _| AHo$bo H¡$br\$mo{Z©`m Ho$ dZm| _| 140 ~ma AmJ bJr& J«rg _| O§Jbm| _| bJr AmJ go 80 bmoJ _mao Jò& `yamon Ja_ hdmAm| go VnVm ahm, ^maV _| {~Zm _m¡g_ Ho$ Amò Yyb Ho$ Vy\$mZm| go 500 go A{YH$ bmoJm| H$s OmZ bo br& OmnmZ VWm AÝ` OJhm| na ~oVhmem ~m[ae hmoZo go \$gb Zï> hmo ahr h¡, bmoJm| Ho$ Kam| H$mo ZwH$gmZ nhþ§M ahm h¡& ò gmar KQ>Zm`| Agm_mÝ` h¡& AmZo dmbo {XZmo§ _| AOr~moJar~ _m¡g_ H$s `h Vrd«Vm Am¡a A{YH$ ~‹T>Zo dmbr h¡& {díd _m¡g_ g§JR>Z Ho$ AZwgma Obdm`w n[adV©Z Ho$ H$maU `yamon _| Ja_ hdmAm| Ho$ Wno‹S>m| H$s VmXmX XmoJwZr hmo gH$Vr h¡& X{jU A\«$sH$m Ho$ Ho$nQ>mCZ eha _| gyIo H$s Ame§H$m _| VrZ JwZm ~‹T>moVar hþB© h¡& A^r hmb hr _| Bg eha _| nmZr IË_ hmoVo-hmoVo ~Mm h¡& `m{Z S>o Oramo go ~Mm h¡& X BH$moZmo{_ñQ> Zo hmb hr _| EH$ AmboI _| ~Vm`m h¡ {H$ H¡$go gZ² 1800 Ho$ ~mX nhbr ~ma {~«Q>oZ Zo AnZm nhbm H$mo`bm_wŠV {Xdg ~Zm`m O~{H$ ^maV bJmmVma H$mo`bm Obm ahm h¡¡& Xþ{Z`m A^r Ordmî_ BªYZ go AnZm bJmd H$_ Zht H$a nm ahr h¡& ZdrH$aUr` D$Om© H$s ~mV H$a| Vmo O_©Zr Ho$ Abmdm A^r Amny{V© ~hþV H$_ h¡& XaAgb ~rVo df© H$mo`bo H$s _m§J _| B©Om\$m XoIZo H$mo {_bm& Vob d J¡g _| {Zdoe ~‹T>m Am¡a Obdm`w n[adV©Z g§~§Yr V_m_ Cnm` AnZo ApñVËd H$s b‹S>mB© b‹S> aho h¢& gË` h h¡ {H$ maV O¡go Xoem| H$mo AmJo ~‹T>H$a Obdm`w n[adV©Z H$s Am{W©H$ Am¡a _Zwî`JV bmJV na ~mV H$aZr Mm{hE& `h d¡pídH$ _§M na EH$ ÌmgXr H$s Vah K{Q>V hmo ahr h¡& h_| `h _m§J H$aZr Mm{hE {H$ Xþ{Z`m VoOr go Bg {Xem _| VoOr go H$m`©dmhr H$a|& 4

_mZdVm H$mo Obdm`w n[adV©Z Ho$ à^mdm| go ~MmZo H$s {Xem _| H$m`© H$aZo H$m Xm{`Ëd {H$gr EH$ Xoe H$m Zht ~pëH$ nyao {díd H$m h¡& [a`mo _| 1992 _| g§`wŠV amï´> àmê$n g§{Y (`y.EZ.E\$.gr.gr.gr.) H$mo Am¡nMm[aH$ ê$n {Xò OmZo Ho$ gmW hr Bg {Xem _| J§^ra d¡pídH$ à`mg Ama§^ hþE& {Xgå~a 2015 _| no[ag _| g§`wŠV amï´> Obdm`w gå_obZ Ho$ 21d| gÌ _| Xoe AnZo dm§{N>V amï´>r` g§H$pënV `moJXmZ (AmB©.EZ.S>r.gr.) àñVwV H$a|Jo& ^maV nhbo hr AnZm AmB©.EZ.S>r.gr. ~Vm MwH$m h¡, {OgH$m bú` ñdÀN> Ed§ Aj` D$Om© H$mo àmoËgm{hV H$a, J¡a-Ordmí_ BªYZ ñÌmoVm| H$mo à`moJ H$a 2.5 go 3 Aa~ H$m~©ZS>mB©Am°ŠgmB©S> Ho$ g_Vwë` A{V[aŠV H$m~©Z qgH$ V¡`ma H$aZo Ho$ {bE dZ H$m {dñVma ~‹T>m H$a, H$m~©Z H$_ CËnÝZ H$aZo dmbo Ed§ bMrbo ehar Ho$ÝÐ {dH${gV H$a, H$Mao H$m à`moJ H$aZo dmbo, gwa{jV, Hw$eb

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{dH$mg EH$ ~hþAm`m_r g§H$ënZm h¡& Am¡a AW©ì`dñWm, g_mO VWm n`m©daU _| gH$mamË_H$ d AZwËH«$_r` n[adV©Z H$m ÚmoVH$ h¡& 1960 Ho$ XeH$ Ho$ A§V _| npíM_ Xþ{Z`m _| n`m©daU g§~§Yr _wX²Xm| na ~‹T>Vr OmJê$H$Vm Ho$ gm_mÝ` d¥{Õ Ho$ H$maU gVV² nmofUr` YmaUm H$m {dH$mg hþAm h¡& 1968 _| àH$m{eV EhabrO H$s nwñVH$ "X nmnwboeZ ~_' Am¡a 1972 _| _rS>mog Am¡a AÝ` Ûmam {bIr JB© nwñVH$ "X {b{_Q> Qy> X J«moW' Ho$ àH$meZ Zo Bg {df` na n`m©daU{dXm| H$s qMVm Am¡a ^r Jhar H$a Xr& Bg KQ>ZmH«$_ Ho$ n[aàoú` _| {dH$mg Ho$ EH$ Zò _m°S>b {Ogo gVV² nmofUr` {dH$mg H$hm OmVm h¡, H$s ewê$AmV hþB© h¡& n`m©daU _wX²Xm| na {díd g_wXm` H$s ~‹T>Vr qMVm H$mo Ü`mZ _| aIH$a g§`wŠV amï´> g§K Zo {díd n`m©daU Am¡a {dH$mg Am`moJ (S>ãë`w.B©.gr.S>r.) H$s ñWmnZm H$s {OgHo$ à_wI Zmd} Ho$ àYmZ_§Ìr Jamohabo_ ~«§Q>b¡§S> Wr& Bg Am`moJ Zo AnZr [anmoQ>© Amda H$_Z â`yMa ({Ogo ~«§Q>b¡§S> [anmoQ>© ^r H$hVo h¡& ) 1987 _| àñVwV H$s& Bg [anmoQ>© Ho$ AZwgma gVV² nmofUr` {dH$mg H$m AW© EH$ Eogm {dH$mg {Og_| {dî` _| AmZo dmbr nr{‹T>`m| H$s Amdí`H$Vm ny{V© H$mo à^m{dV {H$ò {~Zm dV©_mZ nr‹T>r Ûmam AnZr Amdí`H$Vm H$s ny{V© H$aZm h¡& 5

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ISSN 2348-3857

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no[ag Obdm`w g_Pm¡Vo _| Obdm`w n[adV©Z Ho$ {dê$X²Y H$m`©dmhr H$aZo hoVw {díd Ho$ g^r Xoem| Zo EH$ H$m`© `moOZm ~ZmB© h¡ {OgH$m CX²Xoí` d¡pídH$ Am¡gV Vmn_mZ _| nyd© Am¡Úmo{JH$sH$aU ñVa Ho$ _wH$m~bo 2 {S>J«r gopëg`g go A{YH$ d¥{Õ Zht hmoZo XoZm Am¡a d¡pídH$ Am¡gV Vmn_mZ _| d¥{Õ H$mo 1.5 {S>J«r gopëg`g VH$ hr gr{_V H$aZo H$m à`mg H$aZm h¡& hmb hr _| `yZmB©Q>oS> ZoeZ \«o$_dH©$ H§$doÝeZ Am°Z ŠbmB_|Q> M|O (`y.EZ.E\$.gr.gr.gr.) Ho$ H$m§\«o§$g Am°\$ nmQ>uO (H$mon-23) H$s 23 dt ~¡R>H$ ~moZ O_©Zr _| hþB©& Bg_| gd©àW_ OoÊS>a EŠeZ ßbm°Z ^r em{_b {H$`m J`m&

{ZîH$f© ê$n go h_ H$h gH$Vo h¡ {H$ Bg g_` h_| Eogo g§nmofUr` g_mYmZ {dMmaZo H$s Amdí`H$Vm h¡ Omo AñWm`r Zht hmo ~pëH$

ISSN 2348-3857


Cg_| ^mdr nr{‹T>`m| H$s Amdí`H$VmAm| H$m ^r Ü`mZ aIm J`m hmo& h_| `h ^r g_PZm hmoJm {H$ àmH¥${VH$ g§gmYZ gr{_V h¡ Bg{bò CZH$m Cn`moJ VH©$g§JV hmoZm Mm{hE Am¡a CgH$s `moOZm gVV² {dH$mg gw{Z{í{MV H$aZo Ho$ X¥{ï>H$moU go ~ZmB© OmZr Mm{hE& Obdm`w n[adV©Z H$s g_ñ`mAm| go {ZnQ>Zo Ho$ {bE Am¡a D$Om© gwajm d gVV² {dH$mg H$mo gw{ZpíMV H$a {dH$mg Ho$ ñVa H$mo ~Zmò aIZo Ho$ {bE D$Om© Ho$ g§YmaUr` Am¡a ñdÀN> ñÌmoVm| Ho$ {dH$mg H$s {Xem _| ~‹T>Zo H$s VËH$mb Amdí`H$Vm h¡& ^maV ^r D$Om© gwajm H$s MwZm¡{V`m§ H$m gm_Zm H$aZo H$s Am¡a df© 2022 VH$ ZdrH$aUr` D$Om© H$s 175 JrJmdm°Q> j_Vm H$m bú` hm{gb H$a Obdm`w n[adV©Z Ho$ à^mdm| H$mo H$_ H$aZo H$s amh na Mb ahm h¡& Jm§YrOr Zo H$hm Wm "YaVr g^r H$s Amdí`H$VmAm| Ho$ {bE n`m©á g§gmYZ h¡, CZHo$ bmbM Ho$ {bE Zht&' ^{dî` H$s ajm H$aZo Ed§ h_mar ^mdr nr{‹T>`m| H$mo n¥Ïdr H$s {damgV gm¡¡§nZo Ho$ {bE nyam {díd EH$ gmW Am ahm h¡& Bg{bE h_ Eogr Xþ{Z`m ~ZmZo H$s Amem H$a gH$Vo h¢ Ohm§ h_ ha {H$gr H$s Amdí`H$Vm Ho$ {bE g§gmYZ V¡`ma H$a gH|$&

g§X^© gyMr

1. qgh, gdrÝÐ, n`m©daU ^yJmob H$m ñdê$n, àdm{bH$m

npãbHo$eÝg, Bbmhm~mX, 2016, n¥. 226

2. e_m©, EM.Eg., e_m©, E_.Eb. Ed§ {_lm, Ama.EZ. ^m¡{VH$

^yJmob, n§Merb àH$meZ, O`nwa 2017, n¥. 444

3. [anmoQ>©, X{jU E{e`m Ho$ hm°Q>ñnm°Q> : Vmn_mZ Am¡a df©U _|

n[adV©Z H$m OrdZ-ñVa na à^md, {díd ~¡§H$ g_yh, 2018,

n¥. 58-60

4. ZmamÙ, gwZrVm (n`m©daU{dX²), Obdm`w n[adV©Z Ho$

Adí`§^mdr à^md, {~OZog ñQ>¡ÊS>S©>, {XZm§H$ 14.8.18, n¥. 5

5. ^maV bmoJ Am¡a AW©ì`dñWm, EZ.gr.B.Ama.Q>r., 2007, H$jm

12, n¥. 108-110

6. gŠgoZm, Ho$.Or., Obdm`w n[adV©Z Am¡a gånmofUr` {dH$mg,

`moOZm, àH$meZ {d^mJ, {Xëbr, {Xgå~a 2015, n¥. 9-10

7. Am{W©H$ g_rjm 2017-18, ^maV gaH$ma, n¥. 75-76

nm{H$ñVmZ AnZo OÝ_ go hr ^maV {damoY H$s Zr{V AnZmVm ahm h¡ VWm {d{^ÝZ _wX²Xm| H$mo boH$a ^maV H$m Ywa {damoYr ~Zm ahm h¡& ^maV-nmH$ h_oem nañna AKmo{fV `wÕ Ho$ gmò _| OrVo aho h¡§ Am¡a XmoZm| amï´> {d{^ÝZ g_ñ`mAm| Am¡a MwZm¡{V`m| go OyPVo aho h¡§& BZ g_ñ`mAm| _| XmoZm| amï´>m| Ho$ ~rM epŠV Ag§VwbZ Am¡a eñÌm| H$s hmo‹S> à_wI h¡§& 1 epŠV H$m {dVaU ^maV Am¡a nm{H$ñVmZ H$s {dMmaYmam Am¡a joÌ H$s g_ñ`mAm| Ho$ gmW EH$ AÝ` g_ñ`m h¡& {nN>bo 70 gmb H$s O_rZr hH$sH$V `h h¡ {H$ XmoZm| hr Xoe AnZr amï´>r` g§^mdZmAm| _| EH$ ~hþV ~‹S>m A§Va aIVo h¡§& ^maV nm{H$ñVmZ go joÌ\$b _| bJ^J Mma JwZm ~‹S>m h¡, OZg§»`m _| N>h JwZm ~‹S>m h¡, gH$b Kaoby CËnmXZ Ho$ _mn Ho$ AmYma na AW©ì`dñWm _| Zm¡ JwZm Am¡a g¡Ý` epŠV _| nm{H$ñVmZ H$mo na_mUw h{W`mam| Ho$ A{V[aŠV H$moB© gmå` Zht h¡& `{X Xmo Xoe {^ÝZ ^m¡Jmo{bH$ pñW{V _| pñWV hm| Vmo CZ_| `Ú{n VwbZm Zht H$s Om gH$Vr& 2

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ñdV§ÌVm àm{á Ho$ níMmV go hr ^maV Am¡a nm{H$ñVmZ Ho$ ~rM joÌ\$b, OZg§»`m, g§gmYZm|, emgZ-àUm{b`m| O¡gr {d{dYVmE§ {dÚ_mZ ahr h¡§& XmoZm| H$s epŠV _| n`m©á A§Va h¡& Ohm§ ^maV {díd H$s N>R>r ~‹S>r AW©ì`dñWm Ho$ gmW Vrd« J{V go CâVr epŠV h¡ Vmo nm{H$ñVmZ Ho$ Am{W©H$ hmbmV Iam~ h¡§& dh {Za§Va AÝ` Xoer` Am¡a {d{^ÝZ A§Vam©ï´>r` {dÎmr` g§ñWmAm| H$s Am{W©H$ _XX Am¡a G$U H$mo _mohVmO h¡& CgH$s ^maV go epŠV gmå` H$s gmoM `WmW© go nao h¡& Zohê$ Ho$ H$m`©H$mb _| ^maV H$s na_mUw Zr{V EH$ nW H$s Wr& {OgH$m VmËn`© ^maV Ûmam na_mUw àm¡Úmo{JH$s H$m Cn`moJ Ho$db em§{VnyU© Am¡a {dH$mg H$m`m] Ho$ {bE H$aZm Wm Z {H$ na_mUw eñÌm| Ho$ {Z_m©U Ho$ {bE& bo{H$Z AŠQy>~a 1964 _| MrZ Ûmam na_mUw {dñ\$moQ> Ed§ X{jU E{e`m Am¡a BgHo$ Amg-nmg Ho$ joÌm| _| ~XbVo gm_[aH$ Am¡a gwajm dmVmdaU H$mo Ü`mZ _| aIVo hþE ^maV Zo AnZo na_mUw {dH$ën H$mo Iwbm aIm& 18 _B© 1974 H$mo ^maV Ûmam nhbm Am¡a 11 Am¡a 13 _B© 1998 H$mo nm§M ~hþCX²Xoer` na_mUw {dñ\$moQ> {H$E JE& àË`wÎma _| nm{H$ñVmZ Zo MmKmB© _| N>: na_mUw narjU H$a ^maV H$mo `h {XImZo H$m à`mg {H$`m {H$ dh ^maV Ho$ g_H$j hmo J`m h¡& dV©_mZ _| ^maV Am¡a nm{H$ñVmZ X{jU E{e`m _| Vrd« eñÌ Xm¡‹S> _| em{_b h¡§& {gnar B©à ~wH$ 2017 go kmV hmoVm h¡ {H$ nm{H$ñVmZ 2017 _| ^maV go 10 go 20 na_mUw h{W`ma A{YH$ aIVm h¡& ^maV-nm{H$ñVmZ _| na_mUw h{W`mam| H$s hmo‹S> X{jU E{e`m H$s gwajm Ho$ {bE qMVmOZH$ h¡&

g§Ho$Vmja … na_mUw, h{W`ma, epŠV, ^maV, nm{H$ñVmZ

{díd ~¡§H$ Ho$ AmH$bZ Ho$ _wVm{~H$ maV _| 2016 _| à{V ì`pŠV gH$b Kaoby CËnmXZ 1709.4 (114530 énò) A_o[aH$s S>m°ba ahm, {gVå~a 2016 _| maV H$m à{V ì`pŠV OrS>rnr nm{H$ñVmZ go 16.4 à{VeV A{YH$ ahm& df© 2015 _| ^maV _| OrdZ àË`mem 68 df© ahr dht nm{H$ñVmZ _| g_mZ df© _| 66 df© ahr& ^maV H$s {eew _¥Ë`w Xa (1000 {eewAm| na) 2015 _| 38 ahr dht nm{H$ñVmZ H$s {eew _¥Ë`w Xa 66 ahr& ^maV _| 2005 _| gmjaVm 71 à{VeV ahr Am¡a nm{H$ñVmZ _| 58 à{VeV ahr& ^maV _| 2015 _| Hw$b joÌ\$b H$m dZ 23.8 à{VeV ahm Vmo nm{H$ñVmZ _| 1.9 à{VeV ahm& 3 ^maV H$m ajm ~OQ> 2017-18 _| AZw_m{ZV 359854.12 H$amo‹S> énò ahm& 4 dht 2018-19 _| àñVm{dV nm{H$ñVmZ H$m ajm ~OQ> 1.1 {Q´>{b`Z S>m°ba ahm Omo {H$ Hw$b ~OQ> H$m 21 à{VeV h¡& 5

^maV-nm{H$ñVmZ H$s epŠV H$mo VwbZmË_H$ AmYma na {ZåZ{bpIV gmaUr Ûmam Xem©`m Om gH$Vm h¡ -

^maV-nm{H$ñVmZ g§~§Ym| _o§ epŠV Ag§VwbZ Am¡a eñÌ Xm¡‹S> H$s g_ñ`m : EH$ {díbofUmË_H$ AÜ``Zam_Xmg ~Kobm

emoYmWu, amOZr{V {dkmZ {d^mJ, amOñWmZ {díd{dÚmb`, O`nwa (amOñWmZ)


ISSN 2348-3857


gmaUr 1 … ^maV-nm{H$ñVmZ H$s epŠV H$s VwbZm

VwbZm H$m AmYma ^maV nm{H$ñVmZ

OZg§»`m 1,33,365,118 199,085,847 (2016 AZw_m{ZV)

joÌ\$b 3,287,240 dJ© {H$_r 881,913 dJ© {H$_r

OZg§»`m KZËd 452/dJ© {H$_r 260.8/dJ© {H$_r

OrS>rnr 2.384 {Q´>{b`Z S>m°ba 270.961 {~{b`Z S>m°ba

Zmo{_Zb 1820 S>m°ba à{Vì`pŠV 1427 S>m°ba à{V ì`pŠV

OrS>rnr (nrnrnr) 8.727 {Q´>{b`Z S>m°ba 6664 S>m°ba à{V ì`pŠV 984.205 {~{b`Z S>m°ba 5084 S>m°ba à{V ì`pŠV

goZm ì`` 31.03 {~{b`Z S>m°ba 2.3 à{VeV (OrS>rnr H$m) 5.1 {~{b`Z S>m°ba OrS>rnr H$m 2.8 à{VeV6

Am¡a {dídgZr` na_mUw à{VamoYZ& bo{H$Z nm{H$ñVmZ H$s A^r ^r H$moB© Am{YH$m[aH$ na_mUw Zr{V Zht h¡& nm{H$ñVmZ na_mUw h{W`mam| _| ^maV na AnZr loð>Vm {XImZm MmhVm h¡& 1947 _| {~«Q>oZ go ñdV§ÌVm àm{á go boH$a hr X{jU E{e`m`r amï´> ^maV Am¡a nm{H$ñVmZ H$Q²>Q>a eÌw aho h¡§ Am¡a {ddm{XV H$í_ra joÌ H$mo boH$a VrZ `wÕ b‹S> MwHo$ h¡§ VWm 1998 go XmoZm| amï´> Xþ{Z`m H$m gdm©{YH$ _hËdmH$m§jr na_mUw H$m`©H«$_ Mbm aho h¡§& ^maV-nmH$ H$s eñÌ à{VñnYm© H$mo {ZåZ{bpIV gmaUr Ûmam g_Pm Om gH$Vm h¡ -

Bg àH$ma ^maV, nm{H$ñVmZ H$s VwbZm _| EH$ {demb Ed§ {Za§Va CâVr Am{W©H$ epŠV h¡& nm{H$ñVmZ H$s IwÝZg AnZo AmnH$mo ^maV Ho$ g_Vwë` {XImZo H$s ahr h¡ qH$Vw ì`dhma _| XmoZm| Xoem| Ho$ {dH$mg _| n`m©á A§Va h¡& eñÌ Xm¡‹S> H$s MwZm¡Vr … ^maV Ho$ ApñWa n‹S>mog _| na_mUw Am¡a {_gmBb VH$ZrH$ Ho$ àgma go B§Q>obrO|g Q>mJ}qQ>J Ho$ VrZm| Am`m_ - g§J«hU, {_bmZ Am¡a àgma ~‹T>o h¡§& 7 ^maV Am¡a nm{H$ñVmZ _| 1998 Ho$ ~mX na_mUw h{W`mam| H$s Xm¡‹S> Vrd« hþB© h¡& ^maV H$s na_mUw Zr{V Ho$ Xmo ñVå^ h¡§ - Zmo \$ñQ>© `yO

gmaUr 2 … na_mUw h{W`ma dmhH$ Eà H«$mâQ>

^maV nm{H$ñVmZ

1981 e_eoa/OJwAma/AmB©.Eg./AmB©.~r. a|O 1600 {H$_r 1998 E\$-16 E/~r a|O 1600 {H$_r

1985 dO«/{_amO 200 EM a|O 1850 {H$_r 1998 {_amO III/ V a|O 2100 {H$_r

gmaUr 3 … Ý`ypŠbà dmahoS> Ho$ gmW na_mUw {_gmBb|

^maV nm{H$ñVmZ

2003 - n¥Ïdr-2 350 {H$_r 2003 - hË\$-4 emhrZ-1, a|O 750 {H$_r hË\$-5, Jm¡ar a|O- 1500 {H$_r hË\$-3 JOZdr 290 {H$_r a|O

2007 - A{¾-1 a|O 700+ {H$_r

2010 - YZwf a|O 250-400 {H$_r

2011 - A{¾-2 a|O 2000 + {H$_r

2013 - {Z^©` a|O 800+ {H$_r H«y$O {_gmBb 2013 hË\$-9 ZmOa, a|O - 60 {H$_r

2014 - A{¾ - 3, a|O 3200+ {H$_r A{¾ - 4, a|O 3500+ {H$_r A{¾ - 5, a|O 5200+ {H$_r

2014 - hË\$ 6 emhrZ 2, a|O 2000 {H$_r hË\$-7 ~m~a H«y$O {_gmBb, a|O 700 {H$_r

2015 - hË\$-2 AãXmbr, a|O 200 {H$_r emhrZ 3, a|O 2750+ {H$_r

2017 - ~«h²_mog H«y$O {_gmBb, a|O 300+ {H$_r Ho$-15 gmJ[aH$m, a|O 700 {H$_r (EgEb~rE_)

2017 hË\$ 6 amX H«y$O {_gmBb, ao§O 350 {H$_r

^maV - 110 nm{H$ñVmZ - 130


ISSN 2348-3857

gmaUr 4 … à{Vajm j_VmE§

^maV nmH$

Hw$b {_{bQ´>r H$m{_©H$ 4,207,250 919,000

{_{bQ´>r E`a H«$mâQ> 2102 951

b‹S>mHy$ Q>¡§H$ 4426 2924

Zodb EgoQ²>g 295 1978

ñQ>m°H$ hmo_ B§Q>aZoeZb nrg [agM© B§ñQ>rQ²>`yQ> ({gnar) Ûmam Omar B©`a~wH$ 2017 _| H$hm J`m h¡ {H$ E{e`m _| na_mUw h{W`mam| H$s hmo‹S> ~‹T>Zm qMVmOZH$ h¡& [anmoQ>© Ho$ _wVm{~H$ E{e`m _| {ddmXm| H$s dOh go MrZ, ^maV, nm{H$ñVmZ Am¡a CÎma H$mo[a`m AnZo na_mUw h{W`mam| H$m OIram ~‹T>m aho h¡§& ^maV H$m MrZ Am¡a nm{H$ñVmZ go {ddmX Mb ahm h¡& na_mUw h{W`mam| H$mo ~‹T>mZo H$s hmo‹S> _Mr h¡& nm{H$ñVmZ Ho$ nmg ^maV go Á`mXm na_mUw h{W`ma h¡§& Bg [anmoQ>© Ho$ _wVm{~H$ 2016 _| nm{H$ñVmZ Ho$ nmg 120 go 130 na_mUw h{W`ma Wo, dht ^maV Ho$ nmg 2016 _| 110 go 120 na_mUw h{W`ma Wo& df© 2017 _| nm{H$ñVmZ Ho$ nmg 130 go 140 Vmo ^maV Ho$ nmg 120 go 130 na_mUw h{W`ma Wo& h{W`ma Am`mV _| ^maV Xþ{Z`m _| Aìdb h¡& 2012 go 2016 Ho$ ~rM Hw$b d¡pídH$ h{W`ma Am`mV H$m 13 à{VeV ^maV Zo {H$`m& gD$Xr Aa~ (8 à{VeV) Xÿgao ñWmZ na h¡& [anmoQ>© _| H$hm J`m h¡, ""^maV _| gm_mÝ` VarHo$ go na_mUw h{W`mam| H$m OIram ~‹T>m h¡&''9

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ISSN 2348-3857


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ISSN 2348-3857

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3. EH$ pñWa nm{H$ñVmZ Z Ho$db ^maV Ho$ {bE ~pëH$ gånyU© X{jU E{e`m Ho$ {hV _| h¡& AÝ`Wm BgHo$ XÿaJm_r ZH$mamË_H$ à^md ^maV d X{jU E{e`m Ho$ {bE hm{ZàX {gÕ hm|Jo& amOZ¡{VH$ ê$n go AñWm`r nm{H$ñVmZ go dhm§ goZm H$mo nwZ: gÎmm _| AmZo H$m ~hmZm {_b OmEJm, Eogr pñW{V _| nm{H$ñVmZ _| goZm, AmB©EgAmB©, Oohm{X`m| Ed§ AmV§H$dm{X`m| Ho$ _Ü` JR>Omo‹S> nwZ: gwX¥‹T> hmo gH$Vm h¡, Omo {H$gr ^r Xoe H$s Am§V[aH$ gwajm Ed§ AW©ì`dñWm H$s pñWaVm Ho$ {bE ~‹S>m KmVH$ {gÕ hmoJm&

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Bg àH$ma CnamoŠV {ddaU go ñnï> h¡ {H$ epŠV Ag§VwbZ Am¡a na_mUw h{W`mam| H$s à{VñnYm© ^maV-nmH$ g§~§Ym| _| à_wI g_ñ`m ~ZH$a C^ar h¡, {OgHo$ \$bñdê$n XmoZm| amï´>m| _| VZmd Ed§ VH$ama H$s pñW{V`m§ {ZaÝVa ~Zr ahVr h¡ Am¡a nañna g§~§Ym| _| õmg XoIm J`m h¡& nm{H$ñVmZ Ho$ AZwÎmaXm`r ad¡`o na {díd g_wXm` Am¡a A§Vam©ï´>r` na_mUw {Z`m_H$ g§ñWmAm| Ûmam H$‹S>r {ZJamZr {díd H$mo na_mUw h{W`mam| Ho$ à`moJ Am¡a {dZme go ~MmZo Ho$ {bE Amdí`H$ h¡& ^maV Am¡a nm{H$ñVmZ H$m {dH$mg em§{VnyU© X{jU E{e`m Am¡a {díd Ho$ gmW hr g§^d h¡& nm{H$ñVmZ H$mo H$Q²>Q>an§{W`m| Ed§ AmV§{H$`m| H$s na_mUw h{W`mam| VH$ nhþ§M H$s g§^mdZmAm| H$mo X¥‹T>Vmnyd©H$ g_má H$aZm Mm{hE& ~mV-~mV _| ^maV H$mo na_mUw amï´> hmoZo H$s Y_H$s XoZm N>mo‹S>Zm hmoJm Vm{H$ XmZm| amï´>m| Ho$ g§~§Ym| _| Q>H$amd Am¡a ApñWaVm IË_

ISSN 2348-3857


hmo gHo$ Am¡a XmoZm| amï´> àJ{V Ho$ nW na em§{V Am¡a gh`moJnyU© T>§J go AJ«ga hmo gH|$&

gÝX^© gyMr

1. \${‹S>`m ~r.Eb., ""A§Vam©ï´>r` amOZr{V {gÕm§V Ed§ g_H$mbrZ _wX²Xo'' gm{hË` ^dZ npãbHo$eÝg AmJam, 2005, n¥.> 293

2. H$mZ}Jr EÝS>mC_|Q> S>m°Q> Am°J©, ""Ama B§{S>`m-nm{H$ñVmZ nrg Q>m°Šg dX© E Xo_Z?'' 20 {gVå~a, 2017

3. {hÝXþñVmZ Q>mBåg S>m°Q> H$m°_ ""BpÊS>`m EQ> godoÊQ>r : E H$åno[aOZ Am°\$ àmoJ«og {dX nm{H$ñVmZ EÊS> \$m°a AXa Zog§g'' 25 Aàob, 2018

4. E_AmoS>r S>m°Q> OrAmodr S>m°Q> BZ ""~OQ> EÊS> AH$mCÊQ²>g {S>nmQ>©_|Q> Am°\$ {S>\|$g'', 2017-18

5. S>m°Z S>m°Q> H$m°_ ""~OQ> 2018-19 1.1 {Q´>{b`Z ànmoÁS> \$m°a {S>\|$g'', 28 Aàob 2018

6. JyJb do~gmBQ> S>m°Q> H$m°_ ""BÊ{S>`m-nm{H$ñVmZ [abogÝg''

7. Jwám, g§Oy ""`ynrE gaH$ma Ho$ g_j J¡a-nma§n[aH$ IVao, gwajm Am¡a {dXoe Zr{V H$s MwZm¡{V`m§'' dëS©> \$moH$g, {gVå~a 2013, n¥.> 76

8. S>ãë`y S>ãë`y S>ãë`y S>m°Q> AbOOram S>m°Q> H$m°_ ""Ý`ypŠb`a Zodg© : X BpÊS>`m- nm{H$ñVmZ Amåg© aog'', 10 AJñV 2017

9. X¡{ZH$ ^mñH$a ""ñQ>m°H$ hmo_ B§Q>aZoeZb nrg [agM© BÝñQ>rQ²>`wQ> ({gnar) Zo Omar H$s B©`a~wH$ 2017'', 23 {gVåãa 2017, n¥. 13

10. S>ãë`y S>ãë`y S>ãë`y S>m°Q> {gnar S>m°Q> Am°J© ""E{e`m EÊS> X {_S>b B©ñQ> brS> amBqOJ Q´>|S> BZ Amåg© BånmoQ>²©g `yEg EŠgnmoQ>²©g J«mo {g{¾{\$H|$Q>br, goO {gnar, 12 _mM© 2018

11. gmhÿ, àem§Vm ""nm{H$ñVmZ A{YH¥$V H$í_ra _| AmV§H$dmXr T>m§Mm : ^maV H$s gwajm qMVmE§'' dëS©> \$moH$g, {gVå~a 2017, n¥. 89

12. X¡{ZH$ ^mñH$a ""^maV go {ZnQ>Zo Ho$ {bE h_Zo ~ZmE H$_ Xÿar Ho$ EQ>_r h{W`ma : nmH$ nrE_'', 22 {gVå~a 2017, n¥. 13

13. X¡{ZH$ ^mñH$a ""A_o[aH$s [anmoQ>© _| Xmdm, nmH$ Ho$ na_mUw h{W`ma gwa{jV Zht, H$am gH$Vo h¡§ wÕ'', 27 Zdå~a 2017, n¥. 13

14. n§V, nwînoe : ""21dt eVmãXr _| A§Vam©ï´>r` g§~§Y'', _¡ŠJ«m{hb EOwHo$eZ àm.{b., ZB© {Xëbr, 2014, n¥.> VII.27

15. X¡{ZH$ mñH$a ""CÎma H$mo[a`m H$mo na_mUw Q>oŠZmobm°Or XoZo dmbo _wëH$m| H$s Om§M hmo : gwf_m ñdamO'', 20 {gVå~a 2017, n¥. 15

16. gmhÿ, àem§Vm ""nm{H$ñVmZ A{YH¥$V H$í_ra _| AmV§H$dmXr T>m§Mm : ^maV H$s gwajm qMVmE§'' dëS©> \$moH$g, {gVå~a 2017, n¥. 89-90

17. X¡{ZH$ ^mñH$a ""hm{\$O gB©X H$mo boH$a H$hm : AmV§H$dmX na {\$a ~oZH$m~ hþAm nmH$'', 24 Zdå~a 2017 n¥. 13

18. gmhÿ, àem§Vm ""nm{H$ñVmZ A{YH¥$V H$í_ra _| AmV§H$dmXr T>m§Mm : ^maV H$s gwajm qMVmE§'' dëS©> \$moH$g, {gVå~a 2017, n¥. 90

19. X¡{ZH$ ^mñH$a ""Zm¡dm§ {~«Šg g{_Q> ....... nmH$ Ho$ AmV§H$ H$m _wX²Xm `hm§ Z CR>mE ^maV'', 03 {gVå~a 2017, n¥. 13

20. X¡{ZH$ ^mñH$a ""gwf_m Ho$ `yEZ _| AmH«$m_H$ ^mfU go {M‹T>m n‹S>mogr : MrZ ~mobm - ^maV h_| Ah§H$mar Am¡a nmH$ H$mo ZrMm {XIm ahm h¡'', 27 {gVå~a 2017, n¥. 15

21. gmhÿ, àemÝVm ""nm{H$ñVmZ A{YH¥$V H$í_ra _| AmV§H$dmXr T>m§Mm : ^maV H$s gwajm qMVmE§'', dëS©> \$moH$g, {gVå~a 2017, n¥. 90

22. amOñWmZ n{ÌH$m ""_wea©\$ H$m H$~ybZm_m : H$í_ra Ho$ {bE nhbo nZnm`m AmV§H$dmX ...... 30 AŠQy>~a 2015, n¥. 10

J«m_ àmMrZ H$mb go hr ^maVr` g_mO ì`dñWm H$m AmYma^yV Am¡a _hÎdnyU© EH$H$ ahm h¡& H¥${f àYmZ AW©ì`dñWm hmoZo Ho$ H$maU ^maV H$s A{YH$m§e OZg§»`m J«m_m| _| hr {Zdmg H$aVr h¡& ~rgdt eVmãXr Ho$ àm§a{^H$ XeH$m| _| J«m_rU Am¡a ZJar` OZg§»`m H$m AZwnmV 89:11 Wm& `h AZwnmV Yrao-Yrao ZJam| Ho$ nj _| n[ad{V©V hmoVm J`m VWm 21 dt eVmãXr Ho$ nhbo XeH$ _| `h 69:31 hmo J`m& ñnï> h¡ OZg§»`m H$m ~hþV ~‹S>m AZwnmV AmO ^r J«m_rU joÌmo _| {Zdmg H$aVm h¡& ^maV _| Jm«_ Ho$db ^m¡{VH$ BH$mB© hr Zht h¡§ daZ² gm_m{OH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$, Am{W©H$ BH$mB© Ho$ gmW-gmW ^maVr` naånamAm| Ho$ gdm§hH$ ^r aho h¡§& ^maVr` g_mO H$mo g_PZo Ho$ {bE J«m_ h_oem go àma§{^H$ {~ÝXþ

emoY gmam§e

^maVr` J«m_ AnZo n¥WH$ nhMmZ Am¡a ApñVËd Ho$ H$maU g_mOempñÌ`m| VWm gm_m{OH$ _mZdempñÌ`m| Ho$ AÜ``Z H$m Ho$ÝÐ {~ÝXþ aho h¡§& ^maV _| J«m_ Ho$db ^m¡Jmo{bH$ joÌ hr Zht daZ² ^maVr` g_mO H$s gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$, Am¡a gm§ñH¥${VH$ BH$mB© ^r h¡§& ^maVr` J«m_ H$s dmñV{dH$ ^y{_H$m Ho$ gÝX^© _| ^maVr` qMVZ naånam Ho$ Xmo {dMmaH$ _hmË_m Jm§Yr d S>m°. ^r_amd Aå~oS>H$a ^maVr` g_mO _| J«m_ H$s ^y{_H$m Ho$ gÝX^© _| nañna {damoYr _V aIVo h¡§& Ohm§ Jm§Yr EH$ AmXe© {dHo$ÝÐrH¥$V amOZr{VH$ Am¡a Am{W©H$ ì`dñWm H$m ñdßZ XoIVo h¡ Vmo BgH$s BH$mB© dh J«m_ H$mo hr _mZVo h¡§ Š`m|{H$ J«må` OrdZ H$m gab, g§`{_V, ñdXoer àYmZ Am¡a CËnmXH$ ñdê$n CÝh| EH$ AmÜ`mpË_H$ bú` H$s Am¡a ào[aV H$aVm h¡& AmË_{Z^©a ñdm`Îmemgr J«m_ hr Jm§Yr Ho$ dmñV{dH$ ñdamO H$s àm{á H$m _yb_§Ì h¡§& Jm§Yr H$s X¥{ï> _| EH$ {dHo$pÝÐV amOZr{VH$ àUmbr hr A{§h§gm Ho$ AmXe© Ho$ AZwê$n _mZr Om gH$Vr h¡§& {H$gr ^r Vah H$m Ho$ÝÐr`H$aU qhgm na hr AmYm[aV hmoVm h¡& BgHo$ {dnarV S>m°. ^r_amd Aå~oS>H$a ^maVr` J«m_ H$m `WmW© {MÌU H$aVo hþE Bgo emofU H$m CnH$aU _mZVo h¡§ Ohm§ {dÚ_mZ H$R>moa Om{VJV g§aMZm _| Añn¥í`m| H$s pñW{V EH$ Cn{Zdoe H$s Vah h¡ Omo {ZaÝVa Om{VJV emofU H$m {eH$ma hmoVo h¡§& Bg Vah `h ^maVr` J«m_ {H$gr ^r ê$n _| {H$gr AmXe© amOZr{VH$ Am¡a Am{W©H$ ì`dñWm H$s _yb BH$mB© Zht ~Z gH$Vo h¡§& Eogo g_` _| O~ ny§OrdmXr Am¡a g_mOdmXr amOZr{VH$ AW©emñÌ H$s H${_`m§ IwbH$a gm_Zo Am J`r h¡§ Am¡a XmoZm| àH$ma H$s ì`dñWmAm| Zo {H$gr Z {H$gr àH$ma Ho$ Ho$ÝÐr`H$aU H$mo hr ~‹T>mdm {X`m h¡ {Oggo A{YH$m§e OZg§»`m Ho$ hm{e`oH$aU H$s à{H«$`m Vrd« hþB© h¡& EH$ Eogo d¡H$pënH$ à{V_mZ H$s Amdí`H$Vm h¡ Omo n`m©á amOZr{VH$ Am¡a Am{W©H$ {dHo$ÝÐrH$aU na AmYm[aV hmo& Eogm Jm§Yr H$s "J«m_ ñdamO" H$s gH§$ënZm H$m dmñV{dH$ ê$n àXmZ H$aHo$ hr {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡& `h {dHo$ÝÐrH¥$V J«m_ ñdamO H$s AdYmaUm A{YH$m§e OZ H$s _yb^yV Amdí`H$VmAm| H$mo nyam H$aZo Ho$ gmW-gmW gm_m{OH$ n[adV©Z H$m _mÜ`_ ~ZZo _| EH$ à_wI ^y{_H$m H$m {Zdm©h H$aoJr!

g§Ho$Vmja … J«m_ ñdamO, {hÝX ñdamO, J«m_rU JUVÝÌ, g_mOdmX

aho h¡§& g_mOempñÌ`m| d gm_m{OH$ _mZd empñÌ`m| Ho$ X¥{ï>H$moU Ho$ AZwgma J«m_ ^maVr` g_mO H$m bKwê$n h¡§& 1

Bg ~mV Ho$ n`m©á à_mU h¡§ {H$ J«m_ àmMrZ ^maV _| _hÎdnyU© ~gmdQ> aho h¡§& G$½doX _| J«m_m| H$m CëboI {d{^ÝZ n[admam| Ho$ g_yh go h¡§ O~{H$ dmë_r{H$ H$s am_m`U _| Xmo àH$ma Ho$ J«m_m| H$m CëboI {_bVm h¡ Jmof VWm J«m_& Jmof J«m_ go N>moQ>o hmoVo Wo& H$m¡{Q>ë` Ho$ AW©emñÌ _| ^r J«m_m| H$m CëboI {_bVm h¡ VWm 10 J«m_m| Ho$ g_yh H$mo g§J«hU H$hm OmVm Wm& 2

^maVr` g_mO _| J«m_m| H$s pñW{V Am¡a ^y{_H$m Š`m h¡? `h h_oem go EH$ {dMmaUr` àíZ ahm h¡& ^maVr` g_mO H$mo g§J{R>V

^maVr` J«m_ … Jm§Yr d Aå~oS>H$a {d_e©S>m°. _mohå_X H$m_amZ ImZ

ghm`H$ AmMm`©, amOZr{V {dkmZg_«mQ> n¥ÏdramO Mm¡hmZ amOH$s` _hm{dÚmb`, AO_oa (amOñWmZ)


ISSN 2348-3857


Am¡a AZwem{gV H$aZo _| J«m_ H$s H$moB© gH$mamË_H$ ^y{_H$m h¡ `m {dIÊS>ZH$mar VËd Omo maVr` g_mO _| nmò OmVo h¡§ CZH$m _yb Aml` ñWb J«m_ hr h¡§? `h àíZ ^r AÝV©{Z{hV h¡§ {H$ Š`m ^maVr` g_mO _| {dÚ_mZ AkmZVm, A{ejm, Jar~r, H$R>moa Om{V-qbJ ôX H$m CX²J_ ^maVr` J«m_ go hr h¡§ AWdm Zht?

^maVr` qMVZ naånam _| Xmo {dMmaH$ _hmË_m Jm§Yr d S>m°. ^r_amd Aå~oS>H$a Bg àíZ H$m CÎma nañna {dnarV ê$n _| XoVo h¡§& _hmË_m Jm§Yr Am¡a S>m°. ^r_amd Aå~oS>H$a Ho$ {dMmam| H$s VwbZm AŠga dU© d Om{V ì`dñWm, Am¡Úmo{JH$sH$aU, g§gXr` àOmVÝÌ, A§J«oOr emgZ Ho$ g§X^© _| H$s OmVr h¡& naÝVw Bg g^r {dMmam| _| g~go AmYma^yV A§Va h¡ ^maVr` J«m_ Ho$ ~mao _| BZ XmoZm| H$m X¥{ï>H$moU& Bg_| Jm§Yr Am¡a Aå~oS>H$a nañna {dnarV Y«wd na I‹S>o ZOa AmVo h¡§&

_hmË_m Jm§Yr Zo 1909 _| B½b¡ÊS> go X{jU A\«$sH$m bm¡Q>Vo hþE Eg.Eg. {H$ëS>moZZ Zm_H$ OhmO na "{hÝX ñdamO" erf©H$ go g§dmX e¡br _| EH$ N>moQ>r gr nwñVH$ {bIr h¡& bJ^J 100 n¥ð>m| H$s `h nwñVH$ 20 AÜ`m`m| _| {d^ŠV h¡& g§dmX e¡br H$s Bg aMZm _| _hmË_m Jm§Yr Zo EH$ gmä`{VH$ {d_e© H$mo OÝ_ {X`m h¡ {Og_| AmYw{ZH$ gä`Vm H$mo {Ogo npíM_ AmYm[aV d Am`{VV _mZm h¡§ {H$ Kmoa qZXm H$s h¡ Am¡a Bgo "e¡VmZr gä`Vm" H$s g§km Xr h¡&3

_hmË_m Jm§Yr Zo {hÝX ñdamO _| AmYw{ZH$ gä`Vm H$s ì`dpñWV Am¡a Vm{H©$H$ g_rjm H$s h¡& Jm§Yr Zo ^maV Ho$ {dH$mg H$mo AmYw{ZH$ gä`Vm go Omo‹S>H$a Zht XoIm BgH$s OJh {dH$mg H$m EH$ d¡H$pënH$ à{V_mZ CnbãY H$am`m h¡& {OgHo$ Ho$ÝÐ _| "ñdm`Îmemgr J«m_" H$s AdYmaUm {Z{hV h¡§& Ohm§ npíM_r gä`Vm Jm§Yr H$s X¥{ï> _| e¡VmZr gä`Vm h¡ dht àmMrZ ^maVr` gä`Vm, gä`Vm H$m g~go {dH${gV Am¡a X¡dr` ñdê$n h¡& Jm§Yr Or Zo npíM_r gä`Vm Ho$ ñWmZ na ^maVr` gä`Vm H$mo ñWm{nV H$aZo na ~b {X`m h¡ {Og_| ^m¡{VH$ Am¡a AmÜ`mpË_H$ XmoZm| àH$ma Ho$ {dH$mg {Z{hV hm|Jo& ñnï> h¡ Jm§YrOr {g\©$ m¡{VH$ bú`m| H$s ny{V© H$mo hr OrdZ H$m bú` Zm _mZH$a AmÜ`mpË_H$ bú`m| H$s ny{V© H$mo OrdZ H$m ApÝV_ gmÜ` _mZVo h¢& Jm§YrOr Zo ñnï> {H$`m {H$ `{X ^maV _| ^r npíM_r gä`Vm Ho$ CÝht _mZH$m| H$mo ñdrH$ma {H$`m OmVm h¡§ Vmo `h A§J«oOm| Ho$ {~Zm A§J«oOr emgZ hmoJm& Eogr pñW{V _| ^maV {hÝXþñVmZ Zht ãb{H$ B§p½bñVmZ H$hm OmEJm& `h Eogm ñdamO Zht h¡§ {OgH$s àm{á H$s _wPo AmH$m§jm h¡§& 4 {hÝX ñdamO Ho$ Xe©Z na Jm§YrOr H$s AmñWm nyao OrdZ â ~Zr ahr&

`h ~mV r CëboIZr` h¡ {H$ Jm§YrOr nmíMmË` Z_yZo Ho$ bmoH$V§Ì Am¡a CgH$s g§ñWmAm| d à{H«$`mAm| Ho$ H$Qw> AmbmoMH$ Wo& "{hÝX ñdamO' _| CÝhmoZo {~«{Q>e g§gX H$mo "~m§P _{hbm' H$s g§km Xr h¡§& AVEd dh ^maV Ho$ {bE ^r npíM_r Z_yZo Ho$ bmoH$V§Ì H$mo An`m©á _mZVo Wo& _hmË_m Jm§Yr Zo ^maVr` J«m_ H$mo Ho$ÝÐ {~ÝXþ _mZH$a BgHo$ {dH$mg H$mo ^maV Ho$ {dH$mg H$m gmYZ _mZm h¡& CZH$m _mZZm h¡ {H$ ^maV Hw$N> eham| _| Zht nm`m OmVm h¡& `h 7,00,000 J«m_m| _| {dÚ_mZ h¡§& Jm§Yr H$m _V h¡ {H$ AJa J«m_ _¥Vàm`: hmoVo h¡§ Vmo ^maV ^r _¥V àm`: hmo OmEJm VWm {díd _| ^maV H$m {_eZ Imo OmEJm& 5

_Zwî` Om{V H$m AZw^d Bg ~mV H$mo à_m{UV H$aVm h¡ {H$ gm_y{hH$ OrdZ Cg AdñWm _| A{YH$, {d{dY, g\$b Am¡a AmZÝXnyU© hmoVm h¡§ O~ CgH$s aMZm N>moQ>o KQ>H$m| VWm A{YH$ gmXo g§JR>Zm| na H$s OmVr h¡& Ho$db N>moQ>o KQ>H$m| `m g_mOm| _| hr OrdZ nyU© ê$n go {dH${gV Am¡a g_¥Õ hmoVm Am`m h¡& {demb joÌm| _| \¡$bo hþE gm_y{hH$ OrdZ _| EH$Vm, gå~ÕVm VWm CËnmXH$ epŠV H$m A^md nm`m OmVm h¡& `yZmZ Ho$ àmMrZ ZJa amÁ` VWm ^maV Ho$ J«m_ àOmV§Ì g_¥Õ Am¡a epŠVembr OrdZ Ho$ gdmªJrU {dH$mg Ho$ gwÝXa CXmhaU Wo& 6

n§ Odmha bmb Zohê$ Zo AnZr AnZr nwñVH$ "{díd B{Vhmg" H$s PbH$ _| {bIm h¡��

"Am`m] Zo ^maV _| Yrao-Yrao AnZr J«m_rU àUmbr H$m {dH$mg {H$`m& Bg àUmbr _| Hw$N> nwamZr Ð{d‹S> J«m_ g^m H$m Am¡a Hw$N> Am`© {dMmam| H$m _ob Omob Wm& ò Jm§d H$ar~-H$ar~ ñdV§§Ì hmoVo Wo Am¡a MwZr hþB© n§Mm`V| BZ na emgZ H$aVr Wr& Bg Vah Am`© ~pñV`m| _| EH$ àH$ma H$m bmoH$V§Ì nm`m OmVm Wm& 7

Jm§YrOr amÁ` Am¡a amï´> XmoZm| hr AdYmaUmAm| Ho$ {damoYr Wo& Ohm§ do amÁ` H$mo "g§J{R>V qhgm' H$m àVrH$ _mZVo Wo dhr amï´> H$mo àmU {dhrZ g§JR>Z& Jm§Yr Ho$ AZwgma g_mO H$m Ma_ bú` Vmo `h hmoZm Mm{hE {H$ Cgo amÁ` H$s Amdí`H$Vm hr _hgyg Zht hmo& Bg{bE Jm§Yr Or H$s am` _| AmXe© g_mO amÁ` a{hV bmoH$V§Ì h¡§& h Eogr AamOH$ ì`dñWm h¡§ {Og_| _Zwî` H$m OrdZ Cg nyU©Vm H$mo àmá H$aVm h¡ Ohm§ na dh ñd`§ na emgZ H$aZo bJVm h¡& naÝVw Jm§YrOr `h ^r _mZVo h¡§ {H$ Bg AmX©e H$s nyU© {g{Õ Agå^d h¡& Bg{bE {dH$ën Ho$ ê$n _| "J«m_ ñdamÁ`' H$m AmXe© àñVwV {H$`m h¡§& {Og_| amÁ` H$m A§V Zht hmoVm h¡ CgH$m {dHo$ÝÐrH$aU hmoVm h¡& Bg àH$ma J«m_ ñdamÁ` EH$ Eogm AmXe© h¡ {Ogo {gÕ {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡& 8


ISSN 2348-3857

_hmË_m Jm§Yr Zo AmË_{Z^©a ñdm`Îmemgr J«m_m| H$s AdYmaUm àñVwV H$s h¡ Omo AnZo ê$n _| nyU©V: ñdm`Îm hm|Jo VWm AnZr {XZ à{V{XZ H$s Amdí`H$VmAm| H$mo nyam H$aZo Ho$ gmW-gmW AnZr ajm _| ^r nyU©V: g_W© hm|Jo& `h ñdm`Îmemgr J«m_ Ho$db ì`pŠV H$s ^m¡{VH$ Amdí`H$VmAm| H$mo nyam Zht H$a|Jo daZ² ~m¡{ÕH$, AmÜ`mpË_H$, Z¡{VH$ Amdí`H$VmAm| H$mo ^r nyam H$aZo _| g_W© hm|Jo& Jm§Yr Ho$ amOZr{VH$ qMVZ H$m bú` {dHo$ÝÐrH¥$V "J«m_ ñdamO' H$s AdYmaUm h¡§ Ohm§ na àËòH$ J«m_ EH$ JUVÝÌ Ho$ g_mZ hmoJm& J«m_ n§Mm`V J«m_ Ho$ g^r _m_bm| H$m à§~Y H$aoJr& BÝht ñdm`Îm "J«m_ ñdamO" Ho$ JUVÝÌm| na Xoe H$m JUVÝÌ {dÚ_mZ hmoJm& Jm§Yr {H$gr ^r Ho$ÝÐr`H$aU H$mo qhgm na AmYm[aV hr _mZVo Wo&

_hmË_m Jm§Yr Ho$ eãXm| _| "J«m_ ñdamO' H$s _oar H$ënZm `h h¡ {H$ `h EH$ Eogm nyU© àOmV§Ì hmoJm Omo AnZr Ah_ Oê$aVm| Ho$ {bE AnZo n‹S>mogr na ^r {Z^©a Zht H$aoJm Am¡a {\$a ^r ~hþVoar Xÿgar Oê$aVm| Ho$ {bE {Og_| Xÿgam| H$mo gh`moJ A{Zdm`© hmoJm& Bg Vah ha EH$ Jm§d H$m nhbm H$m_ `h hmoJm {H$ dh AnZr Oê$aV H$m V_m_ AZmO Am¡a H$n‹S>o Ho$ {bE H$nmg IwX n¡Xm H$a gHo$& 9 Jm§Yr H$s X¥{ï> _| J«m_ ñdamO _| ì`pŠVJV ñdVÝÌVm na AmYm[aV gånyU© àOm§VÌ H$m_ H$aoJm&

_hmË_m Jm§Yr Zo amï´>r` AmÝXmobZ _| AnZr mJrXmar H$s ewê$AmV MånmaU Am¡a ~mX _| Io‹S>m {H$gmZ AmÝXmobZm| go H$s, Omo _ybê$n go {H$gmZ AmÝXmobZ hr Wo& amï´>r` AmÝXmobZ _| _hmË_m Jm§Yr Zo gmXJr, g§`{_V OrdZ H$s VH$ZrH$m| H$mo AnZm`m {Ogo ^maV H$m A{YH$m§e J«m_rU OZg§»`m {Z`{_V OrdZ nÕ{V Ho$ ê$n _| AnZmVr Wr& Jm§Yr eham| Am¡a J«m_m| H$s VwbZm _| J«m_ H$mo _hÎd XoVo Wo& CZH$s {ZJmh _| eham| H$s d¥{Õ EH$ ~war MrO h¡& `h _Zwî` Om{V Am¡a Xþ{Z`m H$m Xþ^m©½` h¡&10

^maVr` J«m_ Jm§Yr Ho$ AZwgma g§`_, gmXJr, CËnmXH$Vm Ho$ ì`pŠVJV AmXem] H$s ny{V© hr Zht H$aVm ~pëH$ _mZdVm Ho$ {bE amOZr{VH$, Am{W©H$, AmÜ`mpË_H$ AmXe© H$s ny{V© H$aVm h¡& Jm§Yr {Og J«m_ H$s ~mV H$a aho Wo dh {g\©$ EH$ ^m¡Jmo{bH$ BH$mB©, gm§p»`H$s Am§H$‹S>m `m gm_m{OH$ dJ© Zht Wm& Jm§Yr H$m J«m_ EH$ n[aKQ>Zm Wm, EH$ ñdßZ Wm EH$ g§ñH¥${V Wm, Hw$N> _yë`m| H$m g_wƒ` Wm& 11

^maVr` g§{dYmZ {Z_m©Vm d X{bV MoVZm Ho$ gyÌYma ~m~m gmho~ S>m°. ^r_amd Aå~oS>H$a Jm§YrOr Ho$ "J«m_ Xe©Z" go nyar Vah Agh_V hmoH$a ^maVr` J«m_ OrdZ _| {dÚ_mZ Om{VàWm Am¡a

Añn¥í`Vm Ho$ gÝX^© go ^maVr` J«m_rU g_mO H$moo Omo‹S>H$a XoIVo h¡§& Aå~oS>H$a H$m _mZZm h¡§ {H$ ^maVr` J«m_ go {H$gr AmXe© amOZr{VH$, Am{W©H$, AmÜ`mpË_H$ bú` H$s àm{á Zht hmo gH$Vr h¡§& Aå~oS>H$a Jm§Yr Ho$ ^maVr` J«m_ Ho$ AmXe© ê$n H$m IÊS>Z H$aVo hþE BgHo$ `WmW© ñdê$n H$m dU©Z H$aVo h¡§&

g§{dYmZ g^m H$mo àñVwV àmê$n _| g§{dYmZ H$s AmbmoMZm H$m EH$ à_wI AmYma `h Wm {H$ Bg_| àmMrZ ^maVr` amOZr{V H$s Cnojm H$s J`r h¡ Am¡a Zò g§{dYmZ _| bmoH$V§Ì H$m à{Vê$n J«m_ n§Mm`V Am¡a {Obm n§Mm`Vm| Ho$ AmYma na {dH${gV hmoZm Mm{hE& g§d¡Ym{ZH$ {nam{_S> H$m AmYma J«m_ hmoZm Mm{hE Omo EH$ ñdm`Îmemgr BH$mB© Ho$ ê$n _| H$m`© H$ao {OgH$s AnZr H$m`©nm{bH$m, ì`dñWm{nH$m Am¡a Ý`m`nm{bH$m hmo&

S>m°. ^r_amd Aå~oS>H$a Zo g§{dYmZ g^m _| BgH$m Odm~ XoVo hþE H$hm "`h J«m_rU JUVÝÌ hr ^maV Ho$ nVZ H$m H$maU aho h¡§& " _wPo AmíM`© h¡ {H$ Omo àmÝVr`VmdmX Am¡a gmåàXm{`H$Vm H$m {damoY H$aVo h¡§ dh J«m_rU g_wXm` na AmYm[aV ñWmZr`Vm Ho$ g_W©H$ H¡$go hmo gH$Vo h¡§& 12

S>m°. ^r_amd Aå~oS>H$a Zo H$hm ""^maVr` J«m_rU JUVÝÌ hr ^maV Ho$ gmåàXm{`H$Vm, ñWmZr`Vm, g§H$sU©Vm Ho$ Aml` ñWb h¡§& _wPo Iwer h¡ {H$ àmê$n g§{dYmZ _| J«m_ H$s OJh ì`pŠV H$mo BH$mB© Ho$ ê$n _| ñdrH$ma {H$`m h¡&''13

Aå~oS>H$a Ho$ AZwgma ^maVr` J«m_m| Ho$ ~mao _| gm_mÝ` OZ ~hþV CËgwH$Vm go ~mV H$aVo h¡§ Am¡a `h _mZVo h¡§ {H$ `h gm_m{OH$ g§JR>Z H$m AmXe© ê$n h¡§ {OgHo$ g_mZmÝVa H$moB© AÝ` g§JR>Z Bg {díd _| {dÚ_mZ Zht h¡& `h gm_m{OH$ g§JR>Z {gÕmÝV H$mo ^maV H$m {deof `moJXmZ h¡&

S>m°. Aå~oS>H$a H$m _mZZm h¡§ {H$ J«m_ {hÝXÿ gm_m{OH$ ì`dñWm H$s H$m`©erb BH$mB© h¡§& `hm§ na {hÝXÿ gm_m{OH$ ì`dñWm H$mo nyU©ê$n go H$m`©erb hmoVo XoIm Om gH$Vm h¡&14

S>m°. ^r_amd Aå~oS>H$a `h VH©$ XoVo h¡§ {H$ ^maVr` J«m_ H$mo AmXe© gm_m{OH$ g§JR>Z Ho$ ê$n _| XoIZo H$m {dMma Zm Vmo àmMrZ H$mb go Am`m h¡ Am¡a Zm h maVr`m| Ho$ n¡V¥H$ {dídmg na AmYm[aV h¡§& h AdYmaUm ga Mmëg© _oQ>H$m\$ Omo B©ñQ> BpÊS> m H$ånZr Ho$ amOñd A{YH$mar Wo, Ho$ {dMmam| go ào[aV h¡& Mmëg© _oQ>H$m\$ Zo AnZo amOñd àboI _| ^maVr` J«m_m| H$mo {ZåZ{b{IV dU©Z {H$`m h¡§��

""ò J«m_ g_mO N>moQ>o-N>moQ>o JUVÝÌ h¡§, {OÝh| AnZr Amdí`H$Vm H$s bJ^J ha dñVw AnZo rVa hr {_b OmVr h¡§ Am¡a Omo {dXoer gå~ÝYm| _| bJ^J ñdV§Ì hmoVo h¡§& do Eogr n[apñW{V`m| _| {Q>Ho$

ISSN 2348-3857


ahVo h¡§ {Og_| Xÿgar ha dñVw H$m ApñVËd {_Q> OmVm h¡& J«m_ g^mAm| H$m `h g§K {Og_| àËòH$ g_mO AnZo Amn _| N>moQ>m gm ñdVÝÌ amÁ` hmoVm h¡§& CZHo$ gwI H$m, ~hþV ~‹S>r hX VH$ gmYZ ~ZVm h¡§ Am¡a CgHo$ AÝV©JV do ~‹S>r _mÌm _| ñdVÝÌVm Am¡a ñdmYrZVm H$m Cn`moJ H$aVo h¡§& ""15

_oQ>H$m\$ {bIVo h¡§ amOd§e na amOd§e n[ad{V©V hþE, H«$mpÝV`m| H$m ñWmZ Xÿgar H«$mpÝV`m| Zo bo {b`m naÝVw J«m_rU g_wXm` EH$ag ~Zm ahm h¡&16

Eogo _| Aå~oS>H$a gdmb H$aVo h¡§ {H$ AJa CÎmaOr{dVm hr J«m_rU g_wXm`m| H$s {deofVm ahr h¡ Vmo Eogr CÎmaOr{dVm H$m H$moB© AW© Zht h¡§ Omo nyar Vah go ñdmW©namÙVm na AmYm[aV hmo& Aå~oS>H$a Ho$ AZwgma ^maVr` J«m_ EH$b gm_m{OH$ BH$mB© Zht h¡§ ~pëH$ AZoH$ Om{V`m| go BZH$m {Z_m©U hmoVm h¡§&

(i) J«m_m| H$s OZg§»`m H$mo Xmo ^mJm| _| {d^ŠV hmoVr h¡§-1. ñn¥í` 2. Añn¥í`& ñn¥í` ~‹S>m g_wXm` hmoVm h¡§ VWm Añn¥í` N>moQ>m g_wXm` hmoVm h¡§&

(ii) ñn¥í` Jm§d Ho$ AÝXa ahVo h¡§, An¥í` Jm§d Ho$ ~mha ahVo h¡§&

(iii) Am{W©H$ X¥{ï>H$moU go ñn¥í` epŠVembr g_wXm` h¡§ O~{H$ Añn¥í` Jar~ Am¡a Am{lV&

(iv) gm_m{OH$ ê$n go ñn¥í` emgH$ dJ© H$s pñW{V aIVo h¡§ O~{H$ Añn¥í` H$s pñW{V n¡V¥H$ ~§YwAm l{_H$ H$s Vah hmoVr h¡&17

Aå~oS>H$a Ho$ AZwgma Añn¥í`m| H$mo àËòH$ Jm§d _| Hw$N> gm_m{OH$ g§{hVmAm| H$m nmbZ H$aZm n‹S>Vm h¡§& {OgH$m CëbK§Z H$aZo na CÝh| XÊS> H$m ^mJrXma ~ZZm n‹S>Vm h¡&

(i) Añn¥í`m| H$mo Jm§d Ho$ ~mha n¥WH$ ñWmZ na {Zdmg H$aZm hmoVm h¡ H$moB© r Añn¥í` n¥WH$Vm Ho$ Bg {Z`_ H$m CëbK§Z Zht H$a gH$Vm h¡&

(ii) Añn¥í`m| Ho$ Ka X{jU {Xem _| hmoVo h¡§ Omo g~go Aew^ {Xem _mZr OmVr h¡&

(iii) Añn¥í`m| H$mo Bg ~mV H$m Ü`mZ aIZm n‹S>Vm h¡ {H$ CgHo$ eara H$s N>m`m {H$gr ñn¥í` na Zm n‹S>o Bggo CgHo$ An{dÌ hmoZo H$m IVam ~Zm ahVm h¡§&

(iv) Añn¥í`m| H$mo YZ, ^y{_, _doer YmaU H$aZm AnamY h¡&

(v) Añn¥í`m| Ho$ Kam| H$s nŠH$s N>V Zht hmoZr Mm{hE&

(vi) Añn¥í` Ûmam ñdÀN> H$n‹S>o, K‹S>r `m gmoZo Ho$ Am^yfU YmaU H$aZm AnamY h¡&

(vii) Añn¥í`m| Ûmam AnZo ~ƒm| Ho$ AÀN>o Zm_ aIZm AnamY h¡§&

(viii) {H$gr ñdU© Ho$ gm_Zo Hw$gu na ~¡R>Zm, Kmo‹S>o `m nmbH$s H$s gdmar H$aZm VWm gdUm] H$m A{^dmXZ Zm H$aZm Añn¥í`m| Ho$ {bE AnamY h¡§&18

BgHo$ A{V[aŠV Hw$N> Eogo H$Îm©ì` h¡§ Omo Añn¥í` nmbZ H$aVo h¡§ {OgHo$ {bE H$moB© nm[al{_H$ Xo` Zht hmoVm h¡§ O¡go ñn¥í`m| Ho$ _¥Ë`w `m {ddmh H$s gyMZm CgHo$ gå~pÝY`m| VH$ nhþ±MmZm& Ë`m¡hma na ñn¥í` dJ© H$s _{hbmAm| H$m _Zmoa§OZ H$aZm BË`m{X&

^maV O¡go H¥${f àYmZ g_mO _| Añn¥í` ^rI _m§JH$a, g\$mB© H$m`© `m ^y{_hrZ l{_H$ Ho$ ê$n _| H$m`© H$a AnZm OrdZ`mnZ H$aVo h¡§ Š`m|{H$ dh BVZo gmYZ gånÝZ Zht h¡§ {H$ H$moB© ^y{_ IarX gHo$ Am¡a AJa dh gmYZ gånÝZ hmoH$a ^y{_ IarXZm Mmho Vmo CZH$mo H$moB© ^y{_ Zht ~oMVm h¡§ \$bñdê$n Añn¥í` AnZr gm_m{OH$ Am¡a Am{W©H$ pñW{V _| {H$gr gwYma H$s Amem ^r Zht H$a gH$Vo h¡§& 19

Eogr pñW{V _| Aå~oS>H$a àíZ H$aVo h¡§ {H$ Š`m `hr dh J«m_rU JUVÝÌ h¡ {Og na Jd© {H$`m OmVm h¡& Bg JUVÝÌ _| Añn¥í`m| H$s Š`m pñW{V h¡§& Eogr gm_m{OH$ ì`dñWm _| Añn¥í`m| Ho$ {bE H$moB© A{YH$ma Zht h¡§& EH$ Añn¥í` h_oem Ho$ {bE Añn¥í` h¡& Mmho CgH$s C_«, {ejm ñn¥í` H$s VwbZm _| {H$VZr hr A{YH$ hmo Aå~oS>H$a {bIVo h¡§ ^maVr` J«m_ ê$nr JUVÝÌ _| JUVÝÌ H$m H$moB© ñWmZ Zht h¡§, Zm hr g_mZVm Ho$ {bE, Zm ñdVÝÌVm Ho$ {bE, Zm ~ÝYwVm Ho$ {bE& ^maVr` J«m_ ñd`§ JUVÝÌ H$m {ZfoY h¡§& `h bmoH$VÝÌ h¡§ ñn¥í`m| H$m, ñn¥í`m| Ho$ {bE, ñn¥í`m| Ûmam20

BZ J«m_rU JUVÝÌm| _| Añn¥í`m| H$mo H$moB© A{YH$ma Zht h¡& Añn¥í` BZ J«m_rU JUVÝÌm| Ho$ Cn{Zdoe h¡§& ñnï> h¡ Aå~oS>H$a BZ J«m_rU JUVÝÌm| _| Añn¥í`m| Ho$ {bE {H$gr bmoH$VÝÌ `m J[a_mnyU© OrdZ H$s Amem Zht H$aVo h¡§& CZH$m _mZZm h¡ {H$ `h EH$ Eog XþîMH«$ h¡ {Og_| {H$gr ^r Añn¥í` H$m {ZH$b nmZm gå^d Zht h¡ Eogr pñW{V _| `h J«m_rU g_wXm` {H$gr ^r ê$n _| {H$gr AmXe© `moOZm H$m {hñgm Zht ~Z gH$Vo h¡§&

g_mOdmXr àmo. `moJoe AQ>b ^r J«m_rU JUVÝÌ H$s AdYmaUm H$mo ghr Zht _mZVo h¡§ CZHo$ AZwgma _oQ>H$m°\$ H$m dU©Z AË`{YH$ AmXe© Am¡a gVhr h¡§& Ú{n J«m_ EH$ n¥WH$ nhMmZ aIVo Wo Am¡a ñWmZr` à_wIm| Ûmam em{gV hmoVo Wo naÝVw CÝh| JUVÝÌ Zht H$hm Om gH$Vm& J«m_ XÿañW ñWmZm| na AdpñWV Wo naÝVw dh EH$m§H$s Zht Wo& dh H$B© l¥§IbmAm| Ho$ _mÜ`_ go Amng _| Ow‹S>o hþE Wo& 21


