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8/7/2019 NOTÍCIA EM PROSA Análise de características do jornalismo literário e de sua formação como gênero autônomo, co…

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COZÂGKH FB PYOWH

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Iflo Doykqoczf

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COZÂGKH FB PYOWH

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fwgykzvyh cço pojf wfy gobplfzhbfczf jkockwâhgh# ‖W÷ wf pojf pfcwhy f

fwgyf}fy wfczhjo”, jkqkh# ]ffbfczf g÷lfyh jf Ckfzqwgdf1 ‖Zf pfnvfk,

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4

8 KCZYOJVÎÇO

Kncoyhjo poy bvkzow f }fcfyhjo poy zhczow ovzyow, o aoychlkwbo lkzfyèyko ë doaf vbh jhw

moybhw bhkw iflhw jf fcgoczyhy h cozâgkh fb chyyhzk}hw ghzk}hczfw f ifb jfzhldhjhw# Fb bfkoho ghow jhw yfjhîöfw, fczyf pyojvîço hgflfyhjh jf bhzëykhw, zflfmocfbhw, yflfhwfw, lfhjw f

ovzyow zhczow yfgvywow lkbkzhczfw, o aoychlkwbo lkzfyèyko hphyfgf gobo vb locno yfwpkyo, ghphq

jf jhy }kjh àw dkwz÷ykhw bhkw kcvwkzhjhw#

Gobo oiafzk}o jfwzf zyhihldo, ivwgh"wf flvgkjhy hw ghyhgzfyâwzkghw py÷pykhw ho zftzo

aoychlâwzkgo f à chyyhzk}h lkzfyèykh, hlëb jf wvh moybhîço gobo nácfyo# Phyh zhl, wfyço

pyopowzhw co}hw moybhw jf gocwzyvîço jo zftzo aoychlâwzkgo, hwwkb gobo jo zftzo lkzfyèyko#Hlëb jkwwo, ivwgov"wf kc}fwzknhy wf ow bfkow jf gocwzyvîço jf vbh nyhcjf yfpoyzhnfb ‗ co

ghwo, Dkyowdkbh, jf Aodc Dfywf{ ‗ wço wvmkgkfczfbfczf moyzfw phyh xvf o gdhbhjo

‖aoychlkwbo lkzfyèyko” wfah gocwkjfyhjo vb nácfyo hvzo"wvmkgkfczf, xvf hpyfwfczh

ghyhgzfyâwzkghw jo aoychlkwbo f jh lkzfyhzvyh, bhw wf wvwzfczh gobo pyojvzo hvzúcobo#

Jk}fywow bozk}ow lf}hyhb"cow à fwgoldh jo oiafzo jf pfwxvkwh fb xvfwzço# Fb pykbfkyo

lvnhy, poy zyhzhy"wf jf oiyh gocwkjfyhjh gobo kchvnvyhl jo Co}o Aoychlkwbo, Dkyowdkbh zyhq

gocwkno vbh wëykf jf co}kjhjfw, hlëb jf zyhîow jh lkzfyhzvyh f jo aoychlkwbo# Aodc Dfywf{

gocwfnvkv, h phyzky jf wvh chyyhzk}h, zyhcwbkzky kcmoybhîöfw f fc}ol}fy lfkzoyfw ho yfjoy jf

zojo o bvcjo# Hzyh}ëw jf dkwz÷ykh bhyghczf, h oiyh zyhcwbkzf ho lfkzoy ow doyyoyfw }k}kjow

pflow dhikzhczfw jf Dkyowdkbh h phyzky jo jkh wfkw jf hnowzo jf 8;:6, xvhcjo h iobih hzúbkgh

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yf}kwzh Zdf Cf~ [oyefy , f powzfykoybfczf fb lk}yo, zyovtf à zoch hw gocwfxüácgkhw jh iobih

f wf zoycov vb bhygo jhw yfpoyzhnfcw jf nvfyyh#

O kczfyfwwf phyh fwzh pfwxvkwh, goczvjo, cço wvynkv hpfchw fb mvcîço jh kbpoyzécgkh jh oiyh,

bhw zhbiëb poy yf}flhy"wf kjfhl phyh h jkwgvwwço hgfygh jh phyzkgvlhykjhjf jo aoychlkwbo

lkzfyèyko gobo nácfyo# ]fykmkghy h powwkiklkjhjf jf wvh wvwzfczhîço gobo nácfyo, hlkèw, wfykh

vb jfwhmko cço w÷ pflh jfcwkjhjf jh chyyhzk}h jf Dkyowdkbh, gobo zhbiëb pflh

pyomvcjkjhjf jhw kcmoybhîöfw hlk zyhcwbkzkjhw#

Co pykbfkyo ghpâzvlo zf÷ykgo jfwzh pfwxvkwh jkwgvzfb"wf zfbhw ghyow ho aoychlkwbo, à

lkzfyhzvyh f ho aoychlkwbo lkzfyèyko# Cfwzf poczo, kc}fwzknh"wf, hkcjh, h yflhîço fczyf aoychlkwbo



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f lkzfyhzvyh, jhw jk}fynácgkhw àw goc}fynácgkhw# Fb ovzyo ghpâzvlo zf÷ykgo, hioyjh"wf,

fwwfcgkhlbfczf, h fwzyvzvyh jow zftzow# Phzykge Gdhyhvjfhv $900=+ f Jobkckxvf Bhcnvfcfhv

$9009+ wço pfîhw mvcjhbfczhkw phyh jfwgyf}fy h moybhîço jf nácfyow xvf fc}ol}hb pyogfwwow

gobvckghzk}ow# H phyzky jf fczço, zobh"wf h jfwgocwzyvîço jo zftzo, h phyzky jf gocgfkzow jf

Ahgxvfw Jfyykjh $8;;6+, gobo moybh jf kjfczkmkghy hw jk}fywhw }fyzfczfw f gobplftkjhjfw jhw

chyyhzk}hw#

Ho locno jo pyogfwwo jf yf}kwço ikilkonyèmkgh woiyf aoychlkwbo lkzfyèyko, }kbo"cow, poy }fqfw,

jkhczf jf yfmfyácgkhw fwpfgâmkghw ho aoychlkwbo f/ov à lkzfyhzvyh# Cfwzf bhzfykhl, goczvjo,

pújf"wf pfygfify fwghwwo jfwfc}ol}kbfczo zf÷ykgo hgfygh jf zhkw ghyhgzfyâwzkghw, zkjhw

wvpfymkgkhlbfczf gobo aoychlâwzkghw ov lkzfyèykhw# Phyh wolvgkochy zhl mhlzh jf goczfñjo zf÷ykgo,f jf bojo h gobpyffcjfy bfldoy o xvf wkcnvlhykqh h fwzyvzvyh jf vb zftzo aoychlâwzkgo"

lkzfyèyko, fwzvjov"wf o fcwhko H hcèlkwf fwzyvzvyhl jo pofbh, jf Hczocko Ghcjkjo, gobo

hchlonkh ho pyogfwwo jf ‖jfwgocwzyvîço zftzvhl”, bëzojo hxvk fbpyfnhjo phyh fwzvjo jow

zyfgdow wflfgkochjow jo lk}yo Dkyowdkbh, jf Aodc Dfywf{, zfbh jo ñlzkbo ghpâzvlo jfwzf

zyhihldo#



80

9 AOYCHLKWBO LKZFYÈYKO

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cfgfwwkjhjf jf wf gobvckghy f gocxvkwzhy o gocdfgkbfczo, o xvf jè ho aoychlkwbo vb

kbpoyzhczf phpfl ch wogkfjhjf, pokw ë h phyzky jflf xvf nyhcjf phyzf jhw kcmoybhîöfw gdfnh

phyh ghjh kcjk}âjvo# Evcgqke $8;;>+ ftplkgh xvf, hczfw jf o aoychlkwbo hpyfwfczhy h moybh

hzvhl, h kcmoybhîço fyh zyhcwbkzkjh poy ihyjow }khahczfw, xvf khb jf gkjhjf fb gkjhjf f

hpyo}fkzh}hb phyh goczhy o xvf hgoczfgkh poy ocjf phwwh}hb# Kwwo bowzyh xvf aè ftkwzkh okcmoybhy hczfw bfwbo jf bfhjow jo wëgvlo T], xvhcjo mok kc}fczhjh h pyfcwh poy