ISSN 2348-3857

AmíM`© OZH$ VÏ` h¡§ {H$ nyam amï´>r` AmÝXmobZ _hmË_m Jm§Yr Ho$ ZoV¥Ëd _| b‹S>m J`m naÝVw ñdVÝÌVm Ho$ níMmV² Jm§Yr Ho$ d¡H$pënH$ {dH$mg _m°S>b Omo amOZr{V Am¡a AW©ì`dñWm XmoZm| Ho$ hr {dHo$ÝÐrH$aU na AmYm[aV Wm H$mo AñdrH$ma H$a {X`m J`m VWm g_mOdmXr Z_yZo Ho$ AmYma na {dH$mg Ho$ à{Vê$n H$mo ñdrH$mam J`m& Zohê$ d Aå~oS>H$a XmoZm| ^maV Ho$ Am¡Úmo{JH$ d Ho$ÝÐr` {Z`moOZ Ho$ njYa Wo& Zohê$ Am¡a S>m°. ^r_amd Aå~oS>H$a XmoZm| Bg à{Vê$n Ho$ g_W©H$ Wo& Zohê$ Zo ñdrH$ma {H$`m {H$ H$m§J«og Zo Jm§Yr H$s gm_m{OH$ X¥{ï> O¡gm {H$ {hÝX ñdamO _| d{U©V h¡§ Zm Vmo H$^r {dMma {H$`m h¡§ Zm hr Cgo ñdrH$ma {H$`m h¡§& 22 `hm§ ~‹S>m AÝV©{damoY Wm {H$ Jm§Yr n§Mm`Vm| Ho$ AmYma na EH$ ZB© gm_m{OH$, amOZr{VH$, Am{W©H$, ì`dñWm H$s ñWmnZm na ~b Xo aho Wo dhr Zohê$ VWm H$m§J«og AÝ` gXñ` g§gXr` àOmV§Ì Ho$ AmYma na CÎmaXm`r emgZ H$s _m§J {~«Q>oZ go H$a aho Wo& g§{dYmZ g^m Zo ^r J«m_ n§Mm`Vm| H$mo ^maVr` bmoH$VÝÌ H$m AmYma ~ZmZo Ho$ ~OmE npíM_r Z_yZo H$s bmoH$VmpÝÌH$ ì`dñWm H$mo AnZm`m& Jm§Yr Ho$ J«m_ n§Mm`V H$s ñWmnZm Ho$ {dMma H$mo g§{dYmZ Ho$ Zr{V {ZX}eH$ AÜ`m` _| ñWmZ {_bm {Og_| H$hm J`m {H$ amÁ` J«m_ n§Mm`Vm| H$s ñWmnZm H$m à`mg H$aoJm naÝVw `h dmX`mo½` Zht h¡§& AmJo MbH$a 93d| gd¡Ym{ZH$ g§emoYZ Ûmam n§Mm`Vm| H$mo g§d¡Ym{ZH$ pñW{V àXmZ H$s&

naånamJV ê$n go ^maVr` J«m_m| H$m amÁ` go ~hþV g§~§Y Zht ahm h¡§& Jm§d H$s AmÝV[aH$ ì`dñWm _| amÁ` H$m hñVjon Zht Wm& ^maV _| A§J«oOr emgZ AmZo Ho$ ~mX J«m_ _| O_tXmam| H$m ~mob~mbm ~‹T>m Am¡a O_tXmam| Zo AnZr j_Vm VWm é{M Ho$ AZwgma J«m_rU OrdZ _| àdoe {H$`m& bmoH$Vm§{ÌH$ ì`dñWm H$m`_ hmoZo go Xoe H$s `moOZm g_mOdmX Ho$ Zm_ go ~ZZo bJr V~ go gaH$ma H$s g§ñWmE± J«m_rU OrdZ _| àdoe H$aZo bJr&23

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ISSN 2348-3857


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1. OmoYH$m, Eg. gwaoÝÐ : ZoeZb EÊS> {dboO : B_oOog Am°\$ ê$ab BpÊS>`m BZ Jm§Yr, Zhoê$ EÊS> Aå~oS>H$a, BH$mZm{_H$ EÊS> nm°{b{Q>H$b drH$br _wå~B© dmoë`y_ 37, Z§. 32 (AJñV 10-16 2002), n¥.> 3343-3353

2. AQ>b, `moJoe, MopÝOJ BpÊS>`Z gmogmBQ>r, amdV npãbHo$eZ, O`nwa, 2006, n¥.> 105

3. Jm§Yr, _hmË_m : {hÝX ñdamO, ZdOrdZ àH$meZ _pÝXa, Ah_Xm~mX, 1959, n¥.> 22

4. Jm§Yr, _hmË_m : {hÝX ñdamO, dhr, n¥.> 14

5. Jm§Yr, _hmË_m : J«m_ ñdamO, ZdOrdZ àH$meZ _pÝXa, Ah_Xm~mX, 2011, n¥.> 30

6. Jm§Yr, _hmË_m : J«m_ ñdamO, dhr, n¥.> 12

7. Zohê$, Odmhabmb, {díd B{Vhmg H$s PbH$, gñVm gm{hË` _ÊS>b àH$meZ, ZB© {Xëbr, 2011, n¥.> 49


9. Jm§Yr, _hmË_m : _oao gnZm| H$m ^maV, ZdOrdZ àH$meZ _pÝXa, Ah_Xm~mX, 2012, n¥.> 102


11. amOHw$_ma, VX²^d (g§nm{XV), ~r.Ho$. Am°\$goQ>, {Xëbr, 2010, n¥.> 26

12. amoS>[a½O dobo[a`Z, X EogoZ{e``b amBqQ>½g Am°\$ S>m°. ~r.Ama. Aå~oS>H$a AmŠg\$moS©> `y{Zda{gQ>r àog, ZB© {Xëbr, 2011, n¥.> 486

13. amoS>[a½O dobo[a`Z, dhr, n¥.> 486

14. dobo[a`Z amoS>[a½O, dhr, n¥.> 323


16. dobo[a`Z, amoS>[a½O, dhr, n¥.> 324





21. AQ>b `moJoe, MoqOJ BpÊS>`Z gmogm`Q>r amdV npãbHo$eZ, O`nwa, 2006, n¥.> 101

22. AmpñQ>Z, J«oZ{db, X BpÊS>`Z H$mÝgQ>rQ²>`yeZ: H$mZ©a ñQ>moZ Am°\$ E ZoeZ, AmŠg\$moS©> `y{Zd©{gQ>r àog, ZB© {Xëbr, 2008, n¥.> 39

23. àgmX, AdY, J«m_rU qhgm EH$ AÜ``Z, gd© godm g§K- àH$meZ, amOKmQ>, dmamUgr, 2011, n¥.> 126

24. AmoådoQ>, Job, Om{V H$s g_P, _hmË_m ~wÕ go ~m~m gmho~ Aå~oS>H$a Am¡a CZHo$ ~mX, Amo[a¨`Q> ãb¡H$ ñdmZ, h¡Xam~mX, 2018, n¥.> 72

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ISSN 2348-3857


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^maV _| Y_©{ZanojVm H$s KmofUm EH$ Eo{Vhm{gH$ Amdí`H$Vm ahr Wr& amÁ` Am¡a amÁ` H$s CËn{Îm Ho$ nyd© Y_© hr nyOm H$m ajH$ Wm& _hm^maV _| {bIm h¡ - Z amÁ` Z M amOmgrX Z XÊS>moµ Z M XpÊS>H$:& Y_}U¡d àOm: gdm©: ajpÝV ñ_o nañna_& & d¡{XH$, O¡Z Am¡a ~m¡Õ Y_©-Xe©Zmo| _o§ Y_© H$m YmaUmW©H$ à`moJ CëboIZr` h¡& AWd©doX _| n¥{Wdr Y¥_©Um Y¥Vm_, V¡{Îmar`maÊ`H$ _| Y_m] {dídñ` OJV: à{Vð>m (V¡{Îmar`maÊ`H$ 10/63/1 Vmo Hy$_© nwamU 1/2/61) VWm _hm^maV _| YmaUmX Y_© BË`mhþ Y_m] Yma`Vo àOm:( _hm^maV/H$U©nd© /69/59) ~Vm`m h¡& H¥$îU JrVm _| AOw©Z H$mo Y_m©VrV H$aZm MmhVo h¢- gd©Y_m©Z² n[aË`Á` _m_oH§$ eaU d«O (JrVm 18/66)& _Zw Zo Y_© H$m ñdén ~Vm`m h¡- {dÕ{Õ: go{dV: gX²{^: {ZË`_Ûo{fam{J{^:& h¥X oZmä`ZwkmVmo `mo Y_©ñV§ {Z~moYV& & AWm©V amJ-ÛofeyÝ` g‚mZ {dÛmZm| Ho$ Ûmam Omo gXm go{dV hmo VWm öX` go g_{n©V hmo, dhr Y_© h¡&

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A.N. h²dmBQ>ho‹S> Y_© H$mo EH$m§{H$Vm (solitariness) go g_rH¥$V H$aVm h¡ Am¡a `h ^r H$hVm h¡ {H$ Y_© dh h¡ Omo ì`pŠV AnZr hr EH$m{H$V go H$aVm h¡&3 a{dÝÐ ZmW Q>¡Jmoa AnZr The Religion of man (George Allen and unwin London, 1949 P. 17) Zm_H$ ì`m»`Z_mbm _| {bIVo h¡§ - h_mao B©ída H$s _mZdVm H$s YmaUm, emídV _mZd H$m XodÎd h¡& O~ h_ ~m¡Õ Y_© Ho$ g§X^© _| Bg Y_©{ZanojVm H$s AdYmaUm na {dMma H$a| Vmo h_| Bg VÏ` H$mo ñnï> én go ñdrH$ma H$a boZm Mm{hE {H$ ~m¡Õ Y_©


ISSN 2348-3857

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~m¡Õ naånam _| gË` Ho$ AZoH$ nhbwAm| H$mo EH$ gmW XoIZm hr {dÛVm h¡& WoarJmWm _| ñnï>én go H$hm J`m h¡ {H$ Omo gË` H$m EH$ hr nhby XoIVm h¡ dh _yI© h¡ npÊS>V Vmo gË` H$mo AZoH$ nhbwAm| go XoIVm h¡& {ddmX H$m OÝ_ EH$m§Jr X¥{ï> go hmoVm h¡ Š`mo§{H$ EH$m§JXeu hr Amng _| PJ‹S>Vo h¡§& O~ h_ gË` H$mo AZoH$ nhbwAm| go XoIVo h¡ Vmo {ZíM` hr h_mao gm_Zo {d{^ÝZ nhbwAm| na {d{^ÝZ én hmoVo h¡&6

~wÕ Zo Am`© gË`m| Ho$ _mÜ`_ go _¥Vàm` _mZdVm H$mo MoVZm àXmZ H$aZo H$m íbm¿` à`mg {H$`m& ~wÕ Zo ~Vm`m {H$ _Zwî` hr OJV H$m loð> àmUr h¡ Am¡a AnZo hr à`mgm| go na_ gË` H$s àm{á H$a gH$Vm h¡& CÝhm|Zo B©ída Ho$ ImoIbo {dídmgm| H$m nXm©\$me {H$`m Am¡a B©ída Ho$ Zm_ na hmo ahr qhgm H$m {damoY {H$`m& CZHo$ hr à`ËZm| go _Zwî` _| nwZ: gm_Ï`© ~moY n¡Xm hþAm, `Ú{n `h gm_Ï`©~moY ì`pŠVnaH$ Wm bo{H$Z àH$mamÝVa go g_{ï>naH$ ^r Wm& CÝhm|Zo Y_© Ho$ g^r AmS>å~am| H$mo Xÿa H$aZo H$s Moï>m H$s Am¡a Y_© Ho$ dmñV{dH$ ê$n H$mo bmoJm| Ho$ g_j a¼Zo H$s H$mo{ee H$s, CÝhm|Zo {H$gr r Y_© na grYm àhma d VrúU AmbmoMZm Zht H$s, ~pëH$ CgHo$ ~Xbo CÝhmo§Zo _mZdVmdmX H$s {ejm Xr, Omo g^r

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ISSN 2348-3857


{H$ BZH$mo H$hZo dmbm ì`pŠV Vwåhmar AmñWm `m lÕm H$m Ho$ÝÐ h¡& ~wÕ Ho$ eãXm| _| - ho H$bm_! O~ Vw_ AmË_ AZw^d go OmZ bmo, ò ~mVo Hw$eb h¡§, {ZXm}f h¡, BZHo$ AmYma na MbZo go gwI hmoVm h¡, V^r BÝh| ñdrH$ma H$amo AÝ`Wm Zht& ~wÕ AmñWm àYmZ Y_© Ho$ ñWmZ na VH©$ àYmZ Y_© Ho$ nmbZ H$s ~mV H$aVo h¢&11

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h¡ Am¡a Bgo hr h_ Y_©{ZanojVm H$h gH$Vo h¡& gwÎm{ZnmV _| ~wÕ H$hVo h¡ {H$ - Omo AnZr X¥{ï> H$m Å>‹T>mJ«mhr hmo, Xÿgam| H$mo _yI© _mZVm h¡§, dh Xÿgao Y_© H$mo _yI© Am¡a AewÕ ~VbmZo dmbm ñd`§ hr H$bh H$m Amh²dmZ H$aVm h¡ {H$ÝVw Omo g^r YmamAm| H$mo ñWmZ XoVm h¡, dh _Zwî` g§gma _| H$bh Zht H$aVm h¡& _Ü`__mJ© H$m VmËn`© h¡ - {ddmXm| go D$na CR>Zm Am¡a Bg AW© _| dh {H$gr gr_m VH$ Y_©{ZanojVm H$m hm_r h¡& gwÎm{ZnmV _| {bIm h¡ {H$ - {ddmX Ho$ Xmo \$b hmoVo h¡¢- EH$ Vmo dh AnyU© Am¡a EH$m§Jr hmoVm h¡ Am¡a Xÿgao dh {dJ«h Am¡a Aem§{V H$m H$maU hmoVm h¡& Bg{bE ~wÕ H$hVo h¢ {H$ {Zdm©U H$mo {Z{d©dmX ^y{_ g_PZo dmbm gmYH$ {ddmX _| Z n‹S>o>& ~m¡Õ Xe©Z ~w{Õ na ~b XoVm h¡, _mZd MoVZm H$mo ñdV§Ì {MÝVZ H$s {Xem _| bo OmVm h¡ gmW hr ~hþOZ gwIm` Am¡a ~hþOZ {hVm` Ho$ AmYma na I‹S>m hmoH$a Y_©{ZanojVm H$s AmYw{ZH$ AdYmaUm Ho$ nj _| OmVm h¡&

gÝX^© gyMr

1. e_m©, ~¥O{H$emoa, ^maV H$m g§{dYmZ, à|{Q>g hmb Am\$ B§{S>`m àmBdoQ> {b{_Q>oS>, ZB© {Xëbr, 2002, n¥. 103-107

2. amYmH¥$îUZ, S>m°. gd©nëbr, goŠ`y{baÁ_ BZ BpÊS>`m, AmŠg\$moS©> `y{Zd{g©Q>r àog, b§XZ, 2008, n¥. 127

3. Aë\«o$S> ZmW©, ìhmBQ>hoS>, [abrOZ BZ Xr _oqH$J, bm°dob boŠMg©, 1926, Q²>`yS>a npãbqeJ H$ånZr, n¥. 101-102

4. CnmÜ`m`, âVqgh, ~m¡Õ Xe©Z VWm AÝ` ^maVr` Xe©Z, _moVrbmb ~ZmagrXmg npãbeg©, ZB© {Xëbr, 1996, n¥. 336-350

5. H$í`n, {^ŠIw OJXre, g§`wŠV{ZH$m`nm{b, ZmbÝXm XodZmJar nmbr JÝW_mbm, {~hma gaH$ma, 1959, n¥. 141-153

6. H$í`n, {^ŠIw OJXre, _pÁP_{ZH$m`nm{b, ZmbÝXm XodZmJar nmbr JÝW_mbm, {~hma gaH$ma, 1958, n¥. 282-290

7. ES>dS©>, Oo. Wm°_g, Xr {hñQ´>r ~w{ÕñQ> Wm°Q>, ê$Q>boO EÊS> Ho$JZ nm°b {b{_Q>oS>, b§XZ, 1959, n¥. 249-260

8. Job, Am°_doQ>S>, ~w{ÕÁ_ BZ BpÊS>`m, goJ npãbHo$eZ, ZB© {Xëbr, 2003, n¥. 53-85

9. XmgJwßVm, gwa_m, S>db_oÊQ> Am°\$ _moab {\$bmog\$s BZ BpÊS>`m, Amo[a`§Q> bm|J_oÝg, ZB© {Xëbr, 1961, n¥. 150-154

10. do§S>r, S>m|{Oà, Amo'\$boaWr, H$_© EÊS> [a~W© BZ Šbm{gH$b BpÊS>`Z Q´>o{S>eZ, _moVrbmb ~ZmagrXmg, ZB© {Xëbr, 1983, n¥. 137-193


ISSN 2348-3857

11. Aå~oS>H$a, S>m°. ~r. Ama., Xr ~w{ÕpñQ> EÊS> {hO Yå_, Am°Šg\$moS©>, `w{Zd{g©Q>r no«g, b§XZ, 1957, n¥. 161-169

12. ZmJa, em§{Vbmb, ~wÕm Ho$[aQ>m Am°\$ AídKmof, Mm¡Iå^m g§ñH¥$V à{Vð>mZ, ZB© {Xëbr, 2013, n¥. 208-215

13. emñÌr, _h§V lr am_MÝÐXmg, ~wÕM[aV_, àW_ ^mJ, Mm¡Iå^m {dÚm^dZ, dmamUgr, 2010, n¥. 223-231

14. [aO, So>{dS²>g, Abu ~w{ÕÁ_, _moVrbmb ~ZmagrXmg, ZB©

{Xëbr, 2015, n¥. 42-48

15. nmÊS>o, Or.gr., ñQ>S>rO BZ Xr Amo[aOZ Am°\$ ~w{ÕÁ_,

Bbmhm~mX, 1957, n¥. 102-105

ZdrZ amÁ`m| H$m {Z_m©U EH$ amOZr{VH$ ì`Wm ~Z J`m h¡& {H$gr {ZH$Q>dVu amOZr{VH$ bm^ O¡go {H$ AmJm_r Am_ MwZmdm| _| {\$a go gÎmm _| AmZo H$s Mmh ^r EH$ àH$ma go àOmV§Ì Ho$ {bE A{^emn hr h¡& {dH$mg Ho$ _gbo na ZdrZ amÁ`m| H$s _m±J CR>Zo H$s pñW{V _| EH$ AÜ``Z {H$`m OmZm Mm{hE {H$ ZdrZ amÁ` Ho$ {Z_m©U Ho$ ~mX {dH$mg Xa _| d¥{Õ hmoJr AWdm ZdrZ amÁ` YZ Am¡a {dÎmr` gh`moJ Ho$ {bE à{Vdf© H|$Ð gaH$ma na Am{lV ahoJm& EH$ _O~yV H|$Ðr` T>m±Mo Ho$ {bE Oê$ar h¡ {H$ amÁ`m| H$m Am{W©H$ ~moP H|$Ð na Z n‹S>o AÝ`Wm ZdrZ amÁ`m| Ho$ {Z_m©U H$m CÔoí` hr Xÿ{fV hmo OmEJm& ^{dî` _| CR>Zo dmbr _m±Jm| Ho$ _m_bo _| Am{W©H$ {dH$mg Ho$ nhby H$mo àmW{_H$Vm Xr OmZr Mm{hE VWm ZE amÁ` Ho$ g§X^© _| \¡$gbm H$aZo _| OëX~mOr Z H$a Bgo amï´>r` {hV H$s X¥{ï> go gmoMZm Mm{hE& ZdrZ amÁ`m| H$m {Z_m©U Cgr gyaV _| hmoZm Mm{hE O~ Eogm {H$`m OmZm C{MV hmo& gaH$mam| Ho$ {bE {dH$mg Ho$ g§X^© _| Ü`mZ H|${ÐV H$aZm àmW{_H$Vm hmoZr Mm{hE& amÁ`m| Ho$ {Z_m©U H$m AmYma Ho$db àemg{ZH$ gw{dYm

emoY gmam§e

ZdrZ amÁ`m| H$mo gm§{dYm{ZH$ Om_m nhZmZo Ho$ {bE Am¡a Bgo ñdrH$ma H$aZo Ho$ {bE hr g§{dYmZ Ho$ àma§^ _| hr g§K Am¡a CgHo$ amÁ`joÌ erf©H$ Ho$ A§VJ©V ñWmZ {X`m J`m h¡& ^maV H$s AmOmXr Ho$ gmW hr ñnï> Wm {H$ ZdrZ amÁ`m| H$s _m±J| CR>|Jr& ^maVr` g§K H$mo bMrbm ~ZmE aIZo Ho$ {bE Oê$ar Wm {H$ ZdrZ amÁ`m| H$mo ~ZmZo H$s à{H«$`m gm_mÝ` Am¡a AmgmZ aho& H|$Ð H$s Bg _m_bo _| à_wI ^y{_H$m h¡ VWm amÁ` {dYmZ_§S>b H$s _§Oyar EH$ Am¡nMm[aH$Vm hr h¡& AV: ^maV _| ZE amÁ`m| H$m {Z_m©U amOZr{VH$ X¥{ï> go H$moB© _wpíH$b MwZm¡Vr Zht h¡& ^maV _| ZE amÁ`m| Ho$ {Z_m©U H$s _m±J Ho$ _m_bo _| amOZr{VH$ nj Ho$ A{V[aŠV Hw$N> Am¡a nj A{YH$ _hËdnyU© hmo OmVo h¡§& hmbm§{H$ amOZr{VH$ nj BZ njm| go Ow‹S>m ahVm h¡ Š`m|{H$ {~Zm amOZr{VH$ g§~bZ Am¡a {ZU©` Ho$ ZE amÁ` H$m ApñVVd _| AmZm Zm_w_{H$Z h¡& ZdrZ amÁ`m| H$s _m±Jm| Ho$ à_wI H$maU {ZåZ h¡§ - nyd© _| amÁ` Ho$ ê$n _| nhMmZ, Ym{_©H$ nj, OZOmVr` nj, AmH$ma, Am{W©H$ {df_Vm, amÁ`m| _| {ddmX, mfm Am¡a g§ñH¥${V, gr_mdVu joÌ hmoZo go Cnojm, ZXrOb ~±Q>dmam Am{X& Bg emoY nÌ Ho$ boIZ _| d¡km{ZH$ Am¡a {ddaUmË_H$ {d{Y H$m à`moJ {H$`m J`m h¡ VWm {dÛmZm|, emoY {deofkm|, nwñVH$m| Am¡a do~gmBQ²>g H$s ghm`Vm br JB© h¡&

g§Ho$Vmja … ZdrZ amÁ`, _m±J, g§K, H$maU, Ho$ÝÐ, g§{dYmZ

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emoYmWu, amOZr{V {dkmZ {d^mJamOñWmZ {díd{dÚmb`, O`nwa (amOñWmZ)



ISSN 2348-3857

MVwW©, ñdV§ÌVm go nyd© Ed§ níMmV² ZdrZ amÁ`m| Ho$ g¥OZ Ho$ Cnam§V ^r ^maV g§K A~ ^r {dÚ_mZ Am§V[aH$ gr_mAm| _| Am¡a CZHo$ Ama-nma Ym{_©H$, ^mfmJV, Om{V Am¡a OZOmVr` Aëng§»`H$m| H$m EH$ O{Q>b gpå_lU h¡& Cn_hmÛrn Ho$ g§nr{‹S>V ^m¡Jmo{bH$ Z_yZo Am¡a O{Q>b OZm§{H$H$s na§Vw AZoH$Vm _| EH$Vm H$s gd©g_mdoer gä`Vm, Ho$ d¥pÎmXmZ Ho$ H$maU amÁ`m| H$m H$moB© ^r nwZJ©R>Z g_ñV àH$aUm| _| Am§V[aH$ ê$n go g_ê$n Am¡a àemg{ZH$ VWm {dÎmr` X¥{ï> go ì`mdhm[aH$ amÁ`m| H$m g_yh H$s aMZm Zht H$a gH$Vm h¡& 1

Am§V[aH$ Ed§ ~mô` g§KdmX Ho$ {ddmX Zo Z Ho$db amÁ`m| H$s _m±Jm| Ho$ Am§XmobZm| H$mo à^m{dV {H$`m h¡ ~pëH$ H|$Ð _| {dÚ_mZ gaH$ma| ^r àËòH$ _m±J H$mo g§K Ho$ T>m±Mo go pIbdm‹S> Ho$ Vm¡a na Zht XoIVr h¡§& {dJV Hw$N> g_` _| ^maVr` g§KmË_H$ {dMmaYmam _| ñdñW n[adV©Z XoIZo H$mo {_bm h¡&

^maVr` g§KmË_H$ {dMmaYmam _| n[adV©Z

^maVr` g§KmË_H$ {dMmaYmam _| n[adV©Z H$mo VrZ {dH$mg {MpôZV H$aVo h¡§& àW_, O¡go O¡go bmoH$V§Ì A{YH$ à^mdr hmo ahm h¡, joÌr` nhMmZ, g§ñH¥${V Am¡a ^m¡Jmo{bH$ {dôXm| H$mo àemg{ZH$ {d^mOZ Am¡a amOZr{VH$ à{V{Z{YËd Ho$ {bE C{MV AmYma Ho$ ê$n _| _mÝ`Vm Xr Om ahr h¡& {ÛVr`, Ho$db ^mfm `m g§ñH¥${V Ho$ {gÕm§V (nwZJ©R>Z Ho$ àW_ Xmo MaUm| _| ^mfm Am¡a g§ñH¥${V AmYma Wr ) Ho$ ~Om` AÀN>o àemgZ Am¡a {dH$mg Ho$ AmYma na bKw amÁ`m| H$mo àñVm{dV {H$`m Om ahm h¡& V¥Vr`, A~ Cn-^mfm g_wXm` r AnZr àmXo{eH$ OÝ_^y{_ H$s _m±J H$a aho h¡§, gmW hr Cn-^mfm H$s gm§ñH¥${VH$ Am¡a gm{hpË`H$ {d{^ÝZVm Am¡a àMwaVm na Omoa Xo aho h¡§ (~w§XobI§S>)& 2 ^maV EH$ {demb g§K h¡ AV: H$moB© AmíM`© Zht h¡ {H$ AZoH$ amÁ` Eogo ^r h¡§ Ohm± ZdrZ amÁ`m| H$s _m±J| `m Vmo ApñVËd _| hr Zht h¡ AWdm CZH$s Üd{Z AË`§V Xþ~©b h¡ Am¡a Cno{jV H$s Om gH$Vr h¡& AZoH$ amÁ`m| H$s _m±Jm| Ho$ ñnï> hmoZo Ho$ Cnam§V r Ho$db Zm¡ amÁ` Eogo h¡§ Omo gm§ñH¥${VH$ Am¡a àemg{ZH$ X¥{ï> go BVZo gKZ h¡§ {H$ BZ_| ZdrZ amÁ`m| H$s H$moB© _m±J Zht h¡& ò amÁ` h¡§ - Aê$UmMb àXoe, Jmodm, h[a`mUm, {h_mMb àXoe, Ho$ab, n§Om~, {gpŠH$_, V{_bZmSw> Am¡a {Ìnwam& BgHo$ {dnarV N>h Eogo ~‹S>o gpå_{lV amÁ` h¡§ {OZ_| bJ^J 28 joÌr` g_yh ZdrZ amÁ`m| H$s _m±J H$a aho h¡§ - BZ N>h amÁ`m| _| ZdrZ amÁ`m| H$s _m±J Bg àH$ma h¡§ - (1) Am§Y« àXoe : Vob§JmZm (_m±J ñdrH¥$V), Am§Y« Am¡a am`bgr_m, (2) {~hma : PmaI§S> (_m±J ñdrH¥$V), {_{Wbm Am¡a _JY (3) _Ü` àXoe : N>ÎmrgJ‹T>

(_m±J ñdrH¥$V), _mbdm, X§S>H$maÊ`, ^r{bñVmZ Am¡a ~KobI§S>, (4) _hmamï´> : H$m|H$U, ImZXoe, _amR>dm‹S>m Am¡a {dX^©, (5) amOñWmZ : _odm‹S>, _madm‹S> Am¡a _odmV Aamdbr VWm (6) CÎma àXoe : CÎmamI§S> (_m±J ñdrH¥$V), ~w§XobI§S>, ~«O, AdY, h[aV àXoe, amo{hbI§S>, ^moOnwa Am¡a nydmªMb& 3

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g_mZ ê$n go àmH¥${VH$ g§nXm _| àMwaVm Am¡a epŠVembr ~mhar ê${M`m| Ho$ H$maU CÎma àXoe Ho$ nhm‹S>r {Obm| go CÎmamI§S> ApñVËd _| Am`m& 4 CÎmamI§S> _| gmñH¥${VH$ {damgV H$s ajm Ho$ Zm_ na {MnH$mo Am§XmobZ Zo amÁ` Ho$ {Zdm{g`m| H$mo EH$ gyÌ _| ~m±YZo H$m H$m`© {H$`m& gwÝXa bmb ~hþJwUm H$m `moJXmZ A{dñ_aUr` h¡& CÎmamI§S> H$s nhm{‹S>`m| _| OZ dZ Am§XmobZ {MnH$mo, N>ÎmrgJ‹T> ImZ l{_H$ g§K H$m Q´>oS> `y{Z`Z Am§XmobZ Am¡a PmaI§S> _wpŠV _moMm© ZrV PmaI§S> _| H$m_Jma-{H$gmZ Am§XmobZ XeH$ 1970 Ho$ Ama§{^H$ MaU _| hþE& 5

PmaI§S> _| ^y{_ Am¡a dZ H$s _hÎmm A{YH$ h¡ AV: ñWmZr` {Zdm{g`m| Ho$ {bE Cn`wŠV H$mZyZm| H$m {Z_m©U Am¡a CZHo$ A{YH$mam| H$s ajm Ho$ {df` PmaI§S> Ho$ {OZ {Obm| _| MwZmdr Zmam| H$s ^mfm ~Zo dhm± PmaI§S> _wpŠV _moMm© H$mo g\$bVm hmW bJr& PmaI§S> _wpŠV _moMm© Ho$ nyd© amOZr{Vk ñQ>r\$Z _am§S>r (2006-2008 VH$ PmaI§S> Ho$ Cn-_w»`_§Ìr aho) Zo H$hm ""h_Zo BZ g^r àH$aUm| (^y naH$s`H$aU, dZ A{YH$ma Am{X) H$mo CR>m`m na§Vw g§J{R>V ê$n _| Zht CR>m`m Bg H$maU h_| N>moQ>mZmJnwa joÌ _| AÀN>r AZw{H«$`m Zht {_br& hmbm§{H$ PmaI§S> Ho$ {Z_m©U H$m g_W©Z g^r Zo {H$`m& 6

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ISSN 2348-3857


AI~mam| H$s gw{I©`m± ~Z OmVo h¡§& PmaI§S> Ho$ {Z_m©U Ho$ Cnam§V ^r {~hma H$m {deof XO} Ho$ amÁ` H$s _m±J H$aZm Am¡a ZrVre Hw$_ma O¡go à~b Ywa§Ya amOZr{Vk Ho$ {bE ^r {~hma Ho$ Am{W©H$ g§H$Q> Ho$ {bE H$moB© g_mYmZ Z ImoO nmZm AmZo dmbo g§H$Q> H$s XñVH$ _mÌ h¡& Am{W©H$ ì`mdhm[aH$Vm EH$ Eogm àH$aU h¡ {Og na maV _| amÁ`m| Ho$ {Z_m©U Ho$ g_` {dMma Zht {H$`m OmVm h¡& CÎma nyd© Ho$ AmR> amÁ` AnZo dm{f©H$ ~OQ> ì`` Ho$ 80 à{VeV Ho$ {bE H|$Ð na {Z^©a h¡§ Am¡a CÝh| {deof amÁ` H$m XOm© {X`m J`m h¡ {OgHo$ H$maU bm^mpÝdV amÁ`m| _| {Z^©aVm H$s Am¡a ~‹S>o bo{H$Z {ZåZ Am` dmbo amÁ` O¡go {~hma _| B©î`m© H$m ^md n¡Xm hmo OmVm h¡& 7

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go Cƒ Om{V`m| Ho$ OZg§»`m AZwnmV H$s X¥{ï> go {^ÝZ h¡&

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CÎmamI§S> CÎma àXoe H$m ^mJ Wm Am¡a amÁ` Ho$ {dYm{`H$m ñVa na amOZr{VH$ epŠV CÎmamI§S> Ho$ nhm‹S>r bmoJm| H$mo bJmVma hm{e`o na bmVr Om ahr Wr& CÝh| bJZo bJm Wm {H$ `hr pñW{V Omar ahr Vmo amÁ` H$s {dYmZg^m _| nhm‹S>r bmoJm| H$m AZwnmV ZJÊ` ah OmEJm& ñWmZr` bmoJm| Ho$ amOZr{VH$, Am{W©H$ Am¡a

àemg{ZH$ {dH$mg Ho$ {bE Amdí`H$ h¡ {H$ CÎmamI§S> CÎma àXoe go n¥WH$ hmo Omdo&

CÎmamI§S> Ho$ g§X^© _| bmoJm| Ho$ EH$ {dMmaUr` g§»`m Z Ho$db amOZr{VH$ Ed§ àemg{ZH$ epŠV A{YJ«hU ~pëH$ gÎmm _| n[adV©Z Ho$ ~mao _| {MpÝVV h¡§& nhm‹S>r joÌ Ho$ AZoH$ bmoJm| H$m geŠV {dMma h¡ {H$ ñWmZr` bmoJm| H$mo Z Ho$db Kaoby Am¡a dm{UpÁ`H$ Adgam| H$m ~‹S>m {hñgm {_bZm Mm{hE ~pëH$ {OZ na BZH$s AmOr{dH$m {Z^©a H$aVr h¡ CZ g§gmYZm| Ho$ XmohZ H$mo ^r n`m©á àH$ma go à~§{YV {H$`m OmZm Mm{hE& 9

Vob§JmZm ^maV g§K H$m g~go ZdrZ amÁ` h¡ na§Vw BgHo$ {bE Am§XmobZ AË`§V XrK© H$mb go àdV© h¡& h¡Xam~mX amÁ` Ho$ ^maV g§K _| gpå_{bV hmoZo go _Zm H$aZo Ho$ Cnam§V {ZOm_ H$mo {dÐmoh H$m gm_Zm H$aZm n‹S>m& h¡Xam~mX Ho$ Am§Y« àXoe _| {db` Ho$ à{V ^r {dßbd H$s pñW{V Wr& na§Vw {_{lV VËdm| Ho$ H$maU VËH$mbrZ OZg§»`m Xmo dJm] _| {d^ŠV hmo JB© {OZ_| go EH$ dJ© BgHo$ nj _| Wm Vmo Xÿgam BgHo$ {dnj _| Wm& Bg O{Q>b pñW{V Ho$ H$maU hr Vob§JmZm H$mo ZdrZ amÁ` ~ZZo _| BVZo df© bJ JE AÝ`Wm Bg Am§XmobZ _| 1969 Ho$ ~mX EH$ ~ma {\$a go OmZ Am JB© Wr& O¡go h¡Xam~mX Ho$ {d^mOZ Ho$ ~mX Vob§JmZm joÌ _| H$m§J«og H$s amOZr{VH$ pñW{V à^m{dV hþB©, Cgr àH$ma Vob§JmZm Ho$ ~ZZo Ho$ ~mX Vob§JmZm amÁ` H$s amOZr{VH$ gr_mAm| _| Q>rS>rnr Am¡a H$m§J«og AnZm ApñVËd Ty>±T>Zo H$m à`mg H$a aho h¢&

h¡Xam~mX amÁ` Ho$ {d^mOZ H$s _m±J à_wI ê$n go nyd© {ZOm_ Ho$ amÁ` Ho$ à{V gm_mÝ` eÌwVm Ho$ H$maU Wm {OgZo g§K gaH$ma Am¡a ^maVr` amï´>r` Am§XmobZ H$m {damoY {H$`m Wm& {d^mOZ H$m {dÐmoh h¡Xam~mX amÁ` _| _amR>m Am¡a H$ÝZ‹S> VËdm| Ho$ Ûmam ZrV {H$`m J`m Omo AnZo joÌm| H$mo H«$_e: ~moå~o àm§V Am¡a _¡gya amÁ` _| {db` H$mo àmW{_H$Vm XoVo Wo& (amd Ho$ dr Zmam`U (1973) X B_O}§g Am°d Am§Y« àXoe, nmoß`yba àH$meZ, ~moå~o, n¥ð> g§»`m 289) {\$a ^r h¡Xam~mX Ho$ {d^mOZ Ho$ gmW Vob§JmZm _| H$m§J«og H$s pñW{V Xb amOZr{VH$ g§X^© Am¡a Om{V à^m{dVm g§X^© _| nwZamH${bV hmoJr& 10

H$maUm| H$s {ddoMZm

nyd© _| amÁ` Ho$ ê$n _| nhMmZ … {dÝÜ` àXoe, H$ÀN>, gm¡amï´> Am{X Hw$N> joÌ Eogo h¡§ Omo nyd© _| amÁ` aho h¡§& BZ joÌm| _| {Zdmg H$aZo dmbm| Ho$ {bE Bg gË` H$mo nMmZm _wpíH$b hmoVm h¡ {H$ CZHo$ amÁ` H$s nhMmZ {_Q>m Xr JB© h¡& VËH$mbrZ n[apñW{V`m| _| ~hþV A{YH$ amÁ`m| H$m {Z_m©U EH$ {dÜd§gH$mar H$X_ hmo gH$Vm Wm


ISSN 2348-3857

Bg{bE {db` H$s Zr{V H$mo à_wIVm Xr JB© na§Vw nyd© _| amÁ` aho joÌm| H$mo amOZr{VH$ XÿaX{e©Vm go Zht XoIm J`m Am¡a BZH$s AdhobZm H$s JB© Bg H$maU go _m±J| A^r VH$ ~Zr hþB© h¢&

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ISSN 2348-3857


Mm{hE VWm ZE amÁ` Ho$ g§X^© _| \¡$gbm H$aZo _| OëX~mOr Z H$a Bgo amï´>r` {hV H$s X¥{ï> go gmoMZm Mm{hE& ZdrZ amÁ`m| H$m {Z_m©U Cgr gyaV _| hmoZm Mm{hE O~ Eogm {H$`m OmZm C{MV hmo& gaH$mam| Ho$ {bE {dH$mg Ho$ g§X^© _| Ü`mZ H|${ÐV H$aZm àmW{_H$Vm hmoZr Mm{hE&

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2. \$‹S>, S>m. Eg. ~r., ^maVr` g§KmË_H$ {dMmaYmam eãX ~«ô_, dmoë`y_ 1, g§ñH$aU 12, eãX ~«ô_ àH$meZ, B§Xm¡a, 17 AŠQy>~a 2013, n¥. 6

3. _OrX, A»Va, Xr Mo§qOJ nmo{b{Q>Šg Amd ñQ>oQ²>O [aAmJ©ZmBOoeZ, npãb`g dmoë`y_ 33, g§»`m 4,, B_{OªJ \o$S>ab àmogog BZ B§{S>`m, AmŠg\$moS©> y{Zd{g©Q>r àog, AmŠg\$moS>©, AmQ>_ 2003, n¥. 91

4. Jwhm, am_M§Ð, B§{S>`m AmâQ>a Jm±Yr : X {hñQ´>r Amd dëS©²>O bmO}ñQ> So>_moH«$gr, _opŠ_bZ, b§XZ, 2007, n¥. 621

5. {Q>{bZ, bwB©g, ¹o$íMqZJ ~moS©>g© : gmo{e`b _yd_|Q²>g, nmo{b{Q>H$b nmQ>uO E§S> X {H«$`oeZ Amd Ý`y ñQ>oQ²>g BZ B§{S>`m,

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6. {Q>{bZ, bwB©g, ¹o$íMqZJ ~moS©>g© : gmo{e`b _yd_|Q²>g, nmo{b{Q>H$b nmQ>uO E§S> X {H«$`oeZ Amd Ý`y ñQ>oQ²>g BZ B§{S>`m, n¡{g{\$H$ A\o$`g©, dmoë`y_ 84, g§»`m 1, `y{Zd{g©Q>r Amd {~«{Q>e H$mob§{~`m, d¡§Hy$da, _mM© 2011, n¥. 78

7. AmewVmof, Hw$_ma, EŠgßbmo[a¨J X {S>_m§S²>g Amd Ý`y ñQ>oQ²>g, BH$moZmo{_H$ E§S> nmo{b{Q>H$b drH$br, dmoë`y_ 45, g§»`m 33, B©nrS>ãë`y àH$meZ, _w§~B©, AJñV 14-20, 2010, n¥. 17

8. _m¡S>ñbo, E_m, E Ý`y {h_mb`Z ñQ>oQ> BZ B§{S>`m : nmonwba nagoße§g Amd [aOZ{bÁ_, nmo{b{Q>Šg E§S> So>dbn_|Q>, _mCÊQ>oZ [agM© E§S> So>dobn_|Q>, dmoë`y_ 19, g§»`m 2, B§Q>aZoeZb _mC§Q>oZ gmogm`Q>r, ~Z©, _B© 1999, n¥. 103

9. _m¡S>ñbo, E_m, E Ý`y {h_mb`Z ñQ>oQ> BZ B§{S>`m : nmonwba nagoße§g Amd [aOZ{bÁ_, nmo{b{Q>Šg E§S> So>dbn_|Q>, _mCÊQ>oZ [agM© E§S> So>dobn_|Q>, dmoë`y_ 19, g§»`m 2, B§Q>aZoeZb _mC§Q>oZ gmogm`Q>r, ~Z©, _B© 1999, n¥. 111

10. qnJbo, Jm¡V_, X {hñQ>mo[aH$b H§$Q>oŠñQ> Amd Am§Y« E§S> Vob§JmZm, 1949-56, BH$moZmo{_H$ E§S> nmo{b{Q>H$b drH$br, dmoë`y_ 45, g§»`m 8, B©nrS>ãë`y àH$meZ, _w§~B©, \$adar 20-26, 2010, n¥. 65

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ISSN 2348-3857


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ISSN 2348-3857

h¡& ZoV¥Ëd eyÝ`Vm go J«{gV maVr` amOZr{V _| A~ bmoH$Vm§{ÌH$ _yë` n¥ð>^y{_ Ho$ {df` hmo Jò h¡§& Hw$N> amOZr{VH$ Xb A_o[aH$s e¡br Ho$ AmYma na Ho$ÝÐr` ZoV¥Ëd H$mo ^wZmZo H$m à`mg H$aZo _| bJo h¡§, Xÿgao ^maVr` OZVm H$mo byQ>Zo _|& Eogo _| ^maVr` amOZr{V ZoV¥Ëd hrZVm Ho$ g§H$Q> go OyPVr hÿB© A§Yoao Hw$E§ H$s Va\$ ~‹T>Vr ZOa Am ahr h¡& ""AmO amOZr{VH$ Xbm|, {dMmaYmamAm|, H$m`©H«$_m| Am¡a AmídmgZm| H$s ~hþVm`V Ho$ ~mdOyX Eogm EH$ ^r ZoVm Zht h¡, Omo OZVm _| H$moB© amOZr{VH$ {dídmg OJm gHo$, Cgo H$moB© gnZm Xo gHo$ Am¡a `{X gnZm Xo ^r Xo Vmo Cgo nyam H$a gHo$ VWm Cgo {H$gr n[adV©ZJm_r MoVZm go Omo‹S> gHo$& àOmV§Ì H$m _wIm¡Q>m Amo‹T> H$a Omo VmH$V| Bg Xoe H$s gÎmm na H$m{~µO h¡§ `m {OZ_| `h gÎmm hm{gb H$aZo H$s AmnmYmnr h¡, do ^«ï> Am¡a ~oB©_mZ Vmo h¡§ hr, H$ht-H$ht gm§_VdmXr Am¡a H$ht-H$ht \$m{gñQ> _Zmod¥pÎm`m| Am¡a _hËdmH$m§jmAm| go ^r n[aMm{bV h¡§ Am¡a CZHo$ {bE Bg Xoe H$s àOmVm§{ÌH$ à{H«$`m _hµO EH$ gw{dYm, EH$ gr‹T>r hmo J`r h¡, {Ogo do _Z Mmho AmYmam| na {Q>H$m H$a D$na nhþ±MZo H$s H$mo{ee H$aVo h¡§& BVZm hr Zht, do EH$ Vah H$s O‹S>Vm Am¡a X¥{ï>hrZVm Ho$ ^r Jhao {eH$ma h¡§ Am¡a `WmpñW{VdmX H$s J{b`m| _| Ky_ ahr CZH$s amOZr{V Ho$ nmg ^{dî` H$s H$moB© g‹S>H$ Zht h¡, CgH$m H$moB© gnZm Zht h¡&''5 Jm§Yr, gaXma nQ>ob, bmo{h`m, O`àH$me Am¡a Zohê$ H$m Zm_ boZo dmbo AmO g~go ~‹S>o A{dídgZr` bmoJ hmo MwHo$ h¡§& AdgadmXr ZoV¥Ëd Am¡a BgH$s {dídgZr`Vm H$m A^md dV©_mZ ^maVr` amOZr{VH$ H$m g~go ~‹S>m g§H$Q> H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡&

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ISSN 2348-3857


{H$ àËòH$ _§M na Amng _| EH$ Xÿgao Ho$ {dê$Õ H$sM‹S> CN>mbVo {XImB© XoVo h¡§, AMmZH$ JO~ H$s EH$Vm H$m àXe©Z H$aVo h¡ Am¡a Eogm {dYo`H$ bmZo na gh_V OmVo h¡§ Omo CZH$s Am` Ed§ IM© go gå~pÝYV JmonZr`Vm H$mo ~Zmò aIo& `hm± A^r hmb _| hþE KmoQ>mbm| H$m Zm_ {JZmZm ~o_mZr h¡, A~ do ^maVr` amOZr{V Ho$ {bE ~hVr J§Jm hmo Jò h¡§ O~ Mmho hmW Ymo b|& Om{VdmX na AmYm[aV, H$mbo YZ H$mo nmo{fV H$aVr Am¡a Amnam{YH$ VËdm| go âr ^maVr` amOZr{V ~‹S>o {dH$Q> Xm¡a go JwOa ahr h¡& ^maV _| àemg{ZH$ gwYmam| hoVw J{R>V {ÛVr` àemg{ZH$ gwYma Am`moJ Zo ^r `h _hgyg {H$`m h¡ {H$ "^maVr` amOZr{V _| «ï>mMma H$s O‹S>| BVZr Jhar O_ JB© h¡§ {H$ A{YH$Va bmoJ «ï>mMma H$mo An[ahm © g_PVo h¡§ Am¡a Bggo b‹S>Zo Ho$ {H$gr ^r à`mg H$mo ì`W© g_PVo h¡§& `h H$Qw>Vm BVZr VoOr go \¡$b ahr h¡ {H$ Bggo h_mar bmoH$Vm§{ÌH$ ì`dñWm H$m ê$½U hmo OmZo H$m A§Xoem ~Zm ahVm h¡&'10

Eogr AdñWm _| àíZ CnpñWV hmoVm h¡ {H$ ^maVr` amOZr{V H$mo H¡$go ~Mm`m Omò? Bg g_ñ`m H$m EH$ hr hb X¥{ï>JV hmoVm h¡ dh h¡ ^maVr` amOZr{V _| Z¡{VH$ _yë`m| Am¡a M[aÌ H$s nwZ: ñWmnZm& O~ VH$ BZ Z¡{VH$ _yë`m| H$mo nwZ: AnZm`m Zht OmVm V~ VH$ ^maV {dH$mg Ho$ nW na AJ«ga Zht hmo gH$Vm& Eogm Zht {H$ nyd© _| à`mg Zht {H$ò Jò `m dV©_mZ _| H$moB© à`mg Zht {H$ò Om aho& AZoH$ H$mZyZm| H$m {Z_m©U {H$`m J`m h¡ Am¡a Hw$N> Zò H$mZyZm| H$m {Z_m©U {H$`m Om ahm h¡ na H$mZyZm| Ho$ {Z_m©U _| ^r Omo gƒ[aÌVm Mm{hE dh amOZr{VH$ Xbm| _| {XImB© Zht XoVr& Amdí`H$Vm Bg ~mV H$s h¡ {H$ H$mZyZm| H$m {Z_m©U g§doXZerbVm Ho$ gmW Z¡{VH$ _yë`m| H$mo X¥{ï>JV aIVo hþE {H$`m Omò& `hm± na OZVm H$s ^r ~hþV _hËdnyU© ^y{_H$m h¡ O~ ^r MwZmd H$m g_` Amò OZVm H$mo ~‹S>o Ü`mZ Eogo Cå_rXdmam| H$m ~{hîH$ma H$aZm Mm{hE Omo Amnam{YH$ àH¥${V Ho$ hm| `m nyd© _| ^«ï>mMma _| {bá ah| hm| VWm Ho$db mo½` Ed§ Hw$eb Cå_rXdmam| H$m

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1. emñÌr, npÊS>V J§JmàgmX (AZwdmXH$) ({dH«$_ g§dV 1997), H$m¡Q>br` AW©emñÌ (_yb g§ñH¥$V Am¡a {hÝXr AZwdmX g{hV), àH$meH$ MVagoZ Jwá, _hm^maV H$m`m©b`, {Xëbr, àW_ A{YH$aU, Vrgam AÜ`m`, íbmoH$ g§»`m-16, n¥. 12

2. emñÌr, npÊS>V J§JmàgmX (AZwdmXH$), dhr, MmUŠ` àUrV gyÌ 14, n¥. >674

3. emñÌr, npÊS>V J§JmàgmX (AZwdmXH$), dhr, 19dm§ AÜ`m` 16dm§ àH$aU íbmoH$ g§»`m- 40, n¥. 64

4. gwYm, Iwe~y, Y_©, amOZr{V Ed§ _yë`hrZVm, nmoB©ÝQ>a npãbeg©, O`nwa, 1999, n¥. 63

5. {à` Xe©Z, ZoV¥Ëd H$m gyIm, amO{H$emoa (g§nm.), ^maV H$m amOZr{VH$ g§H$Q>, dmUr àH$meZ, ZB© {Xëbr, 1994, n¥. 62

6. EMQ>rQ>rnr…//E.à^mgmjr.H$m°_/emoAm{Q>©H$b.EEgnrEŠg? Am{Q> ©H$bAmB©S>r=080725-131042-110010(EŠgogS> Am°Z gonQ>oå~a,17,2018)

7. EMQ>rQ>rnr…//S>ãë`yS>ãë`yS>ãë`y.AmB©~rQ>mBåg.H$mo.BZ/186-BpÊS >`Z-_oå~g©-nm{b ©`m_ |Q >-h od-{H « $ {_Zb-Ho $g oO-BÝŠbwqS>J-_S>©a-aon-600584 (EŠgogS> Am°Z gonQ>oå~a,18, 2018)

8. Cn`w©ŠV

9. EMQ>rQ>rnr…//Q>mB ©ågAm°\$BpÊS>`m.BpÊS>`mQ>mB ©åg.H$m °_/BpÊS>`m/36-Am°\$-E_nrO-E_EbEO-\o$qgJ-Q´>mBb-BZ- 3045-{H«${_Zb-Ho$goO/Am{Q>©H$bemo/63231553.grE_Eg (EŠgogS> Am°Z gonQ>oå~a,18,2018)

10. {ÛVr` àemg{ZH$ gwYma Am`moJ H$s MVwW© [anmoQ>©, emgZ _| Z¡{VH$Vm, ^maV gaH$ma, n¥. 1

^maVr` bmoH$V§Ì, Omo g§gXr` bmoH$V§Ì Ho$ gmW-gmW Y_© {Zanoj

bmoH$V§Ì H$s ^r ñWmnZm H$aVm h¡& `h VÏ` EH$ d¥hX g_ñ`m Ho$

ê$n _| XoIm J`m h¡ {H$ Y_©-{Zanoj bmoH$V§Ì H$mo amOZr{VH$ Xbm|

Ûmam H¡$go gwX¥‹T> ì`mdhm[aH$ T>m§Mm àXmZ {H$`m OmVm h¡? ñdV§ÌVm

àm{á Ho$ nyd© Ed§ níMmV² XmoZm| hr n¥ð>^y{_ _| bmoH$V§Ì, Y_© Am¡a

amOZr{VH$ Xb Amng _| K{ZîR> ê$n go amOZr{VH$ gÎmm H$s

JwËWr _| \§$go hþE h¢& Ym{_©H$ _wÔm| H$mo AmYma ~ZmH$a amOZr{VH$

Xbm| Ûmam bmoH$VmpÝÌH$ gVmÎ_H$ Iob Iobm OmVm h¡& ^maVr`

bmoH$V§Ì H$m AbmoMZmË_H$ nhby h¡-amOZr{VH$ Xbm| H$s bmoH$V§Ì

d Y_© H$s AÝV:gå~pÝYV amOZr{V& ^maVr` g§{dYmZ H$s

àñVmdZm ""Y_©{Zanoj bmoH$Vm§{ÌH$ JUamÁ`'' H$m AhdmZ H$aVr

h¡&1 amOZr{VH$ Xbm| Ûmam Bgo _yb-amOZr{V (Grassroot) _|

bmJy H$aZm hmoJm& Eo{Vhm{gH$ VWm AmYw{ZH$, XmoZm| hr n[aàoú`

_| amOZr{VH$ Xb Am¡a Y_© bmoH$Vm§{ÌH$ MwZmdr amOZr{V _|o

{ZUm©`H$ ^y{_H$m {Z^mVo h¡§&

bmoH$V§Ì H$m AW©-bmoH$V§Ì (Democracy) eãX `yZmZr ^mfm Ho$ So>_m°g (Demos) + H«o${Q>`m eãXm| go {_bH$a ~Zm h¡& So>_mog H$m VmËn`© h¡- OZVm VWm H«o${Q>`m H$m AW© h¡-epŠV, AV:

emoY gmam§e

àñVm{dV emoY-nÌ, ^maVr` amOZr{V _| bmoH$VmpÝÌH$ gÎmmË_H$ g§Kf© _| bmoH$V§Ì, Y_© Am¡a amOZr{VH$ Xbm| Ho$ AÝV: gå~ÝYm| H$m {díbofU H$aVm h¡& EH$ Amoa amOZr{VH$ Xb ""Ym{_©H$ amOZr{V H$s àd¥{Îm'' H$mo AnZo dmoQ> ~¡§H$ H$m gw{dYmOZH$ gmYZ ~Zm aho h¡ dht Xÿgar Amoa Ym{_©H$ ZoVm AnZo ""Eo{Vhm{gH$-gm§ñH¥${VH$-Ym{_©H$ _yë`m|'' H$s ajm hoVw amOZr{VH$ Xbm| H$mo _mÜ`_ ~Zm aho h¡§& gÎmm-g§K©fmË_H$ Iob _| amOZr{VH$ Xbm| Ûmam bmoH$VmpÝÌH$ _yë`m| H$s Yy{_b ajmË_H$ àd¥{Îm Ho$ Zm_ na Ym{_©H$ _yë` ñWm{nV {H$`o Om aho h¢& h_ VH©$ XoVo h¢ {H$ bmoH$VmpÝÌH$ gÎmmË_H$ g§Kf© _| amOZr{VH$ Xbm| Ûmam "Y_© H$s amOZr{V' H$mo "bmoH$V§Ì H$s amOZr{V' na ñWm{nV {H$`m Om ahm h¡& dV©_mZ n[aàoú` _| g§X{^©V {H$`m OmVm h¡ {H$ amOZr{VH$ Xbm| H$s ""OZ godm H$s ^mdZm'' H$m ê$nmÝVaU ""gÎmm -godm H$s ^mdZm'' _| n[ab{jV hmo ahm h¡&

g§Ho$Vmja … bmoH$V§Ì, Y_©, amOZr{VH$ Xb VWm gÎmm

So>_moH«o$gr H$m empãXH$ AW© h¡-OZVm H$s epŠV&2 A~«h_ qbH$Z Zo bmoH$V§Ì H$s Omo n[a^mfm Xr h¡, dh BgHo$ eãXmW© Ho$ AË`{YH$ {ZH$Q> h¡& CZHo$ AZwgma bmoH$V§Ì ""OZVm H$m, OZVm Ho$ Ûmam VWm OZVm Ho$ {bE'' ñWm{nV emgZ ì`dñWm h¡&3 (1864 _|o AnZo JoQ>Ê~ar ^mfU _| bmoH$V§Ì H$m AW© ~Vm`m)

amOZr{V Xb H$m AW©-bmoH$VÝÌmË_H$ emgZ ì`dñWm H$mo ñWm{nV H$aZo, Cgo J{Verb aIZo VWm Cgo ~Zm`o aIZo hoVw amOZr{VH$ Xb An[ahm`© hmoVo h¡§& amOZr{VH$ Xb, OZ-gm_mÝ` H$s amOZr{VH$, gm_m{OH$ d Am{W©H$ J{V{d{Y`m| H$s A{^ì`pŠV hoVw {ZUm©`H$ ^y{_H$m {Z^mVo h¢& Bg{bE amOZr{VH$ Xbm| H$mo ""bmoH$V§Ì H$m àmU'' VWm ""emgZ H$m MVwW© A§J'' H$hm OmVm h¡& àmo. _wZamo Ho$ eãXm| _|, ""bmoH$V§ÌmË_H$ emgZ àUmbr Xbr` emgZ àUmbr H$m Xÿgam Zm_ h¡ {díd Ho$ B{Vhmg _| H$^r ^r Eogr ñdV§ÌVm gaH$ma Zht ahr h¡, {Og_| amOZr{VH$ Xb H$m ApñVËd Z hmo&''4

Y_© H$m AW©-`Vmo Aä`wX`rZ: lo`g{g{Õ: g Y_©:& Y_© dh AZwem{gV OrdZ H«$_ h¡, {Og_| bm¡{H$H$ CÝZ{V (A{dÚm) VWm AÜ`mpË_H$ na_J{V ({dÚm) XmoZm| H$s àm{á hmoVr h¡& ~r.Ama. Aå~oS>H$a Ho$ AZwgma:-""Y_© H$mo ZOaAÝXmO H$aZm

^maVr` bmoH$V§Ì _| amOZr{VH$ Xb VWm Y_© : EH$ AÜ``Zgw_Z e_m©



ISSN 2348-3857


EH$ OrdZ-Vma H$mo ZOaAÝXmO H$aZm h¡& Y_© EH$ g§ñWm `m à^md h¡, AÝ` gm_m{OH$ à^mdm| Am¡a g§ñWmZm| H$s Vah `h Cg g_mO H$mo ZwH$gmZ ^r nhþ§Mm gH$Vm h¡ `m _XX H$a gH$Vm h¡, {Og g_mO na BgH$s nH$‹S> hmoVr h¡& ''5

Eo{Vhm{gH$ n¥ð>^y{_

^maV {díd H$m _hmZÎm_ bmoH$Vm§pÝÌH$ amï´> h¡& amOZr{VH$ Xbm| Ho$ _Ü` bmoH$Vm§{ÌH$ VarHo$ go gÎmmË_H$ g§Kf© H$m Iob Iobm OmVm h¡ h_mao Xoe _| {~«{Q>eH$mbrZ emgZ go hr ""bmoH$V§Ì H$s amOZr{V'' H$mo ""Y_© H$s amOZr{V'' go Omo‹S>m OmVm ahm h¡& 1857 H$s H«$m§{V Ho$ níMmV² O~ {~«{Q>e gÎmm H$s gwX¥‹T>Vm bMrbr hmoZo bJr, V~ {~«{Q>e gaH$ma Zo ""Y_© H$s amOZr{V'' H$m ew^maå^ {H$`m& 1870 Ho$ níMmV² {~«{Q>e Zr{V _| n[adV©Z hþAm VWm ""\y$Q> S>mbm| Am¡a amO H$am|'' H$s Zr{V Ho$ _mÜ`_ go _wgb_mZm| H$mo {hÝXþAm| Ho$ {dê$Û ^‹S>H$mZm àmaå^ {H$`m& ^maV _| amOZr{V epŠV H$mo _O~yV H$aZo hoVw {~«{Q>e emgH$m| Zo Ymm{_©H$-{d^mOZ H$s Zr{V H$m Cn`moJ {H$`m& ~mb J§JmYa {VbH$ d _hmË_m Jm§Yr Zo {~«{Q>e emgZ H$s Ym{_©H$ Zr{V Ho$ {dê$Û ^maVr` OZ-_mZg H$mo OmJê$H$ H$a CZH$m g_W©Z àmá {H$`m& CÝhm|Zo Ym{_©H$ Zmao d àVrH$m| H$m Cn`moJ {H$`m, O¡go; {VbH$ Ûmam Am`mo{OV JUoe CËgd VWm {edmOr CËgd& {~«{Q>e gaH$ma Ho$ gh`moJ go _wpñb_-gm§ñH¥${VH$ g§JR>Z Zo ^r AnZr-Ym{_©H$ J{V{d{Y`m| _| d¥{Õ H$s& {~«{Q>e Zr{V`m| Ho$ n[aUm_ñdê$n {hÝXÿ _wpñb_ g§Kf© Ho$ VËd Yrao-Yrao amï´>r` AmÝXmobZ _| Kwb Jò& 6

19dt eVmãXr Ho$ àmaå^ _| ñdV§ÌVm-àm{á AmÝXmobZ Ma_ n[aU{V na nhþ§M ahm Wm V~ {~«{Q>e gaH$ma Zo AnZr gÎmm H$mo ^maVr` OZ-gm_mÝ` Ho$ {hV _| Kmo{fV H$aZo hoVw gwYmam| (A{Y{Z`_m|) H$s `moOZm H$m àmaå^ {H$`m& BZ A{Y{Z_`m| Ho$ _mÜ`_ go {~«{Q>e gaH$ma Zo Y_© Ho$ Mmobo _| AnZr gÎmm H$mo ~Zmò aIm& 1909 Ho$ A{Y{Z`_ _| àË`j ê$n go ""Y_©-amOZr{V'' H$m lrJUoe {H$`m J`m& Bg A{Y{Z`_ go _wgb_mZm| Ho$ {bE 'n¥WH$ {Zdm©MZ àUmbr'' H$m Amaå^ {H$`m J`m& BgHo$ nrN>o dmñV{dH$ CÔoí` Wm {H$ gVmË_H$ g§Kf© (^maV d {~«{Q>e gaH$ma Ho$ _Ü`) _| {~«{Q>e gaH$ma Zo àm{YH$ma H$mo H$m`_ aIZo hoVw _wpñb_m| Ho$ {hVm| H$m njnmofU {H$`m& gZ² 1919 Ho$ A{Y{Z`_m| _| _wgb_mZm| Ho$ A{V[aŠV {gŠIm|, `yamo{n`Zm|, Am§½b-^maVr` d B©gmB`m| Ho$ {bE ^r n¥WH$ ì`dñWm bmJy H$s JB©& O~ ñdV§ÌVm àm{á AmÝXmobZ AnZr MaU naH$mð>m na nhþ±M J`m VWm {~«{Q>e gaH$ma H$s gÎmm H$s O‹S> H$_Omoa hmoZo bJ J`r, V~ {~«{Q>e gaH$ma Zo AnZr aUZr{V ""_¡ŠS>m°ZëS> AdmS©> (1932)'' Ho$

_mÜ`_ go A{^ì`ŠV H$s& Bg ""gmåàXm{`H$ n§MmQ>'' Ho$ _mÜ`_ go ""Y_© H$s amOZr{V'' H$mo EH$ Y_© {deof g_yh ({hÝXÿ) na bmJy H$aZo H$m à`mg {H$`m J`m& AÝVV: _hmË_m Jm§Yr Ho$ à`ËZm| (nyZm n¡ŠQ>, 1932) Ho$ _mÜ_` go {hÝXÿAm| H$mo ""Y_© H$s amOZr{V'' go AbJ H$a EH$OwQ> {H$`m J`m&

ñdV§ÌVm àm{á Ho$ níMmV

gZ² 1950 _| g§{dYmZ Ûmam {ZX}{eV ^maVr` amÁ` Y_©{Zanoj hmoZo H$s BÀN>m aIVm h¡& bo{H$Z ì`dhma _| Y_© ^maVr` bmoH$V§Ì H$s JhamB© _| àdoe H$a MwH$m h¡& Omo g§{dYmZ Ho$ Y_© {Zanoj AmXem] Ho$ pIbm\$ EH$ AmV§H$ h¡& `h AmV§H$ Xoe H$s amOZr{V H$mo _mZd-Om{V Ho$ {dÜd§g H$m H$maH$ ~Zm gH$Vm h¡, Š`m|{H$ amOZr{VH$ Xb Bg Am§VH$ (Y_©) H$m à`moJ gÎmm g§J«m_ Ho$ Iob _| H$a aho h¡§& amOZr{V d Y_© Ho$ ~rM AÝV: gå~ÝYm| Ho$ ZdrZ VÏ` CâZo bJo Wo, O¡go; Y_© AmYm[aV amOZr{V Xbm| H$m ApñVËd _| AmZm& Yrao-Yrao Y_© {deof na AmYm[aV amOZ{VH$ Xbm| H$s g§»`m _| {ZaÝVa d¥{Õ hmoZo bJ JB©& amOZr{VH$ Xbm| Zo amOZr{V epŠV _| AnZm dM©ñd H$m`_ H$aZo hoVw Y_© H$m Cn`moJ H$aZo bJ Jò& {hÝXÿ _hmg^m, am_-amÁ` n[afX, OZg§K (dV©_mZ _| ^mOnm) Zo amOZr{VH$ OZ-g_W©Z hoVw Ym{_©H$ VËdm| H$m à`moJ {H$`m& amï´>r` ñd`§godH$ Xb (RSS), ^maVr` OZVm nmQ>u O¡go amOZr{VH$ Xbm| Ho$ _mÜ`_ go amOZr{VH$ ñVa na H$m`© H$aVm h¡& dV©_mZ g_` _| RSS {díd {hÝXÿ n[afX² O¡go ì`mnH$ g§JR>Z H$m à`moJ amOZr{VH$ epŠV eyÝ`Vm _| H$a ahm h¡& 7

Y_© Ho$ AmV§H$ H$m A{^àm` … gånyU© _mZd Om{V na Y_© Ho$ AmYma na {H$ò OmZo dmbo KmVH$ àhma H$mo "Y_© Ho$ AmV§H$' H$s g§km Xr Om gH$Vr h¡& `h EH$ àH$ma H$m ""dmH$ `wÕ'' h¡, Omo H$^r ^r geñÌ `wÕ H$m ê$n bo gH$Vm h¡& AnZo Y_© AmYm[aV {dMmam|, àoaUmAm| d bú`m| Ûmam _mZd-g_wXm` H$mo à^m{dV H$aZm ^r ""Y_© Ho$ AmV§H$'' H$m AXþí` ê$n h¡&

amOZr{VH$ Xbm| Ûmam gå~{ÛV ""Y_© H$m AmV§H$'' VWm bmoH$V§Ì

1980 Ho$ XeH$ go ""Y_© Ho$ AmV§H$'' H$mo nëb{dV d nmo{fV H$aZo H$m H$m`© amOZr{VH$ Xbm| Ûmam {H$`m OmVm ahm h¡& gmåàXm{`H$ X§Jm| go gå~pÝYV 7 Om§M Am`moJm| Ho$ à{VdoXZ H$m {díbofU H$aZo na {ZîH$f© {ZH$bVm h¡ {H$ CZ g^r _| amOZr{VH$ Xbm| Ûmam AnZo CÔoí`m| H$s àm{á Ho$ {bE ""Y_© AmYm[aV amOZr{V'' H$s AmbmoMZm H$s JB© h¡& gZ² 1969 _| aKwdra X`mb Am`moJ Zo H$hm h¡ {H$ ""amOZr{V Xbm| H$mo AnZo CÔoí` H$s ny{V© Ho$ {bE Ym{_©H$


ISSN 2348-3857

`m OmVr` ^mdZmAm| H$mo Zht C^maZm Mm{hE& '' gZ² 1970 _| XÎmm Am`moJ Zo H$hm- ""amOZr{VH$ Xbm| H$mo {H$gr g_wXm` H$s Ym{_©H$ ^mdZmAm| Ho$ Zm_ na Anrb H$aHo$ dmoQ> àmá H$aZo H$s H$mo{ee Zht H$aZr Mm{hE& '' Omogo\$ {dW`m{Wg Am`moJ (1971) Zo H$hm- Y_©{Zanoj bmoH$V§m{ÌH$ Xbm| _| ^r gm_mÝ` gXñ`m| _| Ym{_©H$ VËdm| H$m àdoe hmo J`m h¡, `h A{hVH$a àd¥{Îm h¡, {Ogo gå~Õ Xbm| H$mo amoH$Zm hmoJm& gZ² 1979 _| hþE O_eoXnwa-X§Jm| H$s Om§M Ho$ {bE J{R>V Am`moJ Zo H$hm Wm-''amOZr{VH$ Xb gåàXm`m| H$mo gX¡d hr dmoQ> ~¡§H$ g_PVo h¡ Am¡a VÖþê$n hr AnZo H$m`©H«$_ d H$m`©dmhr gå~ÝYr `moOZm ~ZmVo h¢& dmoQ> H$m AW© h¡-gÎmm d amOZr{Vkm| H$mo AÝ` {H$gr ^r ~mV (bmoH$VmpÝÌH$ _yë`) H$s VwbZm _| gÎmm H$ht A{YH$ {à` h¡& 8

ñdV§ÌVm Ho$ nyd© Ed§ níMmV² Y_© Ho$ AmYma na amOZr{VH$ Xbm| H$m JR>Z {H$`m J`m h¡& _wpñb_ brJ (1906), {eamo_Ur AH$mbr Xb (1920), am_ amÁ` n[afX² (1948), {hÝXÿ _hmg^m (1915) Am{X amOZr{VH$ Xbm| H$m CËWmZ Ym{_©H$Vm Ho$ AmYma na {H$`m J`m Wm& gmåàXm{`H$ Xb Y_© H$mo amOZr{V _| Ho$ÝÐ-{~ÝXþ na aIVo h¢ VWm Y_© Ho$ AmYma na àË`m{e`m| H$m MwZmd H$aVo h¡ Am¡a dmoQ> _m§JVo h¡§& àmo. _m°[ag Om°Ýg Ho$ eãXm| _| ""H$moB© amOZr{VH$ Xb {H$gr {deof Ym{_©H$ g_wXm` H$s amOZr{VH$ J{V{d{Y`m| H$s ajm hoVw ~Zm hmo, Omo ñnï> ê$n go AnZo Amn H$mo gmåàXm{`H$ H$hVm h¡; O¡go _wpñb_ brJ (X{jU ^maV _|), AH$mbr Xb (n§Om~ _|), {hÝXÿ _hmg^m (CÎma ^maV _|)& OZg§K Ho$ ~mao _| _mo[ag OmoÝg {bIVo h¢, ""O~ VH$ H$Qw>aVm H$s _Zmod¥{V go nyU© amï´>r` ñd`§ godH$ Xb, {Og_| {hÝXÿ gm§ñH¥${VH$ Omoe Am¡a g¡Ý`dmXr Aä`mg XmoZm| H$m g§`moJ h¡, dh OZg§K Ho$ H$dM _| H$m`© H$aVm h¡, V~ VH$ gåàXmq`H$Vm Bg Xb H$m EH$ _hËdnyU© nhby ~Zm ahoJm& ''9