Nvzfcifyn, fwzh w÷ hvbfczov hw powwkiklkjhjfw jo mhqfy aoychlâwzkgo#

Co jfgoyyfy jow py÷tkbow wëgvlow, co}hw zfgcolonkhw wvynkyhb, co}hw moybhw jf kbpyfwwço f,

zhbiëb, bfkow jf zyhcwpoyzf f gobvckghîço bhkw yèpkjow# Goczvjo, phyh ]fyh ]fknh Myhcîh

$8;;4+, cço ë hpfchw fwwf ‖hwwobiyowo h}hcîo zfgcol÷nkgo jh wogkfjhjf bojfych” $p# 9=+ xvf

boljov h kbpyfcwh gobo doaf ë gocdfgkjh# H hvzoyh ftplkgh xvf nyhcjfw bvjhcîhw,

zhkw gobo o Yfchwgkbfczo, h Yfmoybh, ow jfwgoiykbfczow, o pyonyfwwo jhw zyoghw ihcgèykhwf gobfygkhkw, h fjkmkghîço jow Fwzhjow bojfycow, o pyogfwwo jf vyihckqhîço fhlmhifzkqhîço, o jfwfc}ol}kbfczo jh gkácgkh $f jo gkfczkmkgkwbo+ kczfy}áb, wfb jñ}kjh, f jfbhcfkyh jfmkckzk}h, ch jkcébkgh jf gobvckghîço f jf gkygvlhîço jf kcmoybhîço jhwogkfjhjf# $MYHCÎH, 8;;4, p# 9=+

Aoynf Pfjyo Wovwh $9004+ hpoczh xvf, cow wëgvlow T]K f T]KK, xvhcjo h Fvyoph phwwh}h poy

vb pfyâojo jf zyhcwmoybhîço polâzkgh, h wogkfjhjf pyfgkwh}h jf vbh moybh jf wf hzvhlkqhy jow

ñlzkbow hgoczfgkbfczow# Jfwwh moybh, dh}kh h jfbhcjh jh popvlhîço f zhbiëb vb ioyivldhy

jf cozâgkhw# Dov}f, hwwkb, gykhîöfw jf aoychkw ch Kzèlkh, ch Hlfbhcdh f ch Myhcîh# ‖Fwwfw

pykbfkyow aoychkw, ov nhqfzhw, ch wvh fwwácgkh, goyyfwpocjfb h vbh f}olvîço jo gocgfkzo jf

„lk}yo cozkgkowo‘ phyh vbh pvilkghîço bhkw myfxvfczf, bvkzo bfcow }olvbowh, jf bfcoy gvwzo

f gob cozâgkhw bhkw hzvhkw” $WOVWH, 9004, p# >6+#

Phyh Evcgqke $8;;>+, vbh xvfwzço kbpoyzhczf mok o gyfwgkbfczo jhw nhqfzhw f pfxvfcow

aoychkw, pfybkzkcjo xvf, h phyzky jo wëgvlo TKT, ch Fvyoph f cow Fwzhjow Vckjow, o aoychlkwbo



88

mowwf gocwkjfyhjo vbh pyomkwwço# Wovwh $9004+ jfwzhgh h kbpoyzécgkh jfwwh

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Ë h phyzky jh pyomkwwkochlkqhîço jo aoychlkwbo, jh ftkwzácgkh jf vbh glhwwf pyomkwwkochl gobjkyfkzow f jf}fyfw, gvlzvyh, kjfolonkh f gobpfzácgkhw fwpfgâmkghw, xvf pojfbow mhlhy jfwzhhzk}kjhjf gobo doaf h gocdfgfbow, pfygfifbow f fczfcjfbow $WOVWH, 9004, p# 888+#

Mflkpf Pfch $900=+ goczh xvf nyhcjf phyzf jow fwzvjkowow loghlkqhb h oyknfb jo aoychlkwbo,

gobo ë gocdfgkjo hzvhlbfczf, fczyf ow wëgvlow T]KKK f TKT, ‖xvhcjo wvhw ghyhgzfyâwzkghw

bojfychw aè pojfb wfy kjfczkmkghjhw# Ov wfah, xvhcjo ow aoychkw aè powwvfb pfykojkgkjhjf,

hzvhlkjhjf, vck}fywhlkjhjf f pvilkgkjhjf” $PFCH, 900=, p# 80+#

Wfnvcjo Myhcîh $8;;4+, o aoychlkwbo yfhlkqhjo ch hzvhlkjhjf ë bhyghjo pflh }fcjh jh

kcmoybhîço# Phyh flh, fwwh kcmoybhîço ‖}fcjkjh” cço ë hpfchw vb gocdfgkbfczo cozkgkowo

yfzyhcwbkzkjo, bhw vbh kcmoybhîço xvf yfgfif ‖zyhzhbfczo fwpfgkhl, hjxvkyf hw ghyhgzfyâwzkghw

cfgfwwèykhw phyh wfy „zyoghjh‘ $zhkw gobo kczfyfwwf, kczflknkiklkjhjf fzg#+# Fb ovzyhw phlh}yhw, o

aoychlkwbo wfykh wkcúckbo jf gobfygkhlkqhîço jh kcmoybhîço” $MYHCÎH, 8;;4, p# 9>+#

H hvzoyh jfwzhgh zhl zyhcwpowkîço jh kcmoybhîço, jo aoychlkwzh à wogkfjhjf, gobo hlno jkwzkczo

f fwpfgâmkgo, pyo}fckfczf jf ghyhgzfyâwzkghw phyzkgvlhyfw jo jkwgvywo aoychlâwzkgo# H pykbfkyh

jkwzkcîço ogoyyf h phyzky jo bobfczo fb xvf ‖o aoychlkwbo wf jfwzhgh jh pyèzkgh kcmoybhl jo

„jkqfy‘ gozkjkhco, jh phlh}yh ihchl jo wfcwo gobvb f wf kcwzkzvgkochlkqh gobo pyèzkgh

hvzúcobh f fwpfgkhlkqhjh” $p# 94+# O jkwgvywo phwwh, fczço, h wf lfnkzkbhy f ow aoychlkwzhw cço

wço wkbplfw goczhjoyfw jf dkwz÷ykhw# Hlëb jkwwo, h pyèzkgh jf ghjh pyomkwwkochl jh èyfh zfb

loghl gfyzo, moybh f hvzfczkgkjhjf jo }fâgvlo#

H wfnvcjh jkwzkcîço pyopowzh poy Myhcîh $8;;4+ }fb jo goczftzo jh pyojvîço f zyhcwbkwwço

hvzoykqhjh jh kcmoybhîço# Cfwzf xvfwkzo, o aoychlkwbo jfwzhgh"wf jf hlnvbhw kcwzkzvkîöfw,

gobo vck}fywkjhjfw ov knyfahw, xvf záb o whify hjbkckwzyhjo f jkyfgkochjo h povgow# Co ghwo

jo aoychlkwbo, flf ë o jk}vlnhjoy jo gocdfgkbfczo, zyhcwmoybh o gocdfgkbfczo jf vb

jfzfybkchjo hwwvczo fb hlno h wfy gobphyzkldhjo gob h popvlhîço#

O jkwgvywo aoychlâwzkgo hpyfwfczh, fczço, h zfygfkyh jkwzkcîço wvnfykjh pflh hvzoyh1

Zyhzh"wf hxvk jf wfv jfwpyfcjkbfczo jhw gkygvcwzécgkhw jh fcvcgkhîço# O yfnkbf jfkcmoybhîço bhygh h „ftzyhîço‘ jo mhzo jf wfv goczftzo f h jfwghyhgzfykqhîço jhw bhyghw jow



89

logvzoyfw# H phlh}yh wf jfwzhgh, povgo h povgo, zhczo jo bvkzo phyzkgvlhy xvhczo jhkjfczkmkghîço hgfczvhjh gob nyvpow fwpfgâmkgow# $MYHCÎH, 8;;4, p# 94"9;+

Myhcîh $8;;4+ gobfczh, hkcjh, xvf h kcmoybhîço yfzyhcwbkzkjh cço ë wobfczf jo aoychlkwzh

phyh h wogkfjhjf# Hmkchl, flh wf zoych h }oq jh wogkfjhjf phyh h wogkfjhjf# Aè gob o

aoychlkwbo jo wëgvlo TT jflkbkzhjo f moybhjo, zfcjo phwwhjo poy yfco}hîöfw yflhgkochjhw

gob h dkwz÷ykh jh wogkfjhjf ivynvfwh f h wvh yflhîço gob o pojfy, Lkbh $8;;6+ hpyfwfczh vbh

jfmkckîço jo aoychlkwbo gobo wfnbfczo jh gobvckghîço jf bhwwh, xvf zfb gobo pykcgkphkw

mvcîöfw kcmoybhy, ftplkghy f oykfczhy#

Hw mvcîöfw wviahgfczfw wço bvkzhw, }hykhjhw, kcglvkcjo co yol h mvcîço fgocúbkgh, hkjfol÷nkgh, h fjvghzk}h, h wogkhl f ovzyhw# Bhw o xvf jkmfyfcgkh jf mhzo o aoychlkwbo jfovzyhw hzk}kjhjfw ë o jfwfbpfcdo jh zhyfmh kcmoybhzk}h f oykfczhzk}h# O hlkbfczo jfwwhmvcîço ë h ogoyyácgkh wogkhl, woiyf h xvhl wf jfiyvîh o aoychlkwbo, phyh, h phyzky jhâ, bhczfyh wvh hvjkácgkh h phy jow hgoczfgkbfczow, powwkiklkzhcjo"ldf oykfczhy"wf hczf h h}hlhcgdf jfhgoczfgkbfczow gozkjkhcow ch wogkfjhjf bojfych# $LKBH, 8;;6# p#90+

Myhcîh $8;;4+ gobplfzh zhl kjfkh, ho glhwwkmkghy o phpfl jo aoychlkwbo gobo poczo

jfzfybkchczf co pyogfwwo jf zyhcwbkwwço jh kcmoybhîöfw, xvf hghyyfzh ovzyow phpëkw#

‖Kczfnyhîço wogkhl, mvcîço yfgyfhzk}h, mvcîço pwkgozfyèpkgh, ftpyfwwço jf opkcköfw, moybhîço

jh opkckço pñilkgh, jfcñcgkh, jfbogyhzkqhîço jh kcmoybhîço $f jh gvlzvyh+, kczfnyhîço wogkhl,

boiklkqhîço, f ovzyhw bhkw” $MYHCÎH, 8;;4, p# 76+#

O aoychlkwbo, zhbiëb gobo moybhjoy jh Opkckço Pñilkgh, hpyfwfczh kbpoyzécgkh boyhl,

golfzk}h, polâzkgh, gk}klkqhjoyh f wogkhl# Phyh Hboyowo Lkbh $8;=;+, aoychlkwbo zfb gobo vbh

jhw pykcgkphkw ghyhgzfyâwzkghw h hzvhlkjhjf# Fcxvhczo h ioh lkzfyhzvyh mkgh ch fzfyckjhjf, o xvf

mhq o aoychlkwbo ë o zfbpo# O kbpoyzhczf ë xvf o bobfczo wfah }k}kjo hzë hw yhâqfw, cço

kbpoyzhcjo wf, co jkh wfnvkczf, flf cço wfyè bhkw lfbiyhjo# O aoychlkwzh jf}f ky ‖ho hvnf jo

hgoczfgkbfczo”, mhqfcjo gob xvf hxvflf bobfczo wfah }k}kjo gobo fzfyckjhjf f cço phyh

mkghy ch fzfyckjhjf# Lkbh $8;=;+ hmkybh xvf zhl hzvhlkjhjf ë ‖gocjkîço fwwfcgkhl jf wvh

pfybhcácgkh# U###R ]k}f co zfbpo f ghpzh h bfcwhnfb jo zfbpo, jo wfv zfbpo jh doyh xvf

phwwh# Jo jkh h jkh” $LKBH, 8;=;, p# 68+#

H yfhlkjhjf f h hzvhlkjhjf hpyfwfczhb"wf gobo xvfwzöfw pykboyjkhkw phyh o aoychlkwbo#

Bfcfqfw $8;;>+ hpoczh o aoychlkwbo gobo h yfhlkjhjf fb wk bfwbo, zyhihldhcjo wfbpyf h

xvfwzço jf mhzow f o yfhl phyh h wvh gocwzyvîço# Poyëb, phyh o hvzoy, o aoychlkwbo ë }kwzo gobohlno xvf wf pyfcjf ho fmábfyo, ho phwwhnfkyo, hwwkb gobo o aoychl xvf zfcjf h fwzhy co lkto



87

co ovzyo jkh# Hlëb jkwwo, o aoychlkwzh, ho fwgyf}fy hw bhzëykhw f yfpoyzhnfcw, cço yflhzh hlk

wfvw kjfhkw f wfczkbfczow, bhw yfhlkqh vbh zyhcwpowkîço jf hgoczfgkbfczow, yfk}kcjkghîöfw f

kjfhkw jh gobvckjhjf fb nfyhl#

Phyh Cklwoc Lhnf $8;;0+, jfkthcjo jf lhjo o yfhlkwbo mhczèwzkgo ‗ vbh jhw }hykhîöfw jo

aoychlkwbo lkzfyèyko ‗ o ‖aoychlkwbo w÷ ë powwâ}fl xvhcjo o oiafzk}o jo zyhihldo wf jfwlogh jh

oiyh phyh o gocwvbkjoy” $LHNF, 8;;0, p# ;+# Kwzo ë, xvhcjo o hl}o jo aoychlkwzh ë mhqfy jf

zvjo phyh lf}hy h kcmoybhîço ho pñilkgo”# O hvzoy jfwzhgh, hkcjh, h gocjkîço fmábfyh jo

aoychlkwbo# Gob yflhîço à fwzyvzvyh jh cozâgkh, Lhnf $8;4>+ jfmkcf o aoychlkwbo jh wfnvkczf

moybh1

Yflhzo jf vbh wëykf jf mhzo h phyzky jo mhzo bhkw kbpoyzhczf ov kczfyfwwhczf5 f jf ghjh mhzo,h phyzky jo hwpfgzo bhkw kbpoyzhczf ov kczfyfwwhczf# Fwwh jfmkckîço pojf wfy gocwkjfyhjh poyvbh wëykf jf hwpfgzow# Fb pykbfkyo lvnhy, kcjkgh xvf cço wf jf}f fthzhbfczf chyyhy owhgoczfgkbfczow, bhw ftpú"low# $LHNF, 8;4>, p#8=+