^maV _| bJ^J g^r amOZr{VH$ Xb {H$gr Z {H$gr ñVa na Y_© go gå~pÝYV ahVo h¡, `hm§ VH$ {H$ H$m§J«og ^r Bggo _wŠV Zht h¡§& Ho$ab _| B©gmB© g_wXm` Ho$ gmW H§$mJo«g H$m Eogm JR>Omo‹S> ahm h¡, {Ogo g§Hw${MV AW© _| gmåàXm{`H$ H$hm J`m h¡& gZ² 1980 _| ñWm{nV ^maVr` OZVm nmQ>u EH$ {hÝXÿ amï´>dmXr Xb H$hm OmVm h¡, {Ogo OZg§K H$m CÎmam{YH$mar ^r _mZm OmVm h¡& 2014 Ho$ Am_ MwZmdm| _| ^maVr` OZVm nmQ>u H$mo g§gX _| nyU© ~hþ_V àmá hþAm& 1984 Ho$ ~mX {H$gr EH$ Xb H$mo nyU© ~hþ_V àmá hþAm VWm EH$ {hÝXÿËddmXr amOZr{VH$ Xb ^maVr` emgZ H$m g§MmbZ H$a ahm h¡&10 AÝVV: ^maV _| Y_© Ho$ AmYma na amOZr{VH$ Xb gÎmmË_H$ g§Kf© H$m Iob IobZo bJo h§¡& AŠQy>~a

2004 _| nr.dr. {XZoe Ûmam Xm`a OZ{hV `m{MH$m _| gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb` Zo Ho$ÝÐ, MwZmd Am`moJ Am¡a H$m§J«og-^mOnm g{hV N>: amï´>r` Xbm| H$mo Zmo{Q>g Omar {H$`m, {Og_| g§{dYmZ Ho$ Y_©{Zanoj àmdYmZ Ho$ Cëb§KZ Ho$ Zm_ na Y_© Ho$ gmW Xbm| H$mo amOZr{VH$ nhMmZ H$s _m§J H$s JB© Wr& _w»` Ý`m`mYre Ama.gr. bmhmoQ>r d Ý`m`_y{V© Or.nr._mWwa H$s ~|M Zo amOZr{V Xbm| H$mo Zmo{Q>g Omar {H$`m, {Og_| ApIb ^maVr` _wpñb_ brJ, ApIb ^maVr` {hÝXÿ _hmg^m, ApIb ^maVr` {H«$píM`Z So>_moH«o${Q>H$, ~¡H$dS©> nrnwëg nmQ>u, VWm AH$mbr Xb g{hV 22 amOZr{V Xb h¡& {Og_| H$hm J`m Wm {H$ ""^maV EH$ Y_© {Zanoj amï´> h¡, VWm g§{dYmZ _| `h àmdYmZ emgZ (gaH$ma) H$mo Y_© go AbJ aIZo hoVw ~Zm`m J`m Wm&''11 amOZr{VH$ Xbm| Ho$ Y_© AmYm[aV AmMaU na gdm}À` Ý`m`mb` Ûmam gaH$ma H$mo gMoV {H$`m J`m h¡& Bg_| H$moB© A{Ve`mopŠV Zht h¡ {H$ amOZr{VH$ Xb gdm}À` Ý`m`mb` Ho$ Zr{V-{ZX}em| H$mo AmMaU _| bmJy Zht H$a nm`o h¢&

dV©_mZ n[ano«ú` _| ^maVr` amOZr{VH$ _| bmoH$V§Ì, Y_© VWm amOZr{VH$ Xb Amng _| K{Zð> ê$n go Ow‹S>o hþE h¡& Bg_| H$moB© A{Ve`mopŠV Zht h¡§ {H$ h_mam Xoe {díd H$m _hmZV_ bmoH$Vm§{ÌH$ amÁ` h¡§ Bg bmoH$Vm§{ÌH$ amï´> _| {d{^ÝZ amOZr{VH$ Xb gÎmm-g§Kf© H$m Iob IobVo h¢& amOZr{VH$ Xbm| Ûmam bmoH$Vm§{ÌH$ _yë`m| H$mo _Ü`ZOa aIVo hþE gÎmmË_H$ amOZr{V H$m Iob Iobm OmVm h¡& {H$ÝVw dV©_mZ g_` _| amOZr{VH$ Xb Ûmam gÎmm àmá H$aZo hoVw ""OZ-godm H$s àd¥{Îm'' Ho$ ñWmZ na ""epŠV godm H$s àd¥{Îm'' Zo bo {b`m h¡& amOZr{VH$ Xbm| Ûmam ì`pŠV Ho$ gmd©O{ZH$ OrdZ (bmoH$Vm§{ÌH$) Ho$ ñWmZ na ì`pŠVJV OrdZ (Ym{_©H$) na A{YH$ Ü`mZ {X`m OmZo bJm h¡& CXmhaU H$Zm©Q>H$ _| Ym{_©H$ Aëng§»`H$m| Ho$ ê$n _| qbJm`V H$mo AÝ` g_wXm`m| go dJuH¥$V H$aZo H$m H$m§J«og gaH$ma H$m {ZU©` VWm _Ü`àXoe _| 03 An¡«b, 2018 H$mo 5 {hÝXÿ Ym{_©H$ ZoVmAm| H$mo _§{Ì`m| Ho$ ê$n _| em{_b H$aZo H$m ^mOnm gaH$ma H$m {ZU©`& H$m§J«og AÜ`j amhþb Jm§Yr H$mo _§{Xa `mÌmE§ VWm àYmZ_§Ìr ZaoÝÐ _moXr H$s amOZr{VH$ Ym{_©H$Vm H$mo XoIZo go Am^mg hmoVm h¡ {H$ ^maVr` amOZr{V _| gÎmm g§Kf© _| amOZr{VH$ Xbm| Ûmam ""Y_© Ho$pÝÐV amOZr{V'' H$m ghmam {b`m Om ahm h¡& àmo\o$ga E.nr.Eg. Mm¡hmZ H$hVo h¢ {H$ ""amOZr{V Xbm| Ûmam Y_© H$m Cn`moJ bmoH$V§Ì H$s ^mdZm Ho$ pIbm\$ h¡& '' g§{dYmZ {Z_m©VmAm| Zo nmíMmË` CXmadmXr bmoH$V§Ì H$mo AnZm`m h¡, Bg{bE ^maV amOZr{VH$ Xbm| Ûmam {H$gr Y_© {deof Ho$ gmW H$moB© g_Pm¡VmË_H$ gå~ÝY ñWm{nV Zht {H$aZm Mm{hE& hmbm§{H$ h_mam Xoe Y_©-{Zaonj amï´>

ISSN 2348-3857


h¡, bo{H$Z Y_©-{Zanoj AmXe© amOZr{V Xbm| Ûmam g§Mm{bV Zht {H$ò Om aho h¡& gånyU© amï´> H$m g§MmbZ H$aZo dmbo amOZr{VH$ Xb Y_© Ho$ AmYma na gÎmm àm{á H$m à`ËZ H$a|Jo Vmo gm_mÝ` OZ na CgH$m Š`m à^md n‹S>oJm? Bg {df` na CËnÝZ JhZ {MÝVZ H$s Amdí`H$Vm X¥{ï>JV hmo ahr h¡&

{ZîH$f©

^maVr` bmoH$V§Ì _| amOZr{VH$ Xbm| Ûmam Y_© AmYm[aV amOZr{V H$m à`moJ H$aZo go ""Y_© {Zanoj Xoe'' H$m AmXe© Yy{_b hþAm h¡& ^maV _| {d{^ÝZ Y_m] d g_wXm`m| Ho$ ì`pŠV {Zdmg H$aVo h¡§, amOZr{VH$ Xb {H$gr EH$ {deof Y_© Ho$ {hVm| H$m à{V{Z{YËd H$m Xmdm H¡$go H$a gH$Vo h¢? CZHo$ Ûmam g^r Y_m] d g_wXm`m| Ho$ ì`pŠV`m| H$m à{V{Z{YËd H$aZm hmoJm, V^r ^maVr` amï´> gƒm Y_©-{Zanoj amï´> H$hbmòJm& bo{H$Z A^r `h _mJ© H${R>Z gm bJ ahm h¡& BgHo$ {bE OZ gm_mÝ` H$m gh`moJ ^r AË`{YH$ Amdí`H$ h¡& EH$ {e{jV g_wXm` ""g^r Y_© g_mZ h¡'' H$mo ì`dhm[aH$ ê$n _§| AnZmVm h¡ {H$ÝVw A{e{jV g_wXm` amOZr{V Xbm| Ho$ PyR>o dmXm| _| AmVo h¡ Am¡a Y_© H$s amOZr{V H$mo àmW{_H$Vm XoVo h¢& ^maVr` g_wXm` _| _yb-O‹S> go n§W-{Zanoj dmVmdaU H$mo AnZmZm hmoJm& g^r ZmJ[aH$ H$mo g_PZm h¡ {H$ {Og àH$ma CZH$m ñd`§ ì`pŠVJV Y_© hmoVm h¡ Cgr àH$ma AÝ` H$m ^r AnZm ì`pŠVJV Y_© h¡& gånyU©-_mZd g_wXm` H$mo àËòH$ EH$ Ho$ Y_© H$mo gå_mZ H$s X¥{ï> go XoIZm hmoJm& Y_© Ho$ AmYma na amOZr{V H$m Iob-IobZo H$m AW© h¡:-gåàXm{`H$Vm AmYm[aV dmVmdaU H$mo àÁd{bV H$aZm& `h dmVmdaU bmoH$V§Ì H$m O‹S>m| H$mo g_má H$a XoVm h¡& AV:, amOZr{VH$ Xbm| Ûmam ewÕ amOZr{VH$ gÎmmË_H$ Iob IobZm Mm{hE VWm MwZmdr dmVmdaU _| Y_© H$mo _wÔm Zht ~ZmZm Mm{hE amOZr{VH$ Xbm| Ûmam bmoH$Vm§{ÌH$ _yë`m| H$s ñWmnZm hoVw amOZr{VH$ OmJê$H$Vm H$m g§Mma H$aZm hmoJm& am_-OÝ_ ^y{_ {ddmX A^r VH$ gwbPm`m Zht J`m& amOZr{VH$ Xb Bg {ddmX H$m bm^ dmoQ>-~¡§H$ H$s

amOZr{V _| CR>m aho h¡& ñd`§ ^maVr` OZ-_mZg {ddoH$hrZ hmo ahm h¡, Š`m|{H$ Y_© ì`pŠV H$m AmÝV[aH$ {df` h¡ {Ogo dh ~mhar {df` ~Zm aho h¡& Y_© H$mo AmÝV[aH$ {df` go ~mhar {df` _| n[adV©Z H$aZo H$m H$m`© amOZr{VH$ Xbm| Ûmam {H$`m Om ahm h¡& amOZr{VH$ Xbm| H$m Xm{`Ëd h¡ {H$ dh bmoH$Vm§{ÌH$ _yë`m| Ed§ {d{^ÝZ Ym{_©H$ g_wXm`m| Ho$ {hVm| _| gÝVwbZ ñWm{nV H$a|&

gÝX^© J§«W gyMr

1. H$í`n, gw^mf, h_mam g§{dYmZ (^maV H$m g§{dYmZ Am¡a g§d¡Ym{ZH$ {d{Y), ZoeZb ~wH$ Q´>ñQ>, ZB© {Xëbr, 2013, n¥.52

2. nwamo{hV, ~r.Ama, amOZr{VH$emñÌ Ho$ _yb {gÕmÝV, amOñWmZ {hÝXr J«ÝW AH$mX_r, O`nwa, 2007, n¥. 289

3. Jm~m, Amo_ àH$me, amOZr{V {gÕmÝV H$s ê$naoIm, _`ya nona~¡Šg, {Xëbr-2014, n¥. 237

4. nwamo{hV, ~r.Ama, amOZr{VH$emñÌ Ho$ _yb {gÕmÝV, amOñWmZ {hÝXr J«ÝW AH$mX_r, O`nwa, 2007, n¥. 368

5. OmQ>dm, S>r.Ama, [a{bOZ BZ _m°S>Z© gmogm`Q>r Xr {nOqbJ Bí`y, ZB© {Xëbr, ZoeZb npãbqeJ hmD$g, 2000, n¥.-1

6. e_m©, Q>r.Ama., [a{bOZ EÊS> nm°{b{Q>Šg BZ _m°S>Z© BpÊS>`m: E {hñQ´>mo[aH$b Adaì`y BZ _moBZ eH$sa (ed.) [a{bOZ ñQ>oQ> EÊS> nm°{b{Q>Šg BZ BpÊS>`m, AOÝVm npãbHo$eZ, ZB© {Xëbr, 1989, n¥. 51

7. am°`, AOrV, Ama.Eg.Eg. EÊS> BQ²>g H$ëMa AmBS>m°bm°Or ê$Q²>g BZ _moBZ eH$sa (ed.) [a{bOZ ñQ>oQ> EÊS> nm°{b{Q>Šg BZ BpÊS>`m, AOÝVm npãbHo$eZ, ZB© {Xëbr, 1989, n¥. 57

8. nwIamO O¡Z d ~r.Eb. \${S>`m, maVr` emgZ Ed§ amOZr{VH$, gm{hË` ^dZ àH$meZ, AmJam, 2012, n¥. 483

9. Om°Ýg, _m°[ag, ^maVr` emgZ nÕ{V (AZwdmX), n¥. 190

10. XrdmH$a, aoIm, nmQ>u {gñQ>_ BZ BpÊS>`m, AmŠg\$moS©> y{Zd{g©Q>r àog, ZB© {Xëbr, 2017, n¥. 126-127

11. X Q>mBåg Am°\$ BpÊS>`m, 4 AŠQy>~a, 2014

amï´>r` _mZdm{YH$ma Am`moJ H$m JR>Z ^maVr` g§gX Zo _mZdm{YH$ma g§ajU A{Y{Z`_ 1993 nm[aV H$aHo$ AŠQy>~a 1993 _| {H$`m& BgH$m _w»` H$m`© _mZdm{YH$mam| H$m CëbK§Z, hZZ Am{X _m_bm| H$s {eH$m`Vm| H$s Om§M H$aZm h¡& `h g_mO Ho$ {d{^ÝZ dJm] Ho$ _Ü` _mZdm{YH$mam| Ho$ à{V MoVZm H$m àgma H$aVm h¡& Bg joÌ _| H$m`©aV J¡a gaH$mar g§JR>Zm| Ho$ à`mgm| H$mo àmoËgm{hV H$aVm h¡& Am`moJ H$m EH$ à_wI H$m`© _mZdm{YH$mam| Ho$ joÌ _| AZwg§YmZ H$aZm Ed§ {d{^ÝZ emoY n[a`moOZmAm| H$mo ~‹T>mdm XoZm h¡& 1

Am`moJ H$s emoY n[a`moOZmE§

^maV Ho$ {d{^ÝZ joÌm| _| _mZdm{YH$mam| H$s pñW{V na {d{dY Am`m_r emoY _mZdm{YH$ma Am`moJ H$s àmW{_H$Vm _| aho h¢& Am`moJ Ho$ emoY {d{^ÝZ g§JR>Z H$aVo h¢& `h emoY n[a`moOZmE§ ì`mdhm[aH$ YamVb na _mZdm{YH$mam| H$s g_w{MV OmZH$mar

emoY gmam§e

_mZd hmoZo Ho$ H$maU àmá A{YH$ma hr _mZdm{YH$ma H$hbmVo h¢& ^maV _| _mZdm{YH$mam| H$s pñW{V O{Q>b ahr h¡& ^maV _| AZoH$ dJ© Eogo h¢ {OZHo$ _mZdm{YH$mam| H$m {ZaÝVa hZZ hþAm h¡& maV gaH$ma Zo 1993 _| _mZdm{YH$ma g§ajU A{Y{Z`_ nm[aV {H$`m {OgHo$ VhV amï´>r` _mZdm{YH$ma Am`moJ H$m JR>Z {H$`m J`m& BgH$m _w»`mb` ZB© {Xëbr _| h¡& Bg_| 8 gXñ` hmoVo h¡§& Am`moJ AnZo g_j àñVwV {H$gr nr{‹S>V AWdm CgH$s Amoa go {H$gr AÝ` ì`pŠV Ûmam Xmà `m{MH$m na ñd`§ gwZdmB© Ed§ H$m`©dmhr H$aVm h¡& Am`moJ _mZdm{YH$mam| go gå~pÝYV {d{^ÝZ g§{Y`m| H$m AÜ``Z ^r H$aVm h¡& Am`moJ Ûmam _mZdm{YH$mam| H$s gwajm hoVw AZoH$ n[a`moOZmE§ g§Mm{bV H$s OmVr ahr h¡& BZ_| {~hma Ed§ CÎma àXoe Ho$ ~r.nr.Eb. n[admam| _| {dÚ_mZ ^moOZ Ho$ A{YH$ma go g§~§{YV pñW{V H$m AÜ``Z, d¥ÕOZm| Ho$ _mZd A{YH$ma, H$mZyZ Zr{V Ed§ H$m`m©Ýd`Z H$m AÜ``Z, `m¡Z Am¡a àOZZ ñdmñÏ` Ed§ H$ë`mU Ho$ g§X^© _| _mZd A{YH$ma na Xoe H$m AÜ``Z, Ho$ab _| àdmgr l{_H$m| Ho$ ~ƒm| Ho$ {bE {ejm H$m A{YH$ma, EZ.EM. Ama.gr. Ho$ gh`moJ go E_.E.Ama.Or. Ûmam 11 {df`m| na 27 nwpñVH$mAm| H$m {dH$mg, _{hbmAm| Ho$ pIbm\$ AZwg§YmZ AÜ``Z Am{X à_wI h¡& ò emoY n[a`moOZmE§ Xoe _| _mZdm{YH$mam| Ho$ hZZ H$s OmZH$mar àXmZ H$aVr h¡ Ed§ BZ n[a`moOZmAm| Ho$ n[aUm_m| go amï´> _| _mZdm{YH$mam| H$s gwajm hoVw ZdrZ H$X_ CR>m`m OmZm g§^d hmoVm h¡&

g§Ho$Vmja … _mZdm{YH$ma g§ajU, {g{db gmogm`Q>r, _Zmo{M{H$Ëgm, AmÝV[aH$ boImH§$Z, Ý`m` emñÌ

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(A) dV©_mZ _| Mb ahr n[a`moOZmE§

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_mZdm{YH$ma Ed§ emoY : amï´>r` _mZdm{YH$ma Am`moJ Ho$ gÝX^© _| AÜ``ZS>m°. A{Zb Hw$_ma nmarH$

ghm`H$ AmMm`©, bmoH$ àemgZamOH$s` H$bm _hm{dÚmb`, H$moQ>m (amOñWmZ)


ISSN 2348-3857


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ISSN 2348-3857

Ho$ amoOJma hoVw àdmg H$s dOh go {ejm Ho$ A{YH$ma go d§{MV aIZo g§~§Yr _m_bo H$s Om§M H$aZm Wm& `h AÜ``Z Ho$ab _| VWm g§~§{YV amÁ`m| _| ah aho àdmgr l{_H$ _OXÿam| H$s {ejm Ho$ ñVa H$s VwbZm H$aoJm& `h AÜ``Z àdmgr l{_H$m| Ho$ ~ƒm| Ho$ e¡{jH$ {nN>‹S>onZ Ho$ {bE {Oå_oXma H$maH$m| H$m {díbofU H$aoJm&

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ISSN 2348-3857


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ISSN 2348-3857

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ISSN 2348-3857


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ISSN 2348-3857


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AmO X{bV _{hbmE± {d{^ÝZ _moMm} na g§Ìmg, emofU, CËnr‹S>Z, AZmMma Ed§ CËnr‹S>Z H$m {eH$ma hmo ahr h¢& CZHo$ {bE A{YH$mam| H$s ~mV Vmo ~hþV ~ma H$s OmVr h¡ bo{H$Z dmñV{dH$Vm Ho$ Zm_ na CÝh| {g\©$ N>bm hr OmVm ahm h¡& X{bV _{hbmAm| H$mo ha àH$ma Ho$ emofU H$m {eH$ma hmoZm n‹S>Vm h¡& g_mO _| CÝh| àmMrZH$mb go hr gä`Vm Ho$ Zm_ na H$b§H$ g_Pm OmVm ahm h¡ CÝh| _mZd H$s loUr go ~mha hr aIm OmVm h¡& X{bV _{hbmAm| H$mo g_mO _| AnZo n[al_ Ho$ gmW-gmW AnZo {Oñ_ na r H$moB© A{YH$ma Zht h¡& AmO ^r Bg dJ© H$s _{hbmAm| H$mo Cƒ dJ© Ho$ bmoJm| Ûmam gñVo l_ _| IarXm OmVm h¡ Am¡a O~ Mmho, O¡gm Mmho Cn^moJ H$a gH$Vo h¡§& X{bV nwê$fm| H$s AmdmO X~mZo Ho$ {bE ^r CZH$s _{hbmAm| na AË`mMma {H$ò OmVo h¡§& X{bV _{hbmAm| Ho$ gmW àËòH$ df© ~bmËH$ma H$s KQ>ZmE± K{Q>V hmoVr ahVr h¡§&1

AmO 21dt gXr _| ^r ^maVr` g_mO dU© ì`dñWm go ANy>Vm Zht h¡& OmVr` emofU AmO ^r {dÚ_mZ h¡ Mmho dh Y_© Ho$ AmYma na hmo `m Om{VJV AmYma na, d¡km{ZH$ `wJ _| ^r gm_m{OH$ dJuH$aU ~Zm hþAm h¡& X{bV _{hbmAm| H$s X`Zr` pñW{V Bgr dU© ì`dñWm H$m n[aUm_ h¡& n[aUm_ñdê$n AmO g§d¡Ym{ZH$ `wJ _| ^r AJa CZH$s pñW{V _| AÝVa Am`m h¡ Vmo {H$g àH$ma?

ñdV§ÌVm go nyd© X{bV _{hbmAm| H$s _mZdm{YH$ma pñW{V

^maV _| {~«{Q>e emgZ H$s ñWmnZm Ho$ gmW-gmW B©gmB© Y_© H$m àMma-àgma H$aZo dmbr AZoH$ Ym{_©H$ g§ñWmAm| H$m AmJ_Z hþAm {OZH$m à_wI bú` _mZdr`Vm H$mo OmJ«V H$aZm Wm& eyÐ Omo X~o-Hw$Mbo Wo, g‹S>H$m| na Zht Mb gH$Vo Wo CÝhm|Zo B©gmB© Y_© ñdrH$ma H$a {b`m& B©gmB© {_eZ[a`m± ^maV _| npíM_r gä`Vm H$m _mZdr` H$m ê$n àñVwV H$aZo _| ~‹S>r ^y{_H$m AXm H$a MwH$s h¡& BZH$m gå~ÝY g_mO godm, X{bVm|, emo{fVm| H$m CX²Jma Ed§

_{hbmAm| g{hV g_ñV dJm] Ho$ H$ë`mU go h¡& maV _| Á`m|-Á`m| A§J«oOr gm_«mÁ` {dH${gV hmoVm J`m, Ë`m|-Ë`m| X{bVm|-{nN>‹S>m| Ed§ _{hbmAm| Ho$ {bE ñHy$bm| H$m {Z_m©U {H$`m J`m {OZ_| {ejm go boH$a X{bV ~mbH$m| Ho$ OrdZ H$s {dg§J{V`m| H$mo r naIZo H$m Adga {_bm&''2 {~«{Q>e emgZ H$mb _| X{bV _{hbmE± Om{VJV Y§Ym| H$mo Ë`mJH$a H¥${f, ì`mnma Ed§ CÚmoJm| O¡go ñdÀN> ì`dgm`m| _| àdoe boZo bJr& Xmg àWm H$m AÝV hþAm Am¡a H$m°\$s, Mm` Ho$ ~mJmZm| H$s ewê$AmV hþB© {OZ_| X{bV _{hbmE± H$m_ H$aZo bJr& CZH$s Am{W©H$ pñW{V _| n[adV©Z AmZo àmaå^ hþE& Aå~oS>H$a Ho$ g§Kf©erb ì`dhma Ho$ H$maU {~«{Q>e emgZ _| hr X{bVm| H$mo dmoQ> S>mbZo H$m A{YH$ma ^r àmá hþAm naÝVw `h A{YH$ma {ejm Ho$ AmYma na {H$`m J`m Wm Omo {H$ X{bV _{hbmE± Bg A{YH$ma go H$mogm| Xÿa Wr& A§J«oOr emgZ H$mb _| Om{VJV ôX^md na Ü`mZ Zht {X`m OmVm Wm, {Og H$maU Nw>AmNy>V H$s Va\$ A§J«oOm| H$m Ü`mZ hr Zht J`m& Cƒ dJ© àmMrZ H$s ^m§{V hr X{bVm| na hmdr ahm Am¡a CÝh| gmd©O{ZH$ Cn`moJ H$s dñVwAm| go Xÿa hr aIm J`m& {~«{Q>e H$mb _| O_tXmar àWm H$m AÝV hþAm naÝVw A~ Xmgm| H$m ñWmZ l{_H$m| Ho$ ê$n _| X{bVm| Zo bo {b`m Wm Am¡a {ejm go CÝh| Xÿa aIm& Hw$N> g_mO gwYmaH$m| Zo X{bV dJ© Ho$ {dH$mg hoVw à`mg ^r {H$ò naÝVw ò à`mg nhbo X{bV g_wXm` H$m {dH$mg H$aVo CgHo$ níMmV X{bV _{hbmAm| Ho$ A{YH$mam| H$s ~mV gå^d Wr& ñdm_r X`mZÝX, Kmgram_, ZmamÙ Jwé, amZmSo>, {ddoH$mZÝX, am_mñdm_r no[a`ma H$m AmÝXmobZ, Á`mo{V~m \y$bo H$m gËèmoYH$ g_mO Ed§ CZH$s nËZr H$m _{hbm {ejm AmÝXmobZ, Aå~oS>H$a H$m X{bVmoËWmZ, Jm±Yr Ho$ Nw>AmNy>V CÝ_ybZ Am{X AmÝXmobZm| Ho$ Ûmam BZ g_mO gwYmaH$m| Zo X{bVm| H$s Xem gwYmaZo Ho$ à`mg {H$ò& {~«{Q>e H$mb _| X{bV _{hbmAm| H$m Xmoham emofU hþAm EH$ Vmo {hÝXþAm| Ûmam eyÐ Ed§ X{bV _mZH$a Am¡a Xÿgam A§J«oOm| Ûmam Aghm` Ed§ H$_Omoa g_mO H$s _{hbmE± _mZH$a& X{bV _{hbmE± Cƒ Om{V`m| Ho$ Kam| _| gm\$-g\$mB© H$m H$m_ H$aVr Wr Am¡a g‹S>H$m| H$m Hy$‹S>m-H$Mam gm\$ H$aVr Wr& {dÚmb` OmZo H$m BZH$m A{YH$ma Zht Wm& H$m_ Ho$ ~Xbo BZH$mo \$Q>o-dñÌ Am¡a PyR>m ^moOZ hr {_bVm Wm, AÀN>o Am¡a gm\$-gwWao dñÌ nhZZo H$m BZH$m A{YH$ma Zht Wm& ~hþV go ñWmZm| na X{bV g_wXm` H$s _{hbmAm| H$mo AnZo ñVZ T>H$Zo H$m ^r A{YH$ma Zht Wm Am¡a Am^yfU nhZZo na r à{V~ÝY Wm& nXm©àWm, gVràWm, XodXmgr àWm Ed§ doí`md¥{Îm Bgr H$mb _| gdm©{YH$ Wr& X{bV g_wXm` H$s _{hbmAm| H$mo AË`{YH$ emar[aH$ Ed§ _mZ{gH$ emofU H$m {eH$ma hmoZm n‹S>Vm Wm& X{bV _{hbmAm| Ho$ {bE A{YH$mam| H$s


ISSN 2348-3857

~mV H$aZm Vmo Xÿa _mZdr` g_wXm` go ^r n¥WH$ g_Pm OmVm h¡& nwZ©OmJaU H$mb _| {d{^ÝZ g_mO gwYmaH$m| Ed§ Aå~oS>H$a Ho$ à`mgm| go BZH$s `WmpñW{V gwYmaZo Ho$ {bE AZoH$ g§Kfm] Ed§ AmÝXmobZm| Ûmam BÝh| OmJ¥V H$aZo Ho$ à`mg {H$ò Jò Am¡a {ejm Ho$ _hËd H$mo g_PmZo H$s H$mo{ee H$s JB©&

ñdVÝÌVm Ho$ níMmV² X{bV _{hbmAm| H$s pñW{V

^maV _| bJ^J Xmo eVmãXr VH$ {~«{Q>e amO ñWm{nV ahm Am¡a gZ² 1935 _| gmB_Z H$_reZ Zo Añn¥í` Om{V`m| Ho$ {bE AZwgy{MV Om{V eãX H$m à`moJ {H$`m {Ogo S>m°. Aå~oS>H$a Zo ^r ñdrH$ma {H$`m& 1947 _| ^maV H$mo {~«{Q>e amO go AmOmXr {_br Am¡a JUVÝÌ ^maV Ho$ {bE EH$ ñdV§Ì Ed§ n¥WH$ g§{dYmZ H$m JR>Z {H$`m J`m& S>m°. Aå~o‹S>H$a Ho$ AWH$ à`mgm| Ed§ X{bV g_wXm` Ho$ {bE AmOrdZ g§Kf©aV ahZo H$maU ^maVr` g§{dYmZ _| AZwgy{MV Om{V`m| Ho$ {bE {deof A{YH$mam| H$mo gpå_{bV {H$`m J`m& BZ A{YH$mam| _| _{hbmAm| Ho$ {bE {deof Ed§ g_mZ A{YH$mam| H$mo ^r em{_b {H$`m J`m h¡ {Og_| X{bV _{hbmE± ^r gm_mÝ` _{hbmAm| H$s Vah g_mZ Ed§ J[a_m_` OrdZ-`mnZ H$a gHo$& ^maVr` g§{dYmZ _| AÝ`m` na AmYm[aV {Z`_m| H$mo g_má H$a {X`m J`m, VWm Ý`m` na AmYm[aV g_VmdmXr g_mO H$s ñWmnZm H$m _mJ© àeñV {H$`m J`m h¡&''3

g§d¡Ym{ZH$ Ed§ d¡Ym{ZH$ pñW{V

ha ì`pŠV OÝ_ go hr A{YH$ma boH$a AmVm h¡, Mmho dh OrZo H$m A{YH$ma hmo `m {dH$mg Ho$ {bE Adga àmá H$aZo H$m _Ja Bg nwê$f àYmZ g_mO _| _{hbmAm| Ho$ gmW b¡§{JH$ AmYma na ôX^md H$s dOh go BZ A{YH$mam| go d§{MV ahZm n‹S>Vm h¡& X{bV _{hbmAm| Ho$ A{YH$mam| H$mo gw{ZpíMV H$aZo hoVw h_mao g§{dYmZ _| AbJ go Hw$N> H$mZyZ ~Zmò Jò h¡§ {Oggo ò _{hbmAm| Ho$ OrdZ _| _XX H$a gH|$ Am¡a g_`-g_` na BZ_| g§emoYZ ^r {H$ò OmVo aho h¡§ -

AZwÀN>oX 14-{d{Y Ho$ g_j g_mZVm, AZwÀN>oX 15 Ho$ VhV Y_©, _ybd§e, Om{V, qbJ, OÝ_ ñWmZ Ed§ dJ© Ho$ AmYma na à{V~§Y, AZwÀN>oX 15 (2) _| gmd©O{ZH$ ñWbm|, XþH$mZm|, hmoQ>bm| Am¡a _Zmoa§OZ Ho$ ñWbm| na àdoe `m Hw$E± AWdm Vmbm~m| Am{X Ho$ BñVo_mb na à{V~§Y {ZfoY {H$`m J`m h¡& AZwÀN>oX 15(4) Ho$ AÝVJ©V amÁ`m| _| n§Mm`Vm| g{hV {d{^ÝZ {ZH$m`m| _| AZwgy{MV Om{V`m| Ed§ OZOm{V`m| H$s _{hbmAm| H$m à{V{Z{YËd Ed§ Zm_m§H$Z ñdrH$ma {H$`m J`m h¡& BgHo$ Abmdm AZwgy{MV Om{V H$s _{hbmAm| Ho$ gm_m{OH$ Ed§ e¡j{UH$ ñVa H$mo Ü`mZ _|

aIVo hþE CZHo$ {dH$mg Ho$ Adgam| Ho$ {bE g_mZVm àXmZ H$aZo hoVw {deof à~ÝY {H$ò Jò h¡§& AZwÀN>oX 16(1) _| Zm¡H$[a`m| _| AmajU H$s gw{dYm, AZwÀN>oX 16(2) _| amÁ`m| Ho$ AYrZ {H$gr {Z`moOZ `m nX go gå~pÝYV {H$gr ^r ì`pŠV go CgH$s Om{V, Y_©, d§e, qbJ, {Zdmg AWdm OÝ_ñWmZ Ho$ AmYma na {H$gr ZmJ[aH$ H$mo AnmÌ Kmo{fV Zht {H$`m Om gH$Vm Am¡a Z H$moB© ôX^md {H$`m OmòJm& AZwÀN>oX 16(4) _| AZwgy{MV Om{V Ho$ gm_m{OH$-e¡j{UH$ X¥{ï> go {nN>Soµ>nZ H$mo Xÿa H$aZo hoVw AmajU H$m ^r bm^ {X`m J`m h¡& AZwÀN>oX 17 Ho$ AÝVJ©V Nw>AmNy>V H$m nyU©V: AÝV {H$`m J`m h¡ Am¡a BgHo$ AÝVJ©V Añn¥í`Vm H$mo XÊS>Zr` AnamY Kmo{fV {H$`m J`m h¡& AZwÀN>oX 19 Ho$ AÝVJ©V àËòH$ g_mO Ho$ ZmJ[aH$ H$mo Xoe _| Or{dH$m OrZo Ho$ gmYZ, ì`dhma Ed§ H$moB© ^r H$mamo~ma H$aZo H$m A{YH$ma àXmZ {H$`m J`m h¡§& AZwÀN>oX 21 _| X¡{hH$ ñdVÝÌVm H$m A{YH$ma, AZwÀN>oX 23(1) _| ~oJma `m ~bnyd©H$ {H$gr go l_ H$amZm XÊS>Zr` AnamY hmoJm& AZwÀN>oX 25(2)(9) gmd©O{ZH$ g§ñWmAm| _| g^r {hÝXþAm| H$mo àdoe H$m A{YH$ma {X`m J`m h¡& AZwÀN>oX 28 _| J¡a gaH$mar ñHy$bm| Am¡a H$m°boOm| _| {OÝh| gaH$ma Ûmam AZwXmZ {_bVm h¡ CZ_| Ym{_©H$ {ejm Xr Vmo Om gH$Vr h¡ naÝVw A{Zdm`©V: Zht hmoJr& AZwÀN>oX 29 Ûmam amÁ` Ûmam nmo{fV {H$gr {ejU g§ñWmZ _| AZwgy{MV Om{VdJ© Ho$ {H$gr ^r ZmJ[aH$ H$mo àdoe Ho$ A{YH$ma go d§{MV Zht {H$`m Om gH$Vm& AZwÀN>oX 35(§),(2) _| g§gX H$mo _m¡{bH$ A{YH$mam| go OwSoµ> g§d¡Ym{ZH$ àmdYmZm| Ho$ Cëb§KZ Ho$ VhV² AnamY {Xò OmZo Ed§ H$mZyZ ~ZmZo H$m nyam A{YH$ma {X`m J`m h¡ Am¡a XÊS> H$s ì`dñWm ^r H$s JB© h¡& Ymam 35 (A)(77) Ho$ AÝVJ©V "Añn¥í`Vm AnamY A{Y{Z`_ 1955' nm[aV {H$`m J`m h¡& `h A{Y{Z`_ 106 Ho$ O[aò g§emo{YV H$mZyZ Ho$ ê$n _| "ZmJ[aH$ A{YH$ma g§ajU A{Y{Z`_ 1955' `h Oå_y H$í_ra H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a gånyU© ^maV na bmJy {H$`m J`m h¡& `h A{Y{Z`_ 30 OZdar 1990 _| bmJy hþAm& Bg A{Y{Z`_ H$s Ymam-3 AË`ÝV _hËdnyU© h¡& BgHo$ IÊS> 10 _| `h àmdYmZ {H$`m J`m h¡ {H$ H$moB© ^r _Zwî` AZwgy{MV Om{V Ho$ gXñ` H$m An_mZ H$aZo Ho$ CÔoí` go H$m`© H$aoJm AWdm AZwgy{MV Om{V H$s _{hbm H$s b‚mm ^§J H$aZm, `m Cnhmg H$s X¥{ï> go XoIZm `m ZrMm {XImZm, K¥Um H$s X¥{ï> go XoIZm, Nw>AmNy>V H$aZm `m Om{VJV gå~moYZ H$aZo na Cgo 6 _mh go 5 df© VH$ H$s Ad{Y H$s H¡$X Am¡a Ow_m©Zo H$m àmdYmZ {H$`m J`m h¡& BgHo$ Abmdm AZwgy{MV Om{V H$s _{hbmAm| H$mo V§J H$aZm, CZH$m AZmXa H$aZm, AZw{MV X~md ~ZmH$a CZH$m

ISSN 2348-3857


b¡§{JJ emofU H$aZm Ed§ Jm±d N>mo‹S>Zo Ho$ {bE {dde H$aZm BË`m{X hoVw Ymam 3(1) Ho$ AÝVJ©V N>: _mh go nm±M df© H$s Ad{Y H$m H$mamdmg Ed§ Ow_m©Zo H$m àmdYmZ h¡& AZwÀN>oX 330 Am¡a 332 Ho$ AÝVJ©V bmoH$g^m d amÁ`g^m, {dYmZg^mAm| _| AZwgy{MV Om{V`m| Ed§ OZOm{V`m| Ho$ {bò n¥WH$ grQ>m| H$m àmdYmZ h¡& BgHo$ A{V[aŠV 73d| VWm 74d| g§{dYmZ g§emoYZ {dYo`H$ 1992 Ho$ Ûmam n§Mm`Vm| Ed§ ZJanm{bH$mAm| _| AZwgy{MV Om{V Ed§ OZOm{V H$s _{hbmAm| hoVw 1/3 ñWmZm| H$mo Ama{jV {H$`m J`m h¡&

AZwgy{MV Om{V A{Y{Z`_, 1989

1. AZwgy{MV Om{V H$s _{hbm Ho$ gmW ~bnyd©H$ _manrQ> H$aZo, CgH$m An_mZ H$aZm gå~pÝYV _m_bo na Ow_m©Zo d gOm H$m àmdYmZ h¡&

2. AZwgy{MV Om{V H$s {H$gr ^r _{hbm H$s BÀN>m H$mo A{Yem{gV H$aZo H$s pñW{V _| hmoZo na Cg pñW{V H$m à`moJ CgH$m b¡§{JH$ emofU H$aZo Ho$ {bE gOm d Ow_m©Zoo H$m àmdYmZ h¡&4

gm_m{OH$ Vm¡a na X{bV _{hbmE°§ Am{W©H$ Ed§ e¡{jH$ Vm¡a na {nN>‹S>onZ H$s {eH$ma hmoVr h¡& BgHo$ ^ma go X{bV _{hbmE°§ MmhVo hþE ^r BZ H$mZyZm| H$m Cn`moJ Zht H$a nmVr& ~hþV gmao _m_bm| _| BZ X{bV _{hbmAm| H$mo nVm hr Zht hmoVm {H$ CZHo$ gmW Omo KQ>ZmE± hmo ahr h¡, Cggo ~Mmd H$m H$moB© H$mZyZ ^r h¡ Am¡a Am_Vm¡a na emar[aH$ emofU, _manrQ>, OmZ go _maZm Am{X qhgm H$m {eH$ma hmoVr h¡ BgHo$ {bò nw{bg WmZo _| [anmoQ>© XO© nhbo Vmo H$amB© hr Zht OmVr Am¡a `{X H$am`r ^r OmVr h¡ Vmo X{bV hmoZo Ho$ H$maU H$m`©dmhr hr Zht H$s OmVr h¡& BZ X{bV _{hbmAm| H$mo `h ^r Zht nVm hmoVm {H$ _Zn§gX H$nSoµ> nhZZm, Zm¡H$ar `m H$m_ Z H$aZo XoZm, ~m{bJ hmoZo na _Zn§gX {ddmh H$aZm, VmZo XoZm, eH$ H$aZm, AmZo-OmZo na amoH$ bJmZm, n‹T>Zo Z XoZm, H$m_ N>mo‹S>Zo H$m X~md ~ZmZm Am{X qhgm h¡ àVm‹S>Zm h¡& `hm± VH$ {H$ Kaoby qhgm A{Y{Z`_ go ^r A{YH$m§e X{bV _{hbmE°§ AZ{^k h¡&

AnhaU, ^JmZm `m X{bV _{hbm H$mo emXr Ho$ {bE _O~ya H$aZo O¡go AnamY Ho$ pIbm\$ Ymam 366 bJmB© OmVr h¡, {Og_| 10 df© H$s gOm H$m àmdYmZ h¡, nhbr nËZr Ho$ Or{dV ahVo Xÿgam {ddmh H$aZm Ymam 494 Ho$ OKÝ` Ow_© h¡ A{^`wŠV H$mo 7 df© H$s gOm {_b gH$Vr h¡, n{V `m CgHo$ [aíVoXmam| Ûmam H«y$aVm

~aVZo na Ymam-498 Ho$ VhV² 3 gmb H$s gOm Xr Om gH$Vr h¡, AJa H$moB© ì`pŠV `m [aíVoXma _{hbm H$m An_mZ H$aVm h¡ Am¡a PyR>o Amamon bJmVm h¡ Vmo Cgo Ymam-499 Ho$ VhV² Xmo gmb H$s gOm H$m àmdYmZ h¡& XhoO _m§JZm Am¡a CgHo$ {bE àVm{‹S>V H$aZm ~ohX OKÝ` AnamY h¡ {OgHo$ {bE ^maVr` H$mZyZ _| AmOrdZ H$mamdmg H$s gOm h¡ Omo Ymam 304 Ho$ VhV² gwZmB© OmVr h¡ XhoO _¥Ë`w Ho$ {bE ^r A{^`wŠV na Ymam-304 Ho$ VhV² 10 df© H$s gOm H$m àmdYmZ h¡& gmd©O{ZH$ OJh na Aíbrb JrV JmZo `m AíbrbVm H$s haH$V H$aZo Ho$ {bE Ymam-294 Am¡a 3 _mh H¡$X `m Ow_m©Zm `m XmoZm| H$m àmdYmZ h¡& X{bV _{hbm H$s embrZVm ^§J H$aZo H$s _§em go H$s JB©, Aíbrb haH$V Ho$ {bE Ymam 354 _| 2 df© H$s gOm, _{hbm Ho$ gmW Aíbrb haH$V `m AneãX H$hZo na Ymam-509 Am¡a 1 df© H$s gOm, ~bmËH$ma Ho$ {bE Ymam 376 bJmB© OmVr h¡ Am¡a 10 df© H$s gOm `m C_«H¡$X H$m àmdYmZ h¡& _{hbm H$s gh_{V Ho$ ~J¡a J^©nmV H$amZm ^r CVZm hr ~‹S>m AnamY h¡ {OgHo$ {bE Ymam-313 Ho$ VhV² AmOrdZ H$mamdmg `m 10 df© H$s H¡$X, Ow_m©Zm Am{X H$s H$‹S>r gOm Ho$ àmdYmZ {H$ò Jò h¡§&5

26 OZdar, 1950 H$mo g§{dYmZ bmJy hmoZo Ho$ ~mX X{bV _{hbmAm| Ho$ A{YH$ma ~hmb hþE Am¡a do A{YH$ma {_bo Omo BÝh| nhbo àmßV Zht Wo& _ZwdmXr ì`dñWm Ho$ VhV CƒdJu` bmoJm| H$mo Omo {deofm{YH$ma àmá Wo do ^maVr` g§{dYmZ Ho$ A_b _| AmZo Ho$ níMmV² g_má hmo Jò& ñdVÝÌVm go nyd© X{bV _{hbmAm| H$mo _mZdr` A{YH$mam| go d§{MV aIm J`m Am¡a newdV OrdZ OrZo H$mo {dde {H$`m J`m Wm, CÝh| ^maVr` g§{dYmZ Ûmam A{YH$ma àmá hþE& S>m°. Aå~oS>H$a Ho$ ZoV¥Ëd _| CZHo$ AWH$ à`mgm| Ho$ ~mX Bg AÝ`m`dmXr gm_m{OH$ ì`dñWm H$mo g_má H$a Ý`m` na AmYm[aV g_Vm_ybH$ g_mO H$s ñWmnZm H$s JB©& Cn`©wŠV gd¡§Ym{ZH$ àmdYmZm| Ed§ H$mZyZm| Ho$ VhV ^maV _| dV©_mZ _| X{bV _{hbmAm| H$s pñW{V {ZåZ àH$ma go h¡ -

X{bV _{hbmAm| H$s dV©_mZ pñW{V

g_mO _| {ZåZ ñVa : ^maVr` g_mO _| X{bV _{hbmAm| H$mo AmO ^r {ZåZ ñVa H$m g_Pm OmVm h¡& ^maVr` g§{dYmZ _| g^r H$mo g_mZ A{YH$ma {Xò Jò h¡ naÝVw X{bV _{hbmE± g_mO _| AmO ^r àËòH$ ñWmZ na ñd`§ H$mo Agwa{jV _hgyg H$aVr h¡& ^maV _| A{YH$m§e ñWmZm| na Cƒ dJ© Ho$ bmoJ AnZo Ka _| {H$gr H$s _¥Ë`w hmoZo na _¥V ì`pŠV H$s MmanmB© Am¡a dñÌ Am{X X{bV _{hbmAm| H$mo BñVo_mb Ho$ {bE Xo {Xò OmVo h¡&


ISSN 2348-3857

{ejm H$m A^md … X{bV _{hbmAm| _| {ejm H$m A^md àm`: ~Zm hþAm h¡& ò _{hbm`| ñd`§ H$mo Agwa{jV _hgyg H$a {ejm àmá H$aZo hoVw {dÚmb` Zht Om nmVr Š`m|{H$ `m Vmo Cƒ dJm] Ûmam BZH$m Cnhmg C‹S>m`m OmVm h¡, `m {dÚmb` OmZo na ^r BgHo$ gmW {dÚmb`m| _| ^r ôX^md {H$`m OmVm h¡&

em¡Mmb`m| H$m A^md … X{bV _{hbmAm| Ho$ Kam| _| AmO ^r em¡Mmb`m| H$m A^md ~Zm ahVm h¡& X{bV _{hbmAm| H$mo em¡M hoVw Kam| go Xÿa O§Jbm| _| OmZm n‹S>Vm h¡& Ohm± BZ _{hbmAm| Ho$ gmW N>o‹S>N>m‹S> Ed§ emar[aH$ qhgm H$s OmVr h¡&

{ZåZ Am{W©H$ ñVa … X{bV g_wXm` àmMrZH$mb go hr {ZåZ AdñWm _| ahm h¡& naånamJV noem| H$mo AnZmH$a ò bmoJ Cgr H$m`© _| {bá ahVo h¢& AmO ^r Bg g_wXm` H$s _{hbmE± _¡bm ‹T>moZo Ed§ g‹S>H$m| H$s gm\$-g\$mB© Ed§ _OXÿar H$m H$m_ hr H$aVr h¡ {Og H$m_ Ho$ {bE l_ ^r H$_ {_bVm h¡& H$_ l_ {_bZo Ho$ H$maU X{bV g_mO H$s _{hbmE± {g\©$ AnZo n[adma H$m noQ> âZo _| hr ah OmVr h¡& {Og H$maU ò Am{W©H$ Ed§ gm_m{OH$ {dH$mg Ho$ ñVa go gm_Ý` _{hbmAm| go {nN>‹S>r hþB© h¡§&

g_mO _| n¥WH$ {Zdmg ñWmZ … dÎm©_mZ _| ^r Bg g_mO H$s AbJ Pm|n{‹S>`m± AWdm _m¡hëbo ~Zmò Jò h¡& àËòH$ Jm±d AWdm H$ñ~o _| X{bV g_wXm` AÝ` dJm] go n¥WH$ ahVo h¢& eham| _| ^r BZH$s H$m°bmo{Z`m§ AWdm Pw½Jr-Pmon{‹S>`m± AbJ ñWmZm| na {_bVr h¡& Ohm± ahZ-ghZ {ZåZ ñVa H$m Ed§ gm\$-g\$mB© H$s H$_r h¡& X{bV dJ© Ho$ bmoJ AJa eha _| {H$amò H$m _H$mZ boZo OmVo h¡ Vmo Cƒ dJ© Ho$ bmoJm| Ûmam BZH$s Om{V nyN>r OmVr h¡ Am¡a _H$mZ {H$amò na Zht {_bVm h¡&

ê${‹T>dmXr gmoM … ~«m÷UdmXr gmoM Ho$ H$maU X{bV _{hbmAm| _| gdm©{YH$ ê${‹T>dmXr gmoM nm`r OmVr h¡, Š`m|{H$ `wJm| VH$ X~o Hw$Mbo emo{fV hmoZo Ho$ H$maU BZH$s gmoM ^r d¡gr hr ~Z J`r h¡& {ejm Ho$ A^md _| {nN>‹S>mnZ ~Zm hþAm h¡, Am¡a AZoH$ ê${‹T>dmXr àWmE± BZ_| AmO r ~Zr hþB© h¡& nXm© àWm, D$nar ~mV| Ed§ AZoH$ ñWmZm| na XodXmgr, Ed§ d¡í`md¥{Îm Ho$ YÝYm| _| gdm©{YH$ X{bV g_wXm` H$s _{hbmE± hr {bá h¡&

amOZr{VH$ joÌ _| {nN>‹S>mnZ … X{bV _{hbmAm| H$mo ^maVr` g§{dYmZ _| g_mZVm H$m A{YH$ma {X`m J`m h¡ Am¡a n§Mm`Vm| _| 1/3 ñWmZ Ama{jV {H$ò Jò h¡& g_mZVm Ho$ A{YH$ma hmoZo na ^r A{YH$m§e X{bV _{hbmE± _VXmZ ^r AnZo n[adma H$s BÀN>mZwgma AWdm AnZo n{V H$s _Ou go H$aVr h¡& amOZr{VH$ ZoV¥Ëd H$m BZ_| nyU©V`m A^md ~Zm hþAm h¡&

n[adm[aH$ CÎmaXm{`Ëd … X{bV _{hbmE± AnZm gmam dŠV n[adm[aH$ CÎmaXm{`Ëd {Z^mZo _| bJm XoVr h¡& {Og H$maU BZH$m Ü`mZ {ejm Ed§ amOZr{V H$s Amoa AmH${f©V hr Zht hmo nmVm X{bV n[admam| _| ~ƒm| H$s g§»`m ^r gm_mÝ` n[admam| go A{YH$ nm`r OmVr h¡ Omo BZH$s {ZåZ Am{W©H$ pñW{V H$m H$maU h¡& nyam g_` o _{hbmE± ~ƒm| Ed§ n[adma H$s XoIaoI _| bJm XoVr h¡ Am¡a Cggo ~mha {ZH$b hr Zht nmVr h¡&

ñdmñÏ` godmAm| Ed§ g§gmYZm| H$m A^md … X{bV _{hbmAm| Ho$ Kam| _| BZH$m Am{W©H$ ñVa {ZåZ hmoZo Ho$ H$maU àm`: g§gmYZm| H$m A^md ~Zm ahVm h¡& o _{hbmE± ñdmñÏ` gå~ÝYr godmAm| Ho$ {bE {H$gr ZOXrH$s gaH$mar ñdmñÏ` Ho$ÝÐ AWdm PmobmPm°n S>m°ŠQ>am| na hr {Z^©a ahVr h¡& {Og H$maU BZ _{hbmAm| _| AË`{YH$ n[al_ H$aZo Ed§ A{YH$ g§VmZmoËn{Îm Ho$ H$maU emar[aH$ ê$n go H$_Omoar AmZo go AZoH$ ~r_mar Ka H$a OmVr h¡& BZ g_wXm`m| _| OÝ_Xa Ed§ _¥Ë`wXa ^r AÝ` g_wXm`m| go A{YH$ h¡&

A{YH$V_ l_ Ho$ {bE Ý`yZV_ doVZ … l{_H$ Ho$ ê$n _| A{YH$m§e X{bV _{hbmE± hr H$m`© H$aVr h¡& {OZgo nwê$fm| go A{YH$ H$m_ {b`m OmVm h¡ Am¡a CÝh| g_mZ H$m`© Ho$ {bE g_mZ doVZ ^r Zht {X`m OmVm h¡, O~{H$ ^maVr` g§{dYmZ Ho$ g_mZ H$m`© Ho$ {bE g_mZ doVZ H$m àmdYmZ h¡&

{ZîH$f© … AmO Xoe H$s AmOmXr H$mo 70 Ho$ D$na XeH$ JwOa MwHo$ h¡& bo{H$Z ^maV Ho$ gm_m{OH$ n[aX¥í` _| Mma ñVar` dU© ì`dñWm _| nyU©ê$n go _m¡{bH$ n[adV©Z Zht Am nm`m h¡ Am¡a `h ì`dñWm AmO ^r {dÚ_mZ h¡& AmOmX ^maV _| X{bV _{hbmAm| Ho$ pIbm\$ hmoZo dmbo AË`mMma EH$ Z`r g_ñ`m ~ZH$a gm_Zo Amò h¢& Eogr pñW{V _| O~ X{bV g_mO H$s OmJê$H$Vm _| d¥{Õ hmoZo bJr h¡ Am¡a CÝhm|Zo AmB©.gr.Eg. {gÕmÝV VWm XmgVm H$mo AñdrH$ma H$a {X`m V~ CZHo$ pIbm\$ hmoZo dmbo AË`mMma CÝh| X~mZo Ho$ {bE EH$ AñÌ Ho$ ê$n _| gm_Zo Amò Bggo do nhbo H$s Vah hr Agwa{jV ~Zo aho Š`m|{H$ {ejm Ed§ AmajU Ho$ ghmao {g\©$ {JZr-MwZr X{bV _{hbmAm| H$m hr {dH$mg hþAm h¡& amOZr{V Ho$ joÌ _| Xoe H$s àW_ X{bV _{hbm _w»`_§Ìr gwlr _m`mdVr Ed§ bmoH$g^m AÜ`j ahr _ram Hw$_ma O¡gr g§Kf©erb _{hbmAm| Zo AnZm naM_ bham`m h¡& naÝVw CZHo$ OrdZ _| Am`m h n[adV©Z Ed§ ~‹T>moVar r Cƒ dJ© H$s Am±Im| _| IQ>H$Vr h¡ Š`m|{H$ g{X`m| go X~o-Hw$Mbo, XrZ-hrZ Ed§ emo{fV AdñWm _| ahr X{bV Zm[a`m§ Cgr pñW{V _| Aä`ñV ahr h¡ naÝVw Ho$ÝÐ d amÁ` gaH$ma| BZ gm_m{OH$ Ag_mZVmAm| H$mo g_má H$aZo

ISSN 2348-3857


Ho$ {bE BZ _{hbmAm| Ho$ {bE {dH$mg d H$ë`mUH$mar `moOZmE± ~Zm ahr h¡, naÝVw BZH$m H$moB© Img Aga Zht {XImB© Xo ahm h¡§ Š`m|{H$ Ag_mZVm Vmo _mZ{gH$ ñVa na ì`má h¡& OmVr` AmYma na X{bV _{hbmAm| Ho$ gmW AË`mMma d XþamMma {H$`m OmVm h¡& e¡j{UH$ g§ñWmE± ^r BZ ôX^md d Ag_mZVm go ANy>Vr Zht ah J`r h¡& amOZr{VH$ joÌ _| X{bV dJm] H$m à{V{Z{YËd ~hþV hr H$_ h¡ Am¡a {OZ X{bV _{hbmAm| H$m MwZmd {H$`m OmVm h¡& dh ^r Cƒ dJm] AWdm nwê$fm| Ho$ hmW H$s H$R>nwVbr _mÌ ~ZH$a ah OmVr h¡§& Jar~r, A{ejm, Hw$nmofU Ed§ ôX^md H$m X~md ^r ~Zm ahVm h¡& gaH$ma H$mo Mm{hò {H$ {ZMbo ñVa na `moOZmAm| H$mo bmJy H$a| Omo ì`pŠV`m| Ho$ {dMmam| H$mo n[ad{V©V H$a gHoo$&

gwPmd … Cn`w©ŠV {ZîH$f© Ho$ gmW Hw$N> gwPmd {Xò Om gH$Vo h¡ {OZHo$ AmYma na X{bV _{hbmAm| H$mo OmJê$H$ {H$ò OmZo Ho$ gmW hr CZH$s pñW{V _| ^r gwYma {H$ò Om gH$Vo h¡§ - dV©_mZ _| ^maV 21dt gXr Ho$ {dH$mg H$s Amoa AJ«ga h¡ Ohm± d¡ídrH$aU Ho$ Xm¡a _| ^maV Ho$ àËòH$ dJ© H$m {dH$mg {H$`m Om ahm h¡& X{bV _{hbmAm| Ho$ {dH$mg Ho$ ñVa H$mo ~‹T>mZo hoVw ^r gaH$ma Ûmam {deof H$m`© Ed§ `moOZmE± Mbm`r OmZr Mm{hò& X{bV dJ© H$s ~m{bH$mAm| Ho$ {bE 1 go 8 VH$ H$s _wâV Ed§ A{Zdm`© {ejm H$s ì`dñWm H$s OmZr Mm{hE& Cƒ {ejm hoVw ^r N>mÌd¥{Îm Ed§ AZwXmZ H$s ì`dñWm H$s Omò& X{bV _{hbmAm| H$mo Am{W©H$ ê$n go geŠV ~ZmZo hoVw eham| Ho$ gmW-gmW Jm±dm| _| ^r Hw$Q>ra CÚmoJm| Ed§ AÝ` N>moQ>o-N>moQ>o H$m`© O¡go H$n‹S>m-~wZZm, {gbmB©©©-H$‹T>mB©, ~H$ar nmbZ, Am{X H$s ì`dñWm H$s Omò& X{bV _{hbmAm| Ho$ ñdmñÏ` godmAm| hoVw àËòH$ Jm±d Ed§ eham| _| _wâV ñdmñÏ` {e{da bJmò OmEo Ed§ AñnVmbm| H$m {Z_m©U {H$`m Omò& AË`{YH$ g§VmZmoËn{Îm na amoH$ bJmZo hoVw AñnVmbm| Ed§ Amem H$m`©H$Îmm©Am| Ûmam nam_e© Ed§ n[adma {Z`moOZ Ho$ gmYZ àXmZ {H$ò Omò& gaH$ma Ûmam X{bV _{hbmAm| H$s gwajm hoVw H$Soµ>-{ZX}e bmJy {H$ò Omò Amoa àemgZ Ûmam X{bV _{hbmAm| H$m emofU Ed§ ~bmËH$ma H$aZo dmbm| H$mo H$‹S>r gOm Ed§ Ow_m©Zo

H$m àmdYmZ {H$`m Omò& amOZr{V Ho$ joÌ _| _{hbmAm| H$mo ^r Mm{hò {H$ do ñd`§ ^r AmJo Amò Am¡a AnZo nX H$m H$m à`moJ H$a| BgHo$ {bE CZHo$ n[adma H$mo ^r gh`moJ àXmZ H$aZm Mm{hò {Oggo Xÿgar _{hbmAm| _| ^r OmJê$H$Vm Am gH|$& J«m_ n§Mm`V ñVa na X{bV _{hbmAm| H$mo H$mZyZm| Ed§ _mZdm{YH$mam| H$s OmZH$mar ^r àXmZ H$s Omò {Oggo g^r _{hbmE± _mZdm{YH$mam| Am¡a H$mZyZm| H$s OmZH$mar àmá H$a gH|$ Am¡a CZH$m ghr _m`Zo _| à`moJ H$a gHo$& h_mam Xoe ghr _m`Zo _| {dH$mg H$s Amoa V^r AJ«ga hmo gHo$Jm, O~ àËòH$ dJ© Ed§ g_mO H$s ñWmnZm g_mZVm Ed§ Ý`m` na AmYm[aV hmo&

gÝX^© gyMr

1. Jwám, {Xár, Xmohao emofU H$s XmñVm§Z H$s {eH$ma X{bVm| _| ^r X{bV Zm[a`m±, {daoÝÐ qgh mXd, maV _| _{hbm geŠVrH$aU Ho$ CâVo n[aX¥í`, Eoë\$m npãbHo$eÝg, ZB© {Xëbr, 2013 n¥. 175

2. H$mOb, ZrVy X{bV geŠVrH$aU, g§O` àH$meZ, ZB© {Xëbr, 2013, n¥. 58

3. CnamoŠV, dht, n¥. 93

4. I§So>bm, _mZMÝX X{bV A{YH$ma Ed§ ì`dha, nm°BÝQ>a npãbeg©, O`nwa, 2008, n¥. 5-6

5. EMQ>rQ>rnr…//S>ãë`yS>ãë`yS>ãë`y.Mm¡WrXþ{Z`m.H$m°_

6. AJ«dmb, {J[ae, X{bV Am¡a H$mZyZ, h²`y_Z amBQ²>g bm° ZoQ>dH©$, ZB© {Xëbr, 2010

7. S>ãë`yS>ãë`yS>ãë`y.EÁ`wHo$eZbOZ©b.AmoAmaOr

8. Hw$_ma, {ddoH$, {ejm Ho$ Xmào _| X{bV, X¡{ZH$ OmJaU dmamUgr, 20 {Xgå~a, 2007

9. EMQ>rQ>rnr…//S>ãë`yS>ãë`yS>ãë`y.aMZmH$ma.AmoAmaOr/2015/ 8/ãbm°JnmoñQ>-580.EMQ>rE_Eb/31/08/18

10. EÝWmoZr, E_.Oo., X{bV amBQ²>g : b¡ÊS>_mH©$ OO_oÝQ>g² Am°Z Eg.gr./Eg.Q>r./~¡H$dS©> ŠbmgoO, B§{S>`Z gmoeb BÝgQ>`yQ>, Ý`y {Xëbr, 1997

X{jU E{e`m EH$ ^mJ Eogm joÌ h¡ {OgH$m Ho$ÝÐ ^maV h¡ Am¡a Ohm± Ho$ dV©_mZ d¡pídH$ n[aX¥í` Ho$ à{V Xþ{Z`m H$m {_OmO VoOr go ~Xb ahm h¡& ^y-_ÊS>brH$aU, n`m©daU, _mZdm{YH$ma O¡go _wX²Xo VoOr go Câ aho h¡§& na_mUw Aàgma d AmV§H$dmX H$s MwZm¡Vr ~aH$ama h¡& na Hw$N> Eogo n[adV©Z ^r hþE h¡§ {OÝhm|Zo {díd H$s amOZ¡{VH$ d gm_[aH$ g_rH$aUm| H$mo ~Xb {X`m h¡& CZ_| EH$ _hËdnyU© n[adV©Z gmo{d`V g§K H$m {dKQ>Z h¡& 1991 _| gmo{d`V g§K Ho$ {dKQ>Z d g¡ÝQ´>b E{e`Z [anpãbH$ (CAR) Ho$ CX²^d Ho$ ~mX ^maV Ûmam _Ü` E{e`mB© Xoem| Ho$ gmW Am{W©H$ d gm§ñH¥${VH$ gå~ÝY ~‹T>mZo Ho$ {bE _hËdnyU© à`mg {H$ò Jò h¡§& AmO A\$Jm{ZñVmZ {Og joÌ _| AdpñWV h¡ Cgo _Ü` E{e`m H$hm OmVm h¡& `h joÌ 1904 _| _¡H$mBÝS>a Ûmam à{Vnm{XV {Z~ÝY ""B{Vhmg H$s ^m¡Jmo{bH$ Ywar'' _| Heart Land `m Ywar joÌ H$s n[aH$ënZm _| em{_b h¡& 1 _¡H$mBÊS>a H$m H$WZ Wm {H$ ""öX` ñWb Xþ{Z`m H$m EH$_mÌ Eogm joÌ h¡ Ohm± AZoH$ gm_«mÁ` H$s gr_m`| EH$ gmW {_bVr h¡& Bg joÌ na Omo {Z`§ÌU H$aoJm dh gmao {díd na {Z`§ÌU H$a gHo$Jm& '' {Ogo h_ _Ü`

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A\$JmZ g_ñ`m : ^maVr` {dXoe Zr{V Ho$ n[aàoú` _|S>m°. _Yw ~mbm

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ISSN 2348-3857


df© 1926 H$mo A_mZwëbm Zo AnZo Amn H$mo A\$Jm{ZñVmZ H$m amOm Kmo{fV H$a hþHy$_V H$s ~mJS>moa AnZo hmW _| bo br& A_mZwëbm Iwbo {dMmam| H$m A\$JmZr Wm& {OgHo$ Iwbo {dMma H$Q²>Q>an§{W`m| H$mo amg Zht Amò Am¡a AnZo gwYmam| H$m VrIm {damoY hmoVm XoIH$a 1929 _| AnZo _wëH$ H$mo N>mo‹S> H$a ^mJ J`m& 1933 _| Omhraemh Ho$ ZoV¥Ëd _| nyao Mma XeH$m| VH$ A\$Jm{ZñVmZ _| amOemhr emgZ ahm& 1953 _| OZab _mohå_X XmD$X A\$Jm{ZñVmZ Ho$ àYmZ_§Ìr ~Zo& CZH$m PwH$md gmo{d`V g§K H$s Amoa Wm& CÝhm|Zo gmo{d`V g§K go Z Ho$db Am{W©H$ ghm`Vm br A{nVw g¡Ý` ghm`Vm ^r hm{gb H$s& 1973 _| _mohå_X XmD$X Zo amOemhr H$m A§V H$a gånyU© gÎmm AnZo hmW _| bo br Am¡a {\$a A\$Jm{ZñVmZ H$mo EH$ JUamÁ` Kmo{fV H$a {X`m& XmD$X Ho$ emgZ Ho$ pIbm\$ dm_n§Wr JwQ> Zo g§J{R>V hmoH$a dm_n§Wr nrnwëg So>_moH«o${Q>H$ nmQ>u H$m JR>Z {H$`m& Bg nmQ>u Zo 1978 _| Z Ho$db OZab XmD$X H$m V»Vm nbQ> {X`m daZ² Aà¡b 1978 _| EH$ g¡Ý` {dÐmoh Ûmam XmD$X H$s hË`m H$a Xr& BgHo$ ~mX gmå`dmXr ZoVm Zya _mohå_X VamZr A\$Jm{ZñVmZ Ho$ amï´>n{V ~Z|& VamZr Ho$ emgZH$mb _| A\$Jm{ZñVmZ _| gmo{d`V g§K H$m hñVjon nhbo H$s Anojm Am¡a A{YH$ ~‹T> J`m& Am¡a {Xgå~a 1978 _| ê$g A\$Jm{ZñVmZ Ho$ _Ü` EH$ _hËdnyU© g§{Y hþB©& Bg g§{Y H$s Img ~mV `h Wr {H$ `{X H$moB© Xoe A\$Jm{ZñVmZ na h_bm H$aoJm Vmo gmo{d`V g§K A\$Jm{ZñVmZ H$s ha gå^d _XX H$aoJm& Eogo hmbmVm| _| A\$Jm{ZñVmZ Ho$ Bñbm_r H$Q²>Q>an§{W`m| H$mo _m¡H$m {_b J`m Am¡a CÝhm|Zo àMma {H$`m {H$ CZH$m _wëH$ gmo{d`V {eH§$Oo _| Om ahm h¡& Eogo bmoJm| Zo Bñbm_ Ho$ Zm_ na h{W`ma CR>m {bò d geñÌ g§Kf© ewé H$a {X`m& 1979 _| amï´>n{V VamZ d dm_ n§Wr ZoVm h\$sOwëbm A_rZ Ho$ _Ü` O~aXñV IyZr g§Kf© hþAm {Og_| A_rZ OrV J`m d VamH$s H$s hË`m H$a Xr J`r& A_rZ Zo H$mo{ee H$s {H$ dh n[apñW{V`m| na A§Hw$e bJm gHo$ {H$ÝVw dh Ag\$b ahm& AÝVV: {Xgå~a 1979 _| A\$JmZ-gmo{d`V _¡Ìr g§{Y H$m hdmbm XoVo hþE gmo{d`V g§K Zo A\$Jm{ZñVmZ _| g¡Ý` hñVjon {H$`m& 3

A_rZ H$mo _m¡V H$s gOm XoZo Ho$ ~mX gmo{d`V g§K Ho$ Bemao na nrnwëg So>_moH«o${Q>H$ nmQ>u (PDP) Ho$ naM_ Vbo ~~aH$ H$a_mb H$mo A\$Jm{ZñVmZ H$s gÎmm gm¡§nr J`r& bo{H$Z pñW{V V~ ^r g§^b Zht nm`r Š`m|{H$ A~ A\$Jm{ZñVmZ Ho$ _wOm{hX²XrZ JwQ>m| H$m g§Kf© A~ grYo-grYo gmo{d`V g§K H$s goZmAm| Ho$ gmW ewé hmo J`m Xÿgar Va\$ gmo{d`V g§K H$m g¡Ý` hñVjon A_o[aH$m H$mo Zht gwhm`m& A_o[aH$m A\$Jm{ZñVmZ Ho$ _wOm{h{X²XZm| H$mo

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AJñV 1996 _| Vm{b~mZ hHy$_V Zo _Oma-E-ear\$ d ~m{_`mZ na H$ãOm H$a {b`m& ~m{_`mZ BamZr g_W©H$ goZm Ho$ H$ãOo _| Wm& BVZm hr Zht daZ ~m{_`mZ d _Omao ear\$ Ho$ Amg-nmg ahZo dmbo {e`m Am~mXr H$m ^r ^`mdh Zag§hma {H$`m J`m& AŠQy>~a 1999 _| naoemZ BamZ Zo Vm{b~m{Z`m| na O~aXñV h_bm {H$`m {Oggo CZHo$ g§JR>Z H$mo H$m\$s ZwH$gmZ nhþ±Mm& AŠQy>~a 1999 H$mo `yEZ gwajm n[afX Zo {ZU©` {b`m {H$ `{X 30 {XZm| Ho$ ^rVa Amogm_m {~Z bmXoZ H$mo Vm{b~mZr gaH$ma Zo Zht gm¡§nm Vmo CZHo$ pIbm\$ à{V~§Y bJm {XE Om`|Jo& Vm{b~mZ Zo Z Ho$db Amogm_m H$mo bm¡Q>mZo go BÝH$ma H$a {X`m daZ² Zdå~a 1999 _| Bñbm_m~mX _| pñWV A_o[aH$s XÿVmdmg d `yEZ


ISSN 2348-3857

H$m`m©b` na amHo$Q>m| go O~aXñV h_bm {H$`m& yEZ Ûmam Am{W©H$ à{V~§Y bJm {Xò Jò {H$ÝVw A\$Jm{ZñVmZ _| nmonr {Oggo A\$s_ d Xÿgao _mXH$ nXmW© V¡`ma hmoVo h¡§ H$s {~H«$s nm{H$ñVmZ, MrZ, ég d _Ü` E{e`mB© Xoem| _| hmo ahr h¡& Vm{b~mZr gaH$ma Iwbo Vm¡a na BZH$m {Z`m©V H$a Ia~m| énò H$s Am_XZr H$a ahr h¡ {Oggo `yEZ Ho$ Am{W©H$ à{V~§Ym| H$m Cg na H$moB© Img Aga Zht hþAm& 4