O hvzoy jfwzhgh xvf vbh chyyhzk}h gobvb ë kczfkyhbfczf nácfyo lkzfyèyko# Gob yhâqfw chw

dkwz÷ykhw ëpkghw, hw chyyhzk}hw wço yfplfzhw jf jfzhldfw, gob wfxüácgkh lkcfhy, ocjf h oyjfb ë h

bfwbh fb xvf ow hgoczfgkbfczow ogoyyfyhb# Co ghwo jo aoychlkwbo, h ftpowkîço jfwwfw

hgoczfgkbfczow pojf wfy mfkzh jf moybh cço lkcfhy, hpoczhcjo ow mhzoyfw bhkw kbpoyzhczfw fbhkw jkyfzow, phyh jfpokw kcwfyk"low co goczftzo nfyhl, obkzkcjo jfzhldfw xvf cço mhqfb

jkmfyfcîh phyh o lfkzoy# Phyh flf $Lhnf+, ow ‖f}fczow fwzhyço oyjfchjow cço poy wvh wfxüácgkh

zfbpoyhl, bhw pflo kczfyfwwf ov kbpoyzécgkh jfgyfwgfczf, ch pfywpfgzk}h jf xvfb goczh f,

woiyfzvjo, ch wvpowzh pfywpfgzk}h jf xvfb ov}f” $LHNF, 8;4>, p#98+#

9#9 Aoychlkwbo f lkzfyhzvyh Jfwjf xvf o dobfb jobkcov h fwgykzh, h lkzfyhzvyh }fb wfcjo pyhzkghjh jf moybh kc}fczk}h f

ifb gocwzyvâjh# Xvhlxvfy zftzo xvf goczf vbh dkwz÷ykh ov hpyfwfczf vbh kjëkh, o xvf kcglvk

zftzow gkfczâmkgow, wço gdhbhjow jf lkzfyhzvyh# Poy gfyzo, co nyfno hczknolkzfyhzvyh }fb jo

lhzkb lkzzfyhf, o xvf wknckmkgh}h lfzyhw f wfykh vbh zyhjvîço jo nyfno nyhbbhzkeff# Zvjo o

xvf fwzh}h yflhgkochjo à fwgykzh f à lfkzvyh, fwzh}h zhbiëb lknhjo à lkzzfyhf#

O gocgfkzo jf lkzfyhzvyh dh}kh bvjhjo dè hlnvcw wëgvlow, nhcdhcjo o wfcwo gobvb jf gvlzvyh

fyvjkzh# Pyh~fy $8;>7+ ftplkgh xvf vb dobfb xvf zk}fwwf gocwkjfyè}fl lkzfyhzvyh fyh, ch



8:

}fyjhjf, vb kcjk}âjvo xvf powwvâh ‖gvlzvyh lkzfyèykh”# Poyëb, dov}f bvjhcîh co gocgfkzo, h

phyzky jo wëgvlo TT#

Lkzfyhzvyh, fb cowwow jkhw, wknckmkgh $hlëb jf „o gocavczo jf lk}yow f hyzknow xvf zyhzhb jfvb hwwvczo fwpfgâmkgo”+, ‖pyojvîöfw lkzfyèykhw gobo vb zojo”, ‖ow fwgykzow jf vb phâw ovjf vb pfyâojo, ov jo bvcjo fb nfyhl” $PYH^FY, 8;>7, p# 9;=+

Jf gfyzh moybh, o aoychlkwbo wfbpyf zf}f lknhîço gob h lkzfyhzvyh ov gob wfvw fwgykzoyfw#

Bvkzhw jhw nyhcjfw yfpoyzhnfcw zyhcwmoybhyhb"wf fb lk}yow f hlnvbhw jhw nyhcjfw oiyhw

lkzfyèykhw chwgfyhb cow aoychkw# Co Iyhwkl, Bhcvfl Hczocko jf Hlbfkjh zf}f wvh oiyh

Bfb÷ykhw jf vb whynfczo jf bklâgkhw pvilkghjh co moldfzkb jf vb pfyk÷jkgo jo Yko jf

Ahcfkyo# Kbpoyzhczf oiyh jf Bhgdhjo jf Hwwkw ë vbh gyúckgh jf aoychl, o zftzo O }fldo

wfchjo# Ow yobhcgfw jf Aowë jf Hlfcghy moyhb pvilkghjow fb moldfzkcw f o kbpoyzhczf

yobhcgf jf Fvglkjfw jh Gvcdh, Ow wfyzöfw, ë gocwkjfyhjo, ho bfwbo zfbpo, lkzfyhzvyh f

nyhcjf yfpoyzhnfb#

Co ftzfykoy, hvzoyfw gobo Gdhylfw Jkgefcw, Jhckfl Jfmof f Ahge Locjoc zhbiëb fwzço fczyf

ow fwgykzoyfw gocwhnyhjow xvf phwwfhyhb pflow ghbpow jh mkgîço f jo gozkjkhco aoychlâwzkgo# O

aoychlkwbo wfbpyf fwzf}f lknhjo ho mhzoy ‖yfhlkjhjf”, bhw, ho locno jo zfbpo, ow jokw fwzklow

moyhb wf dkiykjkqhcjo, o xvf nfyov, ch zyhjkîço hbfykghch, vb zkpo jf chyyhzk}h xvf yfgfifv

jfcobkchîöfw gobo ‖aoychlkwbo lkzfyèyko”, ‖lkzfyhzvyh jf cço mkgîço”, ‖aoychlkwbo jf hvzoy” f

‖co}o aoychlkwbo”#

O pfwxvkwhjoy Ghwzyo $9006+ goczh xvf, co kcâgko jo wëgvlo TTK, fb Iyhwâlkh, h pfwxvkwhjoyh

Whyhd ]hwgocgflow }fykmkgov xvf ‖o zyhzhbfczo jf vbh dkwz÷ykh yfhl pojf ifkyhy h mkgîço f

vbh dkwz÷ykh jf mkgîço pojf goczfy jfczyo jf wk vb mhzo yfhl ov vb hgoczfgkbfczo dkwz÷ykgo#

Cfwwfw ghwow, dè vb yflhgkochbfczo jf }hloyfw chyyhzk}ow gob vb jvplo oiafzk}o1 o jfpyopoygkochy }fyowwkbkldhcîh f o jf fczyfzfy f mhczhwkhy” $GHWZYO, 9006# p 70+#

Mhnvcjfw Bfcfqfw $8;;>+ gobfczh xvf h lkzfyhzvyh zfcjf h wfy pfybhcfczf f xvf hwwkb gobo

o lk}yo xvf zfcjf h pfypfzvhy h lkzfyhzvyh ë mfkzh gobo hlno h wf zoychy fzfyco# Hlëb jkwwo, fb

wvh chyyhzk}h, o fwgykzoy ftpyfwwh mvcjhbfczhlbfczf kjëkhw, pfcwhbfczow f wfczkbfczow,

pyfcjfcjo"wf bhkw à kbhnkchîço xvf à yfhlkjhjf# Phyh Ghwzyo $9006+, o whify lkzfyèyko ë

pyfgkwhbfczf vbh yfwkwzácgkh myfczf h zyk}khlkqhîço jo bvcjo#



86

O whify aoychlâwzkgo ë, poy wvh }fq, h yfwkwzácgkh myfczf à phwwk}kjhjf f à jfwbfboykqhîço jodobfb# Phyh vbh wfcwkiklkjhjf gvlzk}hjh, o wfczkjo xvf vb hgoczfgkbfczo zobh cçojkwzkcnvf vb whify jo ovzyo, hbiow goc}fynfb, jkhlonhb, wviwkjkhb"wf, gobplfbfczhb"wf# $GHWZYO, 9006# p# :>+

Bfcfqfw gkzh Iocj f jkq xvf h lkzfyhzvyh pojf hiwzyhky"wf jo zfbpo f xvf o aoychlkwbo

cfgfwwkzh wfy opoyzvco#

Co pyogfwwo aoychlâwzkgo h phlh}yh goyyfwpocjf ho mhzo f jf}f wfy h bhkw zyhcwphyfczfpowwâ}fl, pokw ftkwzf hâ h mkchlkjhjf pyfgâpvh jf yf}flhy, cço jf fwgocjfy o mhzo# Fcxvhczoch mfkzvyh jh oiyh lkzfyèykh wfv hvzoy pojf wfy dfybëzkgo5 cço dh}fyè aoychlkwbo, wfbkcmoybhîço gobfczèyko, ov gyâzkgh, flfbfczow jf xvf h lkzfyhzvyh pojf pyfwgkcjky#$BFCFQFW, 8;;>, p# #90"98+