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ISSN 2348-3857


_| A\$JmZ g§H$Q> Ho$ g_mYmZ hoVw A_o[aH$m-nmH$-Vm{b~mZ Ho$ _Ü` H$moB© Cn`wŠV {ZîH$f© VH$ Zht nhþ±M nm ahm h¡& 7

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ISSN 2348-3857

^y{_H$m H$mo ñdrH$ma H$aZm hmoJm& A\$Jm{ZñVmZ Ho$ amOZr{VH$ OrdZ _| Omo ^r Wmo‹S>m ~hþV CXma amOZr{VH$ epŠV`m± h¡§ do ^maV g_W©H$ h¡& AJa A_o[aH$m EH$ Eogm A\$Jm{ZñVmZ MmhVm h¡ Omo A_o[aH$m {damoYr Z hmo Am¡a AnZo n¡am| na I‹S>m hmo gHo$ Vmo Amdí`H$ h¡ {H$ nm{H$ñVmZ H$mo A\$JmZ g_ñ`m Ho$ g_mYmZ Ho$ Ho$ÝÐ go hQ>mH$a Cg_| CZ CXmadmXr VmH$Vm| H$mo em{_b {H$`m OmE Omo dmH$B© _| EH$ pñWa bmoH$Vm§{ÌH$ A\$Jm{ZñVmZ H$s ñWmnZm H$aZm MmhVo h¡§&10

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1. A{YH$mar, eoIa, AmYw{ZH$ ñÌmoVo{OH$ {MÝVZ, Eg.nr.Oo. npãbHo$eZ, Bbmhm~mX, 2003, n¥. 100-101

2. H$m¡b, ~r.E_., E{e`m H$s {dH$mgmoÝ_wI EH$Vm, lr gañdVr gXZ npãbHo$eZ, ZB© {Xëbr, 2000, n¥. 52

3. §Ja_¡Z, ~¡ar d dmho~, emBñVm, E ~«r\$ {hñQ>r Am°\$ A\$Jm{ZñVmZ, BÝ\$mo~og npãbqeJ Ý y mH©$, 2007, n¥. 212-238

4. Om°ZgZ, am°~, X A\$JmZ do Am°\$ dma : hm°D$ EÊS> ìhm` Ho$

\$mB©Q>, Am°Šg\$moS©> `y{Zd{g©Q>r àog, Ý`y`mH©$, 2011, n¥. 200-

220

5. qgh, ndZ Hw$_ma, XheVJX© A_o[aH$m, AZm{_H$m npãbeg©,

ZB© {Xëbr, 2000, n¥. 54-58

6. àmo. Yy{b`m, gw^mf, B{Vhmg H$m g~go O{Q>b `wÕ, amï´>r`

ghmam 18 OyZ 2011

7. ^mñH$a, gr. CX`, IVao H$s OmoaXma AmhQ>, X¡{ZH$ OmJaU,

3 OwbmB© 2011

8. ES>~S©>, ~r. So>{dS>, {~\$moa Vm{b~mZ, `y{Zd{g©Q>r Am°\$ H¡${b\$m}

{Z`m àog, b§§XZ 2002, n¥. 225-237

9. Vbdma, Hw$bXrn, IwX go OwPVm A\$Jm{ZñVmZ, A_a COmbm,

19 {Xgå~a 2004

10. H$m¡{eH$, nr.S>r., AÝVam©ï´>r` gå~ÝY, H$ë`mUr npãbeg©,

bw{Y`mZm, 2004, n¥. 584

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{ejm{dX² Ed§ amOZr{VH$ {díbofH$Abda (amOñWmZ)



ISSN 2348-3857

ì`pŠVJV hmo gH$Vo h¡§& Bg àH$ma AmV§H$dmX H$moB© {dMmaYmam `m {gÕmÝV Zht ~pëH$ EH$ VarH$m, EH$ à{H«$`m `m {\$a EH$ CnH$aU h¡, {OgH$m à`moJ H$moB© ^r amÁ`, amOZr{VH$ g§JR>Z, ñdV§ÌVmdmXr g_yh, AbJmddmXr g§JR>Z, OmVr` `m Ym{_©H$ CÝ_mXr AnZo CÔoí` H$mo àmá H$aZm MmhVo h¡§& nmb {dpëH§$gZ Ho$ Ûmam AmV§H$dmX H$mo VrZ ê$nm| _| {d^m{OV {H$`m J`m h¡, `Wm-

1. AmV§H$dmX H$mo ì`dpñWV eñÌ Ho$ ê$n _| à`moJ H$aZo H$s Zr{V&

2. gm_mÝ` go A{YH$ qhgm H$s Y_H$s AWdm qhgH$ H¥$Ë`& Am¡a

3. VmËH$m{bH$ {eH$ma Am¡a ì`mnH$ amï´>r` VWm AÝVam©ï´>r` OZ_V na Bg qhgm H$m à^md&

AmV§H$dmX H$m {dñVma : AmV§H$dmX gåà{V {H$gr EH$ Xoe `m joÌ {deof H$s g_ñ`m Zht h¡, AmV§H$dmX Zo {dídì`mnr ê$n Ap»V`ma H$a {b`m h¡& ^maV, nm{H$ñVmZ, A\$Jm{ZñVmZ, lrb§H$m, ~m§½bmXoe, AëOr[a`m, gD$Xr Aa~, {_l, bo~ZmZ, BamH$, gr[a`m, B©amZ, {\$brñVrZ VWm BOamBb g{hV {d{^ÝZ Xoem| _| AmV§H$dmX AnZo n¡a \¡$bm MwH$m h¡&

AmV§H$dmX H$s àH¥${V : ZdCn{ZdoedmX, ~oamoOJmar, VH$ZrH$s {dH$mg, g§Mma H«$m§{V, n[adhZ Ho$ gmYZm| H$m {dH$mg, _mXH$ nXmWm] H$s VñH$ar Ed§ AmYw{ZH$ {ejm O¡go AZoH$ VËdm| Zo AmV§H$dmX Ho$ ñdê$n H$mo à^m{dV {H$`m h¡& BgHo$ n[ad{V©V ñdê$n H$s {deofVmE§ AYmo{bpIV h¡§ :-

• AmV§H$dmX Zo {dH$mgerb Xoem| Ho$ gmW-gmW {dH${gV Xoem| H$mo ^r à^m{dV {H$`m h¡&

• d¡pídH$ AmV§H$dmX Ho$ \$bñdê$n Xoem| H$s {dXoe Zr{V`m§ ^r à^m{dV hmoZo bJr h¡§&

• gåà{V AmV§H$dmX joÌr` Ed§ amï´>r` àH¥${V go D$na CR> MwH$m h¡ VWm BgZo d¡pídH$ ê$n Ap»V`ma H$a {b`m h¡&

• AmV§H$H$m[a`m| Ho$ Ûmam {díd Ho$ à{V{ð>V Ho$ÝÐm| na h_bo {H$E Om aho h¡§, O¡go- amOZr{VH$, Am{W©H$, Ym{_©H$ Ed§ gm_m{OH$ _hËd Ho$ Ho$ÝÐ& ^maV H$s g§gX, AjaYm_ _§{Xa, _wå~B© Ho$ VmO hmoQ>b, Oå_y-H$í_ra H$s {dYmZg^m, n|Q>mJZ Ed§ dëS©> Q>´oS> goÝQ>a na h_bo BgHo$ à_wI CXmhaU h¡§&

• AmV§H$H$m[a`m| Ho$ à_wI h{W`ma _mZd ~_, {\$Xm`rZ h_bo Ed§ AmË_KmVr XñVo ~Z JE h¡§&

• {dXoer epŠV`m| Ho$ Ûmam AmV§H$dmXr g§JR>Zm| H$mo YZ-gån{Îm, AË`mYw{ZH$ h{W`ma, AmV§H$dmXr à{ejU {e{da CnbãY H$amE Om aho h¡§& gr_m nma go AmV§H$dmX H$m Z`m ñdê$n X¥{ï>JmoMa hþAm h¡&

• AmV§H$dmX Zo Bg g_` "gmB~a AmV§H$dmX' H$m ê$n J«hU H$a {b`m h¡& AmV§H$H$mar g§JR>Zm| Zo H$åß`yQ>a-B§Q>aZoQ> Ho$ _mÜ`_ go {d{^ÝZ Xoem| _| AnZo gwX¥‹T> g§Omb ñWm{nV H$a {bE h¡§& 2

`h VÏ` gd©{d{XV h¡ {H$ A_arH$m O¡gm {díd H$m epŠVembr Xoe ^r AmV§H$dmX H$m X§e Pob MwH$m h¡& {ÛVr` {díd `wÕ Ho$ Amg-nmg gZ² 1940 go OmnmZ, {d`VZm_, {\$brñVrZ, H$å~mo{S>`m, A\$Jmm{ZñVmZ, BamH$ Am¡a gr[a`m O¡go {díd Ho$ gdm gm¡ Xoem| _| AmV§H$dmX {ZaÝVa AnZm à^md ~ZmE hþE h¡& ^maV _| ^r AmV§H$dmX Ho$ g^r amñVo nm{H$ñVmZ Am¡a ~m§½bmXoe go hr AmVo h¡§& 3

^maV _| ~‹T>Vr AmV§H$dmXr KQ>ZmE§

gZ² 1947 go boH$a AmO VH$ ^maV AmV§H$dmXr J{V{d{Y`m| go à^m{dV ahm h¡& AmV§H$dmX Ho$ H$maU hOmam| bmoJ Ag_` hr H$mb Ho$ J«mg ~Z MwHo$ h¡§& ^maV Ho$ {d{^ÝZ amÁ` AmV§H$dmX go à^m{dV h¡§& Oå_y-H$í_ra à_wI ê$n go AmV§H$dmX go à^m{dV amÁ` h¡, Ohm§ nmH$ àm`mo{OV AmV§H$dmXr J{V{d{Y`m§ g§Mm{bV H$s Om ahr h¡§& AmV§H$H$m[a`m| Ho$ Ûmam nm{H$ñVmZ _| à{ejU Ho$ÝÐm| H$m g§MmbZ {H$`m Om ahm h¡, Ohm§ bíH$a-E-V¡`~m, O¡e-E-_mohå_X Am¡a AÝ` g§JR>Z AnZr J{V{d{Y`m| _| g§{bá h¡§& nm{H$ñVmZ gaH$ma Ho$ Ûmam BZ g§JR>Zm| na H$moB© H$ma©dmB© Zht H$s Om ahr h¡& BZ g§JR>Zm| Ho$ {déÕ H$ma©dmB© H$aZm nm{H$ñVmZ Ho$ {hV _| hr h¡& nm{H$ñVmZ H$mo Cg dmXo H$mo nyU© H$aZm Mm{hE, {Og_| CgZo AnZr YaVr H$m à`moJ ^maV {damoYr VËdm| Ho$ {bE à`moJ Zht hmoZo XoZo H$s ~mV H$hr Wr& 4

^maV H$s ñdV§ÌVm Ho$ ~mX go hr H$í_ra _wÔm ^maV-nmH$ VZmd H$m à_wI H$maU ahm h¡& A{d^m{OV ^maV _| 562 [a`mgV| Wr, Oå_y-H$í_ra [a`mgV ^r BZ_| gpå_{bV Wr& 17 OyZ 1947 H$mo VËH$mbrZ {~«{Q>e gaH$ma Ho$ Ûmam nm[aV "^maVr` ñdV§ÌVm A{Y{Z`_' Ho$ AÝVJ©V ^maV _| {~«{Q>e emgZ 15 AJñV 1947 H$mo g_má hmoZm Wm VWm ^maV H$m {d^mOZ Xmo Xoem| ^maV Am¡a nm{H$ñVmZ _| {H$`m OmZm Wm& ^maVr` ñdV§ÌVm A{Y{Z`_ Ho$ VhV [a`mgVm| Ho$ amOmAm| H$mo `h A{YH$ma {X`m J`m {H$ do ^maV `m nm{H$ñVmZ _| ñdoÀN>m go {_bZo Ho$ {bE nyU©

ISSN 2348-3857


Ed§ {ZUm©`H$ ê$n go ñdV§Ì Wo& VËH$mbrZ {~«{Q>e dm`gam` bmS©> _mCÊQ>~oQ>Z Zo `h àñVmd aIm Wm {H$ `{X {H$gr [a`mgV H$s OZVm AnZo amOm Ho$ {ZU©` go gh_V Zht h¡ Vmo, Cg pñW{V _| dhm§ OZ_V g§J«h H$am`m OmE& nm{H$ñVmZ Ho$ Ûmam ^r Oå_y-H$í_ra _| g_`-g_` na OZ_V g§J«h H$s _m§J H$s OmVr ahr h¡& nm{H$ñVmZ Ho$ Ûmam àË`oH$ AÝVam©ï´>r` _§M na H$í_ra _| OZ_V g§J«h H$m àíZ CR>m`m J`m h¡& 5

^maVr` ñdV§ÌVm A{Y{Z`_ _| `h àmdYmZ ^r aIm J`m Wm {H$ `{X {H$gr [a`mgV H$m amOm ^maV Am¡a nm{H$ñVmZ _| AnZr [a`mgV H$m {db` Z H$aZm Mmho Vmo, dh AnZm ñdV§Ì ApñVËd ~ZmE aI gH$Vm h¡& Oå_y-H$í_ra Ho$ emgH$ _hmamOm h[aqgh {H$gr ^r Xoe _| Zht {_bZm MmhVo Wo& nm{H$ñVmZ Ho$ Ûmam "O¡go Wo' H$s g§{Y na gh_{V ì`ŠV H$s JB© VWm 12 AJñV 1947 H$mo Bg na hñVmja H$a {XE& AmOmXr Ho$ Hw$N> g_` níMmV hr nm{H$ñVmZ Zo "O¡go Wo' H$s g§{Y H$m Cëb§KZ H$aZm ewé H$a {X`m& _hmamOm h[aqgh na nm{H$ñVmZ Ho$ Ûmam `h X~md S>mbm J`m {H$ dh Oå_y-H$í_ra [a`mgV H$m nm{H$ñVmZ _| nyU© {db` H$a Xo& nm{H$ñVmZ H$m `h _mZZm Wm {H$ _wpñb_ ~hþb [a`mgV hmoZo Ho$ H$maU Oå_y-H$í_ra H$mo nm{H$ñVmZ _| nyU© ê$n go {db` hmo OmZm Mm{hE& nm{H$ñVmZ H$s Bg Zr{V go _hmamOm h[aqgh gh_{V Zht aIVo Wo&

nm{H$ñVmZ Ho$ Ûmam Oå_y-H$í_ra H$mo h‹S>nZo H$s Zr{V go goZm H$s ghm`Vm Ûmam Am°naoeZ Jwb_J© Zm_ go EH$ `moOZm H$m {Z_m©U {H$`m& nm{H$ñVmZ Ho$ VËH$mbrZ àYmZ_§Ìr {b`mH$V Abr ImZ Zo nm{H$ñVmZ goZm Ho$ _oOa OZab AH$~a ImZ H$mo `h {ZX}e {X`m {H$ dh CÎma-npíM_r gr_m àmÝV Ho$ H$~mB{b`m| Ho$ gmW {_bH$a Oå_y-H$í_ra [a`mgV na AnZm {Z`§ÌU ñWm{nV H$a bo& H$~mB{b`m| Ho$ Ûmam {H$E OmZo dmbo AmH«$_U H$s H$_mZ goZm Ho$ AdH$me àmá _oOa IweuX AZda H$mo gm¡§nr JB©& nm{H$ñVmZr goZm Ho$ Ûmam H$~mB{b`m| H$mo bJ^J 4 hOma amB\$bm| go gwgp‚mV H$aHo$ à{ejU àXmZ {H$`m J`m& Am°naoeZ Jwb_J© Ho$ AÝVJ©V H$~mB{b`m| Zo H$í_ra H$s CÎma-npíM_r gr_m _| AnZr Kwgn¡R> ewé H$a Xr& nm{H$ñVmZr goZm H$s ghm`Vm go H$~mB{b`m| Zo 20 AŠQy>~a 1947 H$mo H$í_ra [a`mgV _| àdoe {H$`m VWm 25 AŠQy>~a VH$ _w‚m\$am~mX Ed§ ~mam_wbm H$mo AnZo Am{YnË` _| bo {b`m& O~ H$~mB{b`m| Ho$ Ûmam Oå_y-H$í_ra Ho$ EH$ {VhmB© ^mJ na AnZm {Z`§ÌU ñWm{nV H$a {b`m J`m, V~ _hmamOm h[aqgh Ho$ Ûmam [a`mgV H$mo nyU© ê$n go ^maV _| {_bmZo H$m {ZU©` {b`m J`m& H$í_rar ZoVm eoI AãXþëbm H$m ^r `hr X¥{ï>H$moU Wm {H$

Bg [a`mgV H$m ^maV _| {db` H$a {X`m OmZm Mm{hE& _hmamOm h[aqgh Ho$ Ûmam n§{S>V Odmhabmb Zohê$ Ho$ gmW EH$ g§{Y nÌ na hñVmja {H$E JE VWm Oå_y-H$í_ra [a`mgV H$m ^maV _| nyU© {db` H$a {X`m J`m& VËníMmV Zohê$ Or Ho$ Ûmam 27 AŠQy>~a 1947 H$mo Oå_y-H$í_ra _| goZm H$mo ^oOm J`m& ^maVr` goZm Ho$ Ûmam H$~mB{b`m| H$mo dhm§ go IXo‹S> {X`m J`m VWm Bg joÌ H$mo _wŠV H$am {b`m J`m& H$~mBbr Vmo dhm§ go ^mJ JE, bo{H$Z Oå_y-H$í_ra Ho$ EH$ {VhmB© ^mJ na nm{H$ñVmZ Ho$ Ûmam AnZm {Z`§ÌU ñWm{nV H$a {b`m, {Ogo nm{H$ñVmZ Bg g_` AmOmX H$í_ra H$s g§km XoVm h¡&

H$í_ra Bg g_` ^maV Am¡a nm{H$ñVmZ Ho$ _Ü` EH$ ÁdbZerb _wÔm ~Z J`m h¡& XmoZm| Xoe Zm{^H$s` epŠV go gånÝZ h¡§ VWm H$í_ra _| nmH$ àm`mo{OV AmV§H$dmX Ho$ H$maU pñW{V Am¡a ^r A{YH$ `mdh hmo OmVr h¡& 13 {Xgå~a 2001 H$mo AmV§H$H$m[a`m| Ho$ Ûmam ^maVr` g§gX na h_bm {H$`m J`m, {OgHo$ H$maU XmoZm| Xoem| Ho$ _Ü` CJ« VZmd H$s pñW{V CËnÝZ hmo JB© Wr& AmV§H$H$mar g§JR>Zm| Ho$ Ûmam ^maVr` empÝV ì`dñWm, Am{W©H$ V§Ì Ed§ n`©Q>Z CÚmoJ H$mo V~mh H$aZo H$s _mZ{gH$Vm aIr OmVr h¡& _wå~B© _| 26 Zdå~a 2008 H$mo AmV§H$H$m[a`m| Ho$ Ûmam VmO hmoQ>b na ~‹S>m h_bm {H$`m J`m, {Og_| ^maVr` gwajm ~bm| H$mo Mma {XZ VH$ AmV§H$ go OyPZm n‹S>m& Bg AmV§H$dmXr h_bo _| bJ^J 180 bmoJ _mao JE& ^maVr` {dXoe _§Ìr Eg.E_. H¥$îUm Zo Ý`y`m°H©$ _| nmH$ {dXoe_§Ìr _h_yX Hw$a¡er go ñnï> eãXm| _| H$hm {H$ A~ h_ _wå~B© O¡go h_bm| H$mo nwZ: Zht gh|Jo Am¡a `{X h_ na h_bm {H$`m J`m Vmo, CgH$m _w§h Vmo‹S> Odm~ {X`m OmEJm& CZHo$ Ûmam {díd g_wXm` Ed§ g§`wŠV amï´> g§K Ho$ g_j ^r ^maV H$m nj gwX¥‹T>Vm Ho$ gmW aIm& ^maV Ho$ VËH$mbrZ Ho$ÝÐr` _§Ìr lr àUd _wIOu Zo bmoH$g^m Ho$ AÝXa Ed§ ~mha nm{H$ñVmZ H$mo `h ñnï> g§Xoe {X`m {H$ Cgo CZ AmV§H$H$m[a`m| Ho$ {déÕ H$ma©dmB© H$aZr hr hmoJr, {OÝh| nm{H$ñVmZ H$s O_rZ na à{ejU {X`m OmVm h¡& Ý`y`m°H©$ _| dmbñQ´>rQ> OZab H$mo {XE EH$ gmjmËH$ma _| VËH$mbrZ {dXoe _§Ìr EgE_ H¥$îUm Zo H$hm {H$ nmH$ Iw{\$`m EO|gr AmB©EgAmB© VWm Vm{b~mZ Ho$ _Ü` Jham gå~ÝY h¡, {Ogo nm{H$ñVmZr gaH$ma Vmo‹S>Zo _| Ag\$b {gÕ hþB© h¡& nm{H$ñVmZ AnZo A{^`mZ H$mo bJmVma MbmZo hoVw 40 go 45 _wpñb_ Xoem| go M§Xm bo ahm h¡& 6 A_arH$s {dXoe _§Ìr {hboar pŠb¨Q>Z Zo Bñbm_m~mX H$s `mÌm H$aVo g_` ñnï> ê$n go H$hm {H$ nm{H$ñVmZ H$mo IVam ^maV go Zht ~pëH$ ñd`§ Ûmam CËnÝZ {H$E JE AmV§H$dmX go h¡&


ISSN 2348-3857

A\$Jm{ZñVmZ go namñV hmoZo Ho$ níMmV Vm{b~mZ H$mo nm{H$ñVmZ _| eaU ñWbr CnbãY hþB©& CÎma-npíM_r gr_mÝV àmÝV H$s nhm{‹S>`m§, O§Jb Am¡a g§K em{gV H$~mBbr joÌ (\$mQ>m) A\$Jm{ZñVmZ H$s gr_m go gQ>o CÎma Am¡a X{jUr dOr[añVmZ _| Vm{b~m{Z`m| Ho$ Ûmam AnZo AÈo> ñWm{nV {H$E JE& g¡Ý` A{^`mZ Ho$ X¥{ï>H$moU go `h ñWmZ {díd Ho$ CZ Hw$N> joÌm| _| gpå_{bV h¡, Omo goZm Ho$ {bE Xþê$h Am¡a XþîH$a _mZo OmVo h¡§& Amogm_m {~Z bmXoZ Bg ñWmZ go ^br-^m§{V n[a{MV Wm, AV: AnZo b‹S>mH$m| Ho$ {bE CgZo Bg gwa{jV ñWmZ H$m M`Z {H$`m VWm nm{H$ñVmZ Ho$ gh`moJ go AnZr pñW{V H$mo H$m\$s gwX¥‹T> {H$`m A_arH$s amï´>n{V ~amH$ Amo~m_m Ho$ Hw$eb {ZX}eZ _| A_arH$s goZm Ho$ Ûmam 2 _B© 2011 H$mo AbH$m`Xm Ho$ g§ñWmnH$ Am¡a AmV§H$ Ho$ n`m©` ~Zo Amogm_m {~Z bmXoZ H$m ImË_m H$a {X`m J`m& nm{H$ñVmZ Ho$ Ûmam ^maV _| AmV§H$dmX H$mo ~‹T>mdm XoZo H$s Zr{V àmaå^ go hr ahr h¡ VWm Bg Zr{V H$mo A_brOm_m nhZmZo Ho$ {bE CgHo$ Ûmam Kwgn¡R> H$mo ^r g_W©Z {X`m OmVm ahm h¡& \$adar 2018 _| ^maV gaH$ma Ho$ J¥h _§Ìmb` Ho$ Ûmam Omar {H$E JE Am§H$‹S>m| Ho$ AZwgma gZ² 2011 Ho$ ~mX Oå_y-H$í_ra _| Kwgn¡R> H$s gdm©{YH$ KQ>ZmE§ gZ² 2017 _| hþB©& gZ² 2011 _| 247, 2012 _| 264, 2013 _| 277, 2014 _| 222, 2015 _| 121, 2016 _| 371 Am¡a gZ² 2017 _| 406 Kwgn¡R> H$s KQ>ZmE§ hþB©& BgHo$ A{V[aŠV n§Om~ _| gZ² 2015 go boH$a gZ² 2017 VH$ 18, AéUmMb àXoe _| gZ² 2015 _| 41, 2016 _| 35, gZ² 2017 _| 52 ZJmb¡ÊS> amÁ` _| gZ² 2015 go boH$a 2017 VH$ 80 go A{YH$, npíM_ ~§Jmb _| gZ² 2015 go gZ² 2017 VH$ 6 Kwgn¡R> H$s KQ>ZmE§ hþB©& gaH$ma Ho$ nmg Z H$moB© Zr{V h¡ Am¡a Z H$moB© aUZr{V h¡, Bgr H$m n[aUm_ h¡, Kwgn¡R> H$s KQ>ZmE§& _oOa OZab AemoH$ _ohVm Ho$ eãXm| _|, ""V_mMo H$m Odm~ XoZo Ho$ ~Om` nhbo V_mMm _maZm n‹S>oJm& h_| Iw{\$`m VmH$V H$mo gwX¥‹T> H$aZm n‹S>oJm& Kwgn¡R> H$mo amoH$Zo go nyd© Kwgn¡R> H$aZo dmbo na Ymdm ~mobZm n‹S>oJm& O~ VH$ Amn nhbo nhb Zht H$a|Jo, V~ VH$ `h g§»`m ~‹T>Vr hr ahoJr& ''

AmV§H$dmX go nr{‹S>V gr[a`m : àmMrZ gä`Vm Am¡a g§ñH¥${V H$s nhMmZ aIZo dmbo Xoe gr[a`m H$s Vñdra n[ad{V©V hmo MwH$s h¡& gZ² 2011 go Aa~ H«$m§{V Ho$ níMmV amï´>n{V ~ga Ab AeX H$s gaH$ma Am¡a Bñbm{_H$ ñQ>oQ> Ho$ _Ü` hþE g§Kf© Ho$ \$bñdê$n Xoe Ho$ ~ƒm| H$m ^{dî` ~~m©X hmo J`m VWm g‹S>H$m| na ~ƒo amoVo-{~bIVo Ky_ aho h¡§& {OZ ~ƒm| H$m ^{dî` {ejm Ho$ _mÜ`_ go g§dmam OmZm Mm{hE Wm, CZH$m OrdZ ~_, ~mê$X Am¡a ~§XÿH$

Ûmam V~mh H$a {X`m& gr[a`m Ho$ nydu KmoQ>m joÌ _| {dÐmo{h`m| Ho$ A{YH$ma dmbo joÌ _| ~_~mar Ho$ \$bñdê$n nm§M gm¡ go A{YH$ bmoJ H$mb Ho$ J«mg ~Z MwHo$ h¡§& gr[a`Z Am°ãOd}Q>ar \$m°a øy_Z amBQ²>g Ho$ AZwgma _mao JE bmoJm| _| 120 go A{YH$ ~ƒo em{_b h¡§&7 EH$ à{VdoXZ Ho$ AZwgma gZ² 2011 go 2017 VH$ Mma bmI go A{YH$ bmoJ J¥h `wÕ _| _mao Om MwHo$ h¡§ VWm gmR> bmI bmoJ gr[a`m, BamH$, Om°S©>Z Am¡a bo~ZmZ go nbm`Z H$a MwHo$ h¡§& `yZrgo\$ Ho$ AZwgma \$adar 2018 VH$ 1,33,000 ~ƒo KmoQ>m _| {dÐmo{h`m| Ho$ H$ãOo _| Wo& gr[a`m Ho$ bmoJm| Zo Bñbm{_H$ ñQ>oQ> Ho$ H$maU `yamon H$s Va\$ nbm`Z {H$`m VWm g_wÐ nma H$aVo g_` \$adar 2018 VH$ Zm¡ hOma bmoJm| Zo AnZr OmZ J§dmB©&

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AmV§H$dmX Ho$ à_wI H$maU

• H$mZyZ Ed§ Ý`m` àUmbr _| ì`má H$_Omo[a`m§,

• {d{^ÝZ amÁ` gaH$mam| Ed§ gwajm EO|{g`m| Ho$ _Ü` g_Ýd` H$m A^md,

• Ad¡Y eñÌm| H$m {Z_m©U Ed§ aIaImd,

• `wdm dJ© Ed§ {e{jV dJ© H$m AmV§H$dmX Ho$ à{V ~‹T>Vm AmH$f©U,

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• AmV§H$dm{X`m| H$m {dídì`mnr gwX¥‹T> g§Omb,

• AmV§H$dm{X`m| H$mo {dXoer epŠV`m| go amOZr{VH$ Ed§ Am{W©H$ gh`moJ àmá hmoZm,

• amÁ` gaH$mam| Ho$ Za_ éI Ho$ \$bñdê$n AmV§H$H$m[a`m| _| ^` H$m A^md,

ISSN 2348-3857


• amï´>m| Ho$ _Ü` nañna gh`moJ Ed§ g_Ýd` H$m A^md, Am¡a

• AÝVaam©ï´>r` ñVa na amÁ` gaH$mam| Ho$ nmg X¥‹T> amOZr{VH$ BÀN>m epŠV H$m A^md&

AmV§H$dmX Zo Bg g_` gånyU© _mZd Om{V H$mo AmV§{H$V H$a aIm h¡ VWm {díd H$m H$moB© ^r H$moZm gwa{jV X¥{ï>JmoMa Zht hmo ahm h¡& AÝVaamîQ´>r` ñVa na Eogo gj_ V§Ì H$s ñWmnZm Zht H$s Om gH$s h¡, {Oggo AmV§H$dmX H$s g_ñ`m H$mo O‹S> g{hV IË_ {H$`m Om gHo$& amOZr{VempñÌ`m| Ed§ ~w{ÕOr{d`m| H$mo Bg na {dMma H$aZm Mm{hE {H$ AmV§H$dmXê$nr ^ñ_mgwa H$mo ZoñVZm~yX {H$g àH$ma {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡& AmV§H$dmX H$s g_ñ`m H$mo g_má {H$E {~Zm {díd empÝV {XdmñdßZ hr ~Zr ahoJr& AmV§H$dmX H$m O~ VH$ g_yb Zme Zht hmoJm, V~ VH$ _mZd gä`Vm Ho$ {bE A_Z-M¡Z Am¡a empÝV H$s ñWmnZm Zht H$s Om gHo$Jr& àmo\o$ga ~rE_ e_m© Ho$ eãXm| _|, ""gH$mamË_H$ gmoM Ed§ X¥‹T> BÀN>m epŠV Ho$ _mÜ`_ go àË`oH$ g_ñ`m H$m g_mYmZ {ZH$mbm Om gH$Vm h¡&''8

AmV§H$dmX H$mo O‹S> go CIm‹S>Zo Ho$ {bE {díd g_wXm` H$mo EH$ _§M na AmZm hmoJm VWm EH$ gmPr aUZr{V Ho$ gmW H$m`© H$aZm hmoJm&9 ^maV Ho$ gmW-gmW {díd g_wXm` H$mo AmV§H$dmX Ho$ {déÕ X¥‹T> g§H$pënV hmoH$a AmJo ~‹T>Zm hmoJm& gH$mamË_H$ n[aUm_ bmZo Ho$ {bE g^r Xoem| H$mo gmPr aUZr{V Ho$ AmYma na H$m`© H$aZm Mm{hE, Š`m|{H$ AmV§H$dmX {H$gr EH$ Xoe H$s g_ñ`m Zht h¡, `h gånyU© _mZd Om{V Ho$ {bE IVam h¡& EH$ Eogr {díd ì`dñWm H$m {Z_m©U H$aZm Mm{hE, Omo g_agVm`wŠV Ed§ emofUH$mar Zr{V go _wŠV hmo& AÝVaamï´>r` ñVa na Eogo à`ËZ H$aZo hm|Jo, {Oggo ^Q>Ho$ `wdmAm| H$m {dídmg gm_m{OH$ Ed§ amOZr{VH$ ì`dñWm _| nwZ: ñWm{nV hmo gHo$& AmO _mZdr` _yë`m| H$mo g_mO _| à{Vð>m{nV H$aZo H$s Amdí`H$Vm _hgyg H$s

Om ahr h¡& {díd H$s g_ñV gaH$mam| Ed§ OZVm Ho$ _Ü` gwX¥‹T> V§Ì H$s ñWmnZm H$s OmZr Mm{hE& {díd empÝV Ed§ g_agVm `wŠV {díd Ho$ {bE n§{S>V Odmhabmb Zohê$ Ho$ n§Merb Ho$ {gÕmÝV VWm Jm§YrdmXr {dMmaYmam Ho$ AZwgma AÝVaamîQ´>r` g_wXm` H$mo aUZr{V ~Zm H$a H$m`© H$aZm hmoJm&

g§X^© gyMr

1. {ÌdoXr Ama. O¡Z d am` E_.nr., ^maVr` emgZ Ed§ amOZr{V, H$m°boO ~wH$ {S>nmo, O`nwa, gZ² 2006, n¥. 559

2. qgh, OmoJoÝÐ, "AmV§H$dmX H$m ~XbVm ê$n', amOñWmZ n{ÌH$m, O`nwa, 13 {gVå~a 2003, n¥. 8

3. doXì`mg, "nhbo AnZo Amn H$mo _O~yV H$s{OE', X¡{ZH$ ZdÁ`mo{V, O`nwa, 4 {Xgå~a 2008, n¥. 6

4. e_m©, AmZÝX, {dXoe amÁ` _§Ìr, ^maV gaH$ma, n§Om~ Ho$gar, ZB© {Xëbr, 16 {Xgå~a 2008, n¥. 12

5. Xr{jV, Oo.EZ., ^maV nmH$ gå~ÝY, {Xëbr, à^mV àH$meZ, gZ² 2003, n¥. 118-121

6. Ah_X, eH$sb, Ho$ÝÐr` J¥h amÁ` _§Ìr, ^maV gaH$ma, "nQ>Zm _| AmV§H$dmX {df` na Am`mo{OV gå_obZ H$mo gå~mo{YV H$aVo hþE', X¡{ZH$ ^mñH$a, O`nwa, 26 OZdar 2009, n¥. 4

7. "~_ ~mê$Xm| go CO‹S>r _mgw_m| H$s Xþ{Z`m', amOñWmZ n{ÌH$m, O`nwa, 8 _mM© 2018, n¥. 15

8. e_m©, ~r.E_., amOñWmZ {díd{dÚmb`, O`nwa, "g_mO {dkmZ g§H$m` Ûmam Am`mo{OV amï´>r` go{_Zma H$mo g§~mo{YV H$aVo hþE', 21 _mM© 2009

9. e_m©, S>m°. Y_©amO, g§nmXH$s` ""AmV§H$dmX gånyU© _mZd gä`Vm Ho$ {bE IVam'', CnH$ma OJV, Abda, 6 OZdar 2016

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ISSN 2348-3857


nd©V Am¡a ÚwbmoH$ Am{X Ho$ g_mZ AnZo nX na pñWa aho& déU, ~¥hñn{V, B§Ð Am{X XodVm Cgo amOH$s` nX na ñWmB© ê$n go H$m`© H$aZo H$s e{º$ X|&

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BZ ñWbm| go `h {gÕ Zht hmoVm {H$ Cg `wJ _| XodËd H$s ^mdZm ì`má Wr& nwê$Hw$Ëg H$mo AY©-Xod g§^dV: Bg H$maU H$hm J`m h¡ Š`m|{H$ CZH$s {dYdm _m§ Zo CÝh| B§Ð Am¡a déU Ho$ {deof àgmX go àmá {H$`m Wm& {Og G$Mm _| nar{jV H$mo _Ë`m] _| Xod H$s Cnm{Y Xr JB© h¡, dh g§^dV: CZH$s àe§gm H$aZo Ho$ {bE hr aMr JB© Wr& d¡{XH$ dmL²>_` _| {H$gr ^r amOm H$mo `h Cnm{Y Zht Xr JB©& Bggo h_ {ZîH$f© {ZH$mb gH$Vo h¡§ {H$ amOm Ho$ XodËd H$s H$ënZm amOm Ûmam CnH¥$V Xa~m[a`m| VH$ gr{_V Wr& O~ g{_{V amOm H$mo nXÀ`wV H$a gH$Vr Wr, V~ amOm H$s _pñVîH$ XodËd H$s H$ënZm H$m gd©_mÝ` hmoZm Amdí`H$ Wm& A~ ahr ~mV XodVmAm| Ho$ amOmAm| go VwbZm H$s Vmo BgH$m H$maU `h hmo gH$Vm h¡ {H$ Am`© àË`oH$ XodVm H$mo amOm _mZVo Wo, Cgo Cgr ê$n _| XoIVo Wo, XodVmAm| _| amOËd Ho$ AÝ` H$B© CXmhaU ^r h_H$mo {_bVo h¡§:- G$½doX _| déU H$mo gwZhao AmdaU _| ~ZmE dñÌm| _| {XIbm`m J`m h¡ Omo {H$ AnZo Omgygm| go {Kam hþAm h¡& EH$ AÝ` ñWmZ na déU Ho$ {bE ""gm_«mÁ` gwH¥$V'' eãX H$m à`moJ {H$`m J`m h¡ {Oggo àVrV hmoVm h¡ {H$ G$½d¡{XH$ amOm ^r déU Ho$ g_mZ d¡^dembr hmoVm hmoJm&9

amOm `wÕ H$m ZoVm

G$½d¡{XH$ amÁ` _| `m OZ _| amOm `wÕ H$m ZoVm ^r hmoVm Wm& Am`m] d AZm`m] Ho$ ~rM g§Kf© Ho$ H$B© g§X^© Am¡a G$½d¡{XH$ g_mO Ho$ {d{^ÝZ OZm| Ho$ ~rM nmE OmZo dmbo CXmhaU go nVm MbVm h¡ {H$ amOm H$m _w»` H$m`© wÕ _| goZm H$m ZoV¥Ëd H$aZm hmoVm Wm&10

EH$ AÝ` CXmhaU _| h_| nVm MbVm h¡ {H$ amOm g^r àH$ma Ho$ g¡{ZH$ H$m`m] H$mo ñd`§ g§nm{XV H$aVm Wm&11

amOm H$mZyZ H$m g§ajH$

G$½d¡{XH$ amÁ` `m OZ _| amOm H$m EH$ AÝ` _hËdnyU© H$m`© àOm H$m ajU d em§{V ~ZmE aIVo hþE Ý`m{`H$ àemgZ H$m g§MmbZ H$aZm hmoVm Wm& {_Ì Ed§ déU Ho$ {bE à`wº$ Y¥Vd¥V, {déV, A{¾ Ho$ {bE d«Vnm, Y_©ñ` Jmoám, BË`m{X eãX Bg ~mV Ho$ ÚmoVH$ h¡§&12 amOm H$mZyZ H$m g§ajH$ ^r hmoVm Wm& amOm Ho$ g¡{ZH$ JwUm| H$m h_| d¡{XH$ gm{hË` _| H$B© ~ma CëboI nmVo h¡§& H$m¡erVH$s Cn{ZfX _| amOm Ho$ EH$ ì`{º$ Ho$ ê$n _| b‹S>Vo hþE _aZo H$m CëboI h¡&13 AWd©doX _| amOm Ho$ {damo{Y`m| H$mo Zï> H$a Cgo gdm}ƒ ñWmZ na ñWm{nV H$aZo H$s BÀN>m H$s JB© h¡&14


ISSN 2348-3857

AWd©doX _| hr amOm H$m AnZo eÌw H$mo _maZo na O`Kmof {H$E OmZo H$m CëboI {_bVm h¡&15 AWd©doX _| hr h_| amOm Ho$ Hw$N> g¡{ZH$ JwUm| H$m CëboI nmVo h¡§16 {H$ ""amOm MrVo Ho$ g_mZ eÌw H$mo {Jam XoZo dmbm hmo, AHo$bm _wpI`m hmo, B§Ð CgH$m gmWr hmo, Omo gd©Xm {dO`r hmo, Omo eÌw hmo CZH$mo dh {_Q>m Xo&17 amOm go Vn d ~«÷M`© `wº$ hmoZo H$s Amem ^r H$s OmVr Wr Vm{H$ dh H$_© d AmË_{Z`§ÌU Ho$ Ûmam g_mO H$m Hw$eb ZoV¥Ëd H$a gHo$& {dZ_« gwerb àOm _| em§{V d g_¥{Õem{bVm hr AÀN>o àemgZ H$m _mZX§S> Wm& h_| EH$ Eogo n{V-nËZr H$m CëboI {_bVm h¡ Omo {Z{d©¿Z hmoH$a amOm nar{jV Ho$ ^Ð emgZ _| Ky_Vm Wm&18 Bgr G$Mm go nVm MbVm h¡ {H$ amOm nar{jV Zo CÝh| OrdZ H$s gmar Amdí`H$VmE§ CnbãY H$admB© Wr& Bgr H$maU dh {Z{d©¿Z hmoH$a Ky_Vo Wo&

amÁ`m{^foH$ Ho$ g_` amOm H$s `wÕ Ho$ XodVm B§Ð d ajU Ho$ XodVm déU Ho$ gmW VwbZm H$s OmVr Wr& amOm H$s déU go g_mZVm Omo {H$ XodVmAm| _| Ý`m` H$m A{YH$mar Wm `h {gÕ H$aVm h¡ {H$ amOm gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mYre ^r hmoVm Wm Omo Amnam{YH$ _wH$X_m| H$m {ZnQ>mam H$aVm Wm& G$½doX _| h_| _Ü`m_{g eãX {_bVm h¡& am¡W H$m H$WZ h¡ {H$ h eãX Ý`m`mYre Ho$ {bE Am`m h¡& pìhQ>Zr Zo Bg eãX H$m AW© amOm Ho$ AmX{_`m| Ûmam bJmE OmZo dmbo Koao Ho$ AW© _| {b`m h¡& Hw$N> {dÛmZm| H$m {dMma h¡ {H$ _Ü`m_{g eãX àemg{ZH$ Z hmoH$a {ZOr Ý`m`H$Vm©Am| AWm©V² n§Mm| Ho$ {bE à`wº$ hmoVm Wm&

eVnW ~«m÷U go nVm MbVm h¡ {H$ amOm X§S>Zr` Wm Am¡a dh ñd`§ X§S> YmaU H$aVm Wm& {Oggo {H$ g_mOH§$Q>H$m| H$mo X§S> {X`m Om gHo$& g^m Ho$ gXñ` Omo {H$ g_mMa `m g^mgX² H$hbmVo Wo dh ^r Ý`m` H$m H$m_ H$aVo Wo& h_| `h Ü`mZ aIZm Mm{hE {H$ G$½doX _| g^m emhr Ý`m` H$m H|$Ð hmoVr Wr Š`m|{H$ amOm ^r g^m H$m gXñ` hmoVm Wm, AV: dh ^r Ý`m` H$Îmm© H$s ^y{_H$m {Z^mVm Wm&19

amOm {d{Y {Z_m©Vm Zht A{nVw g§ajH$

d¡{XH$ gm{hË` _| nVm MbVm h¡ {H$ amOm Ho$ nmg {d{Y g§~§Yr ^r A{YH$ma hmoVo Wo& G$½doX _| Y_© eãX ~ma-~ma à`wº$ hþAm h¡& `h eãX {d{^ÝZ ñWmZm| na {d{^ÝZ AWm] _| à`wº$ hþAm h¡, `Wm ar{V-[admO, Z¡{VH$, H$mZyZ, gm_mÝ` H$V©ì` d {Z`_& H$^r-H$^r Y_© H$mo G$V `m `k Ho$ g§X^© _| ^r à`wº$ {H$`m J`m h¡& amOm àOm Ho$ Agm_m{OH$ d AYm{_©H$ H$m`m] go ajm H$aVm Wm& Bgr{bE dh _Zwî`m| _| gdm}ƒ Wm&20 g§^dV: Bgr H$maU

dh àOm H$m {à` Wm& dñVwV: amOm {d{Y H$m {Z_m©Vm Z hmoH$a Ho$db CgH$m g§ajH$ hmoVm Wm& amOm {d{Y H$mo ~ZmE aIZo dmbm Wm, Š`m|{H$ {d{Y amOnX H$mo ~ZmE aIZo dmbr Wr& H$moB© amOnX V^r VH$ Ý`m`mo{MV Wm O~ VH$ {H$ amOm ""amOnX'' H$s Cƒ na§nam H$m nmbZ H$aVm Wm& g_mO hr {d{Y H$m g«moV Wm& Bg{bE amOm AZw{MV H$m`© Zht H$a gH$Vm Wm& ""{d{Y'' Ho$ g§ajH$ H$m amOnX H$m `h {gÕm§V CgHo$ A{^foH$ g_mamoh go ñnï> hmoVm h¡21

{Og_| amOm H$s nrR> na N>‹S>r go hëH$m àhma {H$`m OmVm Wm Omo Bg ~mV H$m gyMH$ Wm {H$ amOm n{dÌ {Z`_m| H$mo ~ZmE aIZo dmbm h¡, AV: dh X§S> go jå` h¡, AXÊS>ç h¡&22

`h H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡ {H$ amOm gdm}ƒ H$m`©H$mar A{YH$mar Wm, `wÕ H$m gdm}ƒ goZmn{V, àemg{ZH$ _wpI`m d gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mYre Wm& G$½doX H$mb _| amOnX H$m ñdê$n bmoH${à` Ed§ bm¡{H$H$ Wm& amOm ""G$V'' H$s ajm Ho$ {bE eÌwAm| Ho$ {dZme Ho$ {bE Ed§ Y_© H$mo ~ZmE aIZo Ho$ {bE Amdí`H$ Wm& na§Vw CÎma d¡{XH$ H$mb _| amOnX Zm_H$ g§ñWm Y_© Ho$ gmW ~hþV A{YH$ g§`wº$ hmo JB© Am¡a CgHo$ gmW Ym{_©H$ H$_©H$m§S> Ow‹S> JE& bmoH${à` AZwð>mZm| _| amOgy`©, dmOno` Ed§ Aíd_oY g^r Ym{_©H$ a§Jm| _| a§J {XE JE& CXmhaU Ho$ {bE G$½doX _| Aíd_oY `k _| h_| Ho$db nwOmar, hmoVm, AÜd`w©, Amd`m A{¾_oYm Am¡a g§ñVa {_bVo h¡§, Omo g§nyU© Aíd_oY k H$mo nyam H$aVo Wo&23 qH$Vw ~«m÷U `wJ _| H$m\$s _h§Jo d b§~o MbZo dmbo hmo JE Wo& Bggo Ym{_©H$ H¥$Ë`m| _| O{Q>bVm CËnÝZ hþB© {Oggo d¡{XH$ H$mb Ho$ bmoJm| _| H$m\$s n[adV©Z hþAm& Ym{_©H$ H$_©H$m§S>m| H$s ZB© ì`dñWm _| O{Q>b Om{V`m| H$s CËn{Îm hþB© Am¡a dU© ì`dñWm nZnr d ~«m÷U Xodm| _| loð> H$h| OmZo bJo&24 G$½d¡{XH$ H$mb Ho$ bmoH${à` AZwð>mZm| H$mo Ym{_©H$ (H$_©H$m§S>r) ê$n àXmZ {H$`m J`m Am¡a amOgy`©, dmOno` Am{X AZwð>mZm| H$m amOnX Ho$ {bE Amdí`H$ ~Zm`m J`m {Oggo A§VV: amOnX Y_© H$s ghm`H$ g§ñWm Ho$ ê$n _| CÎma d¡{XH$ g_mO _| ñWm{nV hþAm&25 BZ Ym{_©H$ {d{Y Am¡a {dYmZm| Ho$ CÎmamoÎma ~‹T>Vo à^md go ~«m÷U H$mb VH$ AmVo-AmVo Eogm dmVmdaU ~ZZo bJm {Og_| amOm Ho$ XodËd H$s ^mdZm nZn gH$Vr Wr& `wÕ _| {dO` B§Ð XodVm H$s H¥$nm H$m \$b H$hm OmVm Wm Am¡a B§Ð H$s Cnm{Y`m§ nyar Vah amOm Ho$ D$na Amamo{nV H$s OmVr Wr&26 amÁ`m{^foH$ Ho$ g_` nwamo{hV H$hVo Wo {H$ ^JdmZ g{dVm Ho$ AmXoe na hr A{^foH$ {H$`m OmVm h¡ Am¡a `h A{^foH$ Ho$ g_` amOm Ho$ eara _| A{¾ g{dVm Am¡a ~¥hñn{V XodVm àdoe H$aVo h¡§& Aíd_oY d dmOno` `k Ûmam amOm H$mo XodVm H$m nX _¥Ë`w Ho$ ~mX àmá hmoVm h¡, `h ^r YmaUm Wr qH$Vw

ISSN 2348-3857


d¡{XH$ H$mb _| h_| Eogm Hw$N> {XImB© Zht XoVm h¡27 qH$Vw ~«m÷U H$mb _| r qhXÿ J«§WH$mam| Zo amOnX H$mo Xodr ~Vm`m h¡ Z {H$ {H$gr amO ì`{º$ H$mo& B©ída àUrV dUm©l_ Y_© H$m àOm go nmbZ H$amZm amOm H$m à_wI H$V©ì` _mZm OmVm Wm& ~mX Ho$ H$mb _| amOnX H$mo Xodr _mZZo Ho$ nrN>o `h ^r H$maU hmo gH$Vm h¡ {H$ Bggo amOm H$s Amkm H$m nmbZ A{YH$ AÀN>r Vah hmo gH$Vm Wm qH$Vw amOm `{X AY_©erb hmo Vmo dh Y_©emñÌ Ho$ ghmao go dh AnZo XþamMma `m Owë_ H$m g_W©Z Zht H$a gH$Vm h¡, Cgo Y_©emñÌ Zo amjg H$m AdVma _mZm h¡&

amOm Ho$ D$na {Z`§ÌU … d¡{XH$H$mb _| amOm Y_© H$m ajH$, nmofH$ Am¡a g_W©H$ g_Pm OmVm Wm& d¡{XH$ H$mb _| amOm H$m AmXe©, G$V Am¡a Y_© H$s ajm H$aZo dmbo Y¥Vd«V déU Xod Wo& _Ja {d{Y {Z`_ gmjmV XodXÎm _mZo OmVo Wo Am¡a `h A{Zdm`© hmoVm Wm {H$ amOm CZH$m nmbZ H$a|&

d¡{XH$ H$mb Ho$ amOm H$s e{º$`m§ {d{^ÝZ àH$ma H$s Wr Am¡a dh AZoH$ àH$ma Ho$ H$m`© H$aVm Wm& na§Vw _Zwî` ñd^md Xþ~©b h¡ Am¡a Am¡gV XO} Ho$ amOm go amÁ` nX Ho$ Cƒ AmXem] H$s Amem Zht H$s Om gH$Vr Wr& `h gM h¡ {H$ àmMrZ d¡{XH$ gm{hË` _| amOe{º$ Ho$ D$na d¡Ym{ZH$ amoH$ H$m H$moB© CëboI h_ H$mo àmá Zht hmoVm qH$Vw g{_{V Hw$N> gr_m VH$ amOm H$mo {Za§Hw$e `m H$V©ì` ^«ï> hmoZo go amoH$Vr Wr, Hw$N> d¡{XH$ CÕaUm| go nVm MbVm h¡ {H$ g{_{V Ho$ à{VHy$b hmoZo na amOm H$m AnZo nX na ahZm H${R>Z hmoVm Wm VWm amOm nyar Vah g{_{V na {Z^©a Wm& G$½doX Ho$ EH$ _§Ì _| CëboI h¡ {H$ amOgÎmm H$mo hñVJV H$aZo H$s BÀN>m go EH$ ZoVm Zo g{_{V H$mo ^r AnZo de _| H$aZo H$s `moOZm ~ZmB© Wr&

Amd{eMÝV Am dmo JV§ Am dmoh§ g{_{V: XXo&28

G$½doX Ho$ EH$ ñWb na AmXe© amOm Zo AnZr g{_{V _| OmZo H$s BÀN>m àH$Q> H$s Wr& AWd©doX go nVm MbVm h¡ {H$ g{_{V amOm H$mo nXÀ`wV ^r H$a gH$Vr Wr&

Y«wdm` Vo g{_{V: H$ënVm{_d&29

Bg G$Mm _| nXÀ`wV amOm nwZ: qghmgZmê$‹T> hmoZo na g~go nhbo `hr AmH$m§jm H$aVm h¡ {H$ _oar g{_{V gXm _oar ~Zr aho& ~«m÷U YZ H$m AnhaU H$aZo dmbo amOm H$mo `h lmn {X`m OmVm Wm {H$ Vwåhmar g{_{V Vwåhmam gmW Z Xo&

Zmñ_¡ g{_{V: H$ënVo Z {_Ì§ Z`Vo d`_²&30

ñnï> h¡ {H$ h g§ñWm AË`§V à^mdembr Wr, ~hþYm BgHo$ g_W©Z na amOm H$m ^{dî` {Z^©a ahVm Wm& g{_{V Ho$ {déÕ hmo OmZo na amOm H$s pñW{V AË`§V g§H$Q>nyU© hmo OmVr Wr& ImoE hþE amÁ`

H$mo {\$a go àmá H$aZo dmbo amOm H$s pñW{V V~ VH$ gwÑ‹T> Zht _mZr OmVr Wr O~ VH$ {H$ g{_{V Cggo gh`moJ H$aZo H$mo V¡`ma Z hmo OmE& g{_{V amOm H$m ~hþV ~‹S>m ghmam _mZr OmVr Wr& G$½doX _| CëbopIV h¡ {H$ EH$ amOm Zo AnZo {dn{j`m| Ho$ {dZme H$s àmW©Zm H$s Wr VWm Xmdm {H$`m Wm {H$ CgZo CZHo$ {MÎm, CZH$s OrdZ nÕ{V Am¡a CZH$s g{_{V na Am{YnË` H$m`_ H$a {b`m h¡&31 g{_{V nyd© d¡{XH$ H$mb H$s amOì`dñWm H$m Eogm A§J Wr {H$ CgHo$ {~Zm amOm H$s H$ënZm Zht H$s Om gH$Vr Wr& ^¡§g Ho$ {bE {Og àH$ma dZ Wm, gmo_ag Ho$ {bE {Og àH$ma K‹S>m Wm, Cgr Vah amOm Ho$ {bE g{_{V Wr&32

g{_{V Ho$ {Z`§ÌU Ho$ Abmdm amOm Ho$ D$na AÝ` {Z`§ÌU ^r Wo, `o {Z`§ÌU amOm H$mo {Za§Hw$e hmoZo go amoH$Vo Wo VWm H$V©ì`m| H$s Amoa ào[aV H$aVo Wo& BZ {Z`§ÌUm| H$mo h_ Ym{_©H$ {Z`§ÌU H$h gH$Vo h¡§& BZH$m à^md ^r BVZm A{YH$ hmoVm Wm {H$ H$moB© ^r amOm BZH$m Cëb§KZ H$aZo H$m gmhg Zht H$a gH$Vm Wm& Bg_| g~go à_wI à{V~§Y G$V H$s AdYmaUm Wr& G$V H$s AdYmaUm Cg H$mb Ho$ bmoJm| H$s {gÕm§{VH$ _mÝ`VmAm| H$s Amoa B§{JV H$aVr h¡& A~ àíZ CR>Vm h¡ ""G$V'' Š`m Wr? qdQ>a{ZËg, _¡ŠS>moZb, H$sW Am{X g^r Zo G$V H$s ì`m»`m g¥{ï> H$s {Z`{_VVm, ^m¡{VH$ Ed§ Z¡{VH$ ì`dñWm go H$s h¡& dñVwV: G$V Z¡{VH$ {Z`_ hmoVo Wo& XodVm Z¡{VH$ {Z`_m| H$m nmbZ H$aZo VWm H$amZo dmbo hmoVo Wo& G$V H$m AW© hmoVm h¡ ""OJV H$s ì`dñWm'' Bgo àmH¥${VH$ {Z`_ ^r H$hm J`m h¡& gy`©, M§Ð_m, Vmao, {XZ-amV Am{X Bgr {Z`_ Ûmam g§Mm{bV h¡& `h {Z`_ XodVmAm| H$mo ^r {Z`{_V H$aVm h¡& G$V H$m g§MmbH$ déU H$mo _mZm J`m h¡& AmJo MbH$a G$V {gÕm§V H$_© {gÕm§V H$mo OÝ_ XoVo h¡§& H$_© {gÕm§V Ho$ AZwgma O¡gm h_ ~moVo h¡§ d¡gm hr H$mQ>Vo h¡§& d¡{XH$ amOm Bgr G$V H$s AdYmaUm go ~§Ym Wm& dh G$Îm H$s na§namAm| H$m Cëb§KZ Zht H$a gH$Vm Wm& g_mO Cggo `h Amem H$aVm Wm {H$ dh XodVmAm| H$s ^m§{V ^yVb na ^r G$V H$mo bmJy H$aoJm& amOm H$m ^r nyam à`mg `hr ahVm Wm {H$ dh G$V H$s AdYmaUm H$m nmbZ H$a|& BgH$m Cëb§KZ H$aZo na amOm H$mo OZ {damoY H$m gm_Zm H$aZm n‹S>Vm Wm& G$V d bmoH$_V amOm H$mo Ý`m` nj na ahZo H$mo ~mÜ` H$aVo Wo&

Bg Vah h_ XoIVo h¡§ {H$ amOm gdm©{YH$ma g§nÝZ hmoVo hþE ^r ñdV§Ì Zht Wm dh àË`j-AàË`j AZoH$ àH$ma Ho$ à{V~§Ym| go dh ~§Ym hþAm hmoVm Wm ì`dhma _| amOm Ho$ D$na Omo gr_mE§ Wr CZH$m g§{já {ddoMZ Bg àH$ma {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡& gd©àW_ amOm ñd`§ Y_© Ho$ AYrZ hmoVm Wm& amOm ñd`§ Y_© H$m nmbZ


ISSN 2348-3857

H$aVm Wm Am¡a àOm go ^r Y_© H$m nmbZ H$amVm Wm& A{YH$Va H$mZyZm| H$m g«moV Ym{_©H$ VWm gm_m{OH$ na§namE§ Wr, amOm CÝht Ho$ AZwgma AmXoe d Amkm {ZH$mbVm Wm& amOm H$mo gX¡d ñdJ© d ZaH$ H$m Ü`mZ ahVm Wm& Xÿgao d¡{XH$ H$mb _| amOm H$m daU {H$`m OmVm Wm& ~mX Ho$ H$mb _| amOm Ho$ daU H$s na§nam Vmo Zht ahr qH$Vw `wdamO AWdm CÎmam{YH$mar H$s {Z`w{º$ Ho$ g_` amOm àOm H$s gh_{V H$m Ü`mZ aIm OmVm Wm& Vrgao d¡{XH$ H$mb _| g{_{V d g^m O¡gr bmoH${à` g§ñWmE§ Wr Am¡a nwamo{hV VWm _§Ìr amOm Ho$ nam_e©XmVm hmoVo Wo& amOm AHo$bo H$moB© H$m_ Zht H$aVm Wm& H$mbm§Va _| g{_{V d g^m H$m ñWmZ amÁ`g^m d Xa~ma Zo bo {b`m, na§Vw nwamo{hV Am¡a _§{Ì`m| H$m _hËd H$_ Zht hþAm& Mm¡Wo, h g§^d hmo gH$Vm h¡ ""amOZ'' Ho$ daU Ho$ ~mX enW boVm Wm& ~mX Ho$ H$mb _| Vmo h_| enW H$m CëboI {_bVm h¡ Bg Vah amOm enW go ^r ~§Ym ahVm Wm& nm§Md|, amOm H$mo Xodm§e _mZVo hþE ^r XodËd H$m _hËd amOm H$mo ì`{º$JV én _o§ Zht, ~g CgHo$ nX H$mo {X`m OmVm Wm& nmíMmË` OJV H$s m§{V ^maVr` Y_© empñÌ`m| VWm {dMmaH$m| Zo amOm H$mo Mmho O¡gm ^r emgZ H$aZo H$m X¡dr` A{YH$ma H$^r ^r àXmZ Zht {H$`m& N>R>o, amOm Ho$ {df` _| àmMrZ ^maVr`m| H$s YmaUmE§ A{V Cƒ Wr, Cgo àOmajH$, àOmnmbH$, àOm H$m {nVm, godH$ Am¡a àOm Ho$ {hVm| H$m ajH$ g_Pm OmVm Wm& AV: gmYmaUV: h_ d¡{XH$ amOm H$mo ñdoÀN>mMmar `m AË`mMmar Zht nmVo Am¡a A§V _| `{X H$moB© amOm ñdoÀN>mMmar `m AË`mMmar ~Z ^r OmVm Wm Vmo àOm H$s g{_{V H$mo Cgo hQ>mZo H$m Z¡{VH$ d Ym{_©H$ A{YH$ma àmá Wm& Bg ~mV Ho$ AZoH$ à_mU h_H$mo G$½d¡{XH$ AWd©d¡{XH$ G$MmAm| _| {_bVm h¡&

g§X^© gyMr

1. G$½doX 10.1.73

2. AWd©doX 3.4.2

3. AWd©doX 6.87.1-2, 6.88.1-2

4. AWd©doX 3.4.7

5. G$½doX 4.4.1

6. G$½doX 9.7.5, 10.43.2

7. G$½doX 1.85.8

8. G$½doX 1.25.15

9. G$½doX 1.28.10

10. G$½doX 7.33.3, 7.33.5, 7.83.8

11. G$½doX 10.75.4

12. G$½doX 1.25.8, 1.15.6, 8.23.14

13. H$m¡frVH$s Cn{ZfX 1.11.1

14. AWd©doX 1.9.4

15. AWd©doX 4.8.2

16. AWd©doX 4.22.7

17. G$½doX 11.5.17

18. AWd©doX 20.127.7-10

19. G$½doX 3.17.1, 7.89.5, 8.98.1, 10.56.3

20. G$½doX 10,174.5

21. EoVao` ~«m÷U 8.12

22. gm_doX 5.4.7

23. G$½doX 1,162.5

24. gm_doX 2.2,2.6¥

25. V¡{Îmar` g§{hVm 1.7.3

26. EoVao` ~«m÷U 8.2

27. eVnW ~«m÷U 12,4.3

28. G$½doX 10,166.4

29. AWd©doX 6,88.3

30. AWd©doX 5,19.15

31. G$½doX 10,196.4

32. G$½doX 9,92.6

^maVr` AÝV[aj AZwg§YmZ g§JR>Z, ^maV H$m amï´>r` AÝV[aj g§ñWmZ h¡ {OgH$m _w»`mb` ~|Jbyê$, H$ZmQ>©H$ _| h¡& Bg g§ñWmZ H$s ñWmnZm 1969 _| hþB© Omo nhbo 1962 _| ñWm{nV ^maVr` amï´>r` AÝV[aj AZwg§YmZ g{_{V (BÝH$moñnma) H$m A{YH«$_U H$aHo$ {H$`m J`m& S>m. {dH«$_ gmam^mB© Zo amï´> Ho$ {dH$mg _| AÝV[aj àm¡Úmo{JH$s H$s ^y{_H$m VWm _hËd H$mo nhMmZVo hþE Bgamo H$mo ^maV gaH$ma H$s AÝV[aj EoOoÝgr Ho$ ê$n _| H$m`© H$aZo hoVw {ZX}{eV {H$`m& Bgamo {díd H$s N>R>r d¥hÎm_ A§V[aj

emoY gmam§e

h_mao Xoe _| AÝV[aj AZwg§YmZ H$s ewê$AmV 1960 Ho$ Xm¡amZ hþB© O~ {dXoer CnJ«h "{gZH$m°_-3' Ûmam àemÝV _hmgmJar` joÌ _| Q>mo{H$`mo Amob§{nH$ Iobm| Ho$ grYo àgmaU Zo g§Mma CnJ«hm| H$s j_Vm H$mo àX{e©V {H$`m& {Oggo S>m°. {dH«$_ gmam^mB© Zo VËH$mb ^maV Ho$ {bE AÝV[aj "àm¡Úmo{JH$s Ho$ Cn`moJ H$mo nhMmZm& CZH$m _mZZm Wm {H$ A§V[aj Ho$ g§gmYZm| _| BVZm gm_Ï`© h¡ {H$ amï´>r` {dH$mg _| _mZd d g_mO H$s dmñV{dH$ g_ñ`mAm| H$mo Xÿa H$a gH$Vo h¡§& Bgr CÔoí` H$s àm{á Ho$ {bE 1969 _| Bgamo H$s ñWmnZm hþB©& Bgamo Ho$ àm¡Úmo{JH$s AÝdofU, CnH$aUm| Ho$ {Z_m©U, aI -aImd, {H«$`mÝd`Z, àjonU d {ZJamZr hoVw Xoe Ho$ {d{^ÝZ ^mJm| _| AÝV[aj Ho$ÝÐm| H$s ñWmnZm H$s JB©& BZ_| {dH«$_ gmam^mB© AÝV[aj Ho$ÝÐ, Bgamo CnJ«h Ho$ÝÐ, AÝV[aj Cn`moJ Ho$ÝÐ, gVre YdZ AÝV[aj Ho$ÝÐ, Vab _moXH$ àUmbr Ho$ÝÐ, Bgamo Q´>obr_oQ´>r Q´>oqH$J d H$_mÊS> ZoQ>dH©$, {dH$mg Ed§ e¡{jH$ g§Mma BH$mB©, àYmZ {Z`§ÌU gw{dYm, Bgamo O‹S>Ëd àUmbr BH$mB©, ^m¡{VH$ AZwg§YmZ à`moJembm, amï´>r` gwXÿa g§doXZ g§ñWm h¡& BZ g^r BH$mB©`m| Ho$ _mÜ`_ go Bgamo Zo VrZ {d{eï> ^mJ- g§Mma VWm gwXÿa g§dXoZ Ho$ {bE CnJ«h, A§V[aj n[adhZ àUmbr VWm AZwà`moJ H$m`©H«$_ MbmE& BZ VrZm| _mÜ`_m| H$m Cn`moJ ZmJ[aH$ VWm gwajm CÔoí`m| Ho$ {bE {H$`m Om ahm h¡& BZ_| Xÿag§Mma àgmaU, _m¡g_ {dkmZ, gm_[aH$ gwajm, AmnXm à~§YZ, ImoO d ~Mmd H$m`©, H¥${f AZwg§YmZ, Ob H$s CnbãYVm, ~m‹T> d gyIo go à^m{dV joÌm| H$m AZw_mZ, dZ d dÝ` Ordm| H$s àOm{V`m| go Ow‹S>r gw{dYmE± d gd}, e¡j{UH$ ZdmMma _| CÝZV VH$ZrH$s, GPS d GIS _| ghm`Vm Am{X H$m`© em{_b h¡§& PSLV, GSLV àjonU`mZm| Ho$ {Z_m©U, CÝZV d ~hþCÔoer` CnJ«hm| Ho$ {Z_m©U d àjonU H$m`©H«$_, MÝÐ`mZ d _§Jb`mZ O¡go A{^`mZ, {dXoer CnJ«hm| H$m ^r ^maVr` àjonU`mZm| Ho$ _mÜ`_ go g\$bVm nyd©H$ àjonU H$a Bgamo Zo ñd`§ H$mo d¡pídH$ ñVa g_¥Û d gj_ {gÕ {H$`m h¡& BZ g^r A{^`mZm| d H$m`©H«$_m| Ho$ Xm¡amZ Bgamo H$mo H$B© àH$ma H$s MwZm¡{V`m| H$m gm_Zm H$aZm n‹S>m h¡ naÝVw MwZm¡{V`m| Ho$ _wH$m~bo Bgamo H$s H$m`© àUmbr d {H«$`mÝd`Z J{V{d{Y XmoZm| hr loð> gm{~V hþE h¡§& BZ g^r gpå_{bV à`mgm| go dV©_mZ g_` _| hmoZo dmbo \$m`Xo Am¡a AmZo dmbo g_` _| g§^m{dV bm^ H$m AZw_mZ bJm gH$Vo h¡§& _mZd g{hV A§V[aj A{^`mZ H$mo AJa ñQ>mQ>©An Am¡a CÚmoJ go Omo‹S> {X`m OmE V~ Xþ{Z`m _| loð> àm¡Úmo{JH$s A{^`mZ ~ZZo H$s j_Vm h¡&

g§Ho$Vmja … H«$m`moOo{ZH$ B§OZ, ì`mdgm{`H$ CnbpãY`m§, d¡pídH$ gmI, CÝZV àm¡Úmo{JH$s AÝdofU

EoO|gr ~Z J`m h¡& Bgamo Ho$ nmg g§Mma CnJ«h (INSAT) VWm gwXÿa g§doXZ (IRS) CnJ«hm| H$m {demb g_yh h¡, Omo VËH$mb {dídgZr` g§Mma Ed§ ^y àojU H$s ~‹T>Vr _m§J H$mo nyam H$aVm h¡& BZ_| àgmaU, g§Mma, _m¡g_ nydm©Zw_mZ, AmnXm à~§YZ CnH$aU, ^m¡Jmo{bH$ gyMZm àUmbr, _mZ{MÌH$bm, Zm¡dhZ, Xÿa {M{H$Ëgm, XÿañW {ejm g§~§Yr CnJ«h& BZ Cn`moJm| Ho$ AZwgma gånyU© AmË_{Z^©aVm hm{gb H$aZo _|, bmJV à^mdr Ed§ {dídgZr`Vm à_moMH$ àUm{b`m§ {dH${gV H$aZm Amdí`H$ h¡ Omo Y«wdr` CnJ«h

Bgamo H$m Eo{Vhm{gH$ g\$a, CnbpãY`m± Am¡a ~XbVo n[aX¥í` Ho$ gmW MwZm¡{V`m§A{ZVm _hbm

emoYmWu, ^yJmob {d^mJamOñWmZ {díd{dÚmb`, O`nwa (amOñWmZ)



ISSN 2348-3857

à_moMH$ am°Ho$Q> (PSLV) Ho$ ê$n _| h¡ {Ogo AÝVam©ï´>r` ñVa na {dídgZr` d H$_ bmJV Ho$ H$maU CnJ«h àjo{nV H$aZo dmbm à_wI àjonU`mZ Ho$ Vm¡a na OmZm OmVm h¡& BgHo$ gmW hr ^y-Vwë`H$m{bH$ CnJ«h à_moMH$ am°Ho$Q >(GSLV) H$mo A{YH$ ^mar Am¡a A{YH$ _m±J dmbo ^y-Vwë`H$mar g§Mma CnJ«hm| H$mo Ü`mZ _o§ aIVo hþE {dH${gV {H$`m J`m&