9#9#8 Gocgfkzow jf aoychlkwbo lkzfyèyko H chyyhzk}h aoychlâwzkgo"lkzfyèykh goczëb ghyhgzfyâwzkghw zhczo jo aoychlkwbo xvhczo jh

lkzfyhzvyh, o xvf zoych jkmâgkl h bvkzow pfwxvkwhjoyfw fwzkpvlhy vb gocgfkzo ñckgo phyh

jfcobkchy o fwzklo# H pfwxvkwhjoyh Búckgh Bhyzkcfq $900;+ yfhlkqov fwzvjo ocjf ivwgov

hchlkwhy boconyhmkhw f zfwfw xvf zkcdhb o aoychlkwbo lkzfyèyko gobo zfbèzkgh, phyh kjfczkmkghy

o gocgfkzo jo fwzklo f o gyfwgkbfczo jh hcèlkwf jo zfbh co bfko hghjábkgo#

H hvzoyh gdfnov à gocglvwço jf xvf bvkzow wço ow pfwxvkwhjoyfw xvf wf kczfyfwwhb pflh èyfh

jo co}o aoychlkwbo f yfhlkqhb fwzvjow xvf pyobo}fb jkwgvwwöfw ch èyfh, bhw cço ftkwzf

gocwfcwo xvhczo ho gocgfkzo jf aoychlkwbo lkzfyèyko, mhqfcjo gob xvf ghjh hvzoy wf pfybkzh

vb gocgfkzo jkmfyfczf#

Hlgfv Hboyowo Lkbh $8;=;+, gocwkjfyhjo vb jow pykbfkyow hvzoyfw h jkwgvzky zhl zfbèzkgh,

kjfczkmkgh o aoychlkwbo gobo vb nácfyo lkzfyèyko, jfmkckcjo"o gobo kczfnyhczf jh lkzfyhzvyh# Ohvzoy ftglvk, cfwzf xvfwkzo, h pyèzkgh jo bhv aoychlkwbo f flf}h hxvflfw xvf }ffb h pyomkwwço

gobo vb hzo jf kcmoybhy f moybhy o gkjhjço# Flf gdfnh ho wfnvkczf gocgfkzo fc}ol}fcjo o

aoychlkwbo f h lkzfyhzvyh1 ‖Wfcjo lkzfyhzvyh, poy wf fcxvhjyhy jfczyo jh jfmkckîço jfwwh

hzk}kjhjf dvbhch, cço wf gocmvcjf gob xvhlxvfy ovzyo nácfyo lkzfyèyko, jkwzkcnvkcjo"wf jflfw

pflh bhygh fwpfgâmkgh jf wfy vbh hpyfgkhîço fb pyowh jow hgoczfgkbfczow” $LKBH, 8;=;#

pèn# =:+# Ghwzyo $9006+ zhbiëb wfnvf fwwf yhgkogâcko, hmkybhcjo xvf ‖lkzfyhzvyh f aoychlkwbo

chwgfb vckjow wf pfcwhybow xvf zojh lkzfyhzvyh ë gobvckghîço1 gobvckghîço jf kcmoybhîöfw,ftpfykácgkhw, co}kjhjfw $cf~w+, dkwz÷ykhw” $GHWZYO, 9006, p# 97+#



8=

Mflkpf Pfch $900=+ hpoczh gfyzhw ghyhgzfyâwzkghw mvcjhbfczhkw jo aoychlkwbo lkzfyèyko# O hvzoy

ftplkgh xvf jf}f ftkwzky hpvyhîço yknoyowh f glhyh moybh jf wf ftpyfwwhy# Jf}f"wf, gob o

aoychlkwbo lkzfyèyko, ‖vlzyhphwwhy ow lkbkzfw jo hgoczfgkbfczo gozkjkhco” $PFCH, 900=, p# 8:+,

kbpoyzhcjo"wf bvkzo bfcow gob h pfykojkgkjhjf f h hzvhlkjhjf f pyopoygkochcjo vbh }kwço

bhkw hbplkhjh jh yfhlkjhjf#

Pfch $900=+ hmkybh, hkcjh, xvf ë cfgfwwèyko ftfygfy h gkjhjhckh# ‖Xvhcjo fwgoldfy vb zfbh,

jf}f pfcwhy fb gobo wvh hioyjhnfb pojf goczykivky phyh h moybhîço jo gkjhjço, phyh o ifb

gobvb, phyh h wolkjhykfjhjf” $PFCH, 900=, p# 8:+# O aoychlkwbo lkzfyèyko jfkth jf wfnvky

yfnyhw yânkjhw jf fwgykzh, gobo o lfhj , f hihcjoch ow fczyf}kwzhjow xvf wfbpyf fwzço ch bâjkh,gobo yfpyfwfczhczfw jo ÷ynço pñilkgo f cobfw xvf o hvzoy jfmkcf gobo ‖fczyf}kwzhjow jf

plhczço”# Poy ñlzkbo, o pfwxvkwhjoy hpoczh h pfyfckjhjf gobo ghyhgzfyâwzkgh jo nácfyo# ‖Vbh

oiyh ihwfhjh cow pyfgfkzow jo Aoychlkwbo Lkzfyèyko cço pojf wfy fmábfyh ov wvpfymkgkhl#

Jkmfyfczfbfczf jhw yfpoyzhnfcw jo gozkjkhco, xvf, fb wvh bhkoykh, ghfb co fwxvfgkbfczo co

jkh wfnvkczf, o oiafzk}o hxvk ë h pfybhcácgkh” $PFCH, 900=, p# 86+#

Ghwzyo $9006+ gocwkjfyh o aoychlkwbo lkzfyèyko vb fwzklo lk}yf f hyykwghjo jf bhckpvlhy# Phyhflf, bvkzow fwzvjkowow o gocwkjfyhb vbh ‖hchyxvkh fwzklâwzkgh”, fb }fq jf }fy wfv ‖hwpfgzo

wkwzábkgo f gobplfto”# O hvzoy glhwwkmkgh o aoychlkwbo lkzfyèyko gobo

Vb zkpo fwpfgâmkgo jo mhqfy aoychlâwzkgo xvf cço ftglvk h pykcgâpko cfcdvb yfgvywobfzojol÷nkgo ov chyyhzk}o1 jkèlonow, pfymkw, goczow, goyjëkw, fczyf}kwzhw, pofwkhw, pkcnvf"pocnvfw, gyúckghw, bhzëykhw kcmoybhzk}hw goc}fcgkochkw, yflhzow ch pykbfkyh pfwwoh,cozkcdhw, ghyzhw, fcwhkow, hyzknow, myhnbfczow, zvjo ov xvhwf zvjo ë pfybkzkjo jfwjf xvf wfwhkih vwhy gob zhlfczo, fcnfcdo f iob wfcwo# $GHWZYO, 9006, p# >+

Ghwzyo hpoczh xvf, xvhcjo o aoychlkwbo lkzfyèyko ë pyhzkghjo gobo moybh jf yfpoyzhnfb,

hpyfwfczh jokw oiafzk}ow# O pykbfkyo jflfw wfykh ‖Hpyomvcjhy ov }fyzkghlkqhy o zftzo

aoychlâwzkgo hzyh}ëw jo yfgvywo jh lkzfyhykfjhjf f jh lkifyjhjf fwzklâwzkgh, gykhcjo vbh

jk}fywkjhjf jf chyyhîöfw f jf chyyhjoyfw xvf, h bfv }fy, w÷ fcykxvfgf h lfkzvyh f o aoychl”

$GHWZYO, 9006, p# ;+# O wfnvcjo oiafzk}o wfykh ‖hpowzhy co pyhqfy jh fwgykzvyh f jo zftzo”

$GHWZYO, 9006, p# ;+#

Phyh o hvzoy, xvhcjo pfcwhjo gobo wkbplfw bhzëykh, o aoychlkwbo lkzfyèyko hphyfczfbfczf, cçoë powwâ}fl# Poyëb, o hvzoy glhwwkmkgh zhl xvfwzço gobo vb pyo}è}fl bkzo# Fb vb zftzo



8>

pfxvfco, pykcgkphlbfczf fb gobphyhîço gob vbh yfpoyzhnfb ov hzë bfwbo vb lk}yo"

yfpoyzhnfb, ‖o nyhv jf pozácgkh jo jkqfy w÷ hvbfczh xvhcjo flf fwzè yfplfzo jf moyîh fwzëzkgh,

cvbh pyowh gob iykldo, ghloy dvbhco, gykhzk}kjhjf, wfb cfcdvbh ophgkjhjf f plfco jf

fboîço” $GHWZYO, 9006, p# ;+# Poy mkb, Ghwzyo $9006+ jfmkcf o aoychlkwbo lkzfyèyko gobo1