àm¡Úmo{JH$s j_Vm Ho$ A{V[aŠV Bgamo Zo Xoe _o§ {dkmZ Ed§ {dkmZ H$s {ejm _o§ ^r `moJXmZ {X`m h¡& A§V[aj {d^mJ Ho$ VËdmYmZ _| gwXÿa g§doXZ, IJmo{bH$s VWm IJmob ^m¡{VH$s, dm`w_ÊS>br` {dkmZ VWm gm_mÝ` H$m`m] _o§ AÝV[aj {dkmZ Ho$ {bE {d{^ÝZ g_{n©V AZwg§YmZ Ho$ÝÐ VWm ñdm`Îm g§ñWmZ H$m`©aV h¡&

Bgamo ^maV gaH$ma Ho$ ñnog {S>nmQ>©_oÝQ> Ûmam à~§{YV {H$`m OmVm h¡ Omo grYo maV Ho$ àYmZ_§Ìr H$mo [anmoQ>© H$aVm h¡& dV©_mZ _| Bgamo Ho$ {ZXoeH$ S>m°. Ho$. {gdZ, ñnog {S>nmQ>©_oÝQ> Ho$ g{Md Ho$ Vm¡a na VWm ñnoe H$_reZ Ho$ Mo a_¡Z Ho$ ê$n _| ^r H$m © H$aVo h¡§&

^maV Ho$ AÝV[aj AZwg§YmZ H$m`©H«$_ H$s ewê$AmV df© 1961 _| hþB© O~ maV gaH$ma Zo AÝV[aj {dH$mg H$s {Oå_oXmar Zm{^H$s` D$Om© {d^mJ (Department of Atomic Enegry)H$mo gm¡§nr&

Bgamo H$m bú` dŠVì` d CÔoí` : AÝV[aj {dkmZ _| AZwg§YmZ d J«hr` AÝdofU Ho$ gmW-gmW amï´>r` {dH$mg _| A§V[aj àm¡Úmo{JH$s H$m à`moJ& ^maV _| {dH${gV AÝV[aj VH$ZrH$ H$m Cn`moJ ZmJ[aH$ VWm gwajm CÔoí`m| hoVw H$aZm&

EpÝQ´>Šg : `h ^maV gaH$ma H$s nyU© ñdm{_Ëd dmbr H$ånZr h¡ BgH$m àemg{ZH$ {Z`Ì§U AÝV[aj {d^mJ Ho$ nmg _| h¡& BgH$s ñWmnZm AÝV[aj CËnmXm|, VH$ZrH$s nam_e© godmAm| Am¡a Bgamo Ûmam {dH${gV àm¡Úmo{JH$s H$s dm{UpÁ`H$ gå^mdZmAm| Am¡a àMma-àgma Ho$ {bE gaH$ma Ho$ ñdm{_Ëd dmbr àmBdoQ> {b{_Q>oS> Ho$ ê$n _| H$s JB©&

Bgamo Ûmam {dH${gV àjonU `mZ

CnJ«h àjonU `mZ (SLV) : `h Mma MaU dmbm R>mog àUmoXH$ am°Ho$Q> Wm, {OgHo$ _mÜ`_ go amo{hUr l¥§Ibm Ho$ CnJ«hm| H$mo àjo{nV H$aZo H$m CÔoí` aIm J`m& Bg `moOZm H$m g§MmbZ EnrOo AãXþb H$bm_ H$s AÜ`jVm _| {H$`m J`m& Bg `mZ H$m CÔoí` 400 {H$bmo_rQ>a H$s D$±MmB© VH$ nhþ§MZm Am¡a 40 {H$bmo Ho$ nobmoS> H$mo H$jm _| ñWm{nV H$aZm Wm& Bg `mZ H$m nhbm àjonU 10 AJñV 1979 H$mo lrh[aH$moQ>m go hþAm& dV©_mZ _| `h godm _| Zht h¡&

g§d{Y©V CnJ«h àjonU `mZ (Augmeuted satelite launch vehicle) : Bgamo Ûmam {dH${gV EH$ nm§M MaU dmbm R>mog B©YZ am°Ho$Q> Wm& h n¥Ïdr H$s {ZMbr H$jm _| 150 {H$bmo Ho$ CnJ«h ñWm{nV H$aZo _| g_W© Wm& Bg àjonU `mZ H$mo 24 _mM© 1987 _| ^y-pñWa H$jm _| nobmoS> Ho$ {bE Amdí`H$ àm¡Úmo{J{H$`m| Ho$ {dH$mg Ho$ {bò àjo{nV {H$`m J`m& BgH$m Cn`moJ H$aHo$ SCROSS l¥§Ibm Ho$ CnJ«h àjo{nV {H$ò Jò& dV©_mZ _| `h godm _| Zht h¡&

Ywd«r` CnJ«h àjonU mZ (PSLV) : Bgamo Ûmam g§Mm{bV àjonU `mZ àUmbr h¡ {Oggo gwXÿa g§doXr CnJ«hm| H$mo gy`© Vwë`H$m{bH$ H$jm _o§ àjo{nV H$aZo Ho$ {bE {dH${gV {H$`m J`m h¡& PSLVN>moQ>o AmH$ma Ho$ CnJ«h H$mo ^y-pñWa H$jm _| ^r ôOZo _| gj_ h¡&

^ypñWa CnJ«h àjonU mZ (GSLV) : Bg àjonU mZ H$mo CnJ«hm| H$mo n¥Ïdr H$s ^ypñWa H$jm _| ñWm{nV H$aZo Ho$ {bò 2001 _| nhbr ~ma bm°ÝM {H$`m J`m& `h ~hþMaU am°Ho$Q> h¡ Omo CnJ«hm| H$mo 36000 {H$bmo_rQ>a VH$ H$s D$±MmB© na ñWm{nV H$a XoVm h¡ Omo ^y_Ü` aoIm H$s grY _| hmoVm h¡& GSLVH$moGSATl¥§Ibm Ho$ CnJ«hm| H$mo àjo{nV H$aZo Ho$ {bE à`wŠV {H$`m Om ahm h¡&

^ypñWa CnJ«h àjonU `mZ g§ñH$aU 3 (GSLV-MK3) : Bgo ^ypñWa H$jm _| CnJ«hm| Am¡a ^maVr` AÝV[aj `m{Ì`m| H$mo àjo{nV H$aZo Ho$ {bE {dH${gV {H$`m J`m h¡& GSLV-3_| ñdXoe {Z{_©V H$m`m©oOo{ZH$ am°Ho$Q> B§OZ H$s Vrgao MaU H$s gw{dYm Ho$ Abmdm GSLV H$s VwbZm _| A{YH$ nobmoS> bo OmZo H$s j_Vm h¡&

Bgamo H$s _hËdnyU© CnbpãY`m±

• 19 Aàob 1975 H$mo nhbm CnJ«h "Am`©^Q²>Q>" bm±M

• 10 AJñV 1979 H$mo SLV-3bm|Ma H$m à`moJmË_H$ narjU&

• 30 AJñV 1983 H$moINSAT-IBCnJ«h H$m g\$b àjonU&

• 1984 _| ^maV Ho$ amHo$e e_m© A§V[aj H$s `mÌm H$aZo dmbo nhbo ^maVr`&

• 17 _mM© 1988 H$mo ^maV Ho$ nhbo [a_moQ> goqgJ goQ>obmB©Q>IRS-IAbm§M&

• 10 OwbmB© 1992 H$mo ñdXoer VH$ZrH$ dmbo INSAT-2AH$mo g\$bVmnyd©H$ A§V[aj _| ôOm J`m&

• 23 OwbmB© 1993 H$mo INSAT-2BH$m g\$b narjU&

• 29 {gVå~a 1997 H$mo nhbr ~maPSLV`mZ àjo{nV {OggoIRS-IDôOm J`m&

ISSN 2348-3857


• 12 {gVå~a 2002 H$mo A§V[aj _| OmZo dmbr nhbr _{hbm `mÌr H$ënZm Mmdbm Ho$ Zm_ na H$ënZm-1 goQ>obmBQ> bm±M&

• 20 {gVå~a 2004 H$mo nyar Vah go {ejm na AmYm[aV CnJ«h ESw>g¡Q>GSAT-3go àjo{nV&

• 22 {Xgå~a 2005 H$mo "S>màoŠQ> Qy> hmo_"Ho$ {bEINSAT-4ACnJ«h bm±M&

• 22 AŠQy>~a 2008 H$mo MÝÐ`mZI H$s g\$bVm Ho$ gmW hr Bgamo H$s Eo{Vhm{gH$ MÝÐ {_eZ H$s ewê$AmV hþB©& BgoPSLV-C11 Ho$ O[aò AÝV[aj _| ôOm J`m&

• 1 OwbmB© 2013 H$mo Bgamo _| ^maV H$m Z¡{dJoeZ CnJ«hIRNSS-1AH$mo g\$bVmnyd©H$ àjo{nV {H$`m J`m& Bgr Ho$ gmW ^maV Zo A_o[aH$m Ho$ VO© na AnZm ñdXoe {Z{_©VGPS{gñQ>_~ZmZo H$s {Xem _| H$X_ ~T>m`m&

• 2014 _| Bgamo Zo g\$bVmnyd©H$ _§Jb J«h na _§Jb`mZ ôOm Omo nhbo hr à`mg _| g\$bVmnyd©H$ àjo{nV hþAm& Bg {_eZ na {g\©$ 450 H$amo‹S> énò IM© {H$E Omo Zmgm Ho$ _§Jb {_eZ H$m _hO 10 dm§ {hñgm Wm&

• \$adar 2017 H$mo Bgamo ZoPSLV-P37Ho$ O[aò EH$ gmW 104 CnJ«h àjo{nV H$a {díd [aH$mS©> ~Zm`m& Bg emZXma CnbpãY Zo Xþ{Z`m _| ^maV Ûmam N>moSo> Jò N>moQ>o CnJ«hm| Ho$ àjonU H$s gw{dYm XoZo dmbm Xoe ~Zm {X`m&

• 5 OyZ 2017 H$mo Bgamo Zo ^maV H$m g~go ^mar am°Ho$Q>GSLV-MK III bm°ÝM {H$`m& `h am¡Ho$Q> AnZo gmW 3136 {H$J«m dmbm g§Mma CnJ«hGSAT-19boH$a J`m, Bggo {dXoer àjonH$m| na ^maVr` {Z^©aVm IË_&

• 12 OZdar 2018 H$mo Bgamo Zo AnZm 100 dm§ CnJ«h bm±M H$aHo$ [aH$m°S©> H$m`_ {H$`m& lr h[aH$moQ>m go PSLV-C40goEH$ gmW VrZ ñdXoer CnJ«hm| g{hV Hw$b 31 CnJ«h àjo{nV {H$E& {OZ_| H$ZmS>m, {\$Zb|S>, \«$m§g, X{jU H$mo[a`m, {~«Q>oZ Am¡a A_o[aH$m Ho$ CnJ«h em{_b h¡&

• Bg Vah Bgamo A~ VH$ 20 Xoemo§ Ho$ 237 {dXoer CnJ«hm| H$m àjonU H$a MwH$m h¡&

• AÝV[aj {dkmZ _| bJmVma Zò Am`m_ J‹T>Vo hþò Bgamo Zo 16 {gVå~a 2018 H$moPSLV-C42go Xmo {~«{Q>e CnJ«hm| H$mo bm°ÝM H$a nyU©V`m ì`dgm{`H$ C‹S>mZ âr h¡& AÝV[aj _| AZwg§YmZ d emoY Ho$ joÌ _| `h ~‹S>r CnbpãY h¡&

^maVr` amï´>r` CnJ«h àUmbr : Bgamo Ûmam àjo{nV ~hþCÛoer` ^y-pñWa CnJ«hm| H$s EH$ l¥§Ibm h¡ Omo Xÿag§Mma àgmaU, _m¡g_ {dkmZ, ImoO Am¡a ~Mmd H$m`© Ho$ {bE Cn`moJ _| br OmVr h¡& 1983 _| ewê$ H$s JB©INSATloUr E{e`m àemÝV joÌ _| g~go ~‹S>r Xoer` g§Mma àUmbr h¡& `h ^maV gaH$ma Ho$ AÝV[aj, Xÿag§Mma, _m¡g_ {dkmZ, AmH$medmUr {d^mJ Am¡a XyaXe©Z M¡Zb H$s g§`wŠV `moOZm h¡& BZgoQ> CnJ«h l¥§Ibm {d^mJ ^maV Ho$ Q>rdr Am¡a g§Mma Amdí`H$VmAm| H$s godm H$aZo Ho$ {bE {d{^ÝZ ~¡§S> _| Q´>m§gnmoS>a àXmZ H$aVo h¡& `h CnJ«h GSLVàjonU `mZ go 36,000 {H$bmo_rQ>a H$s D±$MmB© _| àjo{nV {H$ò OmVo h¡& Bgamo AÝVamï´>r` Cospas-Sarsat H$m`©H«$_ Ho$ EH$ gXñ` Ho$ ê$n _| X{jU E{e`mB© Am¡a {hÝX _hmgmJa joÌ _| ImoO Am¡a ~odmM A{^`mZ Ho$ {bE g§H$Q>mnÝZ MoVmdZr g§Ho$Vm| H$mo àmá H$aZo Ho$ {bE CnJ«hm| Ho$ Q´>m§gnmoS>a H$m BñVo_mb H$aVm h¡&

^maVr` [a_moQ> g|qgJ àUmbr : Bgamo Zo ^maV _| H¥${f, Ob g§gmYZ, dm{ZH$s Am¡a nm[apñW{VH$s, ^y{dkmZ, ObJ«hU, g_wÐr _Ëñ` nmbZ Am¡a VQ>r` à~§YZ _| gQ>rH$ d Cn`moJr OmZH$m[a`m± OwQ>mZo Ho$ {bE ñdXoer ^maVr` [a_moQ> g|qgJ CnJ«h H$m`©H«$_ {dH${gV H$aZm ewê$ {H$`m& Bg CÔoí` Ho$ {bE ^maV Zo amï´>r` àmH¥${VH$ g§gmYZ àUmbr H$mo ñWm{nV {H$`m Omo AÝV[aj {d^mJ Ho$ AÝVJ©V H$m`© H$aVm h¡& IRS àUmbr {d{^ÝZ CnJ«hm| Ho$ gmW {díd _| Mb aho ZmJ[aH$ Cn`moJ Ho$ {bE g~go ~‹S>r Xÿag§doXr CnJ«hm| H$s l¥I§bm h¡&

aS>ma B_oqOJ g¡Q>obmBQ> : aS>ma B_oqOJ g¡Q>obmBQ> EH$ AË`mYw{ZH$ gyú_ Va§J gwXÿa g§doXr CnJ«h h¡ Omo g^r _m¡g_ H$s {d{^ÝZ n[apñW{V`m| _| {XZ-amV Ho$ Xm¡amZ ^y gVhm| Ho$ bjUm| Ho$ à{V{~å~ boZo _| gj_ h¡& AË`mYw{ZH$ gr ~¡ÊS>5.35 Ghz_| qgWo{Q>H$ EnM©a aS>ma Omo H¥${f Cn`moJ hoVw Iar\$ _m¡g_ _| Mmdb _m°ZrQ>aZ Am¡a àmH¥${VH$ AmnXm à~§YZ O¡go ~mT>, MH«$dmV Am{X _| Cn`moJr h¡&

JJZ : OrnrEg ESo>S> {O`mo Am°J_o{Q>H$ Z¡{dJoeZ àUmbr H$mo Bgamo Am¡a ^maVr` {d_mZ nVZ àm{YH$aU Zo g`wŠV ê$n go {dH${gV {H$`m h¡& 2013 H$mo ewê$ `h `moOZm ^maV H$s _hËdmH$m§jr CnJ«h AYm[aV g§dY©Z àUmbr h¡ Omo {d_mZ _mJ© na Z¡{dJoeZ Ho$ {bE AÝV[aj _| JJZ g§Ho$V H$m Cn`moJ H$aZo Ho$ gmW Am¡a maVr` hdmB© joÌ Ho$ Cna {~Zm grYo _mJ©Xe©Z Ho$ ~J¡a n[aewÕVm nhþ±M Ho$ gj_ hmo OmòJm& ^maV Xþ{Z`m _| {d_mZZ joÌ Ho$ {bE OrdZ gwajm, A§V[aj AmYm[aV CnJ«h Zo{dJoeZ godmAm| H$mo àXmZ H$aZo dmbm Mm¡Wm Xoe h¡& JJZ àUmbr {ZH$Q>


ISSN 2348-3857

^{dî` _| maVr` y{_ n[aX¥í` Ho$ D$na gQ>rH$ godmE± àXmZ H$aZo Ho$ {bE APV1/1.5ñVa Ho$ à_mU nÌ H$mo àmá H$aoJm& JJZ go Xmo ^y-g_H$m{bH$ CnJ«hm| GSAT-8Am¡aGSAT-10Ho$ _mÜ`_ go nyao ^maVr` C‹S>mZ gyMZm joÌ Am¡a Cggo AmJo Ho$ joÌ H$mo H$da H$aVo hþò g§Ho$V àgm[aV {H$ò Om aho h¢& GSAT-15Ho$ Am°Z~moS©> na EH$ A{V[aŠV Q´>m§gnmoS>a H$jm _| ôOm OmòJm&

MÝÐ`mZ 1 : ^maV H$m àW_ M§Ð`mZ {_eZ, gVre YdZ ñnog goÝQ>a, ema (lrh[aH$moQ>m) go 22 AŠQy>~a, 2008 H$moPSLV-C11 Ûmam g\$bVmnyd©H$ àjo{nV {H$`m J`m& MÝÐ`mZ MÝÐ_m Ho$ amgm`{ZH$, I{ZOr` Am¡a àH$me ^m¡{_H$s _mZ{MÌU Ho$ {bE MÝÐ_m gVh go 100 {H$bmo_rQ>a D$§MmB© na MÝÐ_m H$s n[aH«$_m H$a ahm h¡& I{ZO _mZ{MÌU _| _¡¾r{e`_,Eë`y_r{Z`_, {g{bH$m°Z, H¡$pëg`_, bmohm Am¡a Q>mBQ>o{Z`_ VWm Cƒ na_mUw g§»`m VËdm| Ho$ gmW aoS>m°Z, `yao{Z`_ Am¡a Wmo[a`_ H$m Cƒ ñWm{ZH$ {dôXZ àmá H$aZm h¡& ñWm`r ê$n go N>m`m _| ahZo dmbo CÎma d X{jU Y«wdr` joÌm| Ho$ I{ZO Ed_² amgm`{ZH$ B_oqOJ, gVh na nmZr d ~\©$ H$s ImoO, MQ²>Q>mZm| _| agm`Zm| H$s nhMmZ& MÝÐ_m gVh H$s D±$MmB© H$s {^ÝZVm H$m _mZ{MÌU H$aZm& MÝÐ`mZ Zo Mm§X na nmZr H$s _m¡OyXJr H$m nVm bJmH$a Bg gXr H$s _hËdnyU© ImoO H$s h¡& Bgamo Ho$ AZwgma MÝÐ_m na nmZr g_wÐ, PaZo, Vmbm~ `m ~y§Xm| Ho$ ê$n _| Zht hmoH$a I{ZO d MQ²>Q>mZm| H$s gVh na _m¡OyX h¡&

_§Jb`mZ (MASS ORBITER MISSION) : ^maV H$m àW_ _§Jb {_eZ h¡ Omo Bgamo H$s _hËdH$m§jr `moOZmAm| _| go EH$ h¡& 5 Zdå~a 2013 H$mo Am§Y«àXoe Ho$ lr h[aH$moQ>m Ho$ÝÐ go PSLV-C25Ûmam g\$bVmnyd©H$ CnJ«h àjo{nV {H$`m J`m {OgZo 300 {XZmo H$m g\$a V` H$a 24 {gVå~a 2014 H$mo _§Jb H$s H$jm _| àdoe H$aZo Ho$ gmW hr Eo{Vhm{gH$ g\$bVm àmá H$s& ^maV AnZo àW_ à`mg _| hr g\$b hmoZo dmbm nhbm Xoe VWm ê$g, A_o[aH$m, `yamonr`Z AÝV[aj EOoÝgr Ho$ ~mX Xþ{Z`m H$m Mm¡Wm Xoe ~Z J`m h¡& _§Jb na ôOm J`m Xþ{Z`m H$m g~go gñVm {_eZ h¡ Omo A_o[aH$m Ho$ _§Jb {_eZ IM© H$m Xgdm§ ^mJ h¡&

BgHo$ CÔoí` :-AÝVaJ«hr` {_eZ Ho$ g§MmbZ Ho$ {bE CnJ«h {S>OmBZ, `moOZm Am¡a à~§YZ Ho$ {bE Amdí`H$ àm¡Úmo{JH$s H$m {dH$mg H$aZm h¡& _§Jb H$s gVh H$s AmH¥${V, ñWbmH¥${V Am¡a I{ZOmo H$m AÜ``Z H$aoJm, gwXÿa g§doXZ VH$ZrH$ H$m Cn`moJ H$a _§Jb J«h na {_WoZ d CO2H$m AÜ``Z H$aZm, _§JbJ«h Ho$ D$nar dm`w_ÊS>b na gm¡a hdm, {d{H$aU Am¡a ~mh²` AÝV[aj Ho$ J{VerbVm H$m AÜ``Z&

Bgamo H$s ^{dî`JV _hËdmH$m§jr `moOZmE± :

^maVr` _mZd AÝV[aj H$m`©H«$_ (JJZ`mZ {_eZ) : ^maV gaH$ma Ho$ _w»` d¡km{ZH$ gbmhH$ma Ho$ {dO` amKdZ Zo H$hm {H$ Bgamo 2022 VH$ _mZd g{hV AÝV[aj A{^`mZ H$mo {ZYm©[aV H$m`©H«$_ Ho$ AZwgma nyam H$aoJm& Bgamo Ho$ Moà_¡Z Ho$. {gdZ Ho$ AZwgma "JJZ`mZ H$m\$s MwZm¡VrnyU© h¡ na Bgamo BZ MwZm¡{V`m|" go {ZnQ>Zo H$s j_Vm aIVm h¡& BgHo$ {bE àm¡Úmo{JH$s {dH${gV H$s Om MwH$s h¡, {Og_| _mZd H«y$ _m°S>b Ho$ gmW hr n`m©naU {Z`Ì§U d OmZ ~MmZo H$s àUmbr ^r em{_b h¡&'

JJZ`mZ {_eZ : Hw$b 9000 H$amo‹S> H$s bmJV dmbm JJZ`mZ ^maVr` Mm{bV H$jr` AÝV[aj `mZ h¡ {Ogo VrZ bmoJm| H$mo bo OmZo Ho$ {hgm~ go {S>OmBZ {H$`m OmòJm& BgHo$ {bE AnJ«oS> {H$ò Jò g§ñH$aU H$mo S>m°qH$J j_Vm go b¡g {H$`m OmòJm& {OgH$s ~|Jbwê$ Ho$ Bgamo Q>obr_oQ´>r Q´>oqH$J H$_m§S> goQ>§a go {ZJamZr H$s OmòJr& Bg A{^`mZ H$s H$_mZ _{hbm d¡km{ZH$ dr.Ama. b{bVmpå~H$m H$a|Jr& Bgamo Zo Bgo "amï´>r` {_eZ" H$ama {X`m h¡& BgH$m àjonUGSLV-MARK 3go {H$`m OmòJm&

{_eZ Ho$ Xm¡amZ AmZo dmbr MwZm¡{V`m§ : ~|Jbwê$ eha Ho$ ~mhar joÌ _| Q´>oqZJ goÝQ>a Imobm h¡ Omo AÝV[aj `m{Ì`m| H$mo à{e{jV H$aoJm naÝVw BVZo H$_ g_` _| _mZd H$mo AÝV[aj VH$ nhþMm§Zo Am¡a YaVr na dmng bmZo dmbr VH$ZrH$ go à{e{jV H$aZm AmgmZ Zht h¡& BgHo$ {bE Bgamo EñQ´>moZmoQ> Q´>oqZJ EÊS> ~m`mo_o{S>H$b B§Or{Z`[a¨J goÝQ>a {dH${gV H$aoJm naÝVw Bg_| A^r g_` bJoJm& g_` na à{ejU hoVw JJZ`mZ {_eZ Ho$ `m{Ì`m| H$mo ê$g Ho$ H$mñ_moZm°Q> Q´>oqZJ goÝQ>a go à{e{jV H$adm`m Om gH$Vm h¡& AJa ^maV JJZ`mZ A{^`mZ _| g\$b ahoJm Vmo _mZd H$mo A§V[aj _| nhþ±MmZo dmbm Mm¡Wm Xoe ~Z OmòJm&

Bgamo Q>rdr M¡Zb : {dkmZ Ho$ à{V OmJê$H$Vm ~T>mZo Ho$ {bE ISRO TVM¡Zb bm°ÝM H$aoJm& ^maV {dkmZ Am¡a AÝV[aj g_{n©V Q>rdr M¡Zb bm°ÝM H$aoJm Vm{H$ BgHo$ \$m`Xm| H$mo Xoeâ Ho$ bmoJm| VH$ nhw±Mm`m Om gHo$& Bg Q>rdr M¡Zb na {dkmZ Ho$ Cn`moJ Ed_ bm^ H$mo joÌr` ^mfmAmo Ho$ gmW-gmW A§J«oOr _| ^r àgm[aV {H$`m OmòJm&

Bgamo H$m ì`dgm{`H$ àm¡Ymo{JH$s g_Pm¡Vm : {~Obr CnH$aU ~ZmZo dmbr gmd©O{ZH$ joÌ H$s H$ånZr ôb Zo {d{^ÝZ j_Vm H$s {b{W`_ Am`Z ~¡Q>ar Ho$ {d{Z_m©U Ho$ {bE Bgamo Ho$ gmW àmoÚmo{JH$s ñWmZmÝVaU g_Pm¡Vm {H$`m h¡& g_Pm¡Vo Ho$ VhV H$ånZr Bg àmoÚmo{JH$s Ho$ O[aò AÝV[aj ñVa Ho$ {d{^ÝZ j_Vm

ISSN 2348-3857


Ho$ gob (~¡Q>ar) H$m {Z_m©U H$aoJr& `h H$ånZr Ho$ H$mamo~ma H$m Xmàm ~T>mZo H$s aUZr{V H$m {hñgm h¡& {b{W`_ Am`Z ~¡Q>ar {Z_m©U go OwS>r àm¡Úmo{JH$s H$m {dH$mg Bgamo Zo {dH«$_ gam^mB© AÝV[aj Ho$ÝÐ _| {H$`m h¡&

MÝÐ`mZ 2 A{^`mZ : ^maV Zo MÝÐ`mZ 2 H$s AnZr _hËdmH$m§jr n[a`moOZm _| "EH$bm Mbmo" H$m ê$I AnZmVo hþò ê$g H$s ghm`Vm Ho$ {~Zm hr {_eZ H$m_`m~ H$aZo H$s aUZr{V AnZmB© h¡& `h {_eZ AŠQy>~a 2018 _| ewê$ hmoZm Wm naÝVw VH$ZrH$s g_ñ`m Ho$ H$maU AJbo df© VH$ gånÝZ hmo nmòJm& Bg g§~§Y _| S>m°. E_. AÝZmXþa¡ ({ZXoeH$, `y Ama amd goQ>obmB©Q> g|Q>a, ~|Jbwê$) Zo H$hm {H$ MÝÐ`mZ 2 _| byZa amoda H$mo ôOm OmZm h¡ {OgH$moGSLV MK 3go ôOm OmòJm& Xoar H$s dOhGSLV MK 2H$s ~Om`GSLV MK 3H$mo Cn`moJ _| boZm h¡& Bgamo Ho$ AZwgma n{hòXma amoda MÝÐ_m H$s gVh na MboJm VWm {díbofU Ho$ {bE {_Q²>Q>r `m MQ²>Q>mZ Ho$ Z_yZm| H$mo EH${ÌV H$aoJm&

MwZm¡{V`m± d ~mYmE±

gr{_V g§gmYZ d {ZOr ^mJrXmar : g~go ~‹S>r g_ñ`m bm°ÝM ìhrH$b go g§~§{YV h¡& Bgamo Ho$ nmg Xmo bm°ÝM no‹S> Am¡a Ho$db EH$ ìhrH$b Agoå~br h¡& Bgamo BVZo ~‹S>o n¡_mZo na J{V{d{Y`m§ Mbm ahm h¡ {Og H$maU Xmo bJmVma bm°ÝM Ho$ ~rM V¡`m[a`m| Ho$ {bE H$_ hr g_` ahVm h¡& O~{H$ Bgamo AnZo H$m`©joÌ _| bJmVma {dñVma H$a ahm h¡& Bgamo H$mo ^{dî` H$s MwZm¡{V`m| go {ZnQ>Zo Ho$ {bE A{YH$ \§$S> Ed_ A{YH$ ñdm`Îmm H$s Amdí`H$Vm h¡ naÝVw Ho$ÝÐ gaH$ma Zo 2017 _| AÝV[aj H$m`©H«$_ H$s Zr{V`mo _| \o$a~Xb H$a {ZOr H$ån{Z`m| H$mo gmPoXma ~ZmZo Ho$ {dH$ën aI| Vm{H$ `moOZmAm| H$mo g_` na nyam {H$`m Om gH|$& {ZOr joÌ H$s ^mJrXmar Ho$ B{Vhmg na ZOa S>mbo Vmo CZHo$ bú` Zo Xoe{hV go Á`mXm ì`dgm` {dñVma H$s Zr{V`m§ A{YH$ ahr h¡& gaH$mar X~md Ho$ MbVo Bgamo Zo H¥${Ì_ CnJ«h {Z_m©U H$s AnZr H$m`©àUmbr _| n[adV©Z H$aVo hþò nhbr ~ma CnJ«h {Z_m©U _| {ZOr joÌ H$mo ewê$AmVr Vm¡a na Xmo gwXÿa g§doXr CnJ«hm| Ho$ {Z_m©U hoVw N>: H$ån{Z`mo Ho$ H§$gmo{Q©>`_ ({d{^ÝZ H$ån{Z`m| H$m g_yh) Ho$ gmW EH$ AZw~§Y {H$`m h¡& Bg H§$gmo{Q©>`_ _| H$B© H$ån{Z`m§ em{_b h¡ :- Aë\$m {S>OmBZ Q>oŠZmobm°OrO, Ý`y Q>oH$ gm°ë`ye§g, E{S>Z Q>oŠZmbm°OrO, AdÝQ>ob {gñQ>åg, grgrEŠg Ho$~b Agoå~brO, {dÝ`mg BZmoodo{Q>d Q>oŠZmobm°OrO& BZ_| Aë\$m {S>OmBZ Q>oŠZmobm°OrO Bg H§$gmo{Q©>`_ H$s brS> nmQ>©Za H$ånZr hmoJr& O~{H$ `h H$ånZr BVmdbr {S>\|$g \$_© "BboQ²>Q´>mo{ZH$m"

H$s _w»` ^maVr` gmPoXma ^r h¡ {OgH$m Zm_ H${WV Vm¡a na H$_reZ pIbmZo Ho$ {bE "nZm_m nong©" _| gm_Zo Am`m h¡& [anmoQ>©g Ho$ AZwgma BVmdbr {S>\|$g \$_© Zo ^maV _| ajm joÌ Ho$ R>oH$m| Ho$ {bE5% go17%VH$ H$_reZ XoZo Ho$ EJ«r_|Q> {H$ò Wo& BZ g~ KQ>ZmAmo Ho$ {damoY Ho$ H$maU ñnog EßbrHo$eZ g|Q>a Ho$ S>màoŠQ>a S>m°. VnZ {_l H$mo VËH$mb nX go hQ>mH$a Bgamo H$m gbmhH$ma ~Zm {X`m J`m Omo EH$ Jå^ra d {MpÝVV gdmb I‹S>o H$a ahm h¡ {Oggo H$m_`m~r Ho$ {eIa nanhþ±Mo Bgamo H$mo {ZOrH$aU Ho$ MbVo ZwH$gmZ Z CR>mZm n‹S>o&

Bg H§$gmo{Q©>`_ H$mo {ZåZ _hËdnyU© H$m`© gm¡§no Jò h¢& BbopŠQ´>H$b Am¡a _oHo${ZH$b hmS©>doà H$m g§`moOZ,n[ajU, bm°ÝM H$aZo Ho$ {bE CnJ«hm| na {Z`§ÌU& CëboIZr` h¡ {H$ CnJ«h {Z_m©U H$s à{H«$`m _| BZ g^r H$ånZr`mo H$mo Bgamo H$s Adg§aMZm H$m Cn`moJ H$aZo H$s ñd§ÌVm hmoJr& dñVwV: ewê$dmV _| BZ XmoZmogwXÿa g§d|Xr CnJ«hm| Ho$ {Z_m©U H$m ì`` Bgamo Ûmam hr dhZ {H$`m OmòJm O~{H$ H§$gmo{Q©>`_ Bgamo Ho$ {ZarjU _| H$m`© H$aoJm& Bg Vah H$s Zr{V Vmo Am¡a {MpÝVV H$aZo dmbr h¡ {Og_| Bgamo Ho$ H$m`m] _| gh`moJ H$_ ~mhar XIbXm§Or A{YH$ h¡& {Xgå~a 2016 go A~ VH$ 2 CnJ«hm|§ Ho$ {Z_m©U H$s {ZOr ^mJrXmar A~ Hw$b 27 CnJ«hm| Ho$ {Z_m©U VH$ nhþ±M MwH$s h¡& g~go Jå^ra {MÝVm H$m {df` `h h¡ {H$ Bgamo H$s VH$ZrH$s ~wb§{X`m| Ho$ _w»` àjonU `mZPSLV VWm SSLVHo$ {Z_m©U H$s {Oå_oXmar ^r {ZOr H$ån{Z`m| H$mo XoZo H$m X~md h¡ {OgHo$ MbVo d[að> d¡km{ZH$m| Zo amï´>n{V H$mo nÌ {bIH$a hñVjon H$aZo H$s _m§J H$s h¡&

d¡pídH$ à{VÛ§{ÛVm : Bgamo AnZr nyar H$m`©j_Vm Ho$ Cn`moJ Ûmam g¡Q>obmBQ> bm°pÝM§J H$m EH$ gñVm {dH$ën ~Z gH$Vm h¡ bo{H$Z n[a`moOZmAmo§ Ho$ Yr_o {H«$`mÝd`Z Am¡a gaH$ma Ûmam n`m©ßV g_W©Z Z {_b nmZo Ho$ H$maU ^maV Bg joÌ _| d¡pídH$ ñVa na {nN>‹S> gH$Vm h¡& Y«wdr` H$jmAm| Am¡a N>moQ>o CnJ«hm| Ho$ _m_bo _| Bgamo Zo AÀN>r XjVm hm{gb H$a br h¡ bo{H$Z ^y-g_H$m{bH$ CnJ«h àjonU `mZ d H«$m`moOo{ZH$ B§OZ Ho$ _m_bmo _| {díd ñVa na nrN>o h¡& AV:GSLVHo$ ì`mdgm{`H$ bm°pÝMJ _| A^r Amoa AmJo OmH$a gmoMZm hmoJm&

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df© 1969 _| ñWmnZm go boH$a A~ VH$ Bgamo H$s H$m`©àUmbr M_ËH$mam| go H$_ Zht ahr h¡, "gr{_V g§gmYZm| Ho$ gmW Anma ImoO AÝdofU"& Am¡a BÝhr H$maUm| go Bgamo "ñnog nm`mo{Zà Adm°S©>" 2015, "Jm±Yr em§{V nwañH$ma" 2014 VWm bJmVma 3


ISSN 2348-3857

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6. ~o{_gmb Bgamo, {deof, amÁ`g^m, Q>rdr, {gVå~a 11, 2018

7. Mm¡{Z`mb, S>m°. Xo~rXÎm, Cn`w©ŠV, n¥. 105

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ghm`H$ AmMm`©, B{Vhmg {d^mJ, amOH$s` ñZmVH$moÎma, _hm{dÚmb`, ~m‹S>_oa (amOñWmZ)



ISSN 2348-3857

_Ü`H$mb _| Zmar _mZ{gH$ XmgVm _| Am§H$R> OH$‹S>r Wr& g_mO OÝ` Šboe AñdrH¥$V hmoVo hþE ^r CZ_| CgH$s _m¡Z ñdrH¥${V Wr& Eogo g_` 19dt gXr Ho$ àmaå^ _| g_mO H$m EH$ dJ© BZ Xþîn[aUm_m| go àH$pånV hmo gm_m{OH$ MoVZm H$s Amoa CÝ_wI hþAm& _hmZ² g_mO gwYmaH$m| Ho$ Ûmam maVr` pñÌ`m| na bmXr JB© {Z`m}½`VmAm| H$mo MwZm¡Vr Xr JB©& {~«{Q>e gaH$ma Zo ^r Bg {Xem _| AnZr gH$mamË_H$ nhb H$s& Xÿgar Va\$ _hmË_m Jm§Yr Ho$ AmˆmZ na bmIm| pñÌ`m| Zo Ka H$s MmaXrdmar go ~mha {ZH$b H$a ñdmYrZVm AmÝXmobZ _| mJ {b`m& pñÌ`m| H$mo AnZr epŠV Am¡a gm_Ï`© H$m Ehgmg hþAm& g{X`mo§ go _mZ{gH$ XmgVm _| OH$‹S>r Zmar _| EH$ ZB© MoVZm H$m Aä`wX` hþAm& \$bñdê$n ñdVÝÌVm nyd© H$s Zmar H$s pñW{V _| gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$, amOZ¡{VH$ ñVa na gm§Ho${VH$ n[adV©Z hþE& 3

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ISSN 2348-3857


CnbãY H$admZm hr n`m©á Zht hmoJm ~pëH$ Eogr ì`dñWm hmoZm ^r Oê$ar h¡ {Og_| g^r H$mo {ejm _| g\$bVm àmá H$aZo Ho$ g_mZ Adga {_bo& dmñVd _| amîQ´>r` {ejm ì`dñWm H$m CX²Xío` h¡ {H$ gm_m{OH$ _mhm¡b Am¡a OÝ_ Ho$ g§`moJ go CËnÝZ nydm©J«h Am¡a Hw$ÊR>mE§ Xÿa hmo& ''9

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d dZ gå~ÝYr nmR>`H«$_ _| Zm_m§H$Z hoVw àmoËgm{hV {H$`m J`m&

N>R>r n§Mdfu` `moOZm 1978-83 Ho$ àmê$n _| `h ñdrH$ma {H$`m

{H$ {ejm H$m bm^ g_mO Ho$ ~hþg§»`H$m| VH$ Zht nhþ±M nm`m

h¡& dñVwV: N>R>r n§Mdfu` `moOZm 1980-85 _| A{eµjm Ho$

g_yb Zme na Omoa XoVo hþE ì`mnH$ àmW{_H$ {ejm Ho$ gmW

Zm¡H$ar A{^Zd_wIr {ejm H$m gyÌnmV {H$`m J`m& Bg `moOZm _|

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àmaå^ {H$ò Jò& 13

amï´>r` gmjaVm {_eZ 1989 _| 15 go 35 df© H$s Am`w Ho$ 80

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àmaå^ {H$`m J`m& ~mX _| 9 go 14 df© Ho$ Am`w g_yh H$mo Bg

_| g§b¾ H$aVo hþE 17 {_{b`Z A{e{jV bmoJmo§ H$s gmjaVm H$m

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ISSN 2348-3857

amOñWmZ _| {Obodma gmjaVm Xa 2011 gmjaVm Xa (%)

H«$.g§. {Obo H$m Zm_ g_ñV nwê$f _{hbm

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Cn`©wŠV Am§H$‹S>o `Ú{n nwéf VWm _{hbm gmjaVm Ho$ _Ü` A§Vamb H$s Amoa B§{JV H$aVo h¡ VWm{n gå`H$ ê$n _| à{VeV _| ~‹T>moVar hþ`r h¡&

ISSN 2348-3857


amOñWmZ _| _{hbm gmjaVm Xa 1991 H$s OZg§»`m Ho$ AZwgma 20.44 à{VeV Wr Omo 2001 _| OZJUZmZwgma ~T>H$a 44.34 à{VeV hmo JB©& dht ^maV _| _{hbm gmjaVm Xa 2001 _| 54.16 à{VeV nmB© JB©& 2001 _| amOñWmZ _| nwê$f gmjaVm 76.46 à{VeV Wr& {nN>bo Mma XeH$m| _| amï´>r` {ejm Zr{V Ho$ {H«$`mÝd`Z go gmjaVm Xa _| 5 JwUm d¥{Û hþB© h¢& 14

{ZîH$f©

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g§X^© gyMr

1. Aamo‹S>m, S>m°. e{e, amOñWmZ _| Zmar H$s pñW{V, Vê$U àH$meZ, ~rH$mZoa 1981, n¥. 1

2. ì`mg, Jmonmbdëb^, _odm‹S> H$m gm_m{OH$ Ed§ Am{W©H$ OrdZ, amOñWmZr J«ÝWmH$ma, OmoYnwa, 2006, n¥. 172

3. Xonmb, e{e, amOñWmZ H$m ~XbVm gm_m{OH$ ñdê$n,, amOñWmZr J«ÝWmH$ma, OmoYnwa, 2011, n¥. 235-36

4. gàw, Ama.Ho$., dr_oZ EÊS> So>dbn_|Q>, Am{ee npãbqe§J hm°Cg, 1989, n¥. 116-118

5. e_m©, àkm, ^maVr` g_mO _| Zmar, ^maVr` g_mO _| Zmar, nmoBÝQ>a npãbeg©, O`nwa, 2001, n¥. 6& 9

6. Jmoñdm_r, ^mbMÝÐ, ñdV§Ì ^maV Ho$ 50 df© "àIa', nmoBÝQ>a npãbeg©, O`nwa, 1998, n¥. 201

7. e_m©, JmonrZmW, amOñWmZ H$m B{Vhmg, {edbmb AJ«dmb EÊS> H$ånZr, AmJam, 2014, n¥. 520

8. _mohå_X, B©X, amOñWmZ H$m gm_m{OH$ Ed§ gm§ñH¥${VH$ B{Vhmg, [agM© npãbHo$eÝg, O`nwa, 2009, n¥. 87

9. Aa{dÝX Ama. Jogy Am¡a e_m©, g§O`, {ejm gm_m{OH$ J{VerbVm Ed§ X{bV AÝVg©å~§Y H$s nS>Vmb, n[aàoú`, Ý`ynm, ZB© {Xëbr, df© 15 A§H$ 1 Aà¡b 2008, n¥. 18

10. ìhmoam AmemamZr, Zmar emofU, ZoeZb npãbqe§J hm°Cg, ZB© {Xëbr, 1996, n¥. 19

11. `mXd g§Vmof, 19dt d 20dt eVmãXr _| pñÌ`m| H$s pñW{V, {àÝQ>dob npãbeg©, O`nwa, 1987, n¥. 100-101

12. à{V`mo{JVm Xn©U, _B© 2001/1908

13. amO, ^ÝVr, gmo{e`b nm°{bgr EÊS> So>dbn_|Q> BZ amOñWmZ, {h_mÝew npãbHo$eÝg, CX`nwa, 1996, n¥. 74

14. e_m©, àkm, _{hbm {dH$mg Am¡a geŠVrH$aU, Am{dîH$ma npãbeg©, O`nwa, 2001, n¥. 152

14. dmH©$a, AZ}ñQ> (AZwdmXH$ Jwá,{dídàH$me ), yZmZr amOZr{V-{gÕmÝV, AZwdmX {ZXoemb`, {Xëbr {díd{dÚmb`, {Xëbr, 1967, n¥. 567

15. Jwám, {dídàH$me VWm Jwám, _mo{hZr, AmOmXr Ho$ nMmg gmb, amYm npãbHo$eÝg, ZB© {Xëbr, 1997, n¥. 25

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g§Ho$Vmja … gË`, Aqhgm, _mZdVmdmX, qhXr H${d, d¡œrH$aU

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gh AmMm`©, qhXr {d^mJdZñWbr {dÚmnrR>, Q>m|H$ (amOñWmZ)


ISSN 2348-3857


boI _| AmJo Jm±YrOr Zo gm§àXm{`H$ bS>mB© Ho$ {bE amOZoVmAm| H$mo hr {Oå_oXma _mZm h¡& CZH$m `h _mZZm h¡ {H$ ZoVm Z b‹S>Zm Mmho Vmo Am_ OZVm bS>mB© Zht H$aZm MmhVr& am_Ymar qgh {XZH$a Zo AmYw{ZH$ OrdZ _| JmÝYrOr H$s àmg§{JH$Vm na {dMma H$aVo hþE {bIm h¡-""{Og Jm§Yr Zo ^maVdf© H$mo ñdamÁ` {Xbm`m Wm, Cg Jm§Yr H$mo Vmo Bg Xoe Zo amï´>{nVm ~ZmH$a aI {b`m, {H$ÝVw Omo Jm±Yr Cggo ~‹S>m Jm§Yr Wm, Cgo h_Zo {Zdm©{gV H$a {X`m, Š`m|{H$ Cgo Ka _| ~Zmò aIZo na h_ PyR> Zht ~mob gH|$Jo, Oê$aV| Zht ~‹T>m gH|$Jo Am¡a gahX na bbH$maZo dmbo eÌwAm| H$mo XoI H$a h_ Aqhgm H$s XþhmB© Zht Xo gH|$Jo& Jm§Yr Zo H$hm Wm, gË` Ho$ {~Zm Aqhgm Mb Zht gH$Vr& h_Zo gË` H$mo Vmo N>mo‹S> {X`m, _Ja AnZr H$_Omoar {N>nmZo H$mo Aqhgm H$s MmXa Am¡a ^r Jm‹T>r ~wZH$a Amo‹T> br& Omo Jm±Yr h_mar Oê$aVm| H$m Jm±Yr Wm, Cgo h_Zo Zht N>mo‹S>m h¡, _Ja Omo Jm±Yr _mZdVm H$m Jm±Yr Wm, Cgo h_Zo AnZo Ka go {ZH$mb {X`m h¡& _Ja Jm§Yr H$mo {OÝXm aIZo H$s H$mo{ee AJa H$ht h¡, Vmo dh gm{hË` _| hr h¡& gm{hË` _| ^r {H$VZo bmoJ h¡§ Omo Jm§Yr H$mo {OÝXm aIZm MmhVo h¡§?''1 `h àíZ Ho$db gm{hË` _| hr Š`m| OrdZ Ho$ g^r joÌm| _| àËòH$ ì`{º$ Ho$ {bE `h àíZ h¡ {H$ Jm§YrOr H$mo {H$VZo bmoJm| Zo Jå^raVm go n‹T>m h¡ `m nT>Zm MmhVo h¡§, CZHo$ ~mao _| OmZZm MmhVo h¡§& gmoeb _r{S>`m Ho$ Xm¡a _| \o$H$ Ý`yµO hr O~ gmYmaU kmZ Ed§ gË` H$m n[a_mnH$ hmoZo bJm h¡ V~ gË` H$mo g§Kf© hr H$aZm n‹S>Vm h¡& Aqhgm X_ Vmo‹S>Vr hþB© àVrV hmoVr h¡ Š`m|{H$ {H$gr ^r Xoe Ho$ {MÌm| H$mo {XImH$a gm§àXm{`H$ X§Jm ^‹S>H$m`m Om ahm h¡ V~ ì`{º$ gË` go H$mogm| Xÿa ahH$a {H$gr EH$ JwQ> _| OmH$a em{_b hmo OmVm h¡& Eogo _| gm{hË` Ho$ _mÜ`_ go Jm§YrOr Ho$ {dMmam| H$mo AdJV H$a Aqhgm, _mZdVm Am{X H$s ^mdZm H$mo nwZñWm©{nV H$aZm gm{hË`H$mam|, ~w{ÕOr{d`m| Ed§ h_mam CÎmaXm{`Ëd h¡&

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Jm±YrOr Aqhgm Ho$ nwOmar Wo, AV: Jmoajm Ho$ {bE {H$gr B§gmZ Ho$ gmW qhgm H$a h_ CZHo$ {dMmam| H$m An_mZ hr H$aVo h¡§& ^maVr` B{Vhmg H$m CXhmaU XoVo hþE Jm±YrOr Zo Aqhgm Ho$ _hËd H$mo g_Pm`m h¡& CÝhm|Zo JmodY H$mo amoH$Zo Ho$ {bE {hÝXÿ Am¡a _wgb_mZ XmoZm| H$mo ZgrhV Xr h¡& g_mO _| Jm` Ho$ Zm_ na Omo {dÛof \¡$bm`m Om ahm h¡ CgH$m {damoY H$aVo hþE {bIm h¡ -""{hÝXÿ Am¡a _wgb_mZ _w±h go Vmo H$hVo h¡§ {H$ Y_© _| O~aXñVr H$mo H$moB© ñWmZ Zht h¡& bo{H$Z `{X {hÝXÿ Jm` H$mo ~MmZo Ho$ {bE _wgb_mZ H$s hË`m H$a|, Vmo `h O~aXñVr Ho$ {gdm Am¡a Š`m h¡ ? `h Vmo _wgb_mZ H$mo ~bmV {hÝXÿ ~ZmZo O¡gr hr ~mV h¡& Am¡a Bgr Vah _wgb_mZ Omoa-O~aXñVr go {hÝXþAm| H$mo _pñOXm| Ho$ gm_Zo


ISSN 2348-3857

~mOm ~OmZo go amoH$Zo H$s H$mo{ee H$aVo h¡§, Vmo `h ^r O~aXñVr Ho$ {gdm Am¡a Š`m h¡?''3

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ISSN 2348-3857


AmYw{ZH$ Zmar Ed§ X{bV {d_e© H$s H${dVm`| ^r Jm§YrOr Ho$ _mZdVmdmXr {dMmam| Ho$ g_W©H$ h¡§&

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gÝX^© gyMr1. {XZH$a, am_Ymar qgh, qhXr gm{hË` na Jm§YrOr H$m à^md,

{XZH$a amMZmdbr -6, bmoH$ ^maV àH$meZ, ZB© {Xëbr, 2011, n¥. 173

2. ZJoÝÐ, qhXr gm{hË` na Jm±Yr H$m à^md, S>m°. ZJ|Ð J«§Wmdbr, IÊS> -7, ZoeZb npãbqeJ hmCg, ZB© {Xëbr, 1997, n¥. 325

3. `§J BpÊS>`m, 24-12-31

4. {ÛdoXr, gmohZbmb {ÛdoXr, wJmdVma Jm±Yr, ^dmZràgmX {_l H$m "Jm§Yr n§MeVr', gabm àH$meZ, ZB© {Xëbr, 1969, n¥. 273

5. ZJoÝÐ, AmYw{ZH$ qhXr H${dVm H$s _w»` àd¥{Îm`m§, ZoeZb npãbqeJ hmCg, ZB© {Xëbr, 1966, n¥. 45

6. Jwá, {g`mam_ eaU, ~mny, gm{hË`-gXZ, {MaJm§d, Pm§gr, n¥. 20

7. nÝV, gw{_ÌmZ§XZ, nÝV J«§Wmdbr ^mJ-6, amOH$_b àH$meZ, ZB© {Xëbr, n¥. 533

8. nÝV, gw{_ÌmZ§XZ, bmoH$m`VZ, amOH$_b àH$meZ, ZB© {Xëbr, 1964, n¥. 143

9. ZmJmOw©Z, Vn©U, ZmJmOw©Z aMZmdbr, amOH$_b àH$meZ, ZB© {Xëbr, 2003, n¥. 93

AmO {H$emoam| Ed§ `wdmAm| _| gmoeb _r{S>`m Ho$ AmH$f©U, MH$mMm¡§Y Ho$ H$maU g_mO H$m àËòH$ ì`pŠV à^m{dV hþAm h¡& H$hVo h¡§ {H$ ha {gŠHo$ Ho$ Xmo nhby hmoVo h¡§- AÀN>m Am¡a ~wam& BgH$m à^md ^r gm_Zo Am`m h¡& EH$ Va\$ AÀN>mB© Ho$ ê$n _| XoI| Vmo H$_ g_` _| A{YH$ bmoJm| go gånH©$, nyar Xþ{Z`m EH$ g_mO H$m hmo OmZm, A{^ì`pŠV H$s AmOmXr, H$_ IM© _| àMma-àgma, {àÒZm| go grYm gånH©$, _Zmoa§OZ, kmZ H$m Z`m ^ÊS>ma, n¡go H$_mZo H$m O[a`m Am{X-Am{X Ho$ ê$n _|& dht BgHo$ AZoH$ Xmof ^r gm_Zo {XI aho h¡§& AmO Bgr {df` na _oar H$mo{ee ahoJr {H$ g_mO Ho$ ~w{ÕOrdr dJ©, {ejm dJ© Ed§ A{^^mdH$ dJ© H$mo Bg ÁdbÝV g_ñ`m na àH$me S>mb gHy§$ Vm{H$ AmJo Bg na emoY Ed§ gådY©Z H$a C‚db ^{dî` H$s Amoa bo Om`m Om gHo$& {nN>bo Hw$N> dfm] _| {dkmZ Ho$ {dH$mg go gyMZm àgmaU Ho$ joÌ _| Omo H«$m§{V Am`r h¡ Cggo ^maVr` n[adm[aH$, gm_m{OH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$, amOZr{VH$, e¡{jH$ joÌm| _| gmoeb _r{S>`m Zo H$m\$s Xþîà^m{dV {H$`m h¡& g_mO Ho$ g^r dJ© (A{^^mdH$ dJ©, {ejH$ dJ©, ZoVm dJ©, A{YH$mar dJ©)

emoY gmam§e

{nN>bo Hw$N> dfm] _| {dkmZ Ho$ {dH$mg go gyMZm àgmaU Ho$ joÌ _| Omo H«$m§{V Am`r h¡ Cggo maVr` n[adm[aH$, gm_m{OH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$, amOZr{VH$, e¡{jH$ joÌm| _| gmoeb _r{‹S>`m Zo H$m\$s Xþîà^m{dV {H$`m h¡& g_mO Ho$ g^r dJ© (A{^^mdH$ dJ©, {ejH$ dJ©, ZoVm dJ©, A{YH$mar dJ©) {MpÝVV h¡§ {H$ ^maV _| gmoeb _r{‹S>`m Ho$ joÌ _| \o$g~wH$, ìhmQ²>gEon, {Q²>dQ>a, `y-Q²>`y~ Ed§ JyJb à_wI ê$n go à^m{dV H$a aho h¡§& BgHo$ _mÜ`_ go ahZ-ghZ, mfm, {dMma, gm_m{OH$-gm§ñH¥${VH$ _yë` r à^m{dV hmo aho h¡§& AmO {H$emoamdñWm Ed§ `wdmdJ© Ho$ bmoJ Bg Vah AmXr hmo Jò h¡§ {H$ BgHo$ {~Zm EH$ {XZ Zht ah gH$Vo& `m `y§ H$hÿ§ Vmo BgHo$ {~Zm em`X OrdZ H$s H$ënZm H$aZm Zht MmhVo, AV: ""A{V gd©Ì dO©`Vo'' H$hmdV R>rH$ hr ~¡R>Vr h¡& AmO Bgr {df` na _oar H$mo{ee ahoJr {H$ g_mO Ho$ ~w{ÕOrdr dJ©, {ejm dJ© Ed§ A{^^mdH$ dJ© H$mo Bg ÁdbÝV g_ñ`m gm_m{OH$ _r{S>`m Ûmam à^m{dV hmoZo dmbo joÌ, gm_m{OH$ _r{S>`m Ûmam Z¡{VH$ _yë`m| na n‹S>Zo dmbo Xþîà^mdm| Ho$ Cnm` na àH$me S>mb gHy§$ Vm{H$ AmJo Bg na emoY Ed§ gådY©Z H$a C‚db ^{dî` H$s Amoa bo Om`m Om gHo$&

g§Ho$Vmja … gmoeb _r{S>`m, gm_m{OH$-gm§ñH¥${VH$ _yë`, Ad_yë`Z, ^y{_H$m

{MpÝVV h¡§ {H$ ^maV _| gmoeb _r{S>`m Ho$ joÌ _| \o$g~wH$, ìhmQ²>gEon, {Q²>dQ>a, `y-Q²>`y~ Ed§ JyJb à_wI ê$n go à^m{dV H$a aho h¡§& BgHo$ _mÜ`_ go ahZ-ghZ, ^mfm, {dMma, gm_m{OH$-gm§ñH¥${VH$ _yë` ^r à^m{dV hmo aho h¡§& AmO {H$emoamdñWm Ed§ `wdmdJ© Ho$ bmoJ Bg Vah AmXr hmo Jò h¡§ {H$ BgHo$ {~Zm EH$ {XZ Zht ah gH$Vo& m y§ H$hÿ§ Vmo BgHo$ {~Zm em`X OrdZ H$s H$ënZm H$aZm Zht MmhVo, {H$ÝVw ""A{V gd©Ì dO©`Vo'' H$hmdV R>rH$ hr ~¡R>Vr h¡& CXmhaU ñdê$n Mm` _| A{YH$ _rR>m S>mbZo go Mm` H$m ñdmX, Mm` H$_ ea~V hmo OmVm h¡& R>rH$ Cgr àH$ma g§Mma ì`dñWm Ho$ {dH$mg go BZ gmoeb _r{S>`m Ho$ AË`{YH$ VoOr Ed§ A§YmYw§Y Cn`moJ go ~wam à^md n‹S>m h¡&

gm_m{OH$ _r{S>`m Ûmam à^m{dV hmoZo dmbo joÌ

n[adm[aH$ joÌ

AmO n[adma Ho$ g^r gXñ` Bg VH$ZrH$s `wJ _| H$m\$s ì`ñV ahVo h¡§& {Oggo A~ do nm[adm[aH$ gXñ`m| Ho$ ~rM Omo ^mdmË_H$ Ed§ g§doJmË_H$ ê$n go Ow‹S>Zo H$m g_` Zht {_bVm h¡& A~ Vmo

gm_m{OH$ _r{S>`m : Z¡{VH$ _yë`m| H$m Ad_yë`ZO` àH$me qgh

emoYmWu, {ejm {d^mJ, O¡Z {díd^maVr g§ñWmZ, bmS>Zy§ (amOñWmZ)

S>m°. {dîUw Hw$_ma

{ejm {d^mJ, O¡Z {díd^maVr g§ñWmZ, bmS>Zy§ (amOñWmZ)


ISSN 2348-3857


VH$ZrH$s g§Mma H$m BVZm Cn`moJ hmo ahm h¡ {H$ EH$ Ka _| ah aho ~ƒo Am¡a _mVm-{nVm ^r AnZo ~ƒo go ìhmQ²>gEon Ûmam _¡goO ôOH$a ~mV| H$aVo h¡§& n[adma Ho$ gXñ` `{X EH$ gmW {_b ^r OmVo h¡§ Vmo Amng _| H$moB© Xÿgar MrO| eoà Vmo H$a boVo h¡§ na AnZm _mo~mBb EH$-Xÿgao gXñ`m| go eoà Zht H$aZm MmhVo& Š`m H$^r AmnZo gmoMm h¡ Eogm Š`m|? Bggo AHo$bmnZ, AÝV_w©Ir Ed§ ñdmWu àd¥{Îm CËnÝZ hmoZo bJVr h¡ O~{H$ VrZ XeH$ nhbo `{X _mohëbo _| {H$gr EH$ ì`pŠV Ho$ nmg \$moZ hmoVm Wm Vmo r _mohëbo Ho$ g^r ì`pŠV`m| H$m g§Xoe Cg ì`pŠV Ûmam gå~pÝYV ì`pŠV H$mo àmá hmo OmVm Wm& AWm©V² _mohëbo Ho$ g^r gXñ` Amng _| ^mdmË_H$ Ed§ g§doJmË_H$ ê$n go Ow‹S> OmVo Wo Am¡a Amngr g_agVm H$m {dH$mg hmoVm Wm& AmO n[adma _| gXñ`m| Ho$ ~rM Amngr g_agVm CËnÝZ Zht hmo ahr h¡& Bggo ~ƒm| Ho$ à{V gwajmË_H$ ^md Ed§ Z¡{VH$ Ad_yë`Z go A{^^mdH$ naoemZ h¡§&

^mfm {dkmZ Ho$ joÌ

AmO gmoeb _r{S>`m Ho$ ìhmQ²>gEon Ho$ _¡goO H$mo hr XoI br{OE& BgHo$ g¡§H$‹S>m| CXmhaU AmnHo$ gm_Zo h¡§& O¡go-{hÝXr _| Z_ñVo H$s OJh hmW Omo‹S>o {MÌ bJm XoVo h¡§& ßbrO H$s OJh Plz {bI XoVo h¡§, All is well {bIZm hmo Vmo A is Am¡a K§Q>r H$m {MÌ, A§J«oOr _| You are welcome H$s OJh U R K§Q>r H$m {MÌ Kom bJm XoVo h¡§& BgH$m AÝ` Xþîà^md `h hmo ahm h¡ {H$ {H$emoa Ed§ `wdmAm| _| ^mfm e¡br, nÌ-boIZ H$bm, AnZr ~mV ^mdm| H$mo aMZmË_H$ ê$n go àñVwV H$aZo H$bm {~ëHw$b {dbwá hmoZo H$s {Xem _| Om ahr h¡& {hÝXr H$s dV©Zr hmo `m A§J«oOr H$m dmŠ` XmoZm| hr Xþîà^m{dV hþE h¡§& Š`m H$^r AmnZo gmoMm h¡ {H$ `h H$m¡Z-gr ^mfm h¡? `h EH$ ZB© ^mfm Ed§ g§ñH¥${V H$mo OÝ_ {X`m h¡ {Og_| H$mo‹S> eãX + g§Ho$V `m Vñdra bJmH$a AnZr ~mV H$mo _¡goO _| ôOVo h¡§ Omo {H$ AmZo dmbr nr‹T>r Ho$ {bE KmVH$ {gÕ hmoJr& {H$emoa _| Z nyU©V: {hÝXr Am¡a Z hr nyU©V: A§J«oOr ^mfm na A{YH$ma hmo nmòJm, gmW hr gmW H$^r-H$^r Bg ^mfm Ûmam AW© H$m AZW© ^r gm_Zo XoIZo H$mo {_bVm h¡& {Oggo Amngr _Z-_wQ>md, a§{Oe, M[aÌhrZVm VH$ H$s ~mV hmo OmVr h¡&

gm_m{OH$ joÌ

Hw$N> {H$emoa `m `wdmAm| Ûmam AnZo _mohëbo _| {H$gr n‹S>mogr go {Oggo Wmo‹S>r ^r a§{Oe, VZmd `m PJ‹S>m hmoZo na CgH$s ~wamB© Ho$ {bE gmoeb _r{S>`m na CgH$s \$moQ>mo S>mbH$a Hw$N> AneãX {bIH$a _¡goO ôO XoVo h¡§& H$^r-H$^r \$moQ>moem°n Ho$ _mÜ`_ go CgHo$ \$moQ>mo Ho$ gmW Aíbrb \$moQ>mo Omo‹S>H$a àñVwV H$a XoVo h¡§ Omo

EH$ gmoeb H«$mB_ h¡& Bggo g_mO _| Z {g\©$ CgHo$ ~pëH$ nyao _mohëbo, g_mO Ed§ Xoe Ho$ {bE e_©gma hmo OmVm h¡& Cg ì`pŠV `m `wdVr Bg AmYw{ZH$Vm Ho$ àVrH$ ZdrZV_ Am{dîH$ma H«$mpÝV gmoeb _r{S>`m Ho$ Xþê$n`moJ Ho$ {eH$ma hmo OmVo h¡§ Bg Vah Ho$ \o$g~wH$ na A{YH$m§eV: \$moQ>mo XoIH$a EH$-Xÿgao H$mo XmoñV ~ZmVo h¡§& Bggo Hw$N> bmoJ Amng _| EH$-Xÿgao H$mo ngÝX H$aZo bJVo h¡§& ò Yrao-Yrao BÝQ>aZoQ> M¡qQ>J Ho$ Ûmam ào_ àg§J H$m ê$n bo boVm h¡& O~ H$^r {dnarV qbJ, _{hbm nwéf H$m Am_Zm-gm_Zm hmoVm h¡ Vmo n¡a Vbo O_rZ {ZH$b OmVr h¡& dmñV{dH$ ê$n Am¡a \o$g~wH$ na H$s \$moQ>mo go H$m\$s AÝVa hmoVm h¡& CgHo$ gnZo Qy>Q> OmVo h¡§& EH$-Xÿgao H$mo AneãX, Jmbr-Jbm¡O hm§ VH$ qhgmË_H$ ì`dhma H$m ^r àXe©Z hmo OmVm h¡&

amOZr{VH$ joÌ

AmYw{ZH$ g_` _| amOZr{VH$ joÌ _| Xþîà^md H$m\$s A{YH$ h¡& AmOH$b Xoe Ho$ g^r amOZoVm bmoJm| H$mo hr XoI br{OE, Mmho H$moB© "gÎmm nj' hmo `m "{dnj' Ho$ ZoVm {H$gr àH$aU _| EH$ amOZr{VH$ {dMmaYmam na {H$gr ZoVm Ho$ Ûmam {H$gr H$m`© H$m g_W©Z H$aVo hþE Q‰>rQ>a na H$moB© _¡goO {Q‰>Q> H$a XoVo h¡§ Vmo ~g Š`m h¡& AmJo g_W©H$m| Am¡a {damo{Y`m| Ho$ H$m`©joÌ A~ Hw$ê$joÌ H$s aU^y{_ H$s Vah Q‰>rQ>a na g§Xoem| H$m Vm§Vm bJ OmVm h¡ Bg_| Omo ^mfm H$m à`moJ A^ÐVm, bm§N>Z, VrIm àhma hmoVm h¡& `hm± VH$ {H$ AmOVH$ BgHo$ _mÜ`_ go {H$gr ^r ì`pŠV H$mo Q>maJoQ> {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡&

Ym{_©H$ joÌ

Ym{_©H$ joÌ _| Am¡a ^r ~wam hmb h¡& Amn {H$gr ^r Y_© Ho$ AmamÜ` Xodr-XodVm H$s \$moQ>mo bJmH$a CZHo$ AÀN>o {dMmam| H$s Xmo-VrZ n§pŠV`m§ {bIH$a Cgo bmBH$ H$a gmoeb _r{S>`m Ho$ {H$gr ^r ßboQ>\$m_© na (\o$g~wH$, ìhmQ²>gEon, `y-Q²>`y~, Q‰>rQ>a) S>mb XoVo h¡§ gmW _| Amn ò {bIZm Z ^yb| {H$ AmnH$s ha B©ÀN>m nyar hmoJr `{X Amn Bgo 11 `m 21 bmoJm| H$mo _¡goO ôO X|Jo& AmYw{ZH$Vm Ho$ Bg `wJ _| Ohm§ ~w{ÕOrdr bmoJ A_o[aH$m, OmnmZ, MrZ Am{X {dH${gV Xoem| _| "7 Or' ZoQ>dH©$ bm§M hmo ahm h¡§ dhm§ ^maV _| {H$emoa Ed§ `wdmAm| Ûmam 4 Or ZoQ>dH©$ _| Ho$db _¡goO S>mbH$a AnZr Jar~r, ^wI_ar Ed§ ^«ï>mMma Xÿa H$aZo Ho$ {bE _¡goO-_¡goO Iob aho h¡§& Š`m H$^r AmnZo gmoMm h¡? `h H¡$gr {dS>å~Zm h¡ Omo ^maV _| \$b\y$b ahr h¡& Q>r.dr. na Ym{_©H$ Jwé H$mo XoI bod|, {H$gr ì`pŠV H$s g_ñ`m H$m {ZXmZ do g_mogo `m agJwëbm pIbmH$a Xo aho h¡§ Am{X& BVZm hr Zht EH$ Y_© Ho$


ISSN 2348-3857

Y_©JwéAm| Ûmam Xÿgao Y_© Ho$ à{V hrZ ^mdZm ì`ŠV {H$ò OmZo go AÝ` Y_© Ho$ bmoJ R>og nhþ§MVo hr EH$-Xÿgao Ho$ à{V hrZVm, ÛÝÛ, Ûof, H$^r-H$^r Vmo X§Jo H$m ê$n ^r bo boVo h¡§&

_Zmod¡km{ZH$ joÌ

dV©_mZ _| {H$emoa Ed§ `wdmAm| gmoeb _r{S>`m go BVZo Ow‹S>o h¡§ {H$ A~ BZH$mo Zem `m bV Ho$ ê$n bo {b`m h¡& Bg_| AnZm K§Q>m| g_` ì`VrV H$aZo bJo h¡§ {OgHo$ H$maU AnZo n[adma Ho$ gXñ`m| Ho$ gmW {OVZm g_` {X`m OmZm Mm{hE `m `y§ H$h| {H$ Ü`mZ XoZm Mm{hE Zht Xo nmVo h¡§& Bggo g§doJmË_H$, gm_m{OH$, ^mdmË_H$ ê$n go Amngr Ow‹S>md `m bJmd {XZm|-{XZ H$_ hmoVo Om ahm h¡& Bg àH$ma Ohm§ _Zmod¡km{ZH$ ê$n go Amngr ào_, ^mB©-Mmam, g{hîUwVm ~‹T>Zo H$s ~Om` Z¡{VH$ _yë`m| _| {JamdQ> {XImB© Xo ahr h¡&

emar[aH$ {dH$mg joÌ

dV©_mZ g_` _| XoIZo _| Am ahm h¡ {H$ {H$emoa Ed§ `wdmAm| _| "AmCQ>S>moa EpŠQ>{dQ>r' ~ÝX gr hmoVr {XIm`r Xo ahr h¡& EH$ hr OJh na ~¡R>o, boQ>H$a Ed§ Hw$N> O§H$ \y$S> ImVo ahZo go CZ_| Vah-Vah H$s ~r_m[a`m§ CËnÝZ hmo ahr h¡§& O¡go-_moQ>mnm, Cƒ aŠVMmn Am{X& Bggo ì`pŠV Ho$ emar[aH$ {dH$mg Ed§ ì`dhma _| n[adV©Z {XIVm h¡& CZ_| {M‹S>{M‹S>mnZ, AmH«$moe, Y¡`© H$s H$_r Am{X& Bg Vah Ho$ Z¡{VH$ _yë`m| H$m h«mg hmoVo hþE {XI ahm h¡&

{ejm joÌ

Omo {H$emoa Ed§ `wdm {ejm joÌ Ho$ Bg gmoeb _r{S>`m go Ow‹S>o h¡§ do g^r {H$gr {df`dñVw erf©H$ na ZdrZV_ kmZ g_` go nyd© àmá H$a boVo h¡§& `hm§ VH$ {H$ CÝh| Omo CZH$s C_« Ho$ n‹S>md na Zht OmZZm Wm dh ^r OmZ boVo h¡§& AWm©V² g_` go nyd© hr g~Hw$N> OmZ boVo h¡§ Bggo do AnZr H$jm _| {ejH$ Ûmam nmR²>`H«$_ H$s n‹T>mB© _| CXmgrZ hmoVo h¡§ Š`m|{H$ do nhbo go hr do ~mV| OmZ MwHo$ hmoVo h¡§& H$jm _| ~mVMrV H$aZm, AZwemgZhrZVm, J§Xr haH$Vm| H$m ì`dhma H$aZm àm`: XoIZo _| AmVm h¡& ò AmO {ejH$ Ho$ gm_Zo MwZm¡Vr Ho$ ê$n _| hmo ahr h¡& H$^r-H$^r Vmo N>mÌ H$jm _| nrN>o _mo~mBb boH$a gmoeb _r{S>`m go Ow‹S>o ahVo h¡§& {ejH$ Ûmam nyN>o OmZo na do PyR> ~mob XoVo h¡§ {H$ AmnH$m ì`m»`mZ [aH$m°S©> H$a ahm hÿ§& Bg Vah Ho$ Z¡{VH$ _yë`m| H$m h«mg hmo ahm h¡&