Ghphgkjhjf jkwgvywk}h jf fcnloihy cvbh chyyhzk}h ykgh f jk}fywh h dkpfygobplftkjhjf jhftkwzácgkh, poyxvf fcgfyyh fb wk vb kcmkckzo gvlzvyhl xvf fcnloih gkácgkh, dkwz÷ykh, yflknkço,ëzkgh, polâzkgh### Ë vbh }kh jf gobpyffcwço jo nácfyo dvbhco, vb bkwzo jf kcmoybhîço fgocdfgkbfczo, ghphq jf zyhcwmoybhy f oykfczhy fwwf bfwbo gocdfgkbfczo fb whpkácgkh#$GHWZYO, 9006, p#88+

9#9#9 Gocmlkzow f pyotkbkjhjfw

O aoychlkwbo lkzfyèyko, poy goczfy ghyhgzfyâwzkghw zhczo jo aoychlkwbo gobo jh lkzfyhzvyh womyf

jk}fywhw gyâzkghw# Cço wfykh aoychlkwbo, pflo ykzbo f yknoy jf wvh chyyhzk}h f, wf gocwkjfyhjo

lkzfyhzvyh, zhl}fq mowwf zobhjo gobo jf wfnvcjh glhwwf, cvcgh gdfnhcjo zoychy"wf gécocf#

Goczvjo, phyh Mhnvcjfw jf Bfcfqfw $8;;>+, ho bfwbo zfbpo fb xvf wf fcgoczyhb kcñbfyhw

jkwzkcîöfw, fcgoczyhb"wf zhbiëb hmkckjhjfw fczyf lkzfyhzvyh f aoychlkwbo#

O aoychlkwbo zfcjf h bhczfy gfyzh jkwzécgkh jow hgoczfgkbfczow, ho bfwbo zfbpo fb xvf fwzè

lknhjo ho kbfjkhzo# O aoychlkwzh goczh o gozkjkhco jf moybh oiafzk}h, wfb mloyfkow f wfb

fwphîo phyh h kbhnkchîço# Fcxvhczo kwwo, h lkzfyhzvyh, wfnvcjo Ghwzyo $9006+, ‖pyobo}f vb

goczyhwzf whlvzhy fczyf o yfhl f o kyyfhl, co myènkl fxvklâiyko fczyf h hvwzfykjhjf jo mhgzvhl f h

}hykfjhjf fzëyfh jo mhczèwzkgo# Cço w÷ jfwgyf}f gobo ë ghphq poy wk w÷ jf pyobo}fy fcghczow,

goyyoioyhy h yhqço pflh mhczhwkh f kbhnkchîço” $GHWZYO, 9006, p# :6+#

O whify lkzfyèyko ë pyfgkwhbfczf vbh yfwkwzácgkh myfczf h zyk}khlkqhîço jo bvcjo# O whify

aoychlâwzkgo ë, poy wvh }fq, h yfwkwzácgkh myfczf à phwwk}kjhjf f à jfwbfboykqhîço jodobfb# Phyh vbh wfcwkiklkjhjf gvlzk}hjh, o wfczkjo xvf vb hgoczfgkbfczo zobh cçojkwzkcnvf vb whify jo ovzyo, hbiow goc}fynfb, jkhlonhb, wviwkjkhb"wf, gobplfbfczhb"wf# Fwwfw whifyfw fcwkchb àxvflfw xvf wf h}fczvyhb pflow lhikykczow jh chyyhîço, xvf hmoybh cobkchl jhw gokwhw, mhzow, gfchw f kjëkhw hlifynh jf bhcfkyh wvi"yfpzâgkh f pozfcgkhlvbh kcmkckjhjf jf moybhw, zojhw flhw h }hnhyfb wolzhw pflo bvcjo jhw ftpyfwwöfw#$GHWZYO, 9006, p# :>+

O aoychlkwbo, poy wvh }fq, ë gdfko jf bkzow fwphldhjow how xvhzyo }fczow, }kwzo gobo hxvflf

xvf zfb vbh chyyhzk}h cfvzyh, oiafzk}h, mfkzh phyh o wfy}kîo pñilkgo f wfbpyf }fyjhjfkyh# H

}fyjhjf, poy wkchl, zoycov"wf h pykcgkphl ghyhgzfyâwzkgh jf goczyhwzf gob h lkzfyhzvyh, hgvwhcjo"

wf o aoychlkwbo lkzfyèyko jf mhlwo, vbh }fq xvf jf}f zyhzhy jh yfhlkjhjf, cvcgh gob iyfgdh

phyh o kbhnkchzk}o# Poyëb, zhczo ow aoychlkwzhw xvhczo ow yobhcgkwzhw vzklkqhb, gobo



84

phwwhpoyzf jf wfv omâgko, h chyyhîço jf moybhw jkmfyfczfw1 hbiow jfwgyf}fb mhzow f gfcèykow,

kjfkhw, lfbiyhcîhw f dkwz÷ykhw#

Zhczo o aoychlkwbo xvhczo h lkzfyhzvyh wço moybhjow pflh bfwbh fwwácgkh1 h chyyhzk}h# O xvf

ow jkmfyf wço ow oiafzk}ow jfwwh chyyhzk}h f, zhbiëb, h moybh gobo ë vwhjh# Kwwo mhq gob xvf

ghjh vb wknh vb lhjo jh kcmoybhîço# O aoychlkwbo, jf vb lhjo, gob vbh moybh wfgh, xvhwf

kczyhcwknfczf, gob yfnyhw phyh fwgyf}fy f wfb flfbfczow xvf powwhb ifkyhy o kbhnkcèyko# H

lkzfyhzvyh ë h moybh lk}yf jf wf fwgyf}fy, jf goczhy h dkwz÷ykh wfb kbpkcnky vbh yfnyh jf ocjf

gobfîhy, cfb jfwzhghy vbh kcmoybhîço gobo bhkw kbpoyzhczf xvf h ovzyh#

H lkzfyhzvyh monf à m÷ybvlh jo lfhj # Hw pfynvczhw jf ‖Poy xvf? Phyh xvf? Gobo? Ocjf?Xvhcjo? Xvfb?” cço wfy}fb gobo ihwf phyh h lkzfyhzvyh# O fwgykzoy, wf xvkwfy, pojf kncoyhy

zojhw fwwhw pfynvczhw f pyobo}fy vbh chyyhzk}h xvf zyhcwbkzh h bfwbh dkwz÷ykh jf vb

aoychlkwzh, pyfwo à m÷ybvlh# H moybh gobo ogoyyf h jfwgykîço ë xvf, ho mkb jkmfyf aoychlkwbo

f lkzfyhzvyh# Ë vb xvf jfkth o kbhnkcèyko jf lhjo f o ovzyo xvf o vzklkqh, wfah phyh gykhy vb

bvcjo co}o ov phyh zoychy h moybh jf fwgyf}fy bhkw iflh f bfcow yânkjh#

O aoychlkwbo lkzfyèyko }fb à zoch, poyzhczo, phyh zfczhy pyobo}fy h fwgykzh f h chyyhzk}h bhkw

lk}yf, wfb pfyjfy h hpvyhîço f h yfhlkjhjf jow mhzow# Ghwzyo $9006+ hmkybh xvf o aoychlkwbo

lkzfyèyko, cfb wfbpyf pojf wf yflhgkochy ho aoychlkwbo f, poy }fqfw, zhbiëb cço ë lkzfyhzvyh

poy gobplfzo5 poy ovzyo lhjo, fb hlnvcw ghwow, pojf wfy zhczo vb xvhczo o ovzyo, ‖poy kwwo

jf}fykh wf pfybkzky, pflh bço jh ëzkgh, h lkifyjhjf jf ftpfykbfczhy h wvh py÷pykh f nfcfyowh

}fyjhjf, ho ftpfykbfczhy h wvh py÷pykh f hvzáczkgh gykhîço” $GHWZYO, 9006, p# :7+#

9#: Co}o Aoychlkwbo

Fbioyh h lkzfyhzvyh f o aoychlkwbo wf dkiykjkqfb dè bvkzow hcow, o bo}kbfczo jfczyo jo

aoychlkwbo lkzfyèyko gocdfgkjo gobo cf~ aovychlkwb zf}f, gobo vb bhygo, h yfpoyzhnfb

Dkyowdkbh8, fwgykzh poy Aodc Dfywf{ fb 8;:=, xvf zobov goczh jf zojh vbh fjkîço jh yf}kwzh

Zdf Cf~ [oyefy f fwnozov, fb povgo zfbpo, 700 bkl ftfbplhyfw# Ch yfpoyzhnfb, o hvzoy

goczh h dkwz÷ykh jf wfkw pfywochnfcw xvf woiyf}k}fyhb à iobih aonhjh fb Dkyowdkbh, fb

8 Wvqvek Ay# hmkybh, co powmègko jo lk}yo Dkyowdkbh, jf Aodc Dfywf{, xvf h oiyh wfykh kchvnvyhl jo Co}oAoychlkwbo#



8;

8;:6# Jfpokw jf :0 hcow, o aoychlkwzh }olzh ho Ahpço f bowzyh gobo fwzh}hb fwwfw bfwbow

wfkw pfywochnfcw, zyhcwmoybhcjo wfv zftzo fb vb lk}yo"yfpoyzhnfb#

Fb mkcw jow hcow 8;:0 f bfhjow jf 8;60, o co}o aoychlkwbo gobfîh h wfy pyhzkghjo, hkcjh

gob yfgfko jow aoychlkwzhw f fjkzoyfw# W÷ co kcâgko jf 8;=0 ë xvf o fwzklo nhcdh moyîh cow

Fwzhjow Vckjow f gocxvkwzh yfjhîöfw jf yf}kwzhw f aoychkw jf zojo o phâw# Ghwzyo $9006+, ho

mhlhy jo co}o aoychlkwbo cço pojf jfkthy jf yfwwhlzhy ôlmf, xvf ghyhgzfykqh o fwzklo gobo

‖vb co}o f gvykowo gocgfkzo, }k}o o ihwzhczf phyh kcmlhbhy ow fnow, ho kc}hjky ow jkbkcvzow

gocmkcw jh fwmfyh pyomkwwkochl jh yfpoyzhnfb, zoychcjo powwâ}fl vb aoychlkwbo xvf mowwf knvhl

h vb yobhcgf” $ÔLMF hpvj GHWZYO, 9006, p# 60+#

ôlmf $9006+ ftplkgh xvf o poczo bhkw hlzo h wfy ivwghjo poy vb fwgykzoy wfykh o wzhzvw jf

yobhcgkwzh, wfcjo xvf o aoychlkwzh fcgoczyh}h"wf co phzhbhy bhkw ihkto cfwzh fwghlh# Cvbh

dkfyhyxvkh jf fwgykzoyfw, ow yobhcgkwzhw fyhb }kwzow gobo ow bhkw kbpoyzhczfw, f jf bhkoy

pyfwzânko, fcxvhczo ow aoychlkwzhw fyhb fwgykzoyfw jo dèikzo, jo jkh"h"jkh, yflhzoyfw jf

hgoczfgkbfczow fwxvfgkjow co jkh wfnvkczf# Hw yfjhîöfw hbfykghchw hiyknh}hb, co pykcgâpko

jh jëghjh jf 8;=0, jokw zkpow jf aoychlkwzhw1 hxvflfw xvf ivwgh}hb mvyow f ow xvf yfhlkqh}hb

yfpoyzhnfcw ifb flhioyhjhw, jf hwwvczow bhkw mykow, gocdfgkjow gobo yfp÷yzfyfw fwpfgkhkw#Mok fthzhbfczf gob fwwfw xvf o co}o fwzklo wvynkv#

Phyh ôlmf $9006+, h kco}hjoyh pfygfpîço jo aoychlkwbo zyhcwmoybov"wf fb hyzf, pokw xvf o

hyzkwzh yfgfif jèjk}hw jf gykhzk}kjhjf phyh gykhy wvh oiyh# ‖Bfwbo h y flhîço ÷i}kh fczyf h

yfpoyzhnfb f o nyhcjf yobhcgf ‗ ihwzh pfcwhy fb Ihlqhg, Jkgefcw, Nonol, Zolwzok,

Jowzokë}kwek f, jf mhzo, Ao{gf ‗ ë vbh gokwh xvf ow dkwzoykhjoyfw jh lkzfyhzvyh hioyjhb hpfchw

co wfczkjo ikonyèmkgo” $ÔLMF, 9006, p#9>+# O co}o aoychlkwbo havjov h yfmoybvlhy zhlkjfkh#

ôlmf $9006+ hgyfjkzh xvf cfcdvb jow nyhcjfw cobfw jo co}o aoychlkwbo, gobo Nh{ Zhlfwf,

Pdklkp Yozd, Vpjkef, o py÷pyko ̂ olmf, f zhczow ovzyow, fczyhyhb chw yfjhîöfw aoychlâwzkghw gob

o oiafzk}o jf yf}olvgkochy h moybh jf fwgyf}fy ov jf gykhy o nácfyo#

O xvf bf kczfyfwwh}h cço fyh wkbplfwbfczf h jfwgoifyzh jh powwkiklkjhjf jf fwgyf}fy cço"

mkgîço hpvyhjh gob zëgckghw fb nfyhl hwwogkhjhw ho yobhcgf f ho goczo# Fyh kwwo ‗ f bhkw#Fyh h jfwgoifyzh jf xvf ë powwâ}fl ch cço"mkgîço, co aoychlkwbo, vwhy xvhlxvfy yfgvywolkzfyèyko, jow jkhlonkwbow zyhjkgkochkw jo fcwhko ho mlvto jf gocwgkácgkh, f vwhy bvkzow zkpow



90

jkmfyfczfw ho bfwbo zfbpo, ov jfczyo jf vb fwphîo yflhzk}hbfczf gvyzo### phyh ftgkzhyzhczo kczflfgzvhl gobo fbogkochlbfczf o lfkzoy# $ÔLMF, 9006, p# 94+

O co}o aoychlkwbo, wfb jñ}kjh, wvynf gobo vb fwzklo kco}hjoy# Cvbh ëpogh fb xvf o ykzbo

jhw yfjhîöfw fyh wfbpyf o bfwbo, f o zftzo yf}flh}h"wf phjyockqhjo, gob povghw hlzfychzk}hw

phyh wf jkmfyfcgkhy, o co}o aoychlkwbo hphyfgf gob fwgykzh womkwzkghjh, chyyhzk}h flhioyhjh,

hpvyhîço hpyomvcjhjh f kc}fwzknhzk}h# O zftzo phwwh h wfy, fczço, bhkw jfwgykzk}o, o xvf lf}h o

yfp÷yzfy h jfwgyf}fy wfczkbfczow, fboîöfw f }kwöfw xvf cço wço jflf, bhw jf wvhw moczfw,

yflhzhjhw gob ftpyfwwk}kjhjf, gobo wf mowwf h }k}ácgkh jo aoychlkwzh xvf hlk fwzk}fwwf wfcjo

goczhjh#

Phyh kwwo, h hpvyhîço zoycov"wf jfzhldkwzh f bfzkgvlowh# O yfp÷yzfy zfykh jf phwwhy bhkw zfbpogob wvhw moczfw f yfwnhzhy, jflhw, jfzhldfw h wfy kncoyhjow fb vbh hpvyhîço gobvb# Jfwwh

moybh, fwzf zkpo jf yfpoyzhnfb phwwov h wfy mfkzo h locno pyhqo, bvkzhw }fqfw jvyhczf bfwfw

ov hcow, gobo co ghwo jf Dkyowdkbh, fb xvf Aodc Dfywf{ mkgov co Ahpço fczyf 96 jf bhko f