IobHy$X H$m joÌ

AmOH$b {deof ê$n go {H$emoamdñWm Ho$ N>mÌ Eogo gmoeb _r{S>`m na dr{S>`mo Jo_ CnbãY h¡ {OZHo$ à`moJ go do AmË_hË`m H$s KmVH$ KQ>Zm VH$ nhþ§M aho h¡§& `wdmAm| _| {d{^ÝZ Vah Ho$ Iobm|

({H«$Ho$Q>, \w$Q>~mb, hm°H$s Am{X) _| ^r gÅ>o~mOr, OwAm Am{X AZ¡{VH$Vm H$s àd¥{Îm H$mo ~‹T>mdm XoIZo _| Am ahm h¡&

H$m`©joÌ

H$m`©joÌ _| gmoeb _r{S>`m H$m Cn`moJ dV©_mZ _| H$m`©aV ì`pŠV`m|

Ûmam A{YH$m§eV: {H$`m Om ahm h¡ {Oggo CZH$s H$m`©j_Vm _|

{dnarV à^md n‹S> ahm h¡& H$m`©j_Vm H$m ânya Cn`moJ Zht hmo

nm ahm h¡ {Oggo CËnmXH$Vm Ed§ JwUdÎmm _| h«mg nm`m Om ahm

h¡& O¡go- narjm ^dZ _| {ejH$ dJ© Ûmam _mo~mBb na gmoeb

_r{S>`m go Ow‹S>o ahZm, g§gX gÌ _| ZoVmAm| Ûmam AnZo _mo~mBb

na AZ¡{VH$ dr{S>`mo H$mo XoIm OmZm Am{X&

CnamoŠV {ddoMZmAm| go ñnï> h¡ {H$ gmoeb _r{S>`m go AmO H$m\$s

hX VH$ Z¡{VH$ _yë`m| Ho$ hZZ H$mo ~‹T>mdm {_b ahm h¡&

gm_m{OH$ _r{S>`m Ûmam Z¡{VH$ _yë`m| na n‹S>Zo dmbo Xþîà^mdm| Ho$

Cnm`

Xþ{Z`m Ho$ ~w{ÕOrdr bmoJ Eogo VarHo$ Ty>§T>Zo H$s H$mo{ee _| h¡§ Omo

AmYw{ZH$Vm H$mo Im[aO Zht H$aVo _Ja CZH$s g_ñ`mAm| H$mo Xÿa

H$aZo H$m à`mg Oê$a H$aVo h¡§& {H$gr ^r g_mO Ho$ amOZ¡{VH$,

gm§ñH¥${VH$ Ed§ gm_m{OH$ {dH$mg Ho$ {bE {ejm EH$ AmYma^yV

Ed§ g~b gmYZ h¡ {OgHo$ _mÜ`_ go EH$ nr‹T>r go Xÿgar nr‹T>r

VH$ kmZ Ed§ AZw^d H$mo ê$nmÝV[aV {H$`m OmVm h¡& ^maV Ho$ nyd©

amï´>n{V S>m°. E.nr.Oo. AãXþb H$bm_ Or H$m H$hZm R>rH$ hr Wm

{H$ ""{ejm H$m CÔoí` M[aÌ Am¡a _mZd _yë`m| H$m {dH$mg H$aZm,

VH$ZrH$s Ho$ Ûmam grIZo H$s gm_Ï`© ~‹T>mZm Am¡a ~ƒm| _| ^{dî`

H$m gm_Zm H$aZo H$m AmË_{dídmg H$m {Z_m©U H$aZm h¡& '' {ejm

Ho$ joÌ _| g~go {XbMñn à`moJ VH$ZrH$s gmYZm| Ho$ {dH$mg Ed§

CgHo$ Cn`moJ go n¡Xm hmoZo dmbr g_ñ`mAm| H$s ahr h¡& {ejm{dXm|

Ho$ _wVm{~H$ aMZmË_H$ gdmb `h h_oem go ~Zr ahr h¡ {H$ Eogr

nmR²>`MMm© Am¡a H$jmE§ H¡$gr aMr OmE§ Omo ~ƒm| H$mo H$mën{ZH$

Xþ{Z`m Ed§ à{VñnYm© _erZ H$s ~Om` nañna gh`moJ Ho$ _mÜ`_

go AmJo ~‹T>Zo H$mo àmoËgm{hV H$ao&

1. Ka H$m nm[adm[aH$ _mhm¡b- H$hVo h¡§ {H$ àW_ nmR>embm Vmo

~ƒo H$m Ka hmoVm h¡ Am¡a àW_ {e{jH$m _m±& ~ƒm| _| Bgr _mhm¡b

go gm_m{OH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$ Ed§ Z¡{VH$ _yë`m| H$s Ztd n‹S>Vr h¡&

~ƒo AnZo ~‹S>m| Ho$ AmMaU go hr grIVo h¡§& Bg{bE Oê$ar h¡

{H$ n[adma Ho$ AÝ` ~‹S>o gXñ` gmoeb _r{S>`m H$s bV go Xÿa ah|&

ISSN 2348-3857


2. A{^^mdH$- A{^^mdH$ AnZr AZ_mob gån{Îm g§VmZ go Á`mXm ^m¡{VH$ gån{Îm H$m Ü`mZ aIVo h¡§& do Oê$aV H$s MrOm| H$s CnbãYVm H$amH$a, ñHy$b ôOH$a AnZm H$Îm©ì` nyam g_PVo h¡§ Omo R>rH$ Zht h¡& A{^^mdH$ H$mo Mm{hE {H$ ~ƒm| Ho$ {bE g_` {ZH$mbo, CgH$s j_Vm, é{M, A{^é{M H$s nhMmZ H$a|, A{^^mdH$ H$mo g~go Á`mXm OmJê$H$ ~Zm`m OmZm Mm{hE Vm{H$ do g_P nm`| {H$ AnZo ~ƒm| Ho$ {bE Š`m ghr h¡ Am¡a Š`m JbV h¡? {H$emoa ~ƒm| _| _ëQ>r_r{S>`m \$moZ go Xÿa aI| Bggo Vm{H©$H$ gmoM Ed§ n[al_ H$s j_Vm na ~wam à^md n‹S>Vm h¡&

3. {ejm- {ejm Ho$ _mÜ`_ go `h g_Pm`m Omò {H$ AmnHo$ {bE _ëQ>r_r{S>`m \$moZ h¡ Z {H$ Amn BgHo$ {bE& ñHy$b Ed§ _hm{dÚmb`m| _| Bggo gå~pÝYV {Z`_, bm^-hm{Z Ed§ BgHo$ AÀN>o Cn`moJ H¡$go hmo gHo$, nmR²>`H«$_ _| EH$ nmR> Ho$ ê$n _| Oê$a {Xò Om`|, Vm{H$ ~ƒo OmJê$H$ hmo gH|$& A{^^mdH$m| Ho$ {bE AZm¡nMm[aH$ {ejm Ho$ ê$n _| {d{^ÝZ ñWmZm| na ZmQ>H$, ZwŠH$‹S>, S>mŠ`y_oÝQ´>r {\$ë_ {XImH$a OmJê$H$ {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡& {ejm Ûmam g^r dJ© Ho$ bmoJm| _| BgHo$ à{V C{MV Cn`moJ H$s ~m¡{ÕH$ `mo½`Vm H$mo ~‹T>mdm {X`m Om gHo$Jm&

4. amOZr{VH$ BÀN>mepŠV- Á`mXmVa Cn^moŠVm Xg go ~mB©g df© Ho$ bmoJ hmoVo h¡§& BZ Zò dmoQ>am| H$mo amOZr{Vk bmoJ ZmamO Zht H$aZm MmhVo& g^r Xbm| Ho$ ZoVmAm| H$mo dmoQ> H$s amOZr{V go D$na CR>H$a H$‹S>o {Z`_m| Ho$ {Z_m©U Ed§ {H«$`mÝd`Z na gh_V hmoH$a EH$ nm°{bgr ~ZmZr hmoJr& _r{S>`m ñdV§Ì aho na _r{S>`m _| amOZr{V H$m hñVjon hmoZm h_oem ~wam Zht hmoVm h¡& CZ _r{S>`m H$mo Omo ^«ï>mMma, gåàXm` Ed§ Ho$db gÎmm nj Ho$ {hV _| bJo hm|, nhMmZ H$a bp‚mV {H$`m OmZm Mm{hE& amOZr{VH$ MoVZm {OVZr A{YH$ hmoJr Am¡a CgH$m {dñVma {OVZm A{YH$ hmoJm, bmoH$V§Ì Am¡a g_mO XmoZm| Ho$ {bE {hVH$mar hmoJm&

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6. AÝ` àmdYmZ- \$Ou AmB©.S>r. Ho$ {dê$Õ H$m`©dmhr, BgH$s nhMmZ H$a H$‹S>r gOm Ed§ H$mZyZr àmdYmZ {H$ò Om`|& ^{dî`

_| Eogm Z hmo BgHo$ {bE H$moB© nhMmZ nÌ O¡go AmYma H$mS©> go Omo‹S>m Om`&

gmoeb _r{S>`m na dmàb hmo aho AZ¡{VH$ Ed§ Agm_m{OH$ gyMZmAm| H$s Om§M Ed§ ñdm`Îm g§ñWm Ûmam H$s OmZr Mm{hE& Cgo \¡$bmò OmZo dmbo bmoJm| na H$‹S>r gOm H$m àmdYmZ hmo&

g_mMma nÌm|, Q>r.dr. Ed§ AÝ` gyMZm g§Mma Ûmam "dmàb gM Ed§ PyR>' H$m Iwbmgm {X`m OmZm Mm{hE {Oggo OZVm _| BgHo$ à{V ghr-JbV H$s g_P Am gHo$&

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A§V _| gmam§e Ho$ ê$n _| `h H$hZm MmhVm hÿ§ {H$ AmYw{ZH$Vm Ho$ bm^m| H$mo g§^mbo {~Zm CgH$mo nyam H$m nyam Im[aO H$a XoZm ñd`§ H$mo nwZ: A§YH$ma `wJ _| T>Ho$b XoZo H$m H¥$Ë` hmoJm& g§^dV: `h ~ohVa hmoJm {H$ ~hþV gmao g§d¡Ym{ZH$ gwYma Ed§ AmYw{ZH$ `wJ na Ho$pÝÐV {H$ò Om`|, BgHo$ {bE h_| Eogr {ejm ì`dñWm H$s aMZm H$aZr hmoJr Omo h_mar _mZdr`Vm H$mo ~‹T>mdm Xo `m Eogr {ejm ì`dñWm {Og_| ì`pŠV`m| Ho$ _Ü` Amngr g_agVm H$mo ~‹T>mdm Xo gH|$& Xÿgao eãXm| _| h_ H$h gH$Vo h¡§ {H$ VH$ZrH$s {dH$mg Ho$ gmW-gmW gm_m{OH$ {dH$mg _yë`naH$ ê$n go g§VwbZ ~Zm aho&

gÝX^© J«ÝW gyMr

1. Jwám, Amem, ~ƒo h_mao AmMaU go grIVo h¡§ CnXoe go Zht, d¡Mm[aH$s, Zdå~a-{Xgå~a 2015, ^mJ-31, A§H$-6, AmB©EgEgEZ Z§. 0975-6531, n¥. 73-74

2. ê$hobm, Eg.nr., {dH$mgmoÝ_wI ^maVr` g_mO _| {ejH$ Am¡a {ejm, {dZmoX nwñVH$ _pÝXa, AmJam-2, n¥. 592

3. ghm`, _Zmoa§OZ, ^maVr` nm[adm[aH$ gm_m{OH$-gm§ñH¥${VH$ j` H$m H$maU gmoeb _r{S>`m, d¡Mm[aH$s, {gVå~a-AŠQy>~a 2017, ^mJ-33, A§H$-5, AmB©EgEgEZ Z§. 0975-6531, n¥. 75-78

4. e_m©, gwaoe Ed§ e_m©, Cfm, bmoH$V§Ì _| _yë` Ed§ em§{V {ejm, {g{¾\$mà Am°a MoÝÝO (~Xbmd H$m g§Ho$V), gm{hË` g§ñH¥${V Am¡a emoY H$s n{ÌH$m, A§H$-3, OyZ-{Xgå~a, 2016, {deofm§H$ : bmoH$V§Ì _| _yë`, em§{V Am¡a {ejm, n¥. 161-164

CÎma AmYw{ZH$ H$bm AnZo Amn _| {dMmamË_H$ h¡& Bgo _mgH$ëMa H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡& BgH$m ñd^md à{V{Z{YËd _ybH$ h¡& Bg{bò `h {dMmaYmamË_H$ h¡& BgH$m {dMmaYmamË_H$ H$m`© Omo {Z_m©U H$mo V` H$aZo _| ghm`Vm àXmZ H$aVm h¡& ñÌr {d_e©, X{bV {d_e© Am{X {dHo$pÝÐV `WmWm] H$m à{V{Z{YËd CÎma AmYw{ZH$Vm H$aVr h¡, naÝVw à{V{Z{YËd go VmËn`© VËd Ho$ AW© Ho$ {Z_m©U H$mo {ZpíMV H$aZo Ho$ h{W`ma go h¡ Z {H$ ñd`§ Ûmam ñdrH¥${V Am¡a {H$gr "gÎmm' H$mo d¡YVm àXmZ H$aZo dmbo VËd _|& ghr AWm] _| dM©ñdembr g§ñH¥${V Ho$ ZrMo X~o Hw$Mbo Jò hm{eò H$mo Vbme Zht CÎma AmYw{ZH$Vm h¡& CÎma AmYw{ZH$Vm Zò-Zò àíZm| H$mo OÝ_ XoVr h¡¡, {Oggo {d_e© OÝ_ boVo h¢& {OZHo$ AmJo ~Zo ~Zmò CÎma ZµOa Zht AmVo& CÝho§ ñd{ddoH$ go VbmeZm n‹S>Vm h¡& Ohm± EH$ Amoa CÎma AmYw{ZH$Vm g^r {df`m| Ho$ à{V g§XohnyU© X¥{ï>

emoY gmam§e

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g§Ho$Vmja … CÎma AmYw{ZH$VmdmX, gm_m{OH$ g¡ÕmpÝVH$s, H$åß`yQ>a g§ñH¥${V

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CÎma AmYw{ZH$Vm Zo AmVo hr g~go nhbo _¥Ë`w H$s KmofUm H$a S>mbr& BgZo gd©àW_ B©ída H$s _¥Ë`w H$s KmofUm H$s& Ohm± na

CÎma AmYw{ZH$VmdmXr H$hmZr H$m d¡Mm[aH$ ñdê$n gr_m g¡Zr

emoYmWu, {hÝXr {d^mJamOñWmZ {díd{dÚmb`, O`nwa (amOñWmZ)


ISSN 2348-3857


B©ída H$mo g¥{ï> H$m OZH$ _mZm J`m h¡& Cgo hr CÎma AmYw{ZH$Vm Zo ZH$ma {X`m, Š`m|{H$ `h AnZo {Z`_m| Ho$ AZwgma gm{hË` H$s aMZm H$aVr h¡& CÎma AmYw{ZH$Vm Xmohao AñÌ Ho$ ê$n _| H$m`© H$aVr h¡& `h EH$ Eogr OH$‹S>~§Xr h¡, Omo H$‹S>r Z hmoH$a AÝXa-~mha, AmJo-nrN>o go ^r CÎma AmYw{ZH$Vm Ûmam Vmo‹S>r Om gH$Vr h¡& XoIm Omò Vmo {H$gr ^r gm{hË` B{Vhmg H$s nwZa©MZm EH$ àH$ma go noam¡‹S>r hr hmoVr h¡& Bg{bò A{YH$m§e gm{hË` noam¡‹S>r hr hmoVm h¡, Omo {H$gr M¡Z H$s ^m§{V Zht hmoVm, Bgo H$ht go ^r Vmo‹S>m Om gH$Vm h¡ Am¡a H$ht go ^r Omo‹S> H$a pñWa ^r {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡¡& "BH$mo Ho$ AZwgma - XaAgb ì`§½` hr dh pñW{V h¡, {Og_| AmO h_ CZ ~mVmo§, {d_em] H$s Anojm Zht H$a gH$Vo h¡§, Omo nhbo hþE h¢, CÝho| g§X^© ~ZmZo H$s _O~yar H$mo ì`§½` H$m O[a`m hr H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡& "nyd© H${WV' H$mo {\$a go {dMmaUr` ~Zm`m OmZm Mm{hò& `h ì`§½`mË_H$ T>§J go hr hmo gH$Vm h¡& `h AVrV amJ Zht h¡&1

g§e`dmX `m {ZfoYdmX CÎma AmYw{ZH$Vm H$m _w»` VËd h¡& CÎma AmYw{ZH$Vm H$m H$moB© _yë` Zht, AmXe© Zht Am¡a Z hr H$moB© gË` h¡, {OgHo$ AmYma na OrdZ H$s g_ñ`mAm| H$mo gwbPm`m Om gH|$& dV©_mZ g_` _| gånyU© {díd A{dídmg _| Or ahm h¡& {nN>bo XeH$ _| `h ñnï> hmo J`m Wm {H$ CÎma AmYw{ZH$ g_mO _hËdmH$m§jr hþAm h¡¡& g~ Hw$N> n[ad{V©V-gm hmo ahm h¡& Bgr Xm¡a Ho$ M{M©V H$hmZrH$ma CX` àH$me H$s Hw$N> H$hm{Z`m± "{V[aN>', "am_ g§OrdZ H$s ào_ H$Wm', "nmb Jmo_am H$m ñHy$Q>a', "dmaoZ hopñQ>§½g H$m gm§S>' "Am¡a A§V _| àmW©Zm', "_mohZXmg', "nrbr N>Var dmbr b‹S>H$s', "CÎma AmYw{ZH$ Ymam H$s X¥{ï> go _hËdnyU© _mZr OmVr h¡&

CÎma AmYw{ZH$VmdmX Zo {Og àH$ma go {hÝXr gm{hË` H$mo `yamon _| Ho$pÝÐV {H$`m, Cggo `h ñnï> hmo OmVm h¡ {H$ gm{hË` H$s H$moB© EH$ ñWmZr` g¡Õm§{VH$s ^r hmo gH$Vr h¡& gm_«mÁ` Ho$ 300 gmb _| CÎmamYw{ZH$ {dHo$ÝÐrH$aU Zo nhbr ~ma _V ñnï> {H$`m {H$ EH$_mÌ g¡Õm§{VH$s Agä` h¡& CÎma AmYw{ZH$ {gÕm§V H$m `h _mZZm h¡ {H$ {Og Vah go n`m©daU Ho$ {bò EH$ O¡go ahZ-ghZ IVaZmH$ h¡, R>rH$ Cgr àH$ma go EH$_mÌ g¡Õm§{VH$s kmZ Ho$ {bò&

CÎma AmYw{ZH$Vm AVrV H$mo n[aîH¥$V H$a dV©_mZ go Q>H$amVr h¡& `h AVrV Ho$ nrN>o ^mJZo H$s Anojm CgHo$ ~mao _| Xmo~mam gmoMZo H$s àoaUm XoVr h¡& AVrV d dV©_mZ XmoZm| EH$-Xÿgao H$mo nañna aIVo h¡, `ht ì`§½`mË_H$Vm h¡& AmO h_ d¡km{ZH$ `wJ _| Or aho h¡& `k H$s doXr na ~¡R>H$a ^JdmZ H$mo nwH$maZo dmbo ~odHy$\$ Zht ah Jò, ~pëH$ "½bmo~b _¡Z' ~ZZo Ho$ à{V X¥‹T> g§H$ën hmo aho h¡¡& Cg "AmÜ`m{_H$Vm H$s naV§ÌVm go _wŠV hmoH$a h_ CÎma

AmYw{ZH$Vm H$s d¡Mm[aH$Vm ({deofVmAm|) H$mo g_PZo _| bJo hþò h¡&

CÎma AmYw{ZH$Vm `wJ _| Ohm± Ë`mJ H$m ñWmZ d¡_Zñ`Vm, {dÛof ñdmW©naH$ amOZr{V Zo {b`m h¡, dht Xÿgar Amoa gm_m{OH$ {dH$mg d J{VerbVm Ho$ Zm_ na IpÊS>V hmoVr gm_m{OH$ g§ñWmE± h¡& Qy>Q>Vo {ddmh {N>ÝZ-{^ÝZ hmoVo n[adma {OZH$m ñWmZ dV©_mZ _| {bd BZ [aboeZ, hmoå`mo-g¡ŠgwE{bQ>r g_b¡§{JH$Vm Zo bo {b`m h¡, {OZH$mo hmb hr _| H$mZyZr _mÝ`Vm Xo Xr JB© h¡, Omo g_mO H$mo EH$ AbJ hr {Xem H$s Amoa bo Om ahr h¡& ha Va\$ ^yI hr ^yI h¡& emar[aH$ {nnmgm H$mo em§V H$aZo Ho$ {bò CÝht ~ƒm| H$s hË`m H$s Om ahr h¡, `h ^r CÎma AmYw{ZH$Vm H$m hr n[aUm_ h¡ {H$ ^maV _| ^r H$moI (goamoJoQ> _Xa) H$m gm¡Xm {H$`m Om ahm h¡& AmO Zmar Apñ_Vm Xoh Y_© H$mo àJ{VnW _mZ AmJo ~‹T> ahr h¡& (amOZr{V _| _Yw{_Vm, e{e d_m©) [a`{bQ>r em° Ho$ Zm_ na Iwbo Am_ Z¾Vm namogr Om ahr h¡& ({~J ~m°g-4, ~rZm _{bH$, S>mobr {~ÝÐm) Ho$ Ûmam {H$ò H¥$Ë` {ddmh g§ñWm H$m n[ahmg (gmam-Abr H$m {ddmh {~J ~m°g-42) H$mZyZ d g_mO H$mo YVm ~VmVm "amIr H$m B§gm\$'3, `hr h¡ CÎma AmYw{ZH$ VËH$mbrZ A{V ^m¡{VH$VmdmXr Xþ:g§ñH¥${V&

CÎma AmYw{ZH$Vm H$s d¡Mm[aH$Vm {OZ _yb VËdm| na AmYm[aV h¡, CZ_| go àW_ h¡ - ~hþbVmdmX- EH$ g_mO- ì`dñWm AWdm Xe©Z Ho$ ^rVa {^ÝZ-{^ÝZ bmoJmo|, _Vm| {gÕm§Vm| H$s AZoH$Vm _| EH$Vm AWm©V² {d{dYVm H$s _m¡OyXJr hr ~hþbVmdmX h¡& dht na ~hþbVmdmX Bg {^ÝZVm H$mo AÀN>m _mZVm h¡¡& CÎma AmYw{ZH$Vm H$s _V h¡ {H$ {H$gr g_mO-ì`dñWm, {d{^ÝZ _Vm|-{gÕm§Vm| Ûmam g_mO H$mo EH$ gmW g§J{R>V ~Zmò aIZo Ho$ {bò ~hþbVmdmX h¡& ^maVr` g_mO h_oem go hr ~hþbVmdmX H$m g_W©H$ ahm h¡& h_mam ~hþwXoddmX EH$ ì`mnH$ IwbmnZ {bò h¡, Cg_| EH$ EHo$ídadmXr H$Å>aVmdmX H$^r Zht ahr& e¡dm|-emŠVm|-d¡îUdm|-~m¡Õm|-O¡Zm| H$s {dMmaYmamE± AŠga hr gmW-gmW Q>H$amH$a àdm{hV hmoVr ahr h¡& `h àdmh _mZd H$s CÝ_wŠVm H$mo ~‹T>mdm Xo ahm h¡&

~hþbVmdmX Bgr AW© _| ~hþg§ñH¥${VdmX H$m n`m©` h¡, AZoH$ Xoer-{dXoer Om{V`m± hm± AmH$a ~gr Am¡a EH$gyÌ _| ~±YVr ahr& O¡go Vah-Vah Ho$ {d{dY a§Jm| H$m AnZm gm¡§X`© hmoVm h¡ - d¡gm hr {d{dYVm âm gm¡ÝX`© ^maVr` g§ñH¥${V H$m h¡, {Og_| g^r bmoJmo§, g^r Om{V`m|, Y_m], {dMmamYmamAm| H$m AmXa h¡ Am¡a `h gË` h_mam H$mì` Üd{ZV H$aVm h¡&4 dV©_mZ amOZr{V Zo bmoH$V§Ì H$s ~hþbVmdmX àUmbr na gdm{b`m± {ZemZ I‹S>o H$a {Xò h¡& g~ Am¡a bmoH$V§Ì H$s {dZme brbm h¡& gÎmm Zo gX¡d hr amOZr{V Ho$


ISSN 2348-3857

nrN>o gm{hË` Ho$ OZV§Ì H$m {eH$ma {H$`m h¡¡& ^Ð-dJ© Ho$ Wmo‹S>o go bmoJ bmoH$-H$bm, bmoH$-gm{hË` Am¡a bmoH$-g§ñH¥${V H$s ajm go Xÿa h¡& `h ^Ð dJ© bmoH$-g§ñH¥${V go H$^r-H$^ma PyR>r qMVm {XImVm h¡, na AnZmVm Zht& CXmhaUñdê$n H$merZmW qgh H$s H$hmZr _mZZr` hmo_ {_{ZñQ>a Ho$ Zm_ go Bg àH$ma H$s ì`dñWm H$m {MÌU XoIm Om gH$Vm h¡& Bg H$hmZr _| EH$ {_{ZñQ>a Ho$ M_Mo H$s haH$Vmo§ H$m {MÌU {H$`m J`m h¡, Omo H$mñVH$mamo§, boInmbm|, H$mZyZJmo Am¡a {_{ZñQ>a Ho$ ~rM Xbmbr H$aVm h¡¡& H$hmZr _| ì`dñWm _| \¡$bo ^«ï>mMma H$m ^r {MÌU {H$`m J`m h¡& `ht Bg g_` H$m gM h¡& 5 Bg{bò {dMma H$m EH$ Oê$ar _wÔm h¡ - ~hþbVmdmX& AmO gm{hË` Am¡a amOZr{V XmoZm| _| bmoH$V§Ì H$m AmYma ~hþbVmdmX Zht h¡, O~{H$ hmoZm Mm{hò& Km`b ~hþbVmdmX Zo AamOH$VmdmX H$s amh nH$‹S> br h¡, {OgH$m amñVm h¡, "Om{V`m|-àXoem| H$s VmZmemhr& 6`h EH$ qMVm H$m {df` h¡&

ñdm`VÎmm ^r CÎma AmYw{ZH$Vm _| d¡Mm[aH$Vm H$m {deof _wÔm ahm h¡& `h {df` ApñWVm, ñdËd Am¡a nhMmZ O¡gr g_ñ`mAm| H$mo n¡Xm H$aVm h¡& do g_mO H$m `m {\$a do Om{V`m± {OZHo$ {hV Amng _| Q>H$amVo h¡§, do `h _mZZo H$mo V¡`ma h¡ {H$ Eogm H$moB© {df` Zht h¡, {Og_| g^r Ho$ EH$_V h¡& `h {dMmaYmam ì`pŠV g§ñH$mam| H$s naVm| go \y$Q>Vr h¡& "ñdm`VÎmm' H$s {dMmaYmam _| àVrH$ {_WH$ Vmo hmoVo hr h¢ - àVrH$ ñd`§ {dMma go CnOVm h¡& ñd`§ ~hþbVmdmX Zo "{dMmamYmam' H$m {damoY {H$`m h¡, na Cg_| EH$ {dMmaYmam h¡ - amOZr{V h¡, N>b àn§M h¡¡& Bg{bò ~hþbVmdm{X`m| H$s AmbmoMZm H$mo "ñdm`Îm' H¡$go _mZm Om gH$Vm h¡& Z "nmR>' ñdm`Îmm h¡ Z nmR>H$& "ZB© g_rjm' ewÕ AmbmoMZm H$m T>mob nrQ>Vr ahr, na Cg_| ^r A_o[aH$s erV-`wÕ H$s {dMmaYmam go H$m¡Z BZH$ma H$a gH$Vm h¡& 7{hÝXr H$hmZr _| CÎma AmYw{ZH$Vm Ho$ CŠV VËd Ðï>ì` h¡&

CÎma AmYw{ZH$Vm {H$gr ^r Ho$ÝÐdmX H$mo Zht _mZVr& g_mO Ho$ Eogo g_yh `m do Om{V`m± Omo dV©_mZ _| ^r hm{e o na h¡§ dmo hr CÎma AmYw{ZH$Vm _| d¡Mm[aH$Vm H$m {df` ~Z J o h¢& do X{bV Am¡a X{bV g_wXm` CÎma AmYw{ZH$ qMVZ _| _hËdnyU© hmo J o h¢& X{bV-OZVm AnZo à wËd Ho$ {b o g§Kf© H$a ahr h¡& Bg g§Kf© H$m n[aUm_ `h hþAm h¡ {H$ nwamZo EH$sH¥¥$V Ho$ÝÐ Ma_am H$a Qy>Q> aho h¢ Am¡a Z o-Z o g_rH$aU ApñVËd _| Am aho h¢& `h gM h¡ {H$ o g_rH$aU {ZaÝVa ~Xb aho h¡& Bg ~Xbmd Ho$ nrN>o Aå~o‹S>H$adm{X`m| H$s amOZr{V h¡& ZB© {dMmaYmam H$m Z`m nm¡Ym Cn^moŠVm Ho$ Pm‹S>-P§ImS> _| g§Kf© H$a ahm h¡, qH$Vw g§ñH¥${VdmX Am¡a g§ñH¥${V XmoZm| hr ~mOma _| H«$`-{dH«$` H$s dñVw ~Z J o h¡&8

H$merZmW qgh H$s "do VrZ Ka' X{bV {d_e© H$s H$hmZr h¡,

{OgH$m gma h h¡ {H$ X{bV dJ© H$m gXñ` n‹T>-{bIH$a A\$ga

`m ZoVm ~ZVo hr AnZo dJ© go ZmVm Vmo‹S> boVm h¡, dht {Xdm§H$a

H$s H$hmZr "Z`m Ka M‹T>o' _| h[aOZ g_mO _| CâVr ZB© MoVZm

H$m {MÌU {H$`m J`m h¡¡& Bg_| `h ^r {XIm J`m h¡ {H$ n‹T>o-{bIo

Am¡a AmajU H$s ghm`Vm go gaH$mar Zm¡H$ar go Am OmZo dmbo

X{bV AnZo g_mO go hr AbJmd H$m AZw^d H$aZo bJVo h¡ Am¡a

EH$ {deof gä` dJ© _| AmZo H$s _mZ{gH$Vm go â OmVo h¡& Bg

{d_e© _| gƒmB© hmoVo hþò ^r EH$ A{ÔmV nyd©J«h Vmo h¡ hr& '9

CÎma AmYw{ZH$Vm Zo {dHo$ÝÐr`Vm Ho$ àíZ H$mo ñWmZr`Vm go {_bm

{X`m h¡& V^r CÎma AmYw{ZH$Vm ñWmZr`Vm na Omoa Xo ahm h¡&

`h EH$ Eogm {df` h¡ {H$ Omo AnZr AnZr _yb O‹S> H$s Amoa

bm¡Q>H$a n[apñW{V H$mo g_PZo na Omoa Xo ahm h¡& XoIm Omò Vmo

{~hma d _Ü`àXoe _| ahZo dmbr OZOm{V`m| H$s àVm‹S>Zm H$s

Am¡a h_mam Ü`mZ ñWmZr`Vm Ho$ H$maU hr ah J`m h¡& {d{^ÝZVm

^r {dHo$ÝÐr`Vm go Ow‹S>m hþAm CÎma AmYw{ZH$Vm H$m EH$ _hËdnyU©

_wÔm h¡& ò XmoZm| EH$ Xÿgao Ho$ {~Zm AYyao h¡, AWm©V² {dHo$ÝÐr`Vm

d ñWmZr`Vm XmoZm| EH$-Xÿgao go Ow‹S>o hþò h¡& CÎma AmYw{ZH$Vm Zo

Bg ~mV H$mo ~ma-~ma AnZo T>§J go aoIm§{H$V {H$`m h¡ {H$ g_mO

H$m EH$ g_yh Xÿgao g_yhm| go AnZr _yb gm§ñH¥${VH$-gm_m{OH$,

amOZr{VH$ g§aMZmAm| Ho$ H$maU {^ÝZVm aIVm h¡, `h {^ÝZVm

CgH$s nyar OrdZ à{H«$`m H$s J{V H$mo {ZYm©[aV H$aVr h¡& gm{hË`

_| Bg "{^ÝZVm' Ho$ H$maUm| na {dMma {H$`m OmZm Mm{hò, Vm{H$

h_ g_mO `WmW© go n[a{MV hmo gH|$&10

CÎma AmYw{ZH$Vm H$s ^mfm Xmohar d AZoH$ AWm] H$s ì`m»`m

H$aZo dmbr h¡, X{bV {d_e© d ñÌr {d_e© _| XmohamnZ XoIZo H$mo

{_bVm h¡, Š`m|{H$ `h nwê$fdmXr {d_e© go AbJ ì`m»`m H$aVm

h¡& Bgr H$mo CÎma AmYw{ZH$Vm H$s ~hþdmMH$Vm, ~hþdMZVm H$hm

OmVm h¡& XoIm Omò Vmo {~Zm CÎma AmYw{ZH$Vm Ho$ OJh ~Zo ò

{d_e© d X{bV {d_e© g§^d hþò h¡&

dV©_mZ _o§ `h _mZH$a g§Vw{ï> Zht H$a gH$Vo h¡ {H$ {\$ë_, \¡$eZ,

AW©ì`dñWm, g§ñH¥${V, H$bm, gm{hË`, g§doXZm, `m¡Z-qMVZ d

gä`Vm Am{X H$mo boH$a Omo n[adV©Z hþAm h¡, dh ñWm`r h¡& `h

~hþV O{Q>b {ddm{XV Am¡a ~hþV Xÿa VH$ \¡$br _Zwî` H$s _ZmoXem

h¡, Š`m|{H$ Bg_| B{Vhmg H$s {dMmaYmam H$m A§V hmo MwH$m h¡& CÎma

AmYw{ZH$Vm H$m gË` Bg A§VdmX _o§ Vbme {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡&

ISSN 2348-3857


g§X^© gyMr

1. nMm¡ar, gwYre, CÎma AmYw{ZH$Vm {d_e©, dmUr àH$meZ, 21-E, X[a`mJ§O, ZB© {Xëbr-110002, n¥. 109

2. H$ba M¡Zb, [a`{bQ>r em°, {~J-~m°g grOZ-4 (g_`- amV 09.00 ~Oo, 2010-11)

3. EZ.S>r.Q>r.dr. B_¡{OZ, [a`{bQ>r em°, (g_`- amV 11.00 ~Oo XÿaXe©Z na)

4. nmbrdmb, H¥$îUXÎm, CÎma AmYw{ZH$Vm H$s Amoa, Am`© àH$meZ _ÊS>b, IX/221, gañdVr ^ÊS>ma, Jm±Yr ZJa, ZB© {Xëbr-110031,àW_ g§ñH$aU, 2005, n¥. 25

5. Jmonmbam`, {hÝXr H$hmZr H$m B{Vhmg-3 (1976-2000), amOH$_b àH$meZ àmB©doQ> {b{_Q>oS>, 1~r, ZoVmOr gw^mf _mJ©, X[a`mJ§O, ZB© {Xëbr, n¥. 137

6. nmbrdmb, H¥$îUXÎm, CÎma AmYw{ZH$Vm H$s Amoa, Am`© àH$meZ

_ÊS>b, IX/221, gañdVr ^ÊS>ma, Jm±Yr ZJa, ZB© {Xëbr-

110031, àW_ g§ñH$aU, 2005, n¥. 25

7. nmbrdmb, H¥$îUXÎm, Cn`w©ŠV, n¥. 26

8. nmbrdmb, H¥$îUXÎm, Cn`w©ŠV, n¥. 26

9. Jmonmbam`, {hÝXr H$hmZr H$m B{Vhmg-3 (1976-2000),

amOH$_b àH$meZ àmB©doQ> {b{_Q>oS>, 1~r, ZoVmOr gw^mf _mJ©,

X[a`mJ§O, ZB© {Xëbr, n¥. 137

10. nmbrdmb, H¥$îUXÎm, CÎma AmYw{ZH$Vm H$s Amoa, Am`© àH$meZ

_ÊS>b, IX/221, gañdVr ^ÊS>ma, Jm±Yr ZJa, ZB© {Xëbr-

110031, àW_ g§ñH$aU, 2005, n¥. 28

{díd H$s g_ñV ì`dñWm{nH$mAm| Ho$ g_j EH$ `j àíZ h¡ {H$ H$_ go H$_ g_` _| AÀN>o go AÀN>m ì`dñWmnZ {H$g àH$ma hmo gH$Vm h¡& dV©_mZ _| ^maV g{hV g^r g§gX| ì`dñWmnZ H$m`© Ho$ ^ma go X~r hþB© h¡§& do ~Xbo hþE ì`dñWmnZ H$m`© H$mo {ZnQ>m Zht nmVr h¡ Am¡a `{X g§gX ì`dñWmnZ H$m`© _| erK«Vm ~aV| Vmo H$m`© H$m ñVa ñdm^m{dH$ ê$n go {ZåZ H$mo{Q> H$m hmoJm& VWm ^maV g{hV A{YH$m§e Xoem| H$s g§gXm| Ho$ nmg H$m`© _| {d{dYVm VWm gXñ`m| H$s amOZr{VH$ {ddeVm Ed§ g_`m^md h¡& g§gX H$s Bg àH$ma H$s H${R>ZmB`m| Ho$ {ZamH$aU Ho$ {bE B§§½b¡Ê‹S> _| g{_{V àUmbr H$m àmXþ^m©d hþAm& AmYw{ZH$ {dYmZ V§Ìm| _| ~hþV go {dÚm`r Ed§ J§^ra àH¥${V Ho$ H$m`m] H$mo Hw$ebVm nyd©H$ {Zînm{XV H$aZo Ho$ {bE AZoH$ àH$ma H$s g{_{V`m± J{R>V H$s OmVr h¡& g§gX Ho$ XmoZm| gXZm| H$s g{_{V`m| H$s g§aMZm Hw$N> AndmXm| H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a EH$ O¡gr h¡& BZ g{_{V`m| H$s {Z`wpŠV, H$m`© Ed§ H$m`© g§MmbZ H$s à{H«$`m ^r bJ^J g_mZ h¡ Omo g§{dYmZ Ho$ AZwÀN>oX 118(1) Ho$ AÝVJ©V XmoZm| gXZm| Ûmam {Z{_©V {Z`_m| H$s YmamAm| Ho$ AZwgma A{Y{Z`{_V hmoVr h¡& EH$ g§gXr` g{_{V H$m AW© dh g{_{V h¡ {OgH$s {Z`wpŠV `m MwZmd gXZ Ûmam {H$`m J`m hmo AWdm AÜ`j `m g^mn{V Ûmam

emoY gmam§e

{díd H$s g_ñV amO ì`dñWmAm|§ _| H$_ g_` _| {ZînjVmnyd©H$ A{YH$V_ H$m`© H$aZo H$s EH$ ~hþV ~‹S>r g_ñ`m h¡& BgHo$ {bE maV g{hV AÝ` g§gXr` ì`dñWmAm| _| g{_{V ì`dñWm EH$ Eogr ì`dñWm h¡ Omo g_`mZwHy$b g§gX H$s {ZînjVm go _XX H$a gH$Vr h¡& ^maV g{hV {díd H$s AÝ` g§gXm| Ho$ g_j H$m`© {d{dYVm Ed§ g_`m^md h¡& VWm g§gX ha g_` H$m`© ê$n _| ^r Zht hmoVr h¡& VWm g{_{V`m| Ho$ Ûmam g§gX Ho$ àË`oH$ gXñ` H$mo ì`dñWmnZ _| {hñgm boZo H$m Adga ^r àmá hmo OmVm h¡& g{_{V`m± g_`-g_` na {ZOr ñdmW© d XbJV amOZr{V go D$na CR>H$a Aën g_` d {_Îmì``Vm nyd©H$ C{MV Ed§ R>mog {ZU©` H$aVr h¡§& {OÝh| g_`-g_` na bmJy ^r {H$`m OmVm h¡& Bg{bE g{_{V`m| H$mo {_Zr (bKw) g§gX Ho$ Zm_ go OmZm OmVm h¡& `h gVV² ê$n go H$m`© H$aVr ahVr h¡& VWm g§gX Ed§ amO ì`dñWm Ho$ {bE ~hþV hr bm^Xm`H$ hmoVr h¡&

g§Ho$Vmja … ì`dñWm{nH$m, g§gX, g{_{V, VXW© à`moOZ, geŠVrH$aU, nam_e©XmÌr

BgH$mo Zm_ {Z{X©ï> {H$`m J`m h¡& AÜ`j `m g^mn{V Ho$ {ZX}emZwgma H$m`© H$aVr h¡ AnZm à{VdoXZ gXZ H$mo AWdm AÜ`j AWdm g^mn{V H$mo gm¢no Am¡a {Ogo bmoH$ g^m AWdm amÁ` g^m g{Mdmb` Ûmam g{Mdmb` H$s gwd{Ym àXmZ H$s J`r h¡&

ha_Z \$mBZa Ho$ AZwgma ""hmb _| Omo g{_{V`m| H$m àmXþ^m©d hþAm h¡ CgH$m H$maU CÝZrgdr VWm ~rgdt eVmãXr _| ì`dñWmnZ H$m`© H$s d¥{Õ h¡& AmYw{ZH$ gaH$ma Ho$ H$V©ì`m| H$s ì`mnH$Vm Ho$ H$maU g{_{V`m| _| hmoZo dmbr H$m`©dmhr H$mo gXZ _| {H$`o OmZo _| Cggo A{YH$ g_` bJoJm& H$m¡b VWm eH$Ya Ho$ AZwgma '' g§gX AnZm ~hþV gm H$m`© g{_{V`m| Ho$ _mÜ`_ go H$aVr h¡& BZ g{_{V`m| H$mo H$m`© H$s Hw$N> Eogr {deof _Xmo§ H$mo {ZnQ>mZo Ho$ {bE {Z`wŠV {H$`m OmVm h¡ {OgHo$ {bE {deofkm| Ûmam `m ã`m¡aodma {dMma H$amZo H$s Amdí`H$Vm h¡& ""g{_{V àUmbr H$m _w»` CÔoí` AÝ` g§ñWmAm| d AÝ` g_`mo Ho$ {bE H$m`© hQ>mH$a bmoH$ gXZ Ho$ H$m`©^ma H$s A{YH$Vm H$mo H$_ H$aZm h¡& '' g§jon _| H$h gH$Vo h¢ {H$ g{_{V ì`dñWm Ûmam gXZ H$m g_` ~M OmVm h¡ Am¡a CgH$mo {deofkm| H$m nam_e© ^r àmá hmo OmVm h¡&

^maV _| g{_{V ì`dñWm _mÊQ>oñŠ`y Moåg\$moS©> gwYmam| Ho$ n[aUm_ ñdê$n ewê$ hþB© Wr, bo{H$Z CZ {XZm| H$s g{_{V`m± gaH$ma Ho$

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ghm`H$ AmMm`©, amOZr{V {dkmZ {d^mJamOG${f ^V©¥h[a _Ëñ` {díd{dÚmb`, Abda (amOñWmZ)


ISSN 2348-3857


{ZU©` VWm CgHo$ hñVjon go ñdV§Ì Zht Wr& CÝh| H$moB© epŠV`m± `m {deofm{YH$ma àmá Zht Wo& Zò g§{dYmZ Ho$ bmJy hmoZo Ho$ ~mX Ho$ÝÐr` {dYmZ _ÊS>b H$s pñW{V {~ëHw$b ~Xb J`r Am¡a g{_{V ì`dñWm _| ^r ~hþV n[adV©Z Am`m& dñVV: A~ Vmo g§gXr` g{_{V`m± g§gX H$m bKw ê$n ~Z JB© h¢& gm_mÝ` : g§gXr` g{_{V`m± Xmo àH$ma H$s hmoVr h¡ :-ñWm`r g{_{V`m± Am¡a AñWm`r `m VXW© g{_{V`m±& ñWm`r g{_{V`m| H$m JR>Z à{V df© `m g_`mZwgma {H$`m OmVm h¡ Am¡a {ZaÝVaVm Ho$ AmYma na H$m`© H$aVr ahVr h¡& AñWm`r `m VXW© g{_{V`m| H$mo àXÎm H$m`m] Ho$ nyam hmoZo Ho$ CnamÝV g_má {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡& AñWm`r g{_{V`m| H$mo nwZ: Xmo {hñgm| _| ~m§Q>m Om gH$Vm h¡:-

(i) Om±M g{_{V`m± :- Om±M g{_{V`m| H$m JR>Z g_`-g_` na {deof _wX²Xmo§o, O¡go - ñQ>m°H$ _mH}$Q>, KmoQ>mbm, ~mo\$mog© _m_bm| na g§`wŠV g{_{V Am{X Ho$ {bE {H$`m OmVm h¡&

(ii) gbmhH$ma g{_{V`m± - gbmhH$ma g{_{V`m| _| {H$gr {dYo`H$ na àda `m g§`wŠV g{_{V Am{X em{_b hmoVr h¡& {OgH$m JR>Z {H$gr {dYo`H$ {deof na {dMma H$a CgHo$ ~mao _| C{MV AZwe§gmE± H$aZm hmoVm h¡&

à_wI ñWm`r Am¡a g§`wŠV g{_{V`m±

bmoH$ boIm g{_{V

bmoH$ boIm g{_{V H$s ñWmnZm 1921 _| maV gaH$ma A{Y{Z`_ 1919 Ho$ VhV H$s Am¡a `h A^r ^r {dÚ_mZ h¡ dV©_mZ _| Bg_| 22 gXñ` (15 bmoH$ g^m go Ed§ 7 amÁ` g^m go) hmoVo h¡& g§gX àËòH$ df© AnZo gXñ`m| Ho$ ~rM go EH$b g§H«$_Ur` {gÕmÝV Ho$ AmYma na hñVm§VaUr` _V Ho$ _mÜ`_ go BZH$m M`Z H$aVr h¡& Bg Vah Bg_| g^r Xbm| H$m à{V{Z{YËd hmoVm h¡ gXñ`m| H$m H$m`©H$mb EH$ df© hmoVm h¡ {H$gr _§Ìr H$mo BgH$m gXñ` Zht MwZm Om gH$Vm& g{_{V Ho$ AÜ`j H$m MwZmd BgHo$ gXñ`m| Ho$ ~rM go bmoH$ g^m AÜ`j H$aVm h¡& 1966-67 VH$ AÜ`j, gÎmm ê$T> Xb go hmoVm Wm dV©_mZ _| 1967 go `h naånam àmaå^ hmo J`r {H$ bmoH$ boIm g{_{V H$m AÜ`j {dnjr Xb go MwZm Omò&

g{_{V H$m H$m`© {Z`§ÌH$ Ed§ _hmboIm narjH$ (CAG) H$s dm{f©H$ [anmoQ>© H$s Om±M H$aZm h¡ {Ogo amï´>n{V g§gX Ho$ g_j aIVm h¡& {Z`§ÌH$ Ed§ _hmboIm narjH$ VrZ Om±M [anmoQ>© amï´>n{V H$mo gm¡§nVm h¡&

(i) {d{Z`moJ boImAm| g§~§Yr boIm narjm [anmoQ>©&

(ii) {dÎm boImAm| g§~§Yr boIm narjm [anmoQ>©&

(iii) gaH$mar CnH«$_m| g§~§Yr boIm narjm [anmoQ>©& g{_{V Z Ho$db {d{Y X¥{ï> go gmd©O{ZH$ ì`` H$s Om±M H$aVr h¡ A{nVw dh Bg g§~§Y _| VH$ZrH$s Im{_`m| H$m r AmH$bZ H$aVr h¡& BgHo$ Abmdm CgHo$ g_j bmò Jò `m {H$gr Eogo {df` H$s {dñV¥V Om±M ^r H$aVr h¡ {Og_| Am{W©H$ KmoQ>mbo, A{Z`{_VVm, ^«ï>mMma, Anì``, AHw$ebVm Ed§ AZmdí`H$ ì`` Am{X H$s {eH$m`V| hmoVr h¡&

à_wI H$m`©

1. Ho$ÝÐ gaH$ma Ho$ {d{Z`moJ ImVo Ed§ {dÎm ImVm| H$s Om±M Am¡a g§gX Ho$ g_j aIo Jò AÝ` ImVm| H$s Om±M&

2. {d{Z`moJ ImVm| Am¡a Cg na gr.E.Or. H$s [anmoQ>© H$s Om±M _| g{_{V H$mo ñd`§ H$mo Bg ~mV H$s nw{ï> H$aZm hmoVm h¡ {H$ :-

(H$) g§{dV[aV H$s JB© am{e {d{YH$ ê$n go Cgr AZwà`wŠV godm `m à`moOZ Ho$ {bE à`moJ H$s J`r h¡&

(I) ì`` àm{YH$ma Ho$ AZwgma {H$`m J`m h¡&

(J) àËòH$ nwZ: {d{Z`moOZ g§~§{YV {Z`_m| Ho$ VhV {H$`m J`m h¡&

3. amÁ` {Z`_m|, ì`mnma, CÚ_m| Am¡a {d{Z_m©U n[a`moOZmAm| Ho$ boImAm| Am¡a BZ na gr E Or H$s [anmoQ>© H$s Om±M H$aZm&

4. ñdm`Îm Am¡a AÕ© ñdm`Îm {ZH$m`m| Ho$ boImAm| H$s Om±M H$aZm {OZH$s boIm narjm gr E Or Ûmam H$s OmVr h¡&

5. {H$gr àm{á`m| Ho$ g§~§Y _| grEOr H$s boIm narjm [anmoQ>© na {dMma H$aZm&

6. CŠV H$m`m] H$s ny{V© hoVw g{_{V H$mo {Z`§ÌH$ Ed§ _hmboIm narjH$ Ûmam ghm`Vm H$s OmVr h¡&

àmŠH$bZ g{_{V

àmŠH$bZ g{_{V H$m CX²^d 1921 Ho$ ñWm`r {dÎmr` g{_{V Ho$ JR>Z go XoIm Om gH$Vm h¡& VËH$mbrZ {dÎm _§Ìr H$s {g\$m[ae na 1950 _| Eogr nhbr g{_{V H$m JR>Z {H$`m J`m& Bg_| _ybV: 25 gXñ` Wo bo{H$Z 1956 _| BgHo$ gXñ`m| H$s g§»`m 30 H$a Xr J`r& BgHo$ g^r 30 gXñ` bmoH$ g^m go hmoVo h¢& g{_{V Ho$ gXñ` àËòH$ df© bmoH$g^m Ho$ gXñ`m| _| go MwZo OmVo h¡& EH$b g§H«$_Ur` {gÕmÝV Ho$ AmYma na hñVmVaUr` _V H$m à`moJ {H$`m OmVm h¡ Bg_| g^r amOZr{VH$ Xbm| H$mo à{V{Z{YËd {_bVm h¡& gXñ`m| H$m H$m`©H$mb EH$ df© hmoVm h¡& H$moB© ^r _§Ìr


ISSN 2348-3857

g{_{V H$m gXñ` Zht MwZm Om gH$Vm h¡& g{_{V Ho$ AÜ`j H$m MwZmd BgHo$ gXñ`m| Ho$ ~rM go bmoH$ g^m H$m AÜ`j H$aVm h¡ VWm g^mn{V gÎmmê$‹T> Xb H$m hmoVm h¡& g{_{V H$mo gVV² Am{W©H$ g{_{V ^r H$hm OmVm h¡ BgHo$ H$m`© Bg àH$ma h¡:-

1. AZw_mZm| g§~§Yr Zr{V Ho$ AZwê$n g§JR>Z _| {_Îmì``Vm Am¡a àemg{ZH$ gwYma Ho$ g§~§Y _| [anmoQ>© XoZm&

2. `h Om±M H$aZm {H$ Zr{V AZw_mZm| Ho$ AZwgma YZ AnZr gr_mAm| _| hr IM© hmo&

3. g§gX _| noe {H$ò OmZo dmbo AZw_mZmo H$m àmê$n gwPmZm&

gaH$mar CnH«$_m| g§~§§Yr g{_{V

gaH$mar CnH«$_m| g§~§§Yr g{_{V H¥$îU _oZZ gwPmd na 1964 _| ~ZmB© J`r& 1974 _| BZH$s g§»`m 22 (15 bmoH$ g^m go Am¡a 7 amÁ` g^m go) H$a Xr J`r& BgHo$ {bE ^r EH$b g§H«$_Êrm` _V {gÕmÝV Ho$ AmYma na hñVmVaUr` _V H$m à`moJ {H$`m OmVm h¡& Bg_| g^r Xbm| H$m à{V{Z{YËd hmoVm h¡ H$moB© ^r _§Ìr g{_{V H$m gXñ` Zht hmoVm h¡& g{_{V H$m g^mn{V bmoH$ g^m Ho$ gXñ`m| _| go MwZm OmVm h¡& g{_{V Ho$ g^mn{V H$m MwZmd bmoH$g^m AÜ`j Ûmam {H$`m OmVm h¡ g{_{V Ho$ H$m`© Bg àH$ma h¡:

1. gaH$mar CnH«$_m| Ho$ boIm Ed§ [anmoQ>© H$m narjU Am¡a H¡$J H$s [anmoQ>© H$m narjU

2. gaH$mar CnH«$_m| H$m ì`dgm` H$m {gÛmVm| Ed§ dm{UÁ` à`moJ Ho$ VhV H$m_ H$m narjU&

3. gaH$mar boIm g{_{V Am¡a àmŠH$bZ g{_{V go g§~§{YV AÝ` H$m`© {Ogo bmoH$g^m AÜ`j Ûmam g_`-g_` na CÝh| gm¡nm OmVm h¡&

H$m`© _§ÌUm g{_{V

`h gaH$ma Ho$ H$m`©H«$_ Ed§ g_` H$mo {Z`§{ÌV H$aVr h¡& `h gaH$ma Ûmam gXZ Ho$ g_j bmò Jò {dYm`r Ed§ AÝ` H$m`m] Ho$ {bE g_` {ZYm©[aV H$aVr h¡& bmoH$g^m g{_{V Ho$ AÜ`j g{hV 15 gXñ` hmoVo h¢& amÁ` g^m _| nXoZ g^m{nV g{hV 11 gXñ` hmoVo h¢&

J¡a gaH$mar gXñ`m| Ho$ {dYo`H$ Ed§ g§H$ënm| g§~§Yr g{_{V

`h J¡a gaH$mar gXñ`m| Ûmam bmò Jò {dY`H$mo§ Ed§ g§H$ënmo Ho$ {bE MMm© H$m g_` {ZYm©[aV H$aVr h¡& `h bmoH$g^m H$s {deof g{_{V h¡, Omo 15 gXñ`m| go {_bH$a ~Zr hmoVr h¡& bmoH$ g^m CnmÜ`j Bg g{_{V H$m g^mn{V hmoVm h¡& amÁ` g^m _| Bg àH$ma H$s g{_{V Zht hmoVr VWm BgH$m H$m`© amÁ` g^m H$s H$m`© _§ÌUm g{_{V H$aVr h¡&

gaH$mar AmídmgZm| g§~§Yr g{_{V

`h AmídgZm|, dm`Xm| Am¡a _§{Ì`m| Ûmam g^m nQ>b na g_` g_` na {H$ò Jò dmXm| H$s Om±M H$aVr h¡ Am¡a [anmoQ>© àñVwV H$aVr h¡ {H$ BZH$m H$m`m©Ýd`Z {H$g ñVa VH$ {H$`m J`m h¡ bmoH$ g^m _| BgHo$ 15 gXñ` Ed§ amÁ` g^m _| 10 gXñ` hmoVo h¡& BgH$m JR>Z 1953 _| hþAm Wm&

AYrZñW {dYmZm| g§~§Yr g{_{V

`h Om±M H$aVr h¡ Am¡a g^m H$mo [anmoQ>© XoVr h¡ {H$g g§gX `m g§{dYmZ Ûmam H$m`©nm{bH$m H$mo {d{Z`_, {Z`_, Cn{Z`_ H$m Cn{d{Y`m| H$mo {Z{_©V H$aZo Ho$ {bE àË`m`mo{OV epŠV`m| H$m à`moJ R>rH$ T>§J go hmo ahm h¡& XmoZm| gXZm| _| g{_{V Ho$ 15 gXñ` hmoVo h¡ BgH$m JR>Z 1953 _| hþAm&

{Z`_ g{_{V

`h g^m Ho$ à{H«$`m Ed§ g§MmbZ {Z`_m| na {dMma H$aVr h¡ Am¡a Oê$ar g§emoYZ Ed§ {g\$m[aem| H$mo gXZ Ho$ {Z`_ Ho$ {bE àñVwV H$aVr h¡& bmoH$g^m g{_{V _| AÜ`j g{hV 15 gXñ` hmoVo h¢& bmoH$ g^m AÜ`j Xÿgao nXoZ g^mn{V hmoVo h¢& amÁ` g^m _| g^mn{V g{hV 16 gXñ` hmoVo h¢& amÁ` g^m Ho$ g^mn{V BgHo$ nXoZ g^mn{V hmoVo h¡&

{deofm{YH$ma g{_{V

bmoH$ g^m g{_{V _| 15 gXñ` hmoVo h¢ O~{H$ amÁ` g^m g{_{V _| 10 gXñ` hmoVo h¢& BgH$s H$m`© àH¥${V Aën-Ý`m{`H$ H$s Vah hmoVr h¡ `h gXZ Ed§ BgHo$ gXñ`m| Ho$ {deofm{YH$ma hZZ H$m narjU H$aVr h¡ Ed§ C{MV H$m`©dmhr H$s {g\$m[ae H$aVr h¡&

bm^ Ho$ nX g§~§Yr g§`wŠV g{_{V

Bg_| 15 g§gX gXñ` em{_b hmoVo h¢& (10 bmoH$ g^m go VWm 5 amÁ` g^m go) `h g{_{V`m| H$s aMZm Ed§ CgHo$ T>§J VWm Ho$ÝÐ, amÁ` Ed§ g§K em{gV gaH$mam| Ûmam Zm{_V BH$mB`m| H$m narjU H$aVr h¡ VWm {g\$m[ae H$aVr h¡ {H$ H$moB© ì`pŠV Omo Bg nX na h¡ g§gX Ed§ gXñ` Ho$ `mo½` h¡ `m Zhr&

AÝ` g{_{V`m§

AZwgy{MV Om{V Ed§ OZOm{V H$ë`mU g{_{V, gXñ`m| H$s AZwnpñW{V g§~§Yr g{_{V, Amdmg g{_{V, gXñ`m| Ho$ doVZ Ed§ ^Îmmo g§~§Yr g{_{V, nwñVH$mb` g{_{V, AmMaU g{_{V, _{hbm geŠVrH$aU g§~§Yr g{_{V, g^mnQ>b na aIo Jò nÌmo g§~§Yr

ISSN 2348-3857


g{_{V, gm_mÝ` à`moOZ g{_{V, `m{MH$m g{_{V

nam_e©XmÌr g{_{V`m±

{H$gr _§Ìmb` H$s nam_e©XmÌr g{_{V H$m AÜ`j Cg _§Ìmb` H$m _§Ìr `m amÁ` _§Ìr hmoVm h¡ ò g{_{V`m± Ho$ÝÐ gaH$ma Ho$ {d{^ÝZ _§Ìmb`m| {d^mJm| go g§~§{YV hmoVr BZ_o g§gX Ho$ XmoZm| gXZm| Ho$ gXñ` hmoVo h¡& ò g{_{V`m± gaH$ma H$s Zr{V`m| Ed§ H$m`©H«$_m| VWm CZHo$ {H«$`mÝd`Z Ho$ g§~§Y _| g§gX H$mo _§Ìmb`mo Ed§ gXñ`m| Ho$ _Ü` dmVm©bmn hoVw EH$ \$moa_ CnbãY H$amVr h¡& gm_mÝ`Vm ò g{_{V`m± Zò Am_ MwZmdmo Ho$ ~mX Z`r bmoH$ g^m Ho$ JR>Z Ho$ CnamÝV J{R>V H$s OmVr h¡& BZH$s Hw$b g§»`m 32 h¡& {d{^ÝZ _§Ìmb`m| Ed§ {d^mJ go g§~§{YV nam_e©XmÌr g{_{V`m| Ho$ {dnarV, n¥WH$ Am¡nMm[aH$ nam_e©XmÌr g{_{V`m| H$s ~¡R>H$ Ho$db g§gX Ho$ gÌ Ho$ Xm¡amZ Zht Am`mo{OV H$s Om gH$Vr h¡&

{d^mJr` ñWm`r g{_{V`m±

bmoH$g^m {Z`_mdbr g{_{V H$s {g\$m[ae na 24 ñWm`r g{_{V`m± AnZo H$m`©joÌ _| AmZo dmbo Ho$ÝÐ gaH$ma Ho$ g^r _§Ìmb`m| Ed§ {d^mJm| H$m Xm{`Ëd g§^mbVr h¡& àËòH$ ñWm`r g{_{V _| 31 gXñ` (21 bmoH$g^m go 10 amÁ` g^m go) hmoVo h¢& bmoH$g^m Ho$ gXñ`m| H$mo AÜ`j Ed§ amÁ` g^m Ho$ gXñ`m| H$mo g^mn{V AnZo gXñ`m| Ho$ ~rM go _ZmoZrV H$aVo h¡& 24 g{_{V`m| _| go 8 amÁ` g^m VWm 16 bmoH$g^m Ho$ AÝVJ©V H$m`© H$aVr h¡& BZH$m H$m`©H$mb EH$ df© hmoVm h¡& ñWm`r g{_{V Ho$ H$m`© Bg àH$ma h¡ :-

1. g§~§{YV _§Ìmb`m|/{d^mJ Ûmam AZwXmZ _m±Jm| H$mo bmoH$g^m _| noe H$aZo go nyd© CZ na MMm© H$aZm&

2. g§~§{YV _§Ìmb`m|/{d^mJm| go g§~§{YV {d^mJm| H$s Om°M H$aZm&

3. _§Ìmb`m|/{d^mJm| H$s dm{f©H$ [anmoQ>©© H$s Om°M&

4. gXZ _| àñVwV amï´>r` _yb XrK© H$m{bH$ Zr{V boIm| H$s Om±M&

^maVr` g§gX go g{_{V`m| H$s àmg§{JH$Vm

dV©_mZ _| O~ {díd H$s g_ñV g§gXr` ì`dñWmAm| Ho$ gmW ^maVr` g§gXr` ì`dñWm ^r H$m_ Ho$ ~moP go X~r hþB© h¡& Eogo g_` _| g§gXr` g{_{V`m| H$s H$m`© H$s ^y{_H$m H$s àmg§{JH$Vm Ed§ Am¡{MË`nyU©Vm n[ab{jV hmoVr h¡& maVr` g§gX _| g{_{V`m|§ H$s àmg{JH$Vm {ZåZ{bpIV ê$n _| h¡:-

1. g{_{V`m± gXZ H$s {nN>br ~¡§Mmo na ~¡R>Zo dmbo gXñ`m| H$mo ^r ì`dñWmnZ H$m`© _| ^mJ boZo Ho$ g_w{MV Ed§ n`m©á Adga CnbãY H$adm ahr h¡&

2. g{_{V`m± {dYo`H$m| na {ZînjVm Ho$ gmW gyú_Vm go {dMma H$aVr h¡ Eogr gyú_Vm Ed§ {ZînjVm Ho$ gmW {dMma H$aZm g§gX _| H$Xm{n g§^d Zht h¡&

3. g{_{V`m| Ûmam gXZ H$m n`m©á g_` ~M OmVm h¡, g{_{V`m± EH$ àH$ma go gXZ H$s Am±I, H$mZ, hmW Am¡a _pñVîH$ h¡&

4. g{_{V`m| Ho$ gXñ` AnZo XbJV ñdmW© d AmñWm Ho$ AmYma na Z Vmo H$m`© H$aVo h¡ Am¡a Z hr _VXmZ H$aVo h¡§&

5. g{_{V`m| Ho$ gXñ`JU {Z~m©Y ê$n go Am¡a AnZr AÝVamË_m Ho$ AZwgma g_ñ`m Ho$ _yë`m§H$Z Ho$ AmYma na Am¡a XbJV {ZX}e H$s qMVm {H$ò {~Zm _VXmZ H$aVo h¡§&

6. g{_{V`m± H$m`© nm{bH$m Ho$ {dÚm`r H$m`m] na {Z`§ÌU aIVr h¡& VWm H$m`©nm{bH$m g_`-g_` na Omo {ZU©` boVr h¡& H$mZyZ bmJy H$aVr h¡, CZH$m narjU H$a {Z`§ÌU aIVr h¡&

7. g{_{V ì`dñWm Ho$ H$maU gXZ H$m g_` ~M OmVm h¡ Am¡a {df` {deofkm| H$m nam_e© ^r àmá hmo OmVm h¡&

8. g{_{V`m± gm_mÝ`Vm gm_§Oñ` nyd© T>§J go H$m`© H$aVr h¡ Am¡a CZH$m CÔoí` g_mZ hmoVm h¡&

9. g{_{V`m|§ H$s [anmoQ>m} _| _hËdnyU© à_m{UV OmZH$mar hmoZo H$s dOh go OZ gmYmaU {dÛVOZ XmoZm| Ho$ {bE [anmoQ>© ~hþV e¡j{UH$ _hËd H$s hmoVr h¡&

10. g{_{V Ho$ gwPmdm| Am¡a {g\$m[aem| H$mo à~ÝY dJ© Zo ~hþV hX VH$ ñdrH$ma hr Zht H$a {b`m h¡ A{nVw g§gX Am¡a BgHo$ O[aò OZVm Ho$ à{V BZ CnH«$_m| Ho$ Cƒ nXm{YH$m[a`m| Ho$ ~rM Xm{`Ëd H$s mdZm r OmJ¥V hþB© h¡&

dV©_mZ _| ^maV _| g§gXr` g{_{V`m| Zo g\$bVm nyd©H$ H$m`© H$aHo$ gg§Xr` H$m`© H$mo gab, Xj VWm gwJ_ ~Zm`m h¡ ò g{_{V`m± g§gX Ho$ {ddoMZ Ho$ XjVm VWm {deof AZw^dm| H$m g_mdoe H$aZo _| ^r H$m_`m~ hmo ahr h¢& g§gXr` g{_{V`m| Ûmam H$s OmZo dmbr Om±M Am¡a AmbmoMZm Ho$ ` go A{YH$mar AZw{MV {ZU©` boZo go K~amVo h¢& bmoH$ boIm Am¡a ""àmŠH$bZ'' g{_{V Zo AZoH$ R>mog H$m`© {H$ò h¢& gaH$ma g{_{V`m| Ho$ à{VdoXZ H$mo g_w{MV AmXa àXmZ H$aVr h¡ Am¡a CZHo$ Ûmam {Xò Jò gwPmdmo


ISSN 2348-3857

Ho$ {H«$`mÝd`Z hoVw bJmVma H$m`© H$aVr h¡& AV: CŠV {ddoMZ go ñnï> h¡ {H$ ^maVr` g§gXr` ì`dñWm _| g{_{V`m| H$s àmg§{JVm AmO ^r bJmVma ~Zr hþB© h¡&

{ZîH$f©

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gÝX^© J«ÝW gyMr

1. M§Xm, AemoH$, BpÊS>`Z E‹S>{_ZoñQ´>oeZ, OmO© EobZ EÊS> AZ{dZ {b{_Q>oS>, b§XZ, 1967, n¥. 180

2. _më`m, EZ.EZ., BpÊS>`Z nm°{b©`m_oÊQ>, ZoeZb ~wH$ Q´>ñQ> Am°\$ BpÊS>`m, 1970, n¥. 103

3. H$í`n, gw^mf gr., Ada nm{b©`m_oÊQ> ZoeZb ~wH$ Q´>ñQ>, 1999, n¥. 68

4. OoZm ~r.~r., nm{b©`m_oÝQ´>r H$_oQ>rO BZ BpÊS>`m, 1966 gmBÝQ>r{\$H$ ~wH$ EoOoÝgr, ZB© {Xëbr, n¥. 199

5. qgKdr, Eb.E_., nm{b©`m_oÊQ´>r H$_oQ>rO BZ BpÊS>`m. BÝgQ>rQ>`yQ>, Am°\$ H§$ñQ>rQ>`yeZb EÊS> nm{b©`m_oÝQ´>r ñQ>S>rO, ZB© {Xëbr, 1973, n¥. 18

6. _ohVm, dr.Or., amob Am°\$ EñQ>r_ooQ> H$_rQ>rO ŠboaSo>Z àog Am°Šg\$moS©> ~Q²>Q>Z AÝS>a EoO `y.Ho$., 1955, n¥. 85

7. ìhr`a, Ho$.gr., JdZ©_oÊQ> ~mB© H${_Q>rO, ŠboQ>So>Z àog Am°Šg\$moS©> ~Q²>Q>Z AÝS>a EoO, `y.Ho$., 1955, n¥. 126

8. bú_rH$mÝV, E_., ^maV H$s amÁ` ì`dñWm, _¡J«moo{hb EOyHo$eZ àm.{b., 2014, n¥. 23.1

9. AJ«dmb, Ama.Eg., \$mBZ|{g`b H$_rQ>rO Am°\$ X BpÊS>`Z nm°{b`m_oÊQ>, Eg.Mm§X EÊS> H§$., ZB© {Xëbr, n¥. 76

10. {ÌnmR>r, E_., H$_rQ>r {gñQ>_ BZ BpÊS>`Z nm{b©`m_oÊQ>, OaZb Am°\$ H§$ñQ>rQ>`yeZb EÊS> nm{b©`m_oÊQ´>r ñQ>S>rO, ZB© {Xëbr, dmoë`y_-14, AŠQy>~a. {Xgå~a, 1980, n¥. 443

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ISSN 2348-3857

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ISSN 2348-3857


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ISSN 2348-3857

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1. [aMS©>, amogH«o$Z, [aOZ{bñ_ EÊS> X nmoñQ> H$moëS> dma Bam, BÝQ>aZoeZb OZ©b, 1991, n¥. 46

2. `r_rZ, OZab, {hñQ>mo[aH$b AmñnoŠQ> Am°\$ n§Merb, BZ Mm`Zm EÊS> n§Merb, g§Mma npãbqeJ hmCg, ZB© {Xëbr, 1996, n¥. 225

3. Hw$_ma, gVre, BÊS>mo Mm`Zm [aboeÝg² EÊS> {Vã~V, E ar{WqH$J, {Vã~VZ² nm{b©`m_oÝQ´>r EÊS> nm°{bgr [agM© goÝQ>a, ZB© {Xëbr, 1998

4. _ohVm, OJV Eg, BpÊS>`Z EÊS> Mm`ZrµO \$m°[aJZ nm°{bgrµO BZ H$ånao{Q>d ng©nopŠQ>d, ZB© {Xëbr, 1998, n¥. 485

5. a§JamOZ, gr.dr. EÊS> IÝZm, gr., BpÊS>`m Mm`Zm [aboeÝg², MopÝO§J H$m°ÝQ>oŠQ>g², dmoë`y_ 21 Zå~a 23,4, Ý`yµO\«$m_ Zm°Z AbmB©S> dëS©>, Aàob 2000, ZB© {Xëbr

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ISSN 2348-3857

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ISSN 2348-3857


Xÿgar Amoa ^maV _| AmYw{ZH$ `wJ _| ñÌr gamoH$mam| H$s gmar b‹S>mB`m§ EH$ _w{h_ Ho$ ê$n _| ZdOmJaU H$mb Ho$ nwê$f g_mO gwYmaH$m| Ûmam ewê$ H$s JB©& amOm am__mohZ am`, _¥Ë`w§O` {dÚmb§H$ma, Á`mo{V~m \y$bo, B©ídaM§X {dÚmgmJa, ~oham_ _b~mar, _hmXod amZmSo> Am{X Zo pñÌ`m| Ow‹S>o bJ^J ha _wX²Xo H$mo CR>m`m Am¡a pñÌ`m| H$mo g_mO _| gå_mZOZH$ ñWmZ {XbmZo H$m à`mg {H$`m& Eogm Zht h¡ {H$ ñÌr-A{YH$mam| Ho$ {bE VËH$mbrZ bS>mB© _| pñÌ`m§ _yH$Xe©H$ ~Z H$a I‹S>r Wt Am¡a CZH$s gmar b‹S>mB`m§ nwê$f hr b‹S> aho Wo& h_mao nmg ZdOmJaUH$mbrZ Eogr ñÌr Zm_m| H$s b§~r gyMr h¡ Omo Cg g_` H$s V_m_ gr_mAm| Ho$ ~mdOyX nwê$f dM©ñddmXr ì`dñWm Ho$ ì`yh H$mo Vmo‹S> H$a Z Ho$db AnZr bS>mB© b‹S>Vr h¡§ ~pëH$ nyar ñÌr Om{V Ho$ {bE g§Kf© H$aVr h¡§& BZ Zm_m| _| a_m~mB© amZmSo>, n§{S>Vm a_m~mB© gañdVr, Zdm~ \o$OwZogm Mm¡YamZr, gm{dÌr \w$bo, ê$Š`m, gamoOZr Zm`Sy>, Á`mo{V_©`r Xodr, A~bm Kmof Am{X H$m Zm_ à_wI h¡§&

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ISSN 2348-3857

^y_ÊS>brH$aU Ho$ Bg à{V`moJr wJ _o§ dh _mZd ~ZZo {H$ à{H$`m go {\$a EH$ ~ma EH$ dñVw _| ~Xb Xr OmVr h¡¡& M_H$ X_H$ {~Zm Bg ½bo_ag Am¡aV H$s Bg Xþ{Z`m Ho$ gmW _OXÿar H$aVr, IoVm| _| InVr, ~moPm T>moVr pñÌ`m| H$m H$moB© _ob Zhr& Xmb-amoQ>r,VZ T>H$Zo Ho$ dñÌ Ho$ {bE ~ohmb pñÌ`m| H$s Xþ{Z`m ^y_ÊS>brH$aU go à^m{dV Zht h¡§& Cgo Zm ^y_ÊS>brH$aU nVm h¡ Zm _mZd A{YH$ma Am¡a EH$ Vrgar Xþ{Z`m CZ Am¡aVm| H$s ^r h¡ Omo Ym{_©H$ é{T>`m|,A§Y{dídmgm|, ar{V [admOm|,naånamAm|,Ka n[adma [aíVo-ZmVo,e_© h`m Am¡a nXm©àWm O¡gr hOmam| ~o{S>`m| go AmO ^r OH$‹S>r hþB© h¡& g~go ~‹S>r g_ñ`m Bgr _Ü`_dJu` g_mO H$s _{hbmAm| H$s h¡ Omo AnZo hH$ A{YH$mam| H$mo boZm Vmo Xÿa CZHo$ ~mao _| gmoM ^r Zht nmVr Š`m|{H$ dh Am¡aV _{h_m_§{S>V N>{d _| T>mb Xr JB© h¡§ Cgo dhr H$aZm hmoVm h¡ Omo Cggo Ano{jV h¡& CgH$m AnZr Xoh na A{YH$ma Zht h¡& CgH$m AnZo J^© _| nb ahr g§VmZ na A{YH$ma Zht h¡& Cgo AnZr ng§X H$m gmWr MwZZo H$m A{YH$ma Zht h¡& gmW hr Cgo ng§X H$m H$m`©joÌ MwZZo H$m A{YH$ma ^r Zht h¡o§&

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JR>Z H$m`© Am¡a ^mdr n[aX¥í` amYm npãbHo$eÝg, A§gmar amoS>,

X[a`mJ§O, ZB© {Xëbr, 2005, n¥. 21-25

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\$m§{gg {b{_Q>oS>, b§XZ, 1991, n¥. 55-59

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d¡pídH$, {X Q>mBåg Am°\$ BpÊS>`m, {V{W 25 {gVå~a 1995,

n¥. 18-20

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npãbHo$eZ, ZB© {Xëbr, 1996 n¥. 12-15

5. ZmQ>mUr, àH$me ZmamÙ, maV _| gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`mE§, nmoBÝQ>a

npãbeg©, O`nwa, 2000, n¥. 78-81

6. Hw$_ma, {d{nZ, d¡ídrH$aU Ed§ _{hbm geŠVrH$aU, arJb

npãbHo$eÝg, 2009, n¥. 16-18

7. H$m¡{eH$, Amem, _{hbm geŠVrH$aU : {d_e© Ed§ `WmW©,

nmoBÝQ>a npãbeg©, O`nwa, 2011, n¥. 29-32

8. {_lm, gwOmVm, dy_Z h¡ëW EÊS> gmoeb Bí`y' amBO npãbeg©,

ZB© {Xëbr, 2011, n¥. 12-14

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S>m°. ^r_amd Aå~oS>H$a Ho$ {MÝVZ _| gm_m{OH$ Ý`m` H$s AdYmaUm : EH$ {díbofUmË_H$ AÜ``Z{eàm qgh

emoYmWu, amOZr{V {dkmZ Ed§ bmoH$ àemgZ {d^mJ, dZñWbr {dÚmnrR>, Q>m|H$ (amOñWmZ)



ISSN 2348-3857

àmMrZ g_` _| {ZYm©[aV Ý`m` ì`dñWm gm_m{OH$ Ý`m` Ho$ {dnarV gm_m{OH$ emofU Ed§ Ag_mZVm H$s pñW{V na AmYm[aV Wr& `hm± D$±M-ZrM H$mo Z Ho$db emñÌ-gå_V R>ham`m J`m daZ² Cgo Ym{_©H$ _mÝ`Vm Ed§ g§ajU ^r {_bm& ^maV _| {dÚ_mZ OmVr` Ag_mZVm Ed§ emofU H$s Bg ì`dñWm Ho$ {dê$Õ Ed§ BgH$mo g_má H$aZo hoVw Hw$N> OmJê$H$ ~w{ÕOr{d`m| Ed§ g_mO gwYmaH$m| Ûmam Am§XmobZ H$m ghmam {b`m J`m& Bg ì`dñWm H$s g_m{á Ed§ gm_m{OH$ Ý`m` H$s ñWmnZm Ho$ {bE Á`mo{Vamd \w$bo, gm{dÌr ~mB© \w$bo, B©.dr. am_mñdm_r Zm`H$a, amOm am__mohZ am`, _hmË_m Jm±Yr Am¡a S>m°. ^r_amd Aå~oS>H$a Am{X H$m Zm_ {deof ê$n go {b`m Om gH$Vm h¡& dñVwwV: gm_m{OH$ Ý`m` Ho$ {bE MbZo dmbo BZ g§Kfm] Ho$ H$maU BZ g_mOm| _| ~w{Z`mXr ~Xbmd hþE h¡§ Hw$b {_bmH$a g_` Ho$ gmW gm_m{OH$ Ý`m` Ho$ g¡ÕmÝVrH$aU _| H$B© Zò Am`m_ OwSoo> h¡§, Am¡a Bg g§H$ënZm `m Zmao Ho$ ê$n _| BgZo bå~o g_` VH$ ZonÏ` _| ahZo dmbo g_yhm| H$mo ^r AnZo {bE OmJ«V {H$`m h¡& gm_m{OH$ Ý`m` g_mO _| {d{^ÝZ g_yhm| ImgVm¡a na do Omo {nN>‹S>o d H$_Omoa h¡ Am¡a Omo BgHo$ {bE ñd`§ CÎmaXm`r Zht h¡ Ho$ {hVm| na {deof Ü`mZ XoVm h¡& `h Ohm± gm_m{OH$ Z¡{VH$Vm d _mZdr`Vm na AmYm[aV hmoVm h¡, dht VH©$ g§JV, `wpŠVg§JV VWm `WmW©daH$ ^r hmoVm h¡&

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14 Aà¡b 1891 H$mo _hÿ N>mdZr (_Ü`àXoe) Ho$ EH$ X{bV n[adma _| OÝ_ boZo Ho$ H$maU S>m°. Aå~oS>H$a H$mo ~më`mdñWm go boH$a `wdmdñWm VH$ ha Vah H$s àVm‹S>Zm Am¡a An_mZ ghZo Ho$ gmW hr {ejm àmá H$aZo _| AZoH$ H${R>ZmB`m| Am¡a g_mO _| ì`má A_mZdr` Añn¥í`Vm H$m H$Qw> AZw^d H$aZm n‹S>m Wm& "_hma hmoZo Ho$ H$maU AÜ`mnH$m|o Am¡a N>mÌm| Ho$ Ûmam Añn¥í`Vm Ho$ ì`dhma Zo Aå~oS>H$a Ho$ ì`pŠVËd H$mo PH$Pmoa H$a aI {X`m Wm&2 {dÚmb` Am¡a g_mO _| {dnarV n[apñW{V`m| Ho$ ~mdOyX ^r S>m°. Aå~oS>H$a Zo AnZr {ejm Omar aIVo hþE Cƒ {ejm àmá H$s& OZdar 1913 _| ~r.E. H$s narjm CÎmrU© H$a br& AmJo H$s n‹T>mB© Ho$ {bE Jwéda H¥$îUmOr H¡$ë`wñH$a H$s {g\$m[ae na _hmamOm g`mOr amd Jm`H$dm‹S> Ho$ Ûmam CÝh| A_arH$m _| Cƒ {ejm àmá H$aZo Ho$ {bE N>mÌd¥{Îm ñdrH$ma H$a Xr JB© Am¡a Aå~oS>H$a Zo 20 OwbmB© 1913 H$mo A_arH$m Ho$ {díd à{gÕ H$mob§{~`m {díd{dÚmb` H$s amÁèmñÌ emIm _| àdoe {b`m& BÝhm|Zo `hm± go E_.E. VWm nr.EM.S>r. H$s {S>{J«`m± àmá H$s& CZHo$ emoY H$m {df` Wm - ""^maV H$m amï´>r` bm^m§e … EH$ Eo{Vhm{gH$ Ed§ {díbofUmË_H$ AÜ``Z'& CgHo$ níMmV CÝhm|Zo bÝXZ ñHy$b Am°\$ BH$moZm°{_Šg go S>r.Eg.gr. H$s {S>J«r àmá H$s& Bgr Ho$ gmW Aå~oS>H$a Zo B§½b¡ÊS> go ~¡[añQ>a H$s {S>J«r àmá {H$`m& AnZr Cƒ {ejm àmá H$aZo Ho$ níMmV² O~ Aå~oS>H$a ^maV Amò Vmo BÝh| AZoH$ H${R>ZmB`m| O¡go-ôX^md, Añn¥í`Vm Am{X H$m gm_Zm H$aZm n‹S>m {OgZo BÝh| `h gmoMZo na {dde {H$`m {H$ g_mO _| ì`má AÝ`m` d ôX^md H$m {ZdmaU {H$ò {~Zm EH$ geŠV g_mO H$m {Z_m©U Zht {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡&

Aå~oS>H$a Ho$ {MÝVZ _| gm_m{OH$ Ý`m`

hOmam| gmbm| go AÝYH$ma_` OrdZ H$mo A{êá bmIm|-H$amo‹S>m| bmoJm| Ho$ OrdZ H$mo _mJ©X{e©V H$aZo dmbo S>m°. Aå~oS>H$a Ho$ g_ñV {dMma Xe©Z _| àË`j-AàË`j ê$n _| gm_m{OH$ Ý`m` H$s PbH$ gd©Ì XoIZo H$mo {_bVr h¡& S>m°. Aå~oS>H$a Zo AnZm gånyU© OrdZ gm_m{OH$ Ý`m` H$s ñWmnZm _| bJm {X`m& CZHo$ OrdZ H$m `hr bú` Wm {H$ g_mO Ho$ g^r ì`pŠV g^r ñVa na g_mZ hmo& Bg{bE maVr` g_mO ì`dñWm Omo {H$ AÝ`m` na AmYm[aV Wr, _| gwYma H$aZm MmhVo Wo&3 {OgH$s PbH$ CZH$s {d{^ÝZ

ISSN 2348-3857


aMZmAm| {deof ê$n go "E{Z{hboeZ Am°\$ H$mñQ>' (1937), "hÿy da X eyÐmO' (1946), "X AZQ>Mo~ëg' (1948), "H$mñQ²>g BZ B§{S>`m' VWm "X [aS>ëg Am°\$ {hÝXþBÁ_' _| XoIr Om gH$Vr h¡& BZ nwñVH$m| H$m AdbmoH$Z H$aZo go kmV hmoVm h¡ {H$ Aå~oS>H$a Zo Eo{Vhm{gH$ VÏ`m| Ho$ d¡km{ZH$ {díbofU Ho$ _mÜ`_ go naånamJV g_mO _| AÝ`m` Ho$ {dÚ_mZ ñdê$nm| H$s naV-Xa-naV ImobZo H$s H$mo{ee H$s Vm{H$ CgH$s O‹S>m| _| {dÚm_mZ C{MV H$maUm| H$mo Ty>§T>H$a CZH$m {ZXmZ àñVwV {H$`m Om gHo$&4 AnZo AÜ``Z-AÜ`mnZ {MÝVZ-_ZZ VWm AZw^dm| Ho$ AmYma na Aå~oS>H$a Zo ^maVr` gm_m{OH$ g§aMZm H$mo ~hþV JhamB© go XoIm-g_Pm VWm CÝhm|Zo g{X`m| go Om{V, Y_©, Zñb, dJ© Am¡a qbJ Ho$ Zm_ na X~mE-gVmE JE d§{MV V~Ho$ H$s _wpŠV Am¡a ha Vah Ho$ emofU Ed§ CËnr‹S>Z H$mo g_má H$aHo$ EH$ g_Vm_ybH$ g_mO H$s ñWmnZm H$mo AnZo OrdZ H$m bú` ~Zm {b`m& "_hm‹S> gË`mJ«h', "_Zwñ_¥{V XhZ' Am¡a "H$mbmam_ _pÝXa' àdoe O¡go AmÝXmobZm| Ho$ _mÜ`_ go CÝhm|Zo X{bVm| Ho$ _Z _| hOmam| gmb go Mbr Am ahr Jwbm_r go _wpŠV nmZo H$m g§H$ën n¡Xm {H$`m& CÝhm|Zo 31 OZdar 1920 H$mo nm{jH$ n{ÌH$m "_yH$Zm`H$' H$m Amaå^ {H$`m, Omo Xoe H$s bmIm|-H$amo‹S>m| X{bVm| d d§{MVm| H$s AmdmO ~Zr& gZ² 1924 _| gm_m{OH$ AmÝXmobZ hoVw "~{hîH¥$V {hVH$m[aUr g^m' H$m JR>Z {H$`m {OgHo$ g§Kfm] H$mo bmoJm| VH$ nhþ±MmZo Ho$ {bE Aà¡b 1927 _| "~{hîH¥$V ^maV' Zm_H$ _amR>r nm{jH$ H$m Amaå^ {H$`m, BgHo$ níMmV² "OZVm' Zm_H$ nÌ {ZH$mbm {OgH$m Zm_ AmJo MbH$a "à~wÕ ^maV' aIm J`m& BZ g^r à`mgm| _| gm_m{OH$ Ý`m` H$s g_ñ`m S>m°. Aå~oS>H$a Ho$ {MÝVZ H$m à_wI {df` ahr Am¡a BgHo$ {bE CÝhm|Zo AmOrdZ g§Kf© {H$`m&

S>m°. Aå~oS>H$a H$s gm_m{OH$ Ý`m` H$s YmaUm bmoJm| _| _mÌ ^m¡{VH$ bm^m| H$m Ý`m`mo{MV {dVaU hr Zht h¡, A{nVw dh _ybV: Eogr OrdZ nÕ{V h¡ Omo nmañn[aH$ _mZ-gå_mZ, _¡Ìr^md, g_mZ ZmJ[aH$ hmoZo H$s CËH$ÊR>m, amï´>r` OrdZ _| g^r joÌm| _| Ý`m`mo{MV ^mJrXmar Am{X na AmYm[aV hmo VWm g_mO Ho$ àËòH$ ì`pŠV H$mo C{MV ñWmZ {_bo, bo{H$Z CZH$m _mZZm Wm {H$ BgH$m AmYma OÝ_ na AmYm[aV gm_m{OH$ à{Vð>m Z hmoH$a,`mo½`Vm d JwwU go hmoZm Mm{hE&5

S>m°. Aå~oS>H$a Zo gm_m{OH$ Ý`m` H$s à{H«$`m _| dUm©l_ H$s ^mdZm H$mo gånyU© ê$n go {_Q>mH$a g§d¡Ym{ZH$ emgZ, H$mZyZ, Y_© Am¡a Z¡{VH$Vm H$mo gm_m{OH$ Ý`m` H$m AmYma ñdrH$ma {H$`m&6

gm_m{OH$ Ý`m` H$mo j_Vm Ed§ ^«mV¥Ëd Ho$ ^md go Omo‹S>m Omo g^r amï´> H$s gr_mAm| H$mo Ny>Vm hmo Am¡a Cg_| ahZo dmbo g_ñV

ZmJ[aH$m| H$mo ~ÝYwËd _| ~m§YZo H$m à`mg H$aVm hmo, Mmho dh A_ra hmo `m Jar~, gdU© hmo `m X{bV, {hÝXÿ hmo `m _wpñb_ AWdm {gŠI, B©gmB© `m ~m¡Õ& gm_m{OH$ Ý`m` Ho$ {bE Aå~oS>H$a BVZo X¥‹T> g§H$ën Wo {H$ CgHo$ {bE CÝhm|Zo Aëng§»`H$m| Ho$ A{YH$mam| VWm amÁ` Ho$ H$Îm©ì`m| Ho$ {df` _| EH$ 22 gyÌr ñ_aU nÌ {bIm Wm& Bgo ""_¡¾mH$mQ>m© Am°\$ X h¡d ZmQ²>g'' H$hm OmVm h¡& Bg nÌ H$s àñVmdZm _| "ñnï> {bIm Wm {H$ ñdVÝÌ ^maV Xoer [a`mgVm| H$mo gmW boH$a ~Zo Am¡a CgH$m Zm_ "`yZmBQ>oS> ñQ>oQ²>g Am°\$ BpÊS>`m'' aIm Omò {Og_| gm_m{OH$, amOZr{VH$, Am¡a Am{W©H$ {df_Vm H$mo g_má {H$`m OmE Am¡a g{X`m| go emo{fV, Cno{jV d CËnr{‹S>V dJ© A^md Am¡a ^` go _wpŠV nm gHo$& Aå~oS>H$a H$m gm_m{OH$ Ý`m`' Ho$db X{bV dJm] Ho$ AZwgy{MV Om{V`m| Am¡a OZOm{V`m| VH$ gr{_V Zht Wm, ~pëH$ CZH$s X¥{ï> _| Xoe H$s gånyU© OZVm Omo Om{V ì`dñWm Ho$ H$maU g{X`m| go {ejm, gån{Îm Am¡a gm_m{OH$ à{Vð>m _| A{YH$mam| go d§{MV Wr, CZ g^r H$mo "gm_m{OH$ Ý`m`' H$m nyU© A{YH$ma h¡& Aå~oS>H$a Zo gm_m{OH$ Ý`m` H$mo Am{W©H$ Am¡a amOZr{VH$ Ý`m` go ^r A{YH$ _hËd àXmZ {H$`m Am¡a ì`pŠVJV ñdVÝÌVm Ho$ gmW-gmW Adga d gm_m{OH$ g_Vm H$s dH$mbV H$s& {OgH$s PbH$ ^maVr` g§{dYmZ H$s àñVmdZm _| XoIr Om gH$Vr& Aå~oS>H$a Ûmam {Z{_©V g§{dYmZ Ho$ _yb VËd j_Vm, ñdVÝÌVm, ~ÝYwËd, Ý`m`, bm¡{H$H$-Z¡{VH$Vm VWm Xoe H$s EH$Vm Am¡a AIÊS>Vm h¡ {OÝh| h_ gm_m{OH$ Ý`m` Ho$ {gÕmÝV H$h gH$Vo h¡§&7 ò g^r ~mV| AmXe© g_mO H$s ñWmnZm Ho$ {bE Amdí`H$ hr Zht ~pëH$ A{Zdm`© h¡ Omo Xoe H$s EH$Vm d AIÊS>Vm H$mo ~ZmE aIoJr&

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ISSN 2348-3857

gmW-gmW OmVr` g§Kf© {dH¥$V ê$n YmaU H$aZo bJm h¡& Eogr pñW{V _| S>m°. Aå~oS>H$a Ho$ gm_m{OH$ Ý`m` go gå~pÝYV {dMma Am¡a A{YH$ _hËd aIVo h¡§& dñVwV: AmO CZHo$ gm_m{OH$ Ý`m` {gÕmÝV H$m AÜ``Z d {MÝVZ-_ZZ H$aZo H$s gdm©{YH$ Amdí`H$Vm h¡& S>m°. Aå~oS>H$a gm_m{OH$ Ý`m` H$s ñWmnZm H$aZo H$s Anojm _| `h X¥{ï>H$moU aIVo Wo {H$ H$_Omoa Ed§ {nN>‹S>m dJ© A{YH$mam| H$s _m§J H$aZo dmbo H$s ~Om` A{YH$mam| H$mo àXmZ H$aZo dmbm ~Zo, AWm©V² Zr{V-{ZYm©aU Ed§ àemgZ _| {ZåZ dJm] H$s n`m©á ^mJrXmar gw{ZpíMV hmo& Bg gm_m{OH$ Ý`m` Ho$ {dMma H$s àm{á _| Aå~oS>H$a AmajU ì`dñWm H$mo EH$ epŠVembr CnH$aU Ho$ ê$n _| XoIVo Wo,8 {Ogo AmO Ho$ g_` _| Aå~oS>H$a H$m n`m©` _mZm OmZo bJm h¡& dmñVd _| AmajU ì`dñWm H$m CX²Xoí` d§{MV dJ© H$mo CZH$s VËH$mbrZ pñW{V go {ZH$mbH$a g_mO H$s _w»`Ymam _| bmZm Wm, `Ú{n Bg ì`dñWm Ûmam g{X`m| go CËnr{‹S>V dJ© H$m Am{W©H$ {nN>‹S>mnZ Xÿa {H$`m OmZm ^r EH$ Am`m_ Wm {H$ÝVw BgH$m _w»` bú` gm_m{OH$ Ý`m` H$s àm{á H$mo g§^d ~ZmZm Wm& {Oggo g_mO _| Bg dJ© H$s pñW{V H$mo ~ohVa {H$`m Om gHo$ Am¡a gm_m{OH$ Ed§ amOZr{VH$ ñVa na CZHo$ à{V{Z{YËd H$m ñVa CZH$s OZg§»`m Ho$ AZwnmV _o§ àmá {H$`m Om gHo$& dñVwV: dV©_mZ g_` _| Bg ì`dñWm na H$B© àíZ {MÝh bJmò OmZo Ho$ à`mg {H$ò Om aho h¡§? {H$ Š`m `h gm_m{OH$ g_mZVm ñWm{nV H$aZo _| ghm`Vm H$a ahm h¡, `m gm_m{OH$ Ag_mZVm d OmVr` g§Kf© Ho$ ~‹T>Zo H$m H$maU ~Z ahm h¡? dñVwV: `h pñW{V Aå~oS>H$a Ho$ {dMma H$mo ghr ê$n _| {H«$`mpÝdV Z {H$ò OmZo Ho$ n[aUm_ñdê$n hr CËnÝZ hþB© h¡& Bg pñW{V _| Aå~oS>H$a Ho$ gm_m{OH$ Ý`m` {gÕmÝV Ho$ AmYma na `h {dH$ën {ZH$mbm Om gH$Vm h¡ {H$ AZwgy{MV Om{V `m OZOm{V Ho$ Omo ì`pŠV Am{W©H$ g_mZVm H$mo àmá H$a MwHo$ h¡§ CÝh| AnZo dJmªo Ho$ {nN>Soµ> hþE bmoJm| {bE {deof à`mg {H$ò OmZo H$s Amdí`H$Vm h¡, do ñd`§ hr AnZo AmajU H$mo AnZo mB`m| Ho$ {hV _| N>mo‹S> X| Am¡a {OÝh| A^r VH$ AmajU H$m bm^ Zht {_bm h¡ CÝh| Bgo àmá H$aZo _| ghm`Vm H$a| Vm{H$ gm_m{OH$ ì`dñWm _| CZH$m à{V{Z{YËd Xÿgao dJm] Ho$ g_mZ hmo gHo$&

S>m°. Aå~oS>H$a {ejm H$s _hÎmm go ^br-^m§{V n[a{MV Wo, CZH$m _V Wm {H$ {ejm hr bmoJm| Ho$ Z¡{VH$ Ed§ AmÜ`mpË_H$ {dH$mg _| ghm`H$ hmoJr&9 Bg{bE do àmapå^H$ {ejm H$mo gd©-gwb^ H$aZo H$s dH$mbV H$aVo Wo& Bg gÝX^© _| do AnZo ñd`§ Ho$ CXmhaU go à^m{dV Wo& Bg{bE dmo Zht MmhVo Wo {H$ {Og àH$ma CÝhm|Zo {ejm H$s àm{á Ho$ {bE g§Kf© {H$`m, H$moB© ^r H$_Omoa dJ© H$ao&

{OgHo$ {bE h_mao g§{dYmZ _| ^r 6-14 df© Ho$ ~ƒm| Ho$ {bE {Z:ewëH$ Ed§ A{Zdm`© {ejm H$s ì`dñWm H$m àmdYmZ AZwÀN>oX 21(H$) Ho$ AÝVJ©V {H$`m J`m h¡ VWm BgHo$ {bE AZoH$ H$m`©H«$_ d `moOZmE± ^r gaH$ma H$s Va\$ go ~Zm`r d Mbm`r Om ahr h¡& O¡go-gd©-{ejm A{^`mZ, {_S>-So>-{_b Am{X {Oggo {ejm H$s pñW{V _| gwYma Vmo hþAm h¡ bo{H$Z {ejm H$mo Omo ñVa àmá hmoZm Mm{hE dh Zht hmo nm`m h¡& Bggo ñnï> h¡ {H$ {ejm ì`dñWm _| gwYma H$s Amdí`H$Vm h¡ Š`m|{H$ {ejm gm_m{OH$ Ý`m` H$s ñWmnZm H$m EH$ _hËdnyU© _mÜ`_ hmo gH$Vr h¡& àmW{_H$ ñVa go hr {dÚmb`m| Ho$ nmR²>`H«$_ _| Eogo {df`m| H$mo em{_b H$aZm Mm{hE Omo {dÚm{W©`m| _| gm_m{OH$ g_agVm, gX²^mdZm d ~ÝYwËd H$mo ~‹T>mZo VWm gm_m{OH$ Hw$ar{V`m| O¡go- Om{V-nm±{V, Nw>AmNy>V, ôX^md Am{X go D$na CR>H$a g^r ì`pŠV`m| H$mo _mZd ê$n _| ñdrH$ma H$aZo H$m H$m¡eb {dH${gV hmo&

S>m°. Aå~oS>H$a Ho$ gm_m{OH$ Ý`m` {gÕmÝV _| Y_© AmYm[aV emofU H$m {d{eï> ñWmZ Wm, do {d{^ÝZ Y_m] Ho$ AÜ``Z Ho$ níMmV² Bg {ZîH$f© na nhþ±Mo Wo {H$ {d{^ÝZ dJm] H$s Ag_mZVm _| Y_© H$m EH$ {d{eï> `moJXmZ ahm h¡, Bg{bE Aå~oS>H$a Y_© H$mo Zr{V-{Z_m©U go h_oem AbJ aIZm MmhVo Wo& S>m°. Aå~oS>H$a Ho$ gånyU© OrdZ Xe©Z Ed§ {dMmam| na X¥{ï>nmV H$aZo na ^maVr` g_mO Ho$ gÝX^© _| EH$ {d{eï> gm_m{OH$ Ý`m` H$m AmJ«h ñnï> ê$n go X¥{ï>JmoMa hmoVm h¡& gm_m{OH$ Ý`m` H$s AdYmaUm AZoH$ gÝX^© _| {d{eï> Wr& nmíMmË` {dMmaH$m| H$s VwbZm _| S>m°. Aå~oS>H$a Zo gm_m{OH$ Ý`m` H$mo ñWm{nV H$aZo _| ^maVr` {d{^ÝZVm, joÌr`Vm, {d{^ÝZ Y_m], ^mfmAm|, ar{V-[admOm| VWm g§ñH¥${V`m| Am{X H$m nyU© Ü`mZ aIm& S>m°. Aå~oS>H$a Zo ^maVr` gÝX^© _| gm_m{OH$ Ý`m` H$s ñWmnZm Ho$ CnH$aU Ho$ ê$n _| ^maVr` g§{dYmZ _| AnZo Ý`m` Ho$ {gÕmÝVm| H$m g_mdoe {H$`m h¡& S>m°. Aå~oS>H$a H$s X¥{ï> _| gm_m{OH$ Ý`m` H$m grYm gå~ÝY maV H$s EH$Vm d AIÊS>Vm go h¡ AWm©V² maV H$s y{_ _| {Zdmg H$aZo dmbo g^r ZmJ[aH$ ^mB©-^mB© h¡§ Mmho do {hÝXÿ hmo `m _wgb_mZ, {gŠI hmo `m B©gmB©, ~m¡Õ hmo `m O¡Z, `hÿXr hmo `m \$magr AWdm gdU© hmo `m {nN>‹S>o& gm_m{OH$ Ý`m` H$m _mZXÊS> _mÌ ^m¡{VH$ àJ{V Zht h¡, _mÌ emar[aH$ ^yI ß`mg {_Q>mZm `m Hw$N> gwI-gw{dYmE± `m gaH$mar Zm¡H$[a`m± hr CnbãY H$amZm Zht h¡ A{nVw BZgo ^r A{YH$ _hËdnyU© nj `h h¡ {H$ ^maV Ho$ ZmJ[aH$m| AWdm g^r dJm] d Y_m] Ho$ bmoJm| Ho$ ~rM CZ _mZd _yë`m| VWm AmYmam| H$s ~hþbVm hmo {OZgo gm_m{OH$ ì`dñWm

ISSN 2348-3857


Ý`m`mo{MV ~Z gHo$ Am¡a amï´>r` OrdZ j_Vm d g_agVm H$s {Xem _| A{^d¥{Õ hmo&

AV: gma ê$n _| H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡ {H$ S>m°. Aå~oS>H$a H$m gånyU© OrdZ g§Kf© VWm gm_m{OH$ Ý`m` H$s ImoO H$s EH$ OrdÝV JmWm h¡& g_gm_{`H$ n[aàoú` _| O~{H$ AZoH$ KQ>ZmE± {XZ-à{V{XZ ~‹T>Vr Om ahr h¡& ha dJ© AnZo-Amn H$mo {nN>‹S>m gm{~V H$aZo H$s OX²XmoOhX _| bJm hþAm h¡& Eogo _| gm_m{OH$ Ý`m` H$s ñWmnZm H$m {dH$ën ImoOZo VWm Cg na _ZZ H$aZm A{V Amdí`H$ h¡& {Og_| S>m°. Aå~oS>H$a Ho$ gm_m{OH$ Ý`m` {gÕmÝV gX¡d _mJ©Xe©Z d nW àXe©Z àmá H$aZo _| Cn`moJr {gÕ hmo gH$Vm h¡& CÝhm|Zo AnZr ~w{Õ-j_Vm Ho$ _mÜ`_ go `h {gÕ H$a {X`m Wm {H$ ha ì`pŠV OÝ_ go g_mZ hmoVm h¡& Om{V `m OÝ_ go H$moB© N>moQ>m `m ~‹S>m Zht hmoVm& Om{V g_mO H$s ~ZmB© hþB© EH$ Hw$pËgV ì`dñWm h¡& Y_©, Om{VôX, D$±M-ZrM, N>moQ>m-~‹S>m, Nw>AmNy>V `h _mZdr aMZm Ho$ Zht ~pëH$ _Zwî` Ho$ ~ZmE hþE ~ÝYZ h¡& CZHo$ gånyU© {MÝVZ H$m gma Vm{H©$H$ X¥{ï> go ^maVr` g_mO _| g_mZVm, ñdVÝÌVm Am¡a ^mV¥Ëd-^mdZm H$m {dH$mg H$aZm, _mZd_mÌ H$s ^bmB©, CgH$s gwI-empÝV Ed§ g_¥{Õ hr h¡&

g§X^© gyMr1. Aå~oS>H$a, ~m~m gmh~, "g§nyU© dm§½_`'; ANy>V H$m¡Z Am¡a H¡$go,

S>m° Aå~oS>H$a à{Vð>mZ, {Xëbr, 1990, n¥. 148

2. Y_©H$s{V©, S>m°. Aå~oS>H$a Ûmam {ejm Ho$ àgma hoVw {H$ò Jò gVV² à`mg, gm_m{OH$ Ý`m` Xe©Z, ZB© {Xëbr, {Xgå~a 2014, A§H$ 12, n¥. 7

3. qgh, am_ Jmonmb, S>m°. Aå~oS>H$a : gm_m{OH$ Ý`m` Ed§ n[adV©Z, ZoeZb npãbqeJ hmCg, O`nwa Ed§ {Xëbr, 2014, n¥. 1-2

4. qgh, am_ Jmonmb, Cn`w©ŠV, 2014, n¥. 77

5. {_lm, Am|H$ma ZmW Ed§ __Vm _{U {ÌnmR>r, gd©OZ Ho$ àoaUmg«moV S>m°. ^r_amd Aå~oS>H$a, amYm npãbHo$e§g, ZB© {Xëbr, 2011, n¥. 150-151

6. {_lm, Am|H$ma ZmW Ed§ {ÌnmR>r, __Vm _{U, Cn`w©ŠV, 2011

7. VmH$gm§So>, Zr{b_m Ho$., ~m~mgmho~ Aå~oS>H$a Am¡a gm_m{OH$ Ý`m`, gm_m{OH$ Ý`m` Xe©Z, ZB© {Xëbr, Aà¡b 2014, A§H$ 04, n¥. 20-21

8. qgh, am_ Jmonmb, Cn`w©ŠV, 2014, n¥. 82-85

9. Aå~oS>H$a, ~r. Ama., X AZQ>Mo~ëg : hÿ Ama Xo EÊS> ìhmB Xo ~rH$_ AZQ>Mo~ëg?, A_¥V ~wH$ H§$nZr, ZB© {Xëbr, 1990, n¥. 3

gaXma dëb^^mB© nQ>ob dmñVd _| EH$ bm¡h nwéf Ed§ ^maV H$mo EH$Vm Ho$ gyÌ _| ~m§YZo dmbo _hmZ Xoe^ŠV Ed§ H«$mpÝVY_u Wo& gaXma nQ>ob ñnï>dmXr, g§`_r, dra, X¥‹T>{ZíM`r Ed§ ì`mdhm[aH$ gmoM aIZo dmbo ì`pŠV Wo& CZHo$ ì`pŠVËd H$s BÝht {deofVmAm| Ho$ H$maU do Xoe H$mo g§J{R>V H$aZo _| g\$b {gÕ hþE& gaXma _o§ {~ñ_mH©$ O¡gr g§JR>Z epŠV Ed§ MmUŠ` O¡gr amOZr{VH$ nQw>Vm Wr& ^maV Ho$ Bg _hmZ amOZr{Vk H$m OrdZ EH$ _hmZ g§JR>ZH$Vm©, àemgH$ Am¡a ZoV¥Ëd Ho$ JwUm| go wŠV Wm& ñdmYrZVm Ho$ g^r AmÝXmobZm| _| do A{J«_ n§pŠV Ho$ goZmZr aho& ñdmYrZVm àm{á Ho$ níMmV ^r do AnZo CÎm_ ZoV¥Ëd, X¥‹T> BÀN>m epŠV Am¡a {dab CËgmh go ^maV Ho$ ^m½` {ZUm©`H$ ~Z|& CZH$s Aà{V_gyP~yP Am¡a {ZûH$ M[aÌ Zo CÝh| "bm¡hnwê$f' H$s g§km Xr& CÝhm|Zo gË` H$mo S§>Ho$ H$s MmoQ> na H$hZo _| H$^r g§H$moM Zht {H$`m& XrK© g§Kf© Ho$ ~mX àm{á hþB© ñdmYrZVm Ho$ níMmV² Zd^maV Ho$ {Z_m©U _| CZH$s EH$ _hËdnyU© ^y{_H$m ahr&

OrdZ n[aM` … 31 AŠQy>~a, 1975 H$mo JwOamV Ho$ Io‹S>m {Obo Ho$ Zm{S>`mS> J«m_ _| gaXma dëb^ ^mB© nQ>ob H$m OÝ_ hþAm& dmo P~oa^mB© Jmbm^mB© nQ>ob H$s Mm¡Wr g§VmZ Wo& CZHo$ {nVm noeo go

emoY gmam§e

gaXma nQ>ob H$m ì`pŠVËd H«$mpÝVY_u, bm¡hnwê$f, ~w{ÕH$m¡eb, na_moƒVm, AmÜ`mpË_H$ epŠV, AÝVÛ©ÝÛ, XÿaX{e©VmJwUm| go wŠV Wm& ñdmYrZVm Ho$ g^r AmÝXmobZm| _| do A{J«_ n§pŠV Ho$ goZmZr aho& ñdmYrZVm àm{á Ho$ níMmV ^r do AnZo CÎm_ ZoV¥Ëd, X¥‹T> BÀN>m epŠV Am¡a {dab CËgmh go ^maV Ho$ ^m½` {ZUm© H$ ~Z| Š`m|{H$ nQ>ob Zo EH$ Eogo H$m_ H$m ~r‹S>m CR>m`m Omo {díd Ho$ H${R>ZV_ H$m`mªo _| go EH$ Wm& EH$ Eogm Xoe Omo H$X_-H$X_ na {d{^ÝZ Om{V, ^mfm, dJ©, naånam Am¡a Y_© _| ~§Q>m hþAm N>moQ>r-N>moQ>r [a`mgVm| Am¡a OmJram| _| {dIpÊS>V Wm, H$mo EH$ Xoe Ho$ ê$n _| ApñVËd _| bmZm nQ>ob O¡go bm¡h nwê$f H$m hr H$m © hmo gH$Vm Wm& {díd _| g~go ~‹S>r OZg§»`m Ho$ ê$n _| ^maV H$m à^md gaXma nQ>ob Ho$ `moJXmZ Ho$ H$maU h¡& gaXma nQ>ob Zo amï>r` EH$Vm H$m EH$ Eogm ê$n {XIm`m Wm {OgHo$ {df` _| Cg g_` H$moB© gmoM ^r Zht gH$Vm Wm& CZHo$ BÝht H$m`m] Ho$ H$maU CZHo$ OÝ_ {Xdg H$mo amï>r` EH$Vm {Xdg Ho$ ê$n _| _Zm`m OmVm h¡&

g§Ho$Vmja … H«$mpÝVY_u, bm¡hnwê$f, ~w{ÕH$m¡eb, na_moƒVm, AmÜ`mpË_H$ epŠV, AÝVÛ©ÝÛ, XÿaX{e©Vm

H¥$fH$ Am¡a _mVm bmS> ~mB© EH$ gmYmaU {H$ÝVw g_PXma J¥{hUr Wr& CZHo$ _mVm-{nVm _| gmhg, g§`_ Am¡a Xoe^pŠV Hy$Q>-Hy$Q> H$a âr hþB© Wr& `hr H$maU ahm {H$ gaXma nQ>ob H$mo ^r `hr JwU AnZo _mVm-{nVm go {damgV _| {_bmo& 1910 _| CÝhm|Zo dH$mbV H$s narjm àW_ loUr go àmá H$s Am¡a {~«Q>oZ go ^maV bm¡Q>H$a dH$mbV Ho$ gmW-gmW Xoe H$s amOZr{V _| ^r ^mJ boZo bJo&

ñdVÝÌVm AmÝXmobZ _| CZH$m `moJXmZ … Io‹S>m gË`mJ«h- ñdV§ÌVm AmÝXmobZ _| gaXma nQ>ob H$m àW_ à`mg Io‹S>m g§Kf© ahm& Io‹S>m {Obo _| A{Vd¥{ï> Ho$ H$maU \$gb nyar Vah Zï> hmo J`r Wr& gaH$ma Zo PyR>o Am±H$‹S>o {XImH$a g»Vr go bJmZ dgybZm Mmhm V~ gaXma nQ>ob d Jm±Yr Or Zo H¥$fH$m| H$m ZoV¥Ëd {H$`m& CÝh| H$a Z XoZo Ho$ Ho$ {bò ào[aV {H$`m& AÝVV: gaH$ma H$mo hr PwH$Zm n‹S>m Am¡a Cg df© H$am| _| amhV Xr JB©& `h gaXma H$s nhbr g\$bVm Wr& Io‹S>m gË`mJ«h Ho$ {dO` CËgd _| EH$ Am_ g^m _| _hmË_m Jm§Yr Zo gaXma Ho$ {df` _| H$hm Wm- {X _wPo dëb^^mB© Z {_bo hmoVo, Vmo Omo g\$bVm h_| àmá hþB© h¡ dh Z {_bVr& ''

~maS>mobr gË`mJ«h … O~ ì`pŠV AnZr mo½`VmAm| Am¡a j_VmAm| H$mo AnZo {bE hr gr{_V Z H$aHo$ Cgo g_mO Ho$ ñVa na {Z`mo{OV H$aVm h¡ Vmo dh gå_mZ H$m A{YH$mar ~ZVm h¡& AmO

bm¡h nwéf gaXma dëb^ ^mB© nQ>ob H$m ^maV Ho$ {Z_m©U _| `moJXmZS>m°. hZw_mZ àgmX _rZm

ghm`H$ AmMm`©, amOZr{V {dkmZ {d^mJehrX H¡$ßQ>Z [anwX_Z qgh amOH$s` _hm{dÚmb`, gdmB©_mYmonwa (amOñWmZ)


ISSN 2348-3857


h_| {OZ _hmZ amï´> ZoVmAm| H$s H$_r {eX²XV go _hgyg hmoVr h¡ CZ_| gaXma nQ>ob H$m Zm_ gdm©on[a h¡& 1927 _| gaXma Zo ~maS>mobr Ho$ {H$gmZm| na 30 à{VeV bJmZ ~‹T>m {X`m& gd©àW_Vmo {H$gmZm| H$s _mbr hmbV AÀN>r Zht Wr& do nwamZm H$a hr MwH$m nmZo _| Ag_W© Wo, Vmo do ~‹T>m hþAm H$a H¡$go MwH$mVo& g^r à`mg H$aZo Ho$ níMmV² A§V _| {H$gmZm| Zo AnZr g_ñ`m dëb^^mB© Ho$ g_j àñVwV H$s& dëb^^mB© Zo AmÝXmobZ Amaå^ H$aZo go nyd© Jm§YrOr H$mo nyar pñW{V g_Pm Xr Am¡a gË`mJ«h hoVw Amerdm©X H$s àmW©Zm H$s& Jm§YrOr nQ>ob H$s j_VmAm| Ed§ XÿaX{e©Vm go A~ VH$ AÀN>r Vah n[a{MV hmo MwHo$ Wo& CÝhm|Zo nQ>ob H$mo {dO`r hmoZo H$m Amerdm©X {X`m& Bg gånyU© AmÝXmobZ Ho$ Xm¡amZ gaXma Zo {ZaÝVa {~Zm hVme hþE {H$gmZm| _o§ AnZo ^mfU go OmZ \y§$H$s& AÝVV: A§J«oO gaH$ma H$mo H¥$fH$m| Ho$ gm_Zo PwH$Zm n‹S>m& Bg AmÝXmobZ H$s g\$bVm H$m nyam lo` _hmË_m Jm§Yr Zo nQ>ob H$mo XoVo hþE CÝh| ~maS>mobr H$m gaXma nQ>ob H$h H$a gå~mo{YV {H$`m& V^r go dëb^^mB© nQ>ob H$m Zm_ gaXma dëb^^mB© nQ>ob n‹S> J`m&

Xoer [a`mgVm| H$m EH$sH$aU … ñdV§ÌVm àm{á Ho$ níMmV {d^mOZ H$s ÌmgXr PobVo ^maV Ho$ gm_Zo H$B© MwZm¡{V`m§ Wr {Og_| g~go ~‹S>r g_ñ`m 562 N>moQ>r ~‹S>r [a`mgVm| Ho$ emgH$m| H$s _hËdH$m§jmE± Xoe H$s EH$Vm AIÊS>Vm Ho$ {bò IVam ~Z J`r Wr& Eogo _| gaXma Zo AnZo Hy$Q>Zr{VH$ H$m¡eb H$m n[aM` XoVo hþwE Xoe Ho$ {bE draVm nyU© ^y{_H$m H$m {Zd©hZ {H$`m& CÝhm|Zo AnZo ~w{ÕH$m¡eb go g_ñV amOm aOdm‹S>m| H$mo ^maV H$s Pmobr _| S>mb {Jam`m&

5 OwbmB© 1947 H$mo gaXma nQ>ob Ho$ ZoV¥Ëd _| [a`mgVr {d^mJ ApñVËd _| Am`m& H$m§J«og H$mo Amem Wr {H$ nmQ>u H$m `h bm¡h nwê$f AnZr YmoVr g_oQ>H$a amOmAm| Ho$ nrN>o n‹S> OmòJm& gaXma nQ>ob H$m OmoaXma ì`pŠVËd Am¡a bMrbo {X_mJ H$m g§`moJ Bg Adga na Am¡a ^r A{YH$ IVaZmH$ {gÕ hþE&

5 OwbmB© 1947 H$mo hr nQ>ob Zo amOmAm| go Anrb H$s {H$ do 15 AJñV, 1947 go nyd© ^maV g§K _| gpå_{bV hmo Omò§& Xoer amÁ`m| H$mo gmd©O{ZH$ {hV Ho$ VrZ {df` à{Vajm, {dXoe VWm g§Mma g§K H$mo gwnwX© H$aZo hm|Jo& nQ>ob Zo Bg Adga na amOmAm| H$mo MoVmdZr ^r Xr {H$ `{X H$moB© amOm `h gmoMVm hmo {H$ {~«{Q>e na_moƒVm CgH$mo hñVmÝV[aV H$a Xr OmòJr Vmo `h CgH$s ^yb hmoJr& AJa gaXma nQ>ob {Za§Va à`mg Z H$aVo Vmo AmO ^maV H$s OJh ~hþV gmao Xoe hmoVo, Omo EH$-Xÿgao go b‹S>Vo ahVo&

Oå_y-H$í_ra, h¡Xam~mX Am¡a OyZmJ‹T> Zo à{VamoY {H$`m na nQ>ob Ho$ _O~yV BamXm| Zo ñnï> H$a {X`m {H$ ^maV EH$ EH$sH¥$V BH$mB© ~ZH$a ahoJm& CÝhm|Zo Xoer [a`mgVm| Ho$ emgH$m| H$m g»Vr Ho$ gmW gm_Zm {H$`m VWm Iwbr MoVmdZr XoVo hþE EH$ g^m _| H$hm {H$ ""N>moQ>o amÁ` A~ ~Zo Zht ah gH$Vo& CZHo$ gm_Zo EH$ hr {dH$ën h¡ {H$ do ~‹S>r VWm g_w{MV AmH$ma H$s BH$mB©`m| _| gpå_{bV hmo Om`|& A~ epŠV, à{Vð>m `m dJ© H$m qMVZ C{MV Zht hmoJm& nQ>ob Zo Eogo H$m`© {H$E {Ogo {díd B{Vhmg _| nhbo H$^r ^r H$aZo H$s H$mo{ee Zht H$s JB©& CÝhm|Zo h¡Xam~mX Am¡a OyZmJ‹T> Ho$ àH$aUm| Ho$ Abmdm amOm-aOdm‹S>m| H$s ñd`§ H$s gh_{V Am¡a gh`moJ go 500 go A{YH$ amÁ`m| Am¡a [a`mgVm| H$mo EH$ g§`wŠV ^maV Ho$ {bE Z`m ê$n {X`m& CZH$s Bgr g\$bVm go CËgm{hV hmoH$a gmo{d`V ZoVm {ZHo$Vm Iw«íMod Zo 1956 _| AnZr ^maV `mÌm Ho$ g_` H$hm Wm {H$ ""Amn ^maVr` AX²^wV bmoJ h¡§& {H$g H$m¡eb go AmnZo {~Zm amOmAm| H$mo hQ>mò amOemhr H$mo hr {dbrZ H$a {X`m&'' `hr H$maU ahm {H$ CÝh| ^maV H$m bm¡h nwê$f H$hm OmVm h¡& Š`m|{H$ gaXma nQ>ob hr dh _hmZ nwê$f h¡§ {OÝhm|Zo dV©_mZ AmYw{ZH$ ^maV H$s Ztd aIr&

gaXma nQ>ob Am¡a amï´>r` EH$Vm … dV©_mZ _| gaXma nQ>ob Ho$ ì`pŠVËd Ed§ H¥${VËd H$m bm^ CR>mZo Ho$ {bò amOZr{VH$ Xb CZHo$ Zm_ H$m à`moJ AnZo ñdmWm] H$s ny{V© Ho$ {bò H$a aho h¡§& CZHo$ {dMmam| H$mo Vmo‹S> _amo‹S> H$a noe H$a aho h¢& {H$ÝVw CZHo$ Zm_H$m à`moJ AnZo jwÐ bm^ Ho$ {bò H$aZo dmbm| H$mo `h g_P boZm Mm{hE {H$ gaXma nQ>ob {H$gr EH$ g_wXm` `m amOZr{VH$ Xb H$s gån{Îm Zht h¡& CÝh| Bg ê$n _| XoIZm CZHo$ gånyU© `moJXmZ H$mo Im[aO H$aZo O¡gm hmoJm& gaXma nQ>ob H$s VwbZm O_©Zr H$m EH$sH$aU H$aZo dmbo {~ñ_mH©$ go H$s OmVr h¡& bo{H$Z CZH$s g\$bVmE§ {~ñ_mH©$ go r ~‹S>r h¡§ Š`m|{H$ nQ>ob Zo EH$ Eogo H$m_ H$m ~r‹S>m CR>m`m Omo {díd Ho$ H${R>ZV_ H$m`mªo _| go EH$ Wm& EH$ Eogm Xoe Omo H$X_-H$X_ na {d{^ÝZ Om{V, ^mfm, dJ©, naånam Am¡a Y_© _| ~§Q>m hþAm N>moQ>r-N>moQ>r [a`mgVm| Am¡a OmJram| _| {dIpÊS>V Wm, H$mo EH$ Xoe Ho$ ê$n _| ApñVËd _| bmZm nQ>ob O¡go bm¡h nwê$f H$m hr H$m`© hmo gH$Vm Wm& {díd _| g~go ~‹S>r OZg§»`m Ho$ ê$n _| ^maV H$m à^md gaXma nQ>ob Ho$ `moJXmZ Ho$ H$maU h¡& CÝhm|Zo Agå^d {XIZo dmbo H$m`© H$mo Cg g_` A§Om_ {X`m O~ qdñQ>Z M{M©b Bg Cn_hmÛrn H$mo {hÝXþñVmZ-nm{H$ñVmZ Am¡a N>moQ>o-N>moQ>o aOdm‹S>m| Ho$ g_yh Ho$ ê$n _| ~m§Q>Zm MmhVo Wo& gaXma nQ>ob H$m H$WZ h¡ {H$ ""EH$Vm Ho$ {~Zm OZepŠV epŠV Zht h¡ O~ VH$ Cgo R>rH$ Vah go gm_§Oñ` _| Z bm`m OmE


ISSN 2348-3857

Am¡a EH$OwQ> Z {H$`m OmE Am¡a V~ dh AmÜ`mpË_H$ epŠV ~Z OmVr h¡'' gaXma nQ>ob Zo amï´>r` EH$Vm H$m EH$ Eogm ê$n {XIm`m Wm {OgHo$ {df` _| Cg g_` H$moB© gmoM ^r Zht gH$Vm Wm& CZHo$ BÝht H$m`m] Ho$ H$maU CZHo$ OÝ_ {Xdg H$mo amï´>r` EH$Vm {Xdg Ho$ ê$n _| _Zm`m OmVm h¡& BgH$s ewê$AmV ^maV gaH$ma Zo 2014 go H$s Wr& àËòH$ df© 31 AŠQy>~a H$mo amï´>r` EH$Vm {Xdg _Zm`m OmVm h¡&

nQ>ob Am¡a Zohê$- {dMmam| H$m AÝVÛ©ÝÛ

gaXma nQ>ob Am¡a Zohê$ Jm§Yr {dMmaYmam go ào[aV Wo& Bg{bò hr gå^dV`m gmW H$m_ H$a gHo$ Zht Vmo BZ XmoZm| H$s gmoM _| Jham H$m A§Va Wm& Ohm± nQ>ob O_rZr ì`pŠV Wo, {_Q²>Q>r _| aMo ~go gmYmaU ì`pŠVËd Ho$ VoOñdr ì`pŠV Wo& dht Zohê$ O_rZr hH$sH$V go Xÿa ñdßZbmoH$ _| {dMaU H$aZo dmbo ì`pŠV Wo& gnZm| H$mo nQ>ob _| gM H$aHo$ {XImZo H$s j_Vm Wr& e¡j{UH$ `mo½`Vm hmo `m ì`mdhm[aH$ gmoM hmo BZ g^r _| nQ>ob, Zohê$ go ~hþV AmJo Wo& ñdVÝÌ ^maV Ho$ Xmo ~‹S>o ZoVmAm| Zohê$ Am¡a nQ>ob Ho$ [aíVm| H$s XmñVmZ ^r AZmoIr h¡& XmoZm| _hmZ Xoe^ŠV Wo {H$ÝVw EH$ Xÿgao Ho$ à{VÛÝÛr ^r, XmoZm| Ho$ {dMmam| _| Jhao _VôX Wo Omo O~ V~ {ddmX H$m ê$n bo boVo Wo& {H$ÝVw XmoZm| Zo Bgo AnZo gå~ÝYm| na hmdr Zht hmoZo {X`m& Zohê$ Ho$ AZwgma `h ^maV gaH$ma H$s {Oå_oXmar Wr {H$ dh _wgb_mZm| H$mo ^maV _o§ gwa{jV _hgyg H$amE, O~{H$ nQ>ob MmhVo Wo {H$ h {Oå_oXmar IwX Aëng§»`H$ dJ© hr CR>mE& àYmZ_§Ìr Zohê$ d CnàYmZ_§Ìr gaXma nQ>ob XmoZm| Zo B§½b¡ÊS> OmH$a dH$mbV H$s {S>J«r àmá H$s Wr, naÝVw gaXma Bg_| Zohê$ go ~hþV AmJo Wo& Zohê$ emñÌm| Ho$ kmVm Wo Vmo nQ>ob emñÌm| Ho$ nwOmar Wo& nQ>ob ñd`§ H$hm H$aVo Wo {H$''- _¡§Zo H$bm `m {dkmZ Ho$ {demb JJZ _| D$±Mr C‹S>mZo Zht âr& _oam {dH$mg H$ƒr Pm|n{‹S>`m| _| Jar~ {H$gmZ Ho$ IoVm| H$s ^y{_ Am¡a eham| Ho$ J§Xo _H$mZm| _| hþAm h¡& ''

Zohê$ Ho$ OrdZrH$ma gd©nëbr Jmonmb Zo ^mdwH$ hmoH$a nQ>ob Ho$ {df` _| ì`ŠV {H$`m Wm {H$ nQ>ob Ho$ _hmZ AmË_g§`_ Am¡a eam\$V Zo XmoZm| Ho$ ~rM hmoZo dmbr Iwbr bS>mB© H$mo amoH$ {X`m& nQ>ob H$mo Jm±YrOr go {H$`m hþAm AnZm dh dmXm `mX Wm {Og_| CÝhm|Zo Zohê$ Ho$ gmW H$m_ H$aZo H$s ~mV H$hr Wr& BgHo$ gmW hr H$m§J«og AÜ`j nX na {ddmX Ho$ dŠV CZH$m ñdmñÏ` ^r R>rH$ Zht Wm& Zohê$ O~ CZgo {_bZo AmE Vmo nQ>ob Zo H$hm {H$ O~ _oam ñdmñÏ` Wmo‹S>m R>rH$ hmo OmòJm V~ _¡§ Amngo AHo$bo _| ~mV H$aZm MmhVm hÿ±& _wPo Eogm bJ ahm h¡ {H$ Amn _wP_| AnZm

{dídmg ImoVo Om aho h¡§& BgHo$ CÎma _| Zohê$ Zo H$hm {H$ _wPo bJVm h¡ {H$ _¡§ AnZo Amn _| `H$sZ ImoVm Om ahm hÿ±& BgHo$ Hw$N> g_` ~mX 15 {Xgå~a 1950 H$mo gaXma nQ>ob H$s _¥Ë`w hmo JB© Am¡a `h bm¡h nwê$f Xþ{Z`m go Ab{dXm hmo J`m Am¡a B{Vhmg Ho$ nÝZm| na h_oem Ho$ {bE A_a hmo J`m& Zohê$ Zo EH$ EH$sH¥$V Am¡a AIÊS> ^maV Ho$ {Z_m©U _| nQ>ob H$s à{V~ÕVm H$mo aoIm§{H$V {H$`m& gmW hr aOdm‹S>m| H$s O{Q>b g_ñ`m gwbPmZo _| ^r CZH$s à{V^m H$s gamhZm H$s&

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[a`mgVm| Ho$ EH$sH$aU Ho$ A{V[aŠV gaXma Zo H$B© Am¡a _hËdnyU© H$m`© {H$ò& CZ_| go EH$ h¡& ^maVr` ZmJ[aH$ godmAm| (AmB©.gr.Eg.) H$m ^maVr`H$aU H$a BÝh| ^maVr` àemg{ZH$ godm (AmB©.E.Eg.) ~Zm`m& nQ>ob MmhVo Wo {H$ {OVZr OëXr hmo gHo$ {g{db godm Ho$ ò {~«{Q>e A{YH$mar ^maV N>mo‹S> H$a Mbo Omò§& A§J«oOm| H$s godm H$aZo dmbo ^maVr`m| H$mo amO^pŠV go Xoe^pŠV H$s Amoa CÝ_wI {H$`m& gaXma Ho$ hr AWH$ à`mgm| go 26 OZdar, 1950 H$mo Xoe _| Z`m g§{dYmZ bmJy {H$`m J`m& CÝhm|Zo gmo_ZmW _pÝXa Ho$ nwZ{Z©_m©U _| ^r Ah_ ^y{_H$m {Z^m`r& MrZ H$s {dñVmadmXr Zr{V H$m CÝh| nhbo go hr Am^mg Wm& H$Xm{MV Bg{bE hr CÝhm|Zo AnZo EH$ dŠVì` _| H$hm Wm {H$ ~b VWm epŠV gånÝZ amï> {H$gr {df` na empÝVnyd©H$ {dMma Zht H$a gH$Vo& '' `h gaXma nQ>ob H$s XÿaX{e©Vm H$m ñd § {gÕ à_mU h¡§&

H$í_ra H$s g_ñ`m na gaXma nQ>ob Zo ~hþV Xþ:I Ho$ gmW H$hm Wm {H$'' `{X Odmhabmb Zohê$ Am¡a Jmonmb ñdm_r Am`§Ja Zo H$í_ra H$mo AnZm ì`pŠVJV {df` ~ZmH$a _oao J¥h VWm [a`mgV {d^mJ go AbJ Z {H$`m hmoVm Vmo H$í_ra H$s g_ñ`m Cgr àH$ma hb hmoVr, O¡go {H$ h¡Xam~mX H$s& ""gaXma nQ>ob Ohm§ nm{H$ñVmZ H$s MmbmH$s nyU© Mmbm| go gVH©$ Wo dht Xoe Ho$ {dKQ>ZH$mar VËdm| go ^r gmdYmZ ahVo Wo& {dÛmZm| H$m H$WZ h¡ {H$ gaXma nQ>ob ^maV Ho$ {~ñ_mH©$ Wo {H$ÝVw b§XZ Q>mBåg Zo CZHo$ {df` _| {bIm {H$ ""{~ñ_mH©$ H$s g\$bVmE§ nQ>ob Ho$ gå_wI _hËdhrZ h¡&'' nQ>ob ghr AWm] _| _Zw Ho$ emgZ H$s n[aH$ënZm Wo& do Ho$db gaXma hr Zht ~pëH$ ^maVr` OZVm Ho$ öX` Ho$ gaXma Wo& ^maV H$m B{Vhmg gX¡d Bg H$_©R>, gmhgr, {ZS>a, bm¡h nwê$f H$m G$Ur ahoJm&

g§X^© J«ÝW gyMr

1. Mmon‹S>m, à^m, g. nr.EZ. dëb^^mB© nQ>ob gaXma H$í_ra Ed h¡Xam~mX, à^mV àH$meZ, ZB© {Xëbr, 2015, n¥. 104

ISSN 2348-3857


2. Mmon‹S>m, à^m, g. nr.EZ. dëb^^mB© nQ>ob _wgb_mZ Am¡a eaUmWu à^mV àH$meZ, ZB© {Xëbr, 2017, n¥. 79

3. Jwám, amHo$e, bm¡h nwê$f gaXma dëb^^mB© nQ>ob,S>m_oÝS> nmoHo$Q>g ~wŠg, ZB© {Xëbr, 2017, n¥. 175

4. nQ>ob, gaXma dëb^^mB©, ^maV H$s EH$Vm H$m {Z_m©U, ZB© {Xëbr, 1954, n¥. 124

5. H$m{bÝg, b¡ar, b¡{n`a, S>m{_{ZH$, AmYr amV H$mo AmOmXr, O`nwa-2002, n¥. 165

6. AŠH$X, ~r.Oo., gaXma dëb^^mB©, gyaV, 1950,

n¥. 201

7. Jm§Yr, amO_mohZ, nQ>ob-E bmB\$, Ah_Xm~mX, 1992, n¥. 16

8. H¥$îUm, ~r., BpÊS>`mO {~ñ_mH©$ gaXma dëb^^mB© nQ>ob, BÝS>g

gmog© ~wŠg _wå~B©, 2007, n¥. 158

9. e§H$a, dr., _m` ao{_{Zg|goO Am°\$ gaXma nQ>ob (IÊS> I, II ), ZB© {Xëbr, 1974, n¥. 345

_mZd OrdZ _| nr‹T>r Xa nr‹T>r Hw$N> naånamE±, ar{V-[admO, àWmE§ AmñWmE±, A§Y{dídmg Am{X hñVm§V[aV hmoVo ahVo h¡§& OmXÿ-Q>moZm, V§Ì-_§Ì, ^yV-àoV, S>m`Z Am{X Ho$ à{V {dídmg ^r nr‹T>r Xa nr‹T>r MbVm ahVm h¡& A§Y{dídmg EH$ _mÝ`Vm h¡ Omo ì`pŠV Ho$ gmoMZo-g_PZo H$s epŠV H$mo jrU H$a XoVr h¡ {OgHo$ à^md ñdê$n _mZd T>m|Jr ~m~mAm| Ho$ M§Jwb _| \§$g OmVm h¡ VWm M_ËH$ma H$s Amg _| ~mha Zht {ZH$b nmVm& dV©_mZ _| {e{jV Am¡a A{e{jV XmoZm| hr dJm] _| A§Y{dídmg XoIm Om gH$Vm h¡& Xþ{Z`m _| {OVZm {dídmg h¡ CVZm hr A§Y{dídmg ^r h¡ Am¡a _Zwî` OÝ_ Ho$ gmW hr BgHo$ gånH©$ _| Am OmVm h¡& ~mbH$ Ho$ OÝ_ boVo hr CgH$s ZOa CVmaZm, Cgo ajm gyÌ nhZmZm, H$mbm Q>rH$m bJmZm Am{X à{H«$`mE§ H$s OmVr h¡& BÝh| XoIVo-XoIVo ~mbH$ ñd`§ ^r Bg {dMmaYmam go Ow‹S> OmVm h¡&

ì`pŠV {OVZm AmpñVH$ hmoJm, A§Y{dídmg _| Cg_| CVZm hr

A{YH$ hmoJm& Xod AmñWm hmoZo Ho$ H$maU M_ËH$mam| H$s Cå_rX

Ed§ _§Ì, H$_©H$mÊS> Am{X Ho$ H$maU A§Y{dídmg ~‹T>Vm OmVm h¡&

emoY gmam§e

{~Zm VH©$ Ho$ {dídmg H$aZm A§Y{dídmg H$hbmVm h¡& A§Y{dídmg ì`pŠV Ho$ gmoMZo g_PZo H$s epŠV H$mo jrU H$a XoVm h¡& dV©_mZ _| OmXÿ, V§Ì-_§Ì, ^yV-àoV, S>m`Z Am{X Ho$ à{V A§Y{dídmg ~‹T>Vm Om ahm h¡& ~wOwJ© Ed§ AZn‹T> bmoJm| H$m BZ g~ na {dídmg hmoVm h¡ naÝVw dV©_mZ _| n‹T>o {bIo ì`pŠV ^r Bg A§YlÕm Ho$ ~hmd _| ~h aho h¡§& ~m~m, AmoPm, Vm§{ÌH$ Am{X Ho$ MŠH$am| _| \§$g H$a ì`pŠV M_ËH$mam| H$s Cå_rX bJm ~¡R>Vm h¡ VWm AnZm ~hþV gm g_` Ed§ n¡gm ~~m©X H$a XoVm h¡& A§Y{dídmg Ed§ M_ËH$mam| go à^m{dV joÌ Ho$db ^maV hr Zht h¡ ~pëH$ {díd Ho$ AÝ` Xoem| _| ^r `h àM{bV h¡& `h A§Y{dídmg Z Ho$db _mZd Ho$ _mZ{gH$ {dH$mg H$mo Adê$Û H$a ahm h¡ ~pëH$ Cgo H$mà Ed§ S>anmoH$ ^r ~ZmVm Om ahm h¡& Ohm§ A§Y{dídmg Ed§ OmXÿ, Q>moZm| go M_ËH$ma _| {dídmg hmoVm h¡ dhm§ ì`pŠV H$m {dH$mg Mmho dmo gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$ hmo `m d¡`pŠVH$, g^r Adê$Û hmo OmVo h¡§& Omo ì`pŠV Am¡a g_mO XmoZm| Ho$ {bE KmVH$ h¡& OmXÿ, V§Ì-_§Ì go M_ËH$mam| H$m {dídmg {Xbm H$a ^mobr-^mbr OZVm H$mo R>Jm OmVm h¡& dV©_mZ _| A~ `h ì`dgm` H$m ê$n YmaU H$a MwH$m h¡& àñVwV emoYnÌ Ho$ _mÜ`_ go A§Y{dídmg, OmXÿ-Q>moZo Ed§ V§Ì-_§Ì _| bmoJm| Ho$ {dídmg, {H«$`m {d{Y`m§, H$maU VWm CZ na n‹S>Zo dmbo à^mdm| H$m {díbofU H$aZo H$m à`mg {H$`m OmòJm&

g§Ho$Vmja … A§Y{dídmg, OmXÿ-Q>moZm, M_ËH$ma, ~m~m, _m¡bdr, AmoPm, _Zm¡{V`m§, Pm‹S>-\y§$H$, Q>moQ>H$m, Vm§{ÌH$, S>m`Z, V§Ì-_§Ì

^mfm, kmZ, doe^yfm ahZ-ghZ ImZ-nmZ Am{X _| {^ÝZVm hmoZo

Ho$ ~mdOyX A§Y{dídmg Ed§ OmXÿ-Q>moZm, V§Ì-_§Ì _| {dídmg Ed§

AmñWm EH$ g_mZ ñVa h¡& ^maVr` g_mO _| A§Y{dídmg Ed§

M_ËH$mam| Ho$ à{V ì`pŠV H$s ~hþV AmñWm h¡& ^maVr` g_mO _|

àËòH$ H$m`© Ho$ {bE _whÿV© {ZH$bdmZm Amdí`H$ _mZm OmVm h¡&

Omo {H$ A§Y{dídmg H$m hr EH$ ê$n h¡& A§Y{dídmg:- Am§I| ~§X

H$aHo$ {H$gr na {dídmg H$aZm& A§Y{dídmg Ho$ AmJo VH©$ g_má

hmo OmVm h¡& Ho$db _mÌ âmogm Ed§ {dídmg hmoVm h¡ Omo M_ËH$ma

go Ow‹S>m hmoVm h¡&

Qy>Q>Vo g§`wŠV n[adma Am¡a ~‹T>Vo eharH$aU Ho$ à^md ñdê$n ì`pŠV H$m gm_m{OH$ Xmàm gr{_V hmoVm Om ahm h¡ VWm gm_m{OH$ gånH©$ àË`j ê$n Ho$ ñWmZ AàË`j ê$n _| A{YH$ àM{bV hmo J`m h¡ {OgHo$ n[aUm_ ñdê$n ì`pŠV _| _mZ{gH$ VZmd ~‹T>Vm Om ahm h¡ Am¡a dh VZmd Ho$ H$maUm| H$mo OmZ H$a g_má H$aZo Ho$ ñWmZ na BgHo$ ~Mmd Ho$ Cnm` OmXÿ, V§Ì-_§Ì Ed§ Q>moZ-

A§Y{dídmg Am¡a M_ËH$mam| H$m g_mOS>m°. AM©Zm JmoXmam

ghm`H$ AmMm`© , g_mOemñÌamOH$s` Zohê$ _¡_mo[a`b, _hm{dÚmb`, hZw_mZJ‹T> (amOñWmZ)


ISSN 2348-3857


Q>moQ>H$m| go H$admZo H$m à`mg H$aVm h¡& Š`m|{H$ dh ÐþVJ{V go CnMma MmhVm h¡ Omo BZHo$ AZwgma Ho$db ~m~m, AmoPm Ho$ Ûmam hr gå^d h¡& àmMrZ g_mO _| {ejm, kmZ, g§Mma, n[adhZ Ho$ gmYZ Am{X Ho$ A^md Wm V~ AmgmZr go CnbãY ~m~m, AmoPm, nwOmar, _m¡bdr Am{X hr CnMmaH$ _mZo OmVo Wo BÝh| hr kmZr Ed§ epŠVembr _mZm OmVm Wm& _mZd Ho$ nmg {dkmZ H$m kmZ, C{MV-AZw{MV H$mo Om§MZo Ho$ gmYZ Ed§ VH©$g§JV kmZ H$m ^r A^md Wm& dV©_mZ _| _mZd {ejm, VH$ZrH$, {dkmZ, g§Mma Ho$ gmYZ, n[adhZ Ho$ gmYZm| go n[anyU© h¡ naÝVw {\$a ^r A§Y{dídmg g_mO _| AnZm ñWmZ ~Zmò hþE h¡&

àM{bV A§Y{dídmg

• Ka _| Z_H$ {H$gr Iwbo {S>ã~o _| Zht aIZm Mm{hE&

• `{X {~ëbr AmJo go amñVm H$mQ> Omò Vmo AmJo Zht ~‹T>Zm Mm{hE&

• {Q>Q>har `{X amV _| ~mobo Vmo `h Aew^ h¡&

• {XZ T>bZo Ho$ ~mX Ka _| PmSy> Zht bJmZr Mm{hE&

• {H$gr ew^ H$m`© hoVw OmVo g_` nrN>o _w‹S>H$a Zht XoIZm Mm{hE&

• {H$gr ew^ H$m`© hoVw Om aho ì`pŠV H$mo nrN>o go AmdmO Zht bJmZr Mm{hE&

• `{X {H$gr H$m`© H$mo àmaå^ H$aVo g_` H$moB© N>tH$ Xo Vmo dh H$m`© nyU© Zht hmoVm&

• n¡a Ho$ Vbdo _| IwObr hmo Vmo ì`pŠV H$mo Ka go ~mha OmZm n‹S> gH$Vm h¡ AWm©V² `mÌm H$aZr n‹S>Vr h¡&

• Ka go ~mha OmVo g_` Jw‹S> `m Xhr ImH$a OmZm Mm{hE&

• `{X H$ht Hw$Îmm AWdm {~ëbr amoZo bJ OmE Vmo dhm§ {H$gr ì`pŠV H$m ~wam hmoVm h¡ `m {H$gr H$s _¥Ë`w hmoVr h¡&

• Mm¡amho Ho$ ~rM go Zht OmZm Mm{hE&

• _|hXr bJmH$a ~mha Zht Ky_Zm Mm{hE&

• `{X {H$gr _{hbm H$s Xm`t Am§I Am¡a nwê$f H$s ~m§`r Am§I \$‹S>H$Vr h¡ Vmo Hw$N> ~wam hmoZm g§^m{dV h¡&

nwZO©Ý_ : maVr` g_mO _| nwZO©Ý_ Ho$ à{V r Jhar AmñWm h¡& `h _mZm OmVm h¡ {H$ nyd© OÝ_ Ho$ H$_m] H$m \$b dV©_mZ OrdZ _| Am¡a dV©_mZ OrdZ Ho$ H$_m] H$m \$b AJbo OÝ_ _| {_bVm h¡& AV: ì`pŠV H$mo H$_m] H$m \$b ^wJVZo hoVw ~ma-~ma OÝ_ {_bVm h¡ VWm `h ^r {dídmg {H$`m OmVm h¡ {H$ {H$gr `mo{Z _|

OÝ_ boZo dmbo H$mo Cg `mo{Z _| gmV OÝ_ boZo hmoVo h¡§& `h ^r A§Y{dídmg H$m hr EH$ ê$n h¡&

_Zm¡{V`m§ : àË oH$ ì`pŠV H$s Hw$N> BÀN>mE§ Ed§ _hËdH$m§jm | hmoVr h¡, {OÝh| Hw$N> ì`pŠV Vmo _ohZV go àmá H$aZo H$m à`mg H$aVo h¡§ VWm Hw$N> ì`pŠV M_ËH$ma go àmá H$aZm MmhVo h¡§& AV: CZHo$ Ûmam Ym{_©H$ ñWbm|, no‹S>, {H$gr ñWmZ, ~m~m, Mm±X-Vmam| Am{X go _Zm¡{V`m§ _m§Jr OmVr h¡ VWm M_ËH$ma H$s Amem H$s OmVr h¡& _mZd Ûmam -

_Zm¡{V`m§ _Zm¡{V`m§ _m§JZo H$m ñÌmoV

g§VmZ H$s àm{á XaJmh, _§{Xa, ~m~m

ghr àH$ma go àgd Vm§{ÌH$, XodñWb

Zm¡H$ar H$s àm{á ~m~m, Vm§{ÌH$, Á`mo{Vfr, XodñWb

new H$s gbm_Vr ~m~m, Vm§{ÌH$,XodñWb

{ddmh gånÝZ hoVww no‹S>, ~m~m, AmoPm, XaJmh, _Oma, XodñWb

narjm _| CVrU© hoVw _pÝXa, ~m~m

~r_mar go {ZOmV ~m~m, Vm§{ÌH$, XaJmh, _pñOX, XodñWb

YZ H$s àm{á hoVw ~m~m Am¡a Á`mo{Vf

nwÌ H$s àm{á no‹S>, ~m~m, XaJmh, _pÝXa

Am{X {d{^ÝZ CÔoí`m| Ho$ {bE {d{^ÝZ ñÌmoVm| Ho$ _mÜ`_ go _Zm¡{V`m§ _m§Jr OmVr h¡& H$^r-H$^r _Zm¡{V`m§ nyU© hmo OmVr h¡& `{X nyU© Zht hmoVr Vmo ~m~m, AmoPm, nwOmar, gmYw-g§Ý`mgr {OÝh| B©ída Ho$ H$ar~ _mZm OmVm h¡ go àmW©Zm H$s OmVr h¡ {H$ do _Zm¡Vr hoVw On-Vn H$a| {Og_| {H$ _Zm¡Vr nyU© hmo Omò& `{X _Zm¡Vr nyU© hmo OmVr h¡ Vmo Cgo M_ËH$ma ~VmH$a Cg ~m~m, AmoPm Am{X H$m Iy~ àMma àgma {H$`m OmVm h¡ VWm do ^r ^mobr-^mbr OZVm Ho$ {dídmg go N>bmdm H$aVo hþE YZ H$_mVo h¡§&

Pm‹S>-\y§$H$ : O~ ì`pŠV H$mo ZOa bJ OmE, _Z AemÝV hmo VWm {H$gr ^r àH$ma H$s H$moB© emar[aH$ `m _mZ{gH$ naoemZr hmo V~ ~m~m, AmoPm `m Vm§{ÌH$ _moa H$s n§I, MmHy$ `m Zr_ H$s Q>hZr H$mo nr{‹S>V ì`pŠV Ho$ eara H$mo Nw>Vo hþE `m nr{‹S>V Ho$ eara na \o$aVo hþE _§Ìm| H$m Omn H$aVm h¡ VWm AÝV _| nr{‹S>V Ho$ eara na \y±$H$ _maVm h¡§& `h à{H«$`m Pm‹S>-\y§$H$ H$hbmVr h¡& ZOa CVmaZm `m AX¥í` epŠV H$m à^md Am{X go ~Mmd hoVw Bg à{H«$`m H$mo {H$`m OmVm h¡ Š`m|{H$ {M{H$Ëgm {dkmZ Eogr {H$gr ^r g_ñ`m H$mo AgË` _mZVo hþE CnMma hoVw ZH$ma XoVm h¡& Bg àH$ma


ISSN 2348-3857

A§Y{dídmg Ho$ H$maU ~hþV go ì`pŠV CnMma Ho$ Zm_ na ~‹S>r g§»`m _| bmoJm| H$mo R>J aho h¡§&

Pm‹S>-\y§$H$ H$aZo hoVw gm_J«r : Pm‹Sz>, _moa-n§I, MmHy$, Zr_ H$s Q>hZr, YmJm Am{X&

Q>moQ>H$m : {H$gr A{à` VWm hm{ZH$maH$ H$m`© H$mo AnZo nj _| H$aZo Ho$ {bE emñÌm| (Vm§{ÌH$ {dÚm) Ûmam {ZYm©[aV {H«$`m H$mo H$aZm Q>moQ>H$m H$hbmVm h¡& `h Xmo àH$ma H$m hmoVm h¡& àW_ dh Omo {Z`{_V ê$n _| {H$`m OmVm h¡& `h V~ VH$ ~ma-~ma {H$`m OmVm h¡ O~ VH$ {H$ ì`pŠV H$m CX²Xoí` nyU© Z hmo OmE& Xÿgam dh Omo {ZYm©[aV g§»`m _| {H$`m OmVm h¡& Bg_| CX²Xoí` nyU© hmoZo H$m BÝVOma Zht {H$`m OmVm& `h {ZpíMV g§»`m Ed§ à{H«$`m Ûmam {H$`m OmVm h¡& `{X CX²Xoí` nyU© Zht hmoVm h¡ Vmo {\$a go ewê$AmV H$s OmVr h¡ `m AÝ` Q>moQ>Ho$ H$m à`moJ {H$`m OmVm h¡&

Q>moQ>H$m| H$mo gånÝZ H$aZo hoVw à`wŠV gm_J«r :

amobr _mobr Mmdb

amI H$mOb _m§g

Qy>Q>m K‹S>m bmb H$n‹S>m Zm[a`b

\y$b ~mb {_Q²>Q>r

_ohÝXr hëXr YmJm Am{X&

~m~m `m Jwé : dV©_mZ _| ~m~m VWm Jwé gm_mÝ` OZVm _| ~hþV àM{bV hmo aho h¡§& gm_mÝ` OZVm BÝh| AnZm AmXe© _mZ BZHo$ Bemam| na MbZm ng§X H$aVr h¡§& Yrao-Yrao bmoJ BÝh| ^JdmZ H$m XOm© XoZm àmaå^ H$a XoVo h¡§ VWm BÝht Ho$ H$ho AZwê$n AnZm OrdZ ì`VrV H$aZm àmaå^ H$a XoVo h¡§& ò {dídmg BVZm A§Ym hmoVm h¡ {H$ _mZd ghr Am¡a JbV H$m ôX hr Zht OmZZm MmhVm h¡& CZHo$ {bE Jwé hr loð> Ed§ àW_ ì`pŠV `m _mJ©Xe©Z ~Z OmVm h¡& do CÝh| Jwé _mZZo Ho$ CnamÝV ñd`§ H$mo gwa{jV Ed§ ^m½èmbr _mZZo bJVo h¡§&

V§Ì-_§Ì, S>moao, Vm~rO Ed§ `§Ì Am{X hoVw àM{bV ì`pŠV :

~m~m _m¡bdr ñdm_r

Vm§{ÌH$ AmoPm Á`mo{Vfr

nwOmar AKmoar JwéOr

S>m`Z : `h EH$ Hw$àWm h¡ Omo J«m_rU g_mOm| _| A{YH$ XoIZo H$mo {_bVr h¡& Bg Hw$àWm _| {H$gr ^r _{hbm H$mo S>m`Z Kmo{fV H$a {X`m OmVm h¡ VWm `h H$hm OmVm h¡ {H$ Bg_| ^yV-àoV H$m gm`m h¡& h OmXÿ-Q>moZm H$aVr h¡& {X {H$gr Ho$ nrN>o n‹S> Omò Vmo

nrN>m Nw>‹S>dmZm AË`ÝV hr H${R>Z H$m`© h¡& S>m`Z {H$gr H$s r YZ gån{Îm H$mo Zï> H$a gH$Vr h¡ Ed§ hË`m H$a gH$Vr h¡& Bg àH$ma Ho$ A§Y{dídmg ^r _{hbmAm| Ho$ à{V nmò OmVo h¡§& `h pñW{V _{hbmAm| Ho$ emofU H$mo àX{e©V H$aVr h¡ VWm ^maVr` g_mO _| _{hbmAm| H$s pñW{V H$mo {M{ÌV H$aVr h¡&

Omo _{hbm EH$ ~oQ>r, ~hÿ, nËZr VWm _m± O¡go Xodr ê$n _| hmoVr h¡ dh S>m`Z H¡$go hmo gH$Vr h¡? {H$gr àH$ma H$s _mZ{gH$ `m emar[aH$ naoemZr Ho$ H$maU _{hbm H$m ì`dhma Agm_mÝ` hmo gH$Vm h¡& CZ H$maUm| H$mo OmZZo Ed§ CZH$m CnMma H$admZo Ho$ ~OmE bmoJ _{hbm Ho$ Agm_mÝ` ì`dhma Ho$ AmYma na Cgo S>m`Z Kmo{fV H$a XoVo h¡§ Omo {H$ AZw{MV h¡& `h ^r A§Y{dídmg H$m EH$ CXmhaU h¡&

^yV : ^yV dh h¡ Omo ~rV J`m& bmoH$ OrdZ _| _¥V ì`pŠV H$s AmË_m H$mo ^yV _mZm OmVm h¡&

`{X H$moB© ì`pŠV Agm_mÝ` ì`dhma H$aVm h¡ Vmo `h _mZm OmVm h¡ {H$ Cg_| {H$gr ^yV `m àoVmË_m H$m dmg hmo J`m h¡ VWm CnMma hoVw ~m~m, AmoPm Am{X Ho$ nmg bo OmH$a CnMma H$admZo H$m à`mg {H$`m OmVm h¡& nr{‹S>V ì`pŠV H$mo CnMma Ho$ Zm_ na `mVZmE§ Xr OmVr h¡& Cgo nrQ>m OmVm h¡& dmñV{dH$ H$maU H$mo OmZo {~Zm hr {H$gr H$mo ^yV nr{‹S>V Kmo{fV H$aZm A§Y{dídmg H$m hr EH$ ê$n h¡& dh ì`pŠV {H$gr _mZ{gH$ VZmd `m ~r_mar go ^r J«ñV hmo gH$Vm h¡& C{MV H$maU H$s OmZH$mar Ho$ A^md _| Z Ho$db nr{‹S>V ì`pŠV ~pëH$ CgHo$ n[adma H$mo ^r H$ï> nhþ§MmVm h¡ VWm nmI§S>r ~m~mAm| H$mo PyR>o H$_©H$mÊS>, nmIÊS> H$aZo VWm YZ H$_mZo Ho$ Adga àmá hmo OmVo h¡§ Omo {H$ A§Y{dídmg H$mo ~‹T>mdm XoVo h¡§&

Bg àH$ma Ho$ A§Y{dídmg Am¡a M_ËH$mam| H$s Cå_rX Ho$ H$maU hr V§Ì-_§Ì H$mo ~b {_bm h¡ VWm ~m~m, _m¡bdr Ed§ AmoPm Am{X Bgo ~‹T>mZo _| _hËdnyU© ^y{_H$m {Z^m aho h¡§& V§Ì-_§Ì H$s à{H«$`m Ho$ H$B© ê$n h¡ O¡go :-

• amoJ {ZdmaU- Bg à{H«$`m _| V§Ì-_§Ìm| Ho$ Ûmam amoJm| H$m {ZdmaU {H$`m OmVm h¡& CZ amoJm| H$mo R>rH$ H$aZo H$m Xmdm {H$`m OmVm h¡, Omo {M{H$ËgH$ Ed§ Xdm Ho$ _mÜ`_ go R>rH$ Zht hmo nmVo h¡§&

• derH$aU - Bg à{H«$`m _| _§Ìm| Ho$ Ûmam {H$gr ^r ì`pŠV H$mo de _| {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡& Vm§{ÌH$ `h Xmdm H$aVm h¡ {H$ ì`pŠV H$mo de _| H$aZo Ho$ CnamÝV der^yV ì`pŠV {H$gr ì`pŠV {deof VH$ hr gr{_V hmo OmVm h¡& Cgr go

ISSN 2348-3857


Ow‹S>m ahZm MmhVm h¡ VWm Cgr Ho$ AZwê$n H$m`© H$aVm h¡&

• CƒmQ>Z - Bg à{H«$`m _| _§Ìm| Ho$ Ûmam ì`pŠV H$mo _mZ{gH$ ê$n go ApñWa H$a {X`m OmVm h¡ {Oggo ì`pŠV H$m ñWmZ {deof `m {H$gr ì`pŠV go bJmd g_má hmo OmVm h¡&

• _maU : Bg à{H«$`m _| V§Ì-_§Ì Ho$ Ûmam {H$gr ^r ì`pŠV H$mo _mam Om gH$Vm h¡&

ò Vm§{ÌH$m| Ed§ ~m~mAm| Ho$ Ûmam {H$ OmZo dmbo Vm§{ÌH$ {H«$`mE§ {OgHo$ Ûmam do epŠVembr Ed§ à^mdembr _mZo OmVo h¡§& ò ~m~m VWm Vm§{ÌH$ bmoJm| _| A§Y{dídmg n¡Xm H$a CÝh| AnZo à^md _| boVo h¡§ VWm CZ_| M_ËH$mam| H$s Cå_rX OJm H$a YZ E±R>Vo h¡§&

àM{bV CnMma

1. Vm~rO nhZZm&

2. _Zm¡{V`m§ _m§JZm&

3. Pm‹S>-\y§$H$ H$admZm&

4. Q>moZ-Q>moQ>Ho$ H$aZm&

5. nyOm nmR> H$aZm&

6. Vnñ`m H$aZm&

7. Vm~rO H$mo nmZr _| S>mb H$a nrZm&

8. ^^yV H$mo eara Ho$ bJmZm `m ImZm&

9. V§Ì-_§Ì go ~Mmd hoVw `§Ì aIZm&

10. B©ída H$s \$moQ>mo bmoHo$Q> _|| S>mbZm&

11. ajm-gyÌ YmaU H$aZm&

12. gwajm _ÝÌ H$m Omn H$aZm&

A§Y{dídmg Ho$ H$maU BZ Cnm`m| Ho$ Ûmam ì`pŠV AnZr naoem{Z`m| H$m ~m~m, Vm§{ÌH$ Ed§ AmoPm Am{X go CnMma H$admVo h§¡&

H$moB© ^r ì`pŠV {H$gr AÝ` na BVZr AmgmZr go {dídmg Zht H$aVm h¡ {OVZr VËnaVm go dh g_mO _| àM{bV A§Y{dídmgm| H$mo _mZ OmVm h¡& gm_mÝ`V: OZ g_wXm`m| _| Q>moZ-Q>moQ>H$m|, OmXÿ, V§Ì-_§Ì, Ho$ à{V ^` hmoVm h¡& `h ^` hr CÝh| Bg_| {dídmg hoVw àoo[aV H$aVm h¡& S>m`Z, ^yV, àoV, OmXÿ, V§Ì-_§Ì, Q>moZm-Q>moQ>H$m, nwZO©Ý_ Am{X g^r go _mZd ^`^rV ahVm h¡& BZ g^r H$m g§~§Y Abm¡{H$H$ epŠV go h¡ {Oggo ~Mmd Ho$ Cnm` ~m~m Ed§ VmqÌH$ Ho$ nmg hr _mZo OmVo h¡§& gm_mÝ` _mZd ^`de BZHo$ gm_Zo PwH$Vm h¡ VWm X~md _| ahVm h¡& ~hþV ~ma ì`pŠV H$mo Am{W©H$ hm{Z H$m gm_Zm H$aZm n‹S>Vm h¡& _mZm OmVm h¡ {H$ Omo ì`pŠV EH$ ~ma BZHo$ M§Jwb _| \§$g OmVm h¡ CgH$m BZgo

nrN>m Nw>‹S>mZm H${R>Z hmo OmVm h¡& dV©_mZ _| ì`pŠV YZ H$_mZo hoVw AnZo eha Ed§ [aíVoXmam| go Xÿa ahVm h¡& {H$gr ^r àH$ma H$s naoemZr AmZo na dh AHo$bm hr g_mYmZ H$aZo H$m à`mg H$aVm h¡ Am¡a VZmd J«ñV hmo OmVm h¡& _mZd Vrd« J{V go {dH$mg H$aZm MmhVm h¡ VWm A{YH$ go A{YH$ YZ H$_mZo H$s hmo‹S> _| dh AnZo n[adma Ed§ [aíVoXmam| go Xÿar ~ZmVm Om ahm h¡& EH$m§H$s OrdZ OrZo Ho$ H$maU CgH$m _mZ{gH$ X~md ~‹T> ahm h¡& BZ H$maUm| go _mZd g_ñ`mJ«ñV ahVm h¡ VWm AnZr g_ñ`mAm| H$mo {H$gr go H$hZo Ho$ ñWmZ na dh nmIÊS>r ~m~mAm| go CnMma H$admZo H$m à`ËZ H$aVm h¡ {OgHo$ à^md ñdê$n ~m~mAm| H$m g_mO _| ApñVËd ~Zm ahVm h¡& dV©_mZ OrdZ e¡br H$mo XoIVo hþE ò nmIÊS>r bmoJ ^mobr-^mbr OZVm H$mo R>JZo H$m à`mg H$aVo h¡§& AmH$f©H$, CÔoí` ny{V©, CnMma, Am{X Ho$ bw^mdZo {dkmnZm| Ho$ Ûmam àMma H$aVo h¡§ VWm ha ~r_mar H$m B©bmO gå^d h¡ H$m Xmdm noe {H$`m OmVm h¡&

OZ gmYmaU BZ bw^mdZo {dkmnZm| Ho$ M§Jwb _| \§$g OmVr h¡ VWm A§Y{dídmg _| AnZr AmñWm ~ZmE aIVr h¡& _mZd Ho$ AZwgma ~m~m, AmoPm Am{X {H$gr ^r àH$ma H$m M_ËH$ma H$a gH$Vo h¡§& BZ g~Ho$ ~hH$mdo _| AmH$a ì`pŠV AnZo n[adma Ed§ [aíVoXmam| na eH$ H$aZo bJVm h¡ Am¡a Yrao-Yrao BZgo Xÿar ~Zm boVm h¡& do g^r {dídmg Omo {H$ A§Y{dídmg h¡, H$m _w»` H$maU Qy>Q>Vo g§`wŠV n[adma, ZJarH$aU Ed§ Am¡Úm{JH$sH$aU h¡& gm_m{OH$ gånH©$ g_má hmoVo Om aho h¡§& VH$ZrH$ na AË`{YH$ {Z^©aVm hmo ahr h¡& {OgHo$ n[aUm_ ñdê$n _mZd OrdZ Ed§ n[adma à^m{dV hmo aho h¡§& A§Y{dídmg Ed§ M_ËH$ma _| AmñWm H$mo g_má H$aZo hoVw {ejm Ed§ Z¡{VH$ {ejm H$mo ~‹T>mdm Xr OmZr Mm{hE& _mZd H$mo AnZo n[adma Ho$ gånH©$ _| ahZm Mm{hE& {Oggo H$s _mZ{gH$ VZmd H$_ hmo Am¡a CnMma hoVw ~m~m, AmoPm Ho$ nmg OmZo go ~Mm Om gHo$& {dkmZ Ho$ kmZ H$m àMma-àgma {H$`m OmZm Mm{hE& d¡km{ZH$ gmoM {dH${gV H$s OmZr Mm{hE& ZdrZ kmZ Ed§ VH$ZrH$s {ejm H$mo ~‹T>mdm {X`m OmZm Mm{hE& gaH$ma H$mo BZ ^«{_V {dkmnZ XoZo dmbm| na ZHo$b H$gZr Mm{hE {Oggo H$s bmoJm| Ho$ gmW hmoZo dmbo YmoIm| H$mo amoH$m Om gHo$&

gÝX^© J«ÝW gyMr

1. YmH$ao, CnoÝÐ, XoIZo _| N>moQ>o bJ|...OrdZ _| AmZ| dmbr g_ñ`mAm| Ho$ gab Cnm`, {ZamoJr Xþ{Z`m àH$meZ, O`nwa-16, 2012, n¥. 11

2. daR>o, S>m° MÝÐ Hw$_ma, A§Y{dídmg Am¡a M_ËH$ma, aMZm àH$meZ, O`nwa, 2010, n¥. 29-31


ISSN 2348-3857

3. ewŠb, AmMm`© n§. eÌwÜZ bmb, ^maVr` V§Ì {dÚm, {hÝXr godm gXZ, _Wwam, 2007

4. ~hb, Vm§{ÌH$, V§Ì-_§Ì-`§Ì ahñ`, amOm n¡Ho$Q> ~wŠg, {Xëbr, 2005

5. {ÛdoXr, AmMm`© hOmar àgmX, H$~ra, amOH$_b àH$meZ, ZB© {Xëbr, 1976

6. ny{Z`mZr, am_, Y_© H$m ~mOma, CX²^mdZm àH$meZ, amOZJa, Jm{O`m~mX

7. H${damO, JmonrZmW, Vm§{ÌH$ gmYZm Am¡a {gÕmÝV, AZwdmX n§.

h§gHw$_ma, {~hma amï´>^mfm n[afX², nQ>Zm, 2009

8. MVwd}Xr AmMm`©, ahñ`dmX, {~hma-amï´>^mfm, nQ>Zm-5, 1973

9. gmJa, à_moX, _wpñb_ V§Ì, lr gañdVr àH$meZ, AO_oa,

2003

10. V§Ì-_§Ì-`§Ì {dkmZ, S>m°. lr_mbr _mJ©, hmB©H$moQ>© H$m°bmoZr,

OmoYnwa, amOñWmZ, Aàob 2010, {gVå~a, 2010

bmoH$V§Ì {H$ Ztd Am_ OZVm Ho$ {dídmg Am¡a g{H«$` ^mJrXmar na {Q>H$s hmoVr h¡& A_arH$m amï´>n{V A~«mh_ qbH$Z Ho$ eãXm| _| OZVm H$m OZVm Ho$ {bE, OZVm Ho$ Ûmam emgZ àOmV§Ì h¡& JmonZr`Vm A{dídmg {H$ O‹S> h¡ Ed§ nmaX{e©Vm {dídmg H$m AmYma& OZVm Ho$ emgZ _| JmonZr`Vm Ho$ AmdaU bmoH$V§Ì H$mo A{YH$mam| Ho$ J{b`mao _| YHo$b XoVm h¡& Ohm± {g\©$ AamOH$Vm, {dI§S>Z Am¡a nañna amJ Ûof H$m gm_«mÁ` hmoVm h¡& nmaX{e©Vm go {Zdm©{MV gaH$ma _| Am_ OZVm H$m {dídmg ~Zm ahVm h¡& `h {dídmg gaH$ma H$mo ha g§H$Q> go C~maZo _| _XXJma hmoVm h¡& JmonZr`Vm H$m AmdaU Bg {dídmg H$mo I§{S>V H$aVm h¡& bmoH$Vm§{ÌH$ gaH$ma _| nmaX{e©Vm Odm~Xo{hVm Am¡a g§doXZerbVm O¡go _m¡{bH$ JwU hmoVo h¡& {Ogo àOmV§Ì H$m Y_© ^r H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡& gyMZm H$m A{YH$ma àemgZ _| nmaX{e©Vm Am¡a Am_ bmoJm| H$s g{H«$` ^mJrXmar H$m EH$ gwJ_ Ed§ grYm _mJ© h¡& bmoH$V§Ì H$mo Or{dV ~ZmZo Ed§ emgZ àemgZ _| Am_ bmoJm| H$s gVV Ed§ g{H«$` ^mJrXmar gw{ZpíMV H$aZo Ho$ {bE gyMZm H$m A{YH$ma Oéar h¡& gyMZm H$m A{YH$ma bmoH$V§Ì H$m AmYma ñVå^ h¡& Bggo nmaX{e©Vm Ed§ Odm~Xo{hVm Ho$ _mÜ`_ go «ï>mMma na amoH$ g§^d h¡& gmW hr OZgh^m{JVm Ho$ Ûmam bmoH$V§Ì _|

emoY gmam§e

EH$ Am_ ZmJ[aH$ AnZo X¡{ZH$ OrdZ _| gwemgZ H$s Anojm aIVm h¡ Am¡a Bgr H$s H$m_Zm H$aVm h¡, {H$ {H$gr ^r emgZ àUmbr _| gwemgZ Ho$ AnZo \$m`Xo h¡&"gwemgZ" H$moB© ZB© VH$ZrH$ Zht h¡, Z Z`m nX, `h Vmo Am{XH$mb go Mbm Am ahm emgZ H$m dh Xe©Z h¡ {Oggo amÁ` H$m H$m_ gwMmé ê$n go g§Mm{bV hmoVm h¡ Am¡a ZmJ[aH$ {~Zm ^` `m naoemZr Ho$ AnZm X¡{ZH$ OrdZ AmZ§Xnyd©H$ JwOmaVm h¡& {díd _| Mmho AÝ` {df`mo na emgZ `m gaH$ma _| _V¡Š` ^bo Z hmo gwemgZ H$mo boH$a nyao {díd _| H$hr H$moB© e§H$m g§Xoh Zht h¡& AmpIa BgHo$ Xe©Z, Ü`o` Am¡a bú` Ho$ A§VJ©V Am_ ZmJ[aH$ H$m {hV g_m`m hþAm h¡& gwemgZ Ho$ {bE {OZ _yë`m| H$s Amdí`H$Vm hmoVr h¡ CZ_o {_bOwbH$a {ZU©` boZm, CÎmaXm{`Ëd, nmaX{e©Vm, amO{Z{VH$ àUmbr _| Xj Am¡a CÎmaXm`r ga§MZm, H$mZyZ H$m emgZ Am¡a {Zînj g_mZVm em{_b h¡& gyMZm H$m A{YH$ma H$mZyZ Bg {Xem _| EH$ _hËdnyU© e{º$embr gmYZ h¡&

g§Ho$Vmja … gwemgZ, gyMZm H$m A{YH$ma, nmaX{e©Vm, Odm~Xo{hVm, bmoH$V§Ì

dmñV{dH$ AmXem} H$mo ^r àmá {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡&1 gyMZm H$m A{YH$ma OZVm Am¡a emgZ Ho$ ~rM g§VwbZ ñWm{nV H$aVm h¡& A~ àemgZ H$mo gmoMZm h¡ {H$ Cgo gyMZmE± {N>nmH$a A{dídgZr` AWm©V ^«ï> gaH$ma H$hbmZm ng§X h¡ `m AmJo ~‹T>H$a OZe{º$ Ho$ gmW Bg H$mZyZ H$m ghr {H«$`mÝdZ H$a {dídgZr` Ed§ gwemgZ H$hbmZm&

EH$ Am_ ZmJ[aH$ AnZo X¡{ZH$ OrdZ _| gwemgZ H$s Anojm aIVm h¡ Am¡a Bgr H$s H$m_Zm H$aVm h¡, {H$ {H$gr ^r emgZ àUmbr _| gwemgZ H$ AnZo \$m`Xo h¡&"gwemgZ" H$moB© ZB© VH$ZrH$ Zht h¡, Z Z`m nX ,`h Vmo Am{XH$mb go Mbm Am ahm emgZ H$m dh Xe©Z h¡ {Oggo amÁ` H$m H$m_ gwMmé ê$n go g§Mm{bV hmoVm h¡ Am¡a ZmJ[aH$ {~Zm ^` `m naoemZr Ho$ AnZm X¡{ZH$ OrdZ AmZ§Xnyd©H$ JwOmaVm h¡& {díd _| Mmho AÝ` {df`mo na emgZ m gaH$ma _| _V¡Š` bo Z hmo gwemgZ H$mo boH$a nwao {díd _| H$hr H$moB© e§H$m g§Xoh Zht h¡& AmpIa BgHo$ Xe©Z, Ü`o` Am¡a bú` Ho$ A§VJ©V Am_ ZmJ[aH$ H$m {hV g_m`m hþAm h¡& gwemgZ Ho$ {bE {OZ _yë`m| H$s Amdí`H$Vm hmoVr h¡ CZ_o {_bOwbH$a {ZU©` boZm, CÎmaXm{`Ëd, nmaX{e©Vm, amO{Z{VH$ àUmbr _| Xj Am¡a CÎmaXm`r ga§MZm, H$mZyZ H$m emgZ Am¡a {Zînj g_mZVm

gwemgZ Ed§ gyMZm H$m A{YH$ma_wHo$e Hw$_ma e_m©




ISSN 2348-3857

em{_b h¡& gyMZm H$m A{YH$ma H$mZyZ Bg {Xem _| EH$ _hËdnyU© e{º$embr gmYZ h¡&

Bg àH$ma gyMZm Ho$ A{YH$ma Ed§ gwemgZ H$s AdYmaUmE§ A§Vgª~§{YV ahr h¡& AWm©V H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡ {H$ `o XmoZm| EH$ hr {gŠHo$ Ho$ Xmo nhby h¡& gyMZm Ho$ A{YH$ma A{Y{Z`_ 2005 gwemgZ Ho$ {bE _rb H$m nËWa h¡& {deofV: OZVm AWm©V Jar~mo Am¡a d§{MVm| Ho$ {bE BgHo$ _mÜ`_ go ZmJ[aH$m| {H$ ghm`Vm H$s Om gH$Vr h¡& àemgZ _| OZVm {H$ ^mJrXmar gw{ZpíMV H$aZo H$s {bE gyMZm H$m A{YH$ma Amdí`H$ h¡& BgHo$ n[aàoú` _| hr gm_mÝ` OZ AnZr ^y{_H$m go AdJV hmoVm h¡ Am¡a Eogr pñW{V _| H$moB© ^r gaH$ma {ZaHw§$e Zht hmo nmVr&

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ISSN 2348-3857


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ISSN 2348-3857

Cnm` h¡ {OgHo$ Ûmam Ûmam gwemgZ {H$ AdYmaUm H$mo gmH$ma {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡& gyMZm H$m A{YH$ma A{Y{Z`_ 2005 H$mo g§gX Zo 15 OyZ , 2005 H$mo Omar {H$`m J`m& `h H$mZyZ 13 AŠQy>~a, 2005 go nwao ^maVdf© _| bmJy hþAm& Bg A{Y{Z`_ Ho$ AZwgma ZmJ[aH$mo H$mo H|$Ð gaH$ma d amÁ` gaH$ma Ho$ [aH$m°S©> H$mo XoIZo naIZo H$m A{YH$ma {_b J`m h¡& gZ 1975 _| gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb` Zo Eo{Vhm{gH$ {ZU©` XoVo hþE ì`dñWm H$s h¡ {H$ "" OZVm H$mo àËòH$ Cg bmoH$ H$m`© H$mo OmZZo H$m A{YH$ma h¡ {Ogo bmoH$ godH$m| Ûmam Am_ Vm¡a na {H$`m OmVm h¡&9''

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Š`m h¡ AmaQ>rAmB©?

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Š`m h¡§ A{YH$ma?

• ha npãbH$ AWm°[aQ>r _| EH$ `m A{YH$ A{YH$m[a`m| H$mo OZ gyMZm A{YH$mar Ho$ ê$n _| {Z`wŠV H$aZm Oê$ar h¡& Am_ ZmJ[aH$m| Ûmam _m§Jr JB© gyMZm H$mo g_` na CnbãY H$amZm BZ A{YH$m[a`m| H$s {Oå_oXmar hmoVr h¡&

• Bg A{Y{Z`_ _| amBQ> Qy> B§\$m°_}eZ {g\©$ maVr` ZmJ[aH$m| H$mo hr {_bVm h¡& Bg_| {ZJ_, `y{Z`Z, H§$nZr dJ¡ah H$mo gyMZm XoZo H$m àmdYmZ Zht h¡, Š`m|{H$ ò ZmJ[aH$m| H$s n[a^mfm _| Zht AmVo&

• AJa {H$gr {ZJ_, `y{Z`Z, H§$nZr `m EZOrAmo H$m H$_©Mmar `m A{YH$mar AmaQ>rAmB© XmpIb H$aVm h¡ Vmo Cgo gyMZm Xr OmEJr, ~eV} CgZo gyMZm AnZo Zm_ go _m§Jr hmo, {ZJ_ `m `y{Z`Z Ho$ Zm_ na Zht&

H¡$gr OmZH$mar `m gyMZm?

• OZVm H$mo {H$gr npãbH$ AWm°[aQ>r go Eogr gyMZm _m§JZo H$m A{YH$ma h¡ Omo Cg AWm°[aQ>r Ho$ nmg CnbãY h¡ `m CgHo$ {Z`§ÌU _| h¡& Bg A{YH$ma _| Cg AWm°[aQ>r Ho$ nmg `m {Z`§ÌU _| _m¡OyX H¥${V, XñVmdoO `m [aH$m°S©>, [aH$m°S>m}§ `m XñVmdoOm| Ho$ ZmoQ²>g, à_m{UV H$m°nr Am¡a XñVmdoOm| Ho$ g{Q©>\$mBS> Z_yZo boZm em{_b h¡&

• ZmJ[aH$m| H$mo {S>ñH$, âbm°nr, Q>on, dr{S>`mo H¡$goQ> `m {H$gr Am¡a BboŠQ´>m°{ZH$ `m qàQ>AmCQ> Ho$ ê$n _| gyMZm _m§JZo H$m A{YH$ma h¡& eV© `h h¡ {H$ _m§Jr JB© gyMZm Cg_| nhbo go _m¡OyX hmo&

• AmdoXH$ H$mo gyMZm Am_ Vm¡a na Cgr ê$n _| {_bZr Mm{hE {Og_| dh _m§JVm h¡& AJa H$moB© {deof gyMZm {XE

ISSN 2348-3857


OmZo go npãbH$ AWm°[aQ>r Ho$ g§gmYZm| H$m JbV BñVo_mb hmoZo H$s Ame§H$m hmo `m Bggo [aH$m°S>m} Ho$ narjU _| {H$gr ZwH$gmZ H$s Ame§H$m hmoVr h¡ Vmo gyMZm XoZo go _Zm {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡&

H¡$go â| AmaQ>rAmB©?

• gyMZm nmZo Ho$ {bE H$moB© V` àmo\$m_m© Zht h¡& gmXo H$mJO na hmW go {bIH$a `m Q>mBn H$amH$a 10ê$nò Ho$ {ZYm©[aV ewëH$ Ho$ gmW AnZm AmdoXZ g§~§{YV gyMZm A{YH$mar Ho$ nmg {H$gr ^r ê$n _| IwX `m S>mH$ Ûmam O_m H$a gH$Vo h¡& {H$gr Img Vah go AmdoXZ H$aZo Ho$ {bE _O~ya Zht {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡&

• Amn qhXr, A§J«oOr `m {H$gr ^r ñWmZr` ^mfm _| AmdoXZ Xo gH$Vo h¡&

• AmdoXZ \$sg ZJX, {S>_m§S> S´>mâQ> `m nmoñQ>b Am°S©>a go Xr Om gH$Vr h¡&

• {S>_m§S> S´>mâQ> `m nmoñQ>b Am°S©>a g§~§{YV {d^mJ (npãbH$ AWm°[aQ>r) Ho$ AH$mC§Q> Am°{\$ga Ho$ Zm_ na hmoZm Mm{hE&

• {S>_m§S> S´>mâQ> Ho$ nrN>o Am¡a nmoñQ>b Am°S©>a _| Xr JB© OJh na AnZm Zm_ Am¡a nVm Oê$a {bI|&

• AmaQ>rAmB© EŠQ> Oå_y Am¡a H$í_ra Ho$ Abmdm nyao Xoe _| bmJy h¡&

• AJa Amn \$sg ZH$X O_m H$a aho h¡ Vmo aerX Oê$a bo b|&

• Jar~r aoIm Ho$ ZrMo H$s H¡$Q>o{Jar _| AmZo dmbo AmdoXH$ H$mo {H$gr ^r Vah H$s \$sg XoZo H$s Oê$aV Zht h¡& BgHo$ {bE Cgo AnZm ~rnrEb à_mU nÌ H$s H$m°nr AmaQ>rAmB© AmdoXZ Ho$ gmW bJmZr hmoJr&

• {g\©$ OZ gyMZm A{YH$mar H$mo AmdoXZ ôOVo g_` hr \$sg XoZr hmoVr h¡& nhbr Anrb `m goÝQ´>b B§\$m°_}eZ H${_íZa H$mo Xÿgar Anrb Ho$ {bE {H$gr àH$ma H$s \$sg Zht XoZr hmoVr&

• AJa gyMZm A{YH$mar AmnH$mo g_` na gyMZm CnbãY Zht H$am nmVm h¡ Am¡a Amngo Vrg {XZ H$s g_` gr_m JwOaZo Ho$ ~mX H$mJOmV CnbãY H$amZo Ho$ Zm_ na A{V[aŠV YZ am{e O_m H$amZo Ho$ {bE H$hVm h¡ Vmo `h JbV h¡& Bg pñW{V _| A{YH$mar AmnH$mo _wâV H$mJOmV CnbãY H$amEJm& Mmho CZH$s g§»`m {H$VZr ^r hmo&10

• AmdoXH$ H$mo gyMZm _m§JZo Ho$ {bE H$moB© dOh `m ng©Zb ã`m¡am XoZo H$s Oê$aV Zht h¡& Cgo {g\©$ AnZm nVm XoZm hmoJm&

AmdoXZ XoZo Ho$ ~mX

• AJa AmnZo AnZm AmdoXZ OZ gyMZm A{YH$mar (nrAmB©Amo) H$mo {X`m h¡ Vmo dh AmnH$mo 30 {XZ Ho$ A§Xa gyMZm _wh¡`m H$amEJm& gmW hr CgHo$ Odm~ _| àW_ Anrbr` A{YH$mar H$m Zm_ d nVm ^r {X`m OmZm Oê$ar h¡& AJa AmnZo AnZm AmdoXZ ghm`H$ gyMZm A{YH$mar H$mo {X`m h¡ Vmo CgH$s g_`gr_m 35 {XZ h¡&

• AmdoXH$ Ûmam _m§Jr JB© gyMZm H$m g§~§Y AJa {H$gr ì`pŠV H$s qOXJr m AmOmXr go Ow‹S>m hmo Vmo gyMZm A{YH$mar H$mo AmdoXZ {_bZo Ho$ 48 K§Q>m| Ho$ A§Xa OmZH$mar XoZr hmoJr&

AmdoXZ boZo go BZH$ma

• Hw$N> {deof n[apñW{V`m| _| hr OZgyMZm A{YH$mar AmnHo$ AmdoXZ H$mo boZo go B§H$ma H$a gH$Vm h¡&

• AJa AmdoXZ {H$gr Am¡a OZ gyMZm A{YH$mar m npãbH$ AWm°[aQ>r Ho$ Zm_ na hmo&

• AJa Amn R>rH$ Vah go ghr \$sg H$m wJVmZ Z H$a nm o hm|&

• AJa Amn Jar~r aoIm go ZrMo Ho$ n[adma Ho$ gXñ` Ho$ ê$n _| \$sg go Ny>Q> _m§J aho h¡, bo{H$Z Bggo Ow‹S>m à_mU nÌ Zht Xo gH$Vo&

`hm± Zht bmJy hmoVm H$mZyZ

• {H$gr ^r Iw{\$`m EO|gr {H$ Eogr OmZH$m[a`m {OZHo$ gmd©O{ZH$ hmoZo go Xoe {H$ gwajm Am¡a AI§S>Vm H$mo IVam hmo H$mo Bg H$mZyZ Ho$ Xmào go ~mha aIm J`m h¡& {ZOr g§ñWmZm| H$mo ^r Bg Xmào go ~mha aIm J`m h¡, bo{H$Z BZ g§ñWmZm| {H$ gaH$ma Ho$ nmg CnbãY OmZH$mar H$mo g§~{YV gaH$mar {d^mJ go àmá {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡& B§Q>o{bO|g EO|{g`mo Ûmam _mZdm{YH$ma C„K§Z hmoZo Am¡a BZ g§ñWmZm| _| «ï>mMma Ho$ _m_bm| {H$ OmZH$mar br Om gH$Vr h¡& AÝ` Xoem| Ho$ gmW ^maV Ho$ g§~Y go Ow‹S>o _m_bmo {H$ OmZH$mar H$mo ^r Bg H$mZyZ Ho$ Xmào go ~mha aIm J`m h¡&11

{ZîH$f©

Bg àH$ma ñnï> h¡ {H$ gyMZm Ho$ A{YH$ma Ho$ _mÜ`_ go gwIX ^{dî` Ed§ gwÑ‹T> amï´> AWm©V gwemgZ {H$ ñWmnZm g§^d h¡&


ISSN 2348-3857

{ZH$\$moS©> H$s `h {Q>ßnUr {H$VZr gwÝXa h¡ - ""Amn ~rVo hþE g_` H$mo Zht ~Xb gH$Vo, na AmZo dmbo g_` _| Jb{V`m| H$mo {Z`§{ÌV H$a gH$Vo h¡&'' gyMZm Ho$ A{YH$ma A{Y{Z`_, 2005 _| à^mdr hmoZo Ho$ \$bñdê$n h_mam ^maVr` OZV§Ì A~ ghr AWm} _| OZV§Ì ~Z J`m h¡& BgZo nhbr ~ma OZV§Ì {H$ AdYmaUmAm| H$mo {d{YH$ _mÝ`Vm XoVo hþE Xoe {H$ OZVm H$s hmWmo _| Eogm e{º$embr AñÌ gm¡§n {X`m h¡ {OgHo$ Ûmam A~ gm_mÝ` OZVm gm_mÝ` OrdZ H$mo à^m{dV H$aZo dmbr bJ^J g^r emgH$s`, Zr{V`m|, {ZU©`m|, H$m`©H«$_mo d `moOZmAmo BË`m{X Ho$ ~mao _| H$moB© ^r OmZH$mar àmá H$a AnZr ^mJrXmar àXmZ H$a gH$Vr h¡& àemgZ d gaH$ma {H$ ñnï> Zr{V`m± OZVm {H$ ñnï> gh^m{JVm Ed§ ^mJrXmar hr gwemgZ {H$ ñWmnZm H$s bú` H$mo nyU© H$a gH$Vr h¡&

gÝX^© gyMr1. Jmo`b, gr.Eb., amBQ> Qy> BZ\$m_}eZ E§S> JwS> JdZ]g, B©ñQ>Z© ~wH$

H$manmoaoeZ , bIZD$ , 2007 , n¥. 18-21

2. ~W©dmb, gr.nr., JwS> JdZ]g BZ B§{S>`m, Xrn E§S> Xrn npãbHo$eÝg, Ý`y {X„r, 2003, n¥. 5

3. amd, E_.Or. a_mH$m§V, JwS> JdZ]g, _m°S>Z© ½bmo~b E§S> arOZb

ng©nopŠQ>ìg, H${ZîH$m npãbeg©, ZB© {X„r, 2008, n¥ 3-5

4. H$í`n, gw^mf, H$m§goßQ> Am°\$ JwS> JdZ]g E§S> H$m¡{Q>ë` AW©emñÌ,

B§{S>`Z H$m°CpÝgb Am°\$ gmoeb [agM©, {X„r, 2003

5. AdñWr, A_oída, AmYw{ZH$ ^maVr` Ed§ amO{Z{VH$ qMVZ, [agM©

npãbHo$eZ, O`nwa, 1989 , n¥. 48

6. _moXr, a§OZ, So>_moH«o$gr E§S> JwS> JdZ]g, _§JbXrn npãbHo$eÝg,

O`nwa, 2004 n¥. 41

7. ~W©dmb, gr.nr., JwS> JdZ]g BZ B§{S>`m, Xrn E§S> Xrn npãbHo$eÝg,

Ý`y {X„r, 2003, B§{S>`Z OZ©b Am°\$ npãbH$ ES>{_{ZñQ´>oeZ ñnoeb

Z§~a Am°Z JwS> JdZ|©g, dm°ë`y_-44 , Z.-13 OwbmB© - {gVå~a

1998

8. nm§So>, ew{M Ed§ qgh, eoIa, amBQ> Qy> BZ\$m_}eZ EŠQ> : A àmB_a,

ZoeZb ~wH$ Q´>ñQ> npãbeg©, ZB© {X„r, 2007, n¥. 59

9. `mXd, A^` qgh, X amBQ> Qy> BZ\$m_}eZ EŠQ> 2007 E§S> EZm{b{gg,

g|Q´>b bm° npãbHo$eZ, ZB© {X„r, 2009, n¥. 98

10. g¡Zr, Ama.S>r., Ed§ _§JbmZr, ê$nm, gyMZm H$m A{YH$ma, n¥. 36

11. OmJaU, 27 OZdar, 2015

Zmar Ho$ gamoH$mam| Ho$ ~mao _| Hw$N> {bIZo H$m A{^àm` Z Vmo `h ñWm{nV H$aZo H$m à`mg h¡ {H$ nwê$f ñÌr H$m Xþí_Z h¡ Am¡a ñÌr H$mo AmJo ~‹T>Zm h¡ Vmo Cgo Bg àË`j eÌw Ho$ pIbm\$ Vbdma CR>mZr h¡ Am¡a Z hr "Am¡aV hr Am¡aV H$s Xþí_Z' h¡ Bg _wÔo na H$moB© dº$ì` XoZm h¡& Agb _| nyd© _| ñÌr Ho$ A{YH$mam| Ho$ X_Z Ho$ Mmho Omo ^r H$maU aho hmo gm_m{OH$, amOZr{VH$ ì`dñWm H$m n[aUm_ `m nwéf gÎmmË_H$Vm Ho$ H$maU `m {\$a ñd`§ Zmar Ho$ hr A{V __Vm_`r, Ë`mJ_`r ñd^md Ho$ H$maU, hH$sH$V `h h¡ {H$ CgHo$ gmao A{YH$ma bwá hmoVo Mbo JE&

g_mO _| ñÌr H$s pñW{V Ho$ J«m\$ na àmaå^ go A~ VH$ ÑpîQ> S>mb| Vmo AË`{YH$ CVma-M‹T>md ÑpîQ>JmoMa hmoVm h¡& d¡{XH$ `wJ _o§ AmXaUr`, gå_mZZr` Ed§ à{V{ð>V Yam na ñWm{nV Zmar H$s pñW{V am_mÙ Am¡a _hm^maV `wJ go JwOaVo hþò ZmW Ed§ {gÕ gm{hË` Ho$ `wJ _| AË`§V {dH$Q> hmo J`r& CgµH$m OrdZ AË`§V g§Hw${MV Ed§ Hw$ar{V`m| H$m {eH$ma hmo J`m& Mmho ^maV hmo `m B§½b¡§S>, CÝZrgdt gXr VH$ `hr pñW{V ~Zr ahr& ^maVr` g_mO _| Vmo Zmar H$s pñW{V new go ^r X`Zr` hmo J`r Wr& BgHo$

emoY gmam§e

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g§Ho$Vmja … Zm{gam e_m©, ñÌr gamoH$ma, ñÌr g§Kf©

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Amò {XZ AI~mam| Ed§ Ý`yµO M¡Zbm| Ho$ _mÜ`_ go H$^r nhm{‹S>`m| na Vmo H$^r AZmWmb` H$s gr{‹T>`m| na ZdOmV H$Ý`mAmo§ H$mo N>mo‹S>Zo Ho$ g_mMma AmVo ahZo dmbo Bg Xoe _| ñÌr H$s Apñ_Vm Ho$ gdmb na, Om{V Ed§ Y_© Ho$ Zm_ na Omo Q>H$amd ÑpîQ>JmoMa hmo ahm h¡, Cg_o g~go A{YH$ _hËdnyU© `h h¡ {H$ ñÌr Ho$ g_j gm\$ n[aÑí` hmo AWm©V dh Š`m H$hVr h¡, H$hm± nhþ±MZm MmhVr h¡ - `h g~ dh ñnï> ê$n go V` H$a MwH$s hmo& Cgo AnZr ÑpîQ>

ñÌr Apñ_Vm Am¡a Zm{gam e_m©S>m° d§XZm ~a_oMm

gh AmMm`©, qhXramOH$s` _hm{dÚmb`, XÿXÿ, O`nwa (amOñWmZ)



ISSN 2348-3857

gm\$ Ed§ bú` pñWa aIZm hr hmoJm&1 (ûm¥§Ibm H$s H${‹S>`m± : _hmXodr d_m©, n¥ð> 35) bo{H$Z `h g~ ^r Zmar H$mo H$^r àmßV Zht hþAm& ñdËd Ho$ àmá Z hmoZo Ho$ H$maU jwãY Ed§ {dÐmohr ~Zo Zmar Ho$ _Z Zo AmË_m H$m hZZ H$aZo dmbr na§namAm| H$mo ZH$ma {X`m h¡& CgH$s MoVZm Cgo `wJ g§Kf© Ho$ _¡XmZ _| CVma MwH$s h¡& dh gm\$ gm\$ H$h ahr h¡ :

C‹S> boZo Xo gIr AmO _wPo

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_{hbmAm| Ho$ {bE {H$E Jò qMVZ Ho$ H«$_ _| Zm{gam e_m© Ho$ qMVZ Zo EH$ ì`dpñWV ê$nmH$ma àñVwV {H$`m h¡& Xg H$hmZr g§H$bZ Ed§ nm§M CnÝ`mg {bI MwH$s Zm{gam e_m© noeo go nÌH$ma h¡ Ed§ gm{hË` Ho$ AÝ` {d{dY joÌm| _| ^r g{H«$` h¡& `m| Vmo CZH$s g^r aMZmAm| _| Ed§ {deof ê$n go "Am¡aV Ho$ {bE Am¡aV' nwñVH$ _| Zmar OrdZ Ho$ {d{^ÝZ gamoH$mam| na gwñnï> qMVZ h¡&

dñVwV: Zm{gamOr H$m ñÌr H$s Apñ_Vm Ho$ g§X^© _| qMVZ OrdZ Ho$ à{V OmJê$H$ bopIH$m Ho$ gamoH$ma h¡§, Omo Am¡aV Ho$ Ûmam Am~mX Xþ{Z`m _| CgH$mo ~ohVa {OÝXJr OrVo XoIZo H$s H$m_Zm go b~aoO h¡&3 {nN>br EH$ gXr _| ñÌr _| AnZr Apñ_Vm Ho$ à{V µO~X©ñV OmJê$H$Vm Am`r h¡& ñdm^m{dH$ gr ~mV h¡ {H$ EH$ X~m, gmo`m nj J{V_mZ hmoJm Vmo g_mO Ho$ Xÿgao nj `{X Cg J{V Ho$ gmW Z Mbo Vmo Apñ_VmE§ Q>H$amEJr& Bggo Hw$N> {dÜd§g hmoJm Vmo Hw$N> Zd{Z_m©U ^r Adí` hmoJm& Agb _| ^maV _| nwéf gÎmmË_H$ g_mO H$m nwéf em`X H$^r `h ~Xm©íV Zht H$a gH$Vm {H$ ñÌr AmË_{Z^©a hmo Omò& dh N>VZma Ho$ d¥j H$s ^m§{V Am¡aV H$mo M‹T>Vr ~ob H$s Vah {bnQ>mò aIZm MmhVm h¡& Cgo H$~ ghZ h¡ {H$ dh ~ob EH$ N>moQ>m nm¡Ym ~Z Omò Am¡a IwX O_rZ go ag ItMH$a _mo{V`m H$s Vah _hH$Zo bJo `m Q>_mQ>a H$s Vah nbZo bJo&4

Zm{gamOr Ho$ AZwgma ñÌr H$s dh bS>mB© ñÌr ~Zm_ nwéf H$s bS>mB© Zht h¡ {\$a ^r XmoZm| _| g§Kf© `m Q>H$amhQ> Bg{bE hmo hr OmVr h¡ Š`m|{H$ ñÌr {OVZm ~Xbr h¡, nwéf ñd`§ H$mo Zht ~Xb nm`m h¡& Zmar _| BVZr e{º$ hmoVr h¡ {H$ `{X dh V` H$a bo {H$ J¡a Oê$ar _wÔm| na Zht PwH$Zm h¡, Vmo dh Eogm H$a gH$Vr h¡& CgHo$ hmWm| _| n[adma H$s ~mJS>moa ahVr h¡, AV: Xoe H$s Am~mXr H$m `h {hñgm {H$gr ~mV na A‹S> Omò Vmo OrV Adí`å^mdr

h¡& _{hbmAm| H$mo nwéfm| H$s JbV haH$V H$m {damoY H$aZm hr Mm{hE& do H$hVr h§¡ {H$ O~ _¡§ {nN>bo nMmg dfm] H$mo EH$ Am¡aV H$s ZµOa go XoIVr hÿ§, Vmo _wPo bJVm h¡ {H$ Am¡aVm| Zo EH$ OwPmê$ amh Oê$a AnZm`r h¡, _Ja _X© Ho$ OmXÿ H$mo Vmo‹S> Zht nmB© h¡& {OgHo$ H$maU AmO ^r CZHo$ _Z _pñVîH$ _| _X© H$^r ^` Ho$ ê$n _|, H$^r ~w{Õ Ho$ ê$n _|, H$^r CZHo$ ñdm_r Ho$ ê$n _| CâVm h¡& _Ja H$^r do EH$ gmWr Ho$ ê$n _| CgH$m Ü`mZ Zht H$a nmVr h¡§& pñÌ`m| go Ow‹S>r g_ñ`mAm| H$mo Zm{gamOr ì`mnH$ g_mO H$s g_ñ`mE§ _mZVr h¡§& CZH$m H$hZm h¡ {H$ BZ g_ñ`mAm| H$mo ì`mnH$ g§X^m] _| XoIm OmZm Mm{hE&

Zm{gamOr Zo Am¡aV Ho$ OrdZ g§Kf© H$mo AÀN>r Vah g_Pm h¡& do H$hVr h¡§ {H$ ñÌr Ho$ Hw$N> H$aZo Ho$ gnZo AYyao ahH$a Cgo _w±h {M‹T>mVo ahVo h¡§& BgH$m {Oå_oXma H$m¡Z h¡? Y_©, n[adma `m Xoe? Bg na {dMma H$aZm Amdí`H$ h¡& do Xoe Ho$ {d{^ÝZ dJm] H$s Am¡aVm| H$s g_ñ`mAm| go n[a{MV h¡§& _OXÿa Am¡aVm| Ho$ emofU Ho$ ñVam| H$mo COmJa H$aVr hþB© do H$hVr h¡§ - ~oH$mar Am¡a amoQ>r Ho$ ~rM {ngVr ò Am¡aVo§ n{V Ho$ ahVo hþE ^r gm_§Vr ì`dñWm go à^m{dV R>oHo$Xmam| Ho$ AmJo KwQ>Zo Q>oH$Zo na AŠga _O~ya hmo OmVr h¡&5

Am¡aV Ho$ _Z Ho$ YamVb H$mo Zm{gamOr Zo H$B© ñVam| na COmJa {H$`m h¡& {ebm§J _| Am¡aVm| H$s gÎmm hmoZo Ho$ ~mdOyX CÝh| Iwe Zht XoIH$a do gm\$-gm\$ H$hVr h¡§ {H$ ñÌr -nwéf gå~ÝYm| _| g§emoYZ Am¡a n[adV©Z H$s g»V Oê$aV h¡& Z¡ZrVmb H$s JyOa g_mO H$s Am¡aVm| Ho$ ~mao _| ~VmVo hþE do H$hVr h¡§ {H$ CZ Jar~ d AZn‹T> pñÌ`m| _| ^r ñdm{^_mZ h¡& CÝh| nwéfm| Ûmam {H$`m OmZo dmbm AnZm AnhaU An_mZOZH$ bJVm h¡& ñÌr H$s Apñ_Vm H$s Q>H$amhQ> Am{W©H$ A{YH$mam| Ho$ joÌ _| ^r ÑpîQ>JmoMa hmoVr h¡& Am¡aVm| H$mo H$_mZo H$s AmOmXr Vmo {_b J`r h¡ na AnZr H$_mB© na CZH$m nyam A{YH$ma Zht h¡& {ddm{hV _{hbm _m±-~mn H$s godm VZ-_Z go Zht H$a nmVr h¡& nm[adm[aH$ ì`dñWm _| ^r CÝh| OyPZm n‹S>Vm h¡ Š`m|{H$ n{V AnZr VèwXm AmXVm| H$mo ~XbZo Ho$ {bE V¡`ma Zht hmoVm&

Zm{gamOr ñÌr AmajU H$s pIbm\$V H$aVo hþE H$hVr h¡ {H$ ñÌr H$s bS>mB© Bg g§OrXJr go b‹S>r Omò {H$ CgH$s VmH$V CâH$a gm_Zo Am gHo$& do ñÌr Ho$ ApñVËd H$mo [a`m`Vm| H$s ~¡gmpI`m| na {Q>H$m hþAm XoIZm Zht MmhVr& _wpñb_ g_mO _| Am¡aVm| H$s pñW{V na Zm{gamOr Zo Iy~ {bIm h¡ : qMVZ _| ^r Ed§ g¥OZ _| ^r& Bñbm_ Zo Am¡aVm| H$mo ~hþV gmao A{YH$ma Xo aIo h¡§ na§Vw AkmZVm Ed§ A{ejm Ho$ MbVo µObmbV H$s qOXJr OrZo

ISSN 2348-3857


na _O~ya hmo OmVr h¡§& ~§Q>dmao Ho$ níMmV _wpñb_ _{hbmAm| H$s A{V[aº$ gwajm Ed§ ^` H$s _mZ{gH$Vm H$m \$m`Xm {g`mgr ZoVmAm| Ed§ µOm{hb _m¡b{d`m| Zo CR>m`m, {OZH$mo dmoQ> Ed§ amoOr H$s Oê$aV Wr& ........ Am¡aV Mmam| Va\$ go {Ka JB©& EH$ Vmo dh AnZo Y_© Ho$ ~mao _| OmZVr Z Wr, Š`m|{H$ dh Aa~r ^mfm _¢ h¡ Xÿgao Omo CXÿ© _| ^r h¡, Vmo dh {e{jV Zh§t {H$ CXÿ© ^r n‹T> gHo$& gmo dh nyar Vah n{V Am¡a _m¡bdr na {Z^©a h¡&6 (Am¡aV Ho$ {bE Am¡aV- Zm{gam e_m©, n¥ð> 62) "IwXm H$s dmngr' H$hmZr _| \$aOmZm H$m em¡ha Ow~oa \$aOmZm H$s _oha Ho$ gå~§Y _| AkmZVm H$m \$m`Xm CR>mVm hþAm H$hVm h¡ -dh Am¡aV em¡ha Ho$ {bE ~hþV _w~maH$ hmoVr h¡ Omo nhbr amV AnZo em¡ha H$m _oha _m\$ H$a Xo&7

(IwXm H$s dmngr -Zm{gam e_m©, n¥ð> 18)

Y_© Ho$ Zm_ na pñÌ`m| na AZoH$ AË`mMma hþE h¡§& Z OmZo {H$VZr Am¡aVm| H$m gVrËd ^§J hþAm h¡& Y_m]Ý_mX _| X§Jo, \$gmX Ed§ H«y$aV_ H¥$Ë` Vmo hmoVo hr ahVo h¡§& dñVwpñW{V `h h¡ {H$ Omo Y_© H$mo Zht OmZVo do hr Y_© Ho$ R>oHo$Xma ~Zo ~¡R>o h¡§& BgHo$ Zm_ na g_mO _| AZoH$ Hw$ar{V`m± ì`má hþB© h¡& dñVwV: g_mO Ho$ BZ R>oHo$Xmam| Zo Y_© H$s ghr JbV ì`m»`m H$aHo$ pñÌ`m| H$mo {Z`§{ÌV H$aZo H$m à`mg {H$`m h¡& h_| ~m±Ym Bg{bò OmVm h¡ {H$ h_ R>rH$ go IwX H$mo OmZ Z gHo$, Y_© H$s BVZr _moQ>r naV M‹T>r aho, Vmo OmZZm hmo ^r H¡$go gH$Vm h¡& ? Y_© H$s naV h_mao ì`dhma H$mo H§$Q´>mob _| aIVr h¡&8

AÝVaY_u` {ddmhm| Ho$ ~mao _| Zm{gamOr H$m qMVZ ì`mdhm[aH$ Ed§ _ôËdnyU© h¡& ha df© Eogo {ddmhm| H$s g§»`m ~‹T>Vr Om ahr h¡& Ka - ~mha Ho$ _ob - Omob go AbJ-AbJ Y_© Ho$ ñÌr nwéfm| _| ^r EH$-Xÿgao Ho$ à{V ghO AmH$f©U nhbo ào_ _| Ed§ VËníMmV {ddmh _| n[ad{V©V hmo OmVm h¡& Ka Ed§ ~mha Ho$ dmVmdaU _| AË`{YH$ A§Va hmoVm h¡& Ka _| Y_©, ar{V-[admO, {~amXar, [aíVo Ed§ _`m©Xm _hËdnyU© hmoVr h¡& AmYw{ZH$ g_` _| Eogo {ddmhm| H$mo gm_m{OH$ ñdrH¥${V Vmo {_b OmVr h¡ qH$Vw H$mbm§Va _| O~ H$^r ^r Ym{_©H$ PwH$mdm| Ho$ H$maU Q>H$amhQ> n¡Xm hmoVr h¡ Vmo ^mdZm`| AmhV hmoVr h¡§ Am¡a CZHo$ ~rM EH$ A_yV© Xrdma I‹S>r hmoZo bJVr h¡& Zm{gamOr H$m Bg gå~ÝY _| ñnï> _V h¡ {H$ O~ Amn {H$gr AÝ` Y_© dmbo go {ddmh V` H$aVo h¡§ Vmo Bg ~mV na Ü`mZ XoZm ~ohX Oê$ar h¡ {H$ AmnH$m OrdZ gmWr {Og Y_©, n[adoe, ^mfm, ImZnmZ H$m AmXr ahm h¡, CgH$mo CgHo$ gwI go AbJ H$aZo H$m AmnH$m H$moB© A{YH$ma _mZdr` ÑpîQ> go Zht ~ZVm h¡& `{X dh IwbmnZ XmoZm| Ho$ ZO[aò _| Zht ahm h¡ {H$ do

EH$ Xÿgao Ho$ Y_© H$m gå_mZ H$a gHo$, Vmo {\$a Bg emXr H$m H$moB© AW© Zht ah OmVm&''9 ( Am¡aV Ho$ {bE Am¡aV- Zm{gam e_m©, n¥ð> 16) Zm{gamOr ñÌr Ho$ ApñVËd Ed§ ñdm{^_mZ H$s nyU©V: ajm H$aVr h¡& do CgHo$ A{YH$mam| H$mo b‹S>H$a boZo H$s ~mV ^r H$aVr h¡§ naÝVw BgH$m `h _Vb~ Zht {H$ pñÌ`m| H$mo {dÐmo{hUr ~Z OmZm h¡& CZH$s emë_br n{V go Ag§Vwï> hmoH$a ^r Ka Zht Vmo‹S>Vr h¡ A{nVw n{V _| ~Xbmd H$s àVrjm H$aVr h¡& dh H$hVr h¡ - ""_oam {dœmg Z Ka Vmo‹S>Zo na h¡ Z AmË_hË`m na&10

ñÌr H$s Apñ_Vm Ho$ gå~ÝY _| Zm{gamOr Ho$ qMVZ Ho$ ò à_wI q~Xþ ñnï> H$aVo h§¡ {H$ CZH$m {MVZ Zmar H$mo Üd§gmË_H$ Zht A{nVw g¥OZmË_H$ ~ZmZo na Omoa XoVm h¡& do _X© H$m {damoY Zht H$aVr na ò Adí` MmhVr h¡ {H$ g_` Am J`m h¡ {H$ Cgo ^r ñd`§ H$mo ~Xb hr boZm Mm{hE& nwê$f ~XboJm V^r g_mO ~XboJm& g_mO, ì`dñWm `m nwê$f go ^r nhbo ñÌr H$s bS>mB© ñd`§ go h¡& g~go nhbo Cgo IwX H$mo A~bm _mZZm N>mo‹S>Zm hmoJm& My§{H$ AmO H$s Xþ{Z`m _| H$moB© ^r _m_bm ì`{º$JV Zht ahm h¡, g~ amOZr{VH$ h¡& AV: ñÌr nwê$f H$m _wÔm ^r amOZr{VH$ ñVa na bm`m OmZm Mm{hE&

{ZîH$f©V: `hr H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡ {H$ Zmar {dH$mg Ed§ àJ{V Ho$ amñVo na ~‹T> ahr h¡& dh AnZr Apñ_Vm Ho$ {bò OmJê$H$ h¡& b‹S>H$a ^r AnZm hH$ bo ahr h¡& Añgr Ho$ XeH$ Ho$ ~mX Vmo CgH$m {dÐmohr ê$n gm_Zo Am J`m h¡& AmYw{ZH$Vm Ed§ naånam Ho$ Û§Û go C~aH$a AnZr Apñ_Vm Ho$ {bE IwbH$a gm_Zo AmB© h¡& gmhg ~Q>moaH$a AnZr AmdmO H$mo n¡ZmnZ, ~m¡{ÕH$Vm Ed§ AmË_gå_mZ H$m a§J XoH$a dh AmJo ~‹T> ahr h¡, na Apñ_Vm H$s Q>H$amhQ> A^r ^r Mb ahr h¡& AmO ^r XhoO Ho$ {bE hË`m hmo OmVr h¡, J^© narjU H$adm H$a b‹S>H$s H$mo _ma {X`m OmVm h¡ `m OÝ_ boZo Ho$ níMmV O§Jb _| MÅ>mZm| na N>mo‹S> {X`m OmVm h¡& `h g~ XoIH$a ^r dh AnZr Apñ_Vm H$s bS>mB© ~ÝX Zht H$a gH$Vr&

g§X^© J«ÝW gyMr

1. d_m©, _hmXodr, ûm¥§Ibm H$s H${‹S>`m§, amYmH¥$îU àH$meZ ZB© {Xëbr, 1942, n¥. 35

2. ImZ, S>m° e_m, _{hbm boIZ _| MoVZm Ho$ ~XbVo ñda, amO npãbqeJ hmCg, ZB© {Xëbr, 2007

3. e_m©, Zm{gam, Am¡aV Ho$ {bE Am¡aV, gm_{`H$ àH$meZ, ZB© {Xëbr, 2007, AmdaU n¥ð>


ISSN 2348-3857

4. O¡Z, B§Xþ, Zmar _w{º$ Am§XmobZ H$s EH$ bopIH$m H$s ÑpîQ> _|, gm.{h.~., 11 _mM© 1973, n¥. 18

5. e_m©, Zm{gam, Am¡aV Ho$ {bE Am¡aV, gm_{`H$ àH$meZ, ZB© {Xëbr, 2007, n¥. 128

6. e_m©, Zm{gam, Am¡aV Ho$ {bE Am¡aV, gm_{`H$ àH$meZ, ZB© {Xëbr, 2007, n¥. 62

7. e_m©, Zm{gam, IwXm H$s dmngr, ^maVr` kmZnrR>, ZB© {Xëbr, 2001, n¥. 18

8. A>§gb, Hw$gw_, AnZr- AnZr `mÌm, ^maVr` kmZnrR>

àH$meZ, ZB© {Xëbr, 1987, n¥. 38

9. e_m©, Zm{gam, Am¡aV Ho$ {bE Am¡aV, gm_{`H$ àH$meZ, ZB©

{Xëbr, 2007, n¥. 16

10. e_m©, Zm{gam, emë_br, {H$Vm~Ka àH$meZ, ZB© {Xëbr,

1994, n¥. 197

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