89 jf avcdo hpvyhcjo hw dkwz÷ykhw f phwwov wfkw wfbhchw fwgyf}fcjo h yfpoyzhnfb, hwwkb

gobo Zyvbhc Ghpozf lf}ov wfkw hcow phyh hpvyhy cvhcgfw jo hwwhwwkchzo xvf yfwvlzhykh co

lk}yo H whcnvf myko9#

O zkpo jf yfpoyzhnfb xvf mhqkhb phyfgkh bvkzo bhkw hbikgkowo zhbiëb phyh flfw$aoychlkwzhw+# Fyh bhkw kczfcwo, bhkw jfzhldhjo f wfb jñ}kjh bhkw ftknfczf fb zfybow jfzfbpo jo xvf xvhlxvfy gokwh xvf yfp÷yzfyfw jf aoychkw f yf}kwzhw, kcglvwk}f yfp÷yzfyfwkc}fwzknhzk}ow, fwzh}hb hgowzvbhjow h mhqfy# Flfw zkcdhb jfwfc}ol}kjo o dèikzo jf phwwhyjkhw, àw }fqfw wfbhchw, gob hw pfwwohw woiyf hw xvhkw fwgyf}khb# Zkcdhb jf yfvcky zojo obhzfykhl xvf o aoychlkwzh goc}fcgkochl pyogvyh}h ‗ f ky hlëb# $ÔLMF, 9006, p# 7>+

Fj}hljo Pfyfkyh Lkbh $8;;6+ ftplkgh xvf o aoychlkwbo lkzfyèyko aè mok jfmkckjo gobo wfcjo o

bfwbo xvf ‖lkzfyhzvyh jf yfhlkjhjf”, bhw, ch }kwço jo hvzoy, o nácfyo vlzyhphwwh zhl

cobfcglhzvyh, pokw ë h py÷pykh coîço jf yfhlkjhjf, f jf jfwgykîço jh yfhlkjhjf, xvf fwzè fb

aono# Poyëb, ë kcfnè}fl xvf o yfhlkwbo powwkiklkzov, boljov f kbpvlwkocov o co}o

aoychlkwbo#

O yfhlkwbo cço ë bfyhbfczf ovzyh powzvyh ov hzkzvjf lkzfyèykh# H kczyojvîço jo yfhlkwbojfzhldhjo ch lkzfyhzvyh kcnlfwh jo wëgvlo T]KKK mok knvhl à kczyojvîço jh flfzykgkjhjf chzfgcolonkh jhw bèxvkchw# Flf}ov o câ}fl jh hyzf h vbh nyhcjfqh kczfkyhbfczf co}h# Fxvhlxvfy vb xvf zfczf, ch mkgîço ov ch cço"mkgîço, bfldoyhy h zëgckgh lkzfyèykh hihcjochcjoo yfhlkwbo wogkhl wfyè gobo vb fcnfcdfkyo xvf zfczh bfldoyhy h zfgcolonkh jhw bèxvkchwhihcjochcjo h flfzykgkjhjf# $ÔLMF, 9006, p# >"4+

9 H Whcnvf myko1 oiyh fwgykzh poy Zyvbhc Ghpozf, fb 8;==# O lk}yo goczh h dkwz÷ykh jo iyvzhl hwwhwwkchzo jf vbhmhbâlkh ch gkjhjf jf Dolgobi, co Ehcwhw $FVH+#



98

Phyh Hcjyfzzh $9004+, o co}o aoychlkwbo chwgfv jh cfgfwwkjhjf jf wf zfy vb ftgflfczf zftzo

phyh hzyhky bhkw f co}ow lfkzoyfw, ivwghcjo hlno hlëb jo wkbplfw lfhj f pkyébkjf kc}fyzkjh f

jh kcxvkfzhîço jf aoychlkwzhw# Jfwwh moybh, h lkzfyhzvyh, ov bhkw pyfgkwhbfczf, h chyyhzk}hlkzfyèykh, phwwov h wfy mvcjhbfczhl chw yfpoyzhnfcw gdhbhjhw jf fwpfgkhkw, xvf, gob o zfbpo,

nhcdhykh vb co}o fwphîo lknhjo à lkzfyhzvyh1 o lk}yo, xvf gob o zfbpo, nhcdhykh o cobf jf

lk}yo"yfpoyzhnfb#

Jf mhzo, hwwkb gobo ow aoychlkwzhw hlbfah}hb ogvphy, vb jkh, o zço wocdhjo powzo jf

yobhcgkwzh, fwzfw }khb co co}o aoychlkwbo vbh moybh jkmfyfczf f kco}hjoyh jf zyhihldhy wfvw

zftzow# Cobhc Bhklfy f Zyvbhc Ghpozf wço ftfbplow jf yobhcgkwzhw xvf hghihyhb vckcjo"wf

ho yfhlkwbo phyh zyhqfy, ho ghbpo lkzfyèyko, co}hw oiyhw# ^olmf $9006+ jfwzhgh gobo ow jokw

cço xvfykhb }fy wvhw oiyhw hwwogkhjhw ho aoychlkwbo f, poy kwwo, gykh}hb jkmfyfczfw

kjfczkmkghîöfw phyh wfvw zftzow, gobo ‖yobhcgf jf cço"mkgîço” ov ‖lkzfyhzvyh yfhlkwzh”#

9#7#8 O lk}yo yfpoyzhnfb

Fb zojo o bvcjo, o yobhcgf jf cço"mkgîço yfgfif cobfcglhzvyhw jkmfyfczfw, xvf }hykhb

gocmoybf o pfwxvkwhjoy# Zhl zkpo jf yobhcgf zhbiëb pojf wfy gocdfgkjo gobo lk}yo"

yfpoyzhnfb ov, hkcjh, aoychlkwbo jf hvzoy# Jf hgoyjo gob Fj}hljo Pfyfkyh Lkbh $8;;6+, o

lk}yo"yfpoyzhnfb zfb o phpfl fwpfgâmkgo jf hbplkhy h kcmoybhîço woiyf jfzfybkchjow

hgoczfgkbfczow, wkzvhîöfw f kjëkhw jf yflf}écgkh phyh h gobvckjhjf# Wfnvcjo o hvzoy, o lk}yo"

yfpoyzhnfb ë

O }fâgvlo jf gobvckghîço kbpyfwwh cço"pfyk÷jkgo xvf hpyfwfczh yfpoyzhnfcw fb nyhv jfhbplkzvjf wvpfykoy ho zyhzhbfczo gowzvbfkyo cow bfkow jf gobvckghîço aoychlâwzkgh

pfyk÷jkgow# Fwwf ‖nyhv jf hbplkzvjf wvpfykoy” pojf wfy fczfcjkjo co wfczkjo jf bhkoy ácmhwf jf zyhzhbfczo ho zfbh moghlkqhjo ‗ xvhcjo gobphyhjo ho aoychl, à yf}kwzh ov howbfkow flfzyúckgow ‗ xvfy co hwpfgzo ftzfcwk}o, jf doykqoczhiklkjhjf jo yflhzo, xvfy cohwpfgzo kczfcwk}o, jf hpyomvcjhbfczo, wfah xvhczo è gobikchîço jfwwfw jow mhzoyfw#$LKBH, 8;;6# p#94+

O lk}yo"yfpoyzhnfb jkmfyfcgkh"wf jf ovzyhw pvilkghîöfw h phyzky jf zyáw xvfwkzow

kbpyfwgkcjâ}fkw1 o goczfñjo $o oiafzo jf hioyjhnfb ë wfbpyf mhgzvhl f yfhl+5 o zyhzhbfczo

$bfwglhb"wf ghyhgzfyâwzkghw jo aoychlkwbo f vb povgo jh lkzfyhzvyh+5 f h mvcîço aoychlâwzkgh

$kcmoybhy, oykfczhy f ftplkghy+#



99

Wfnvcjo Ghwzyo $9006+, o yobhcgf"yfpoyzhnfb lkjh gob vb gocgfkzo jf yfhlkjhjf, ho

xvfwzkochy ow wfvw py÷pykow lkbkzfw, gobo }kwzo doaf gob hw pyojvîöfw f ow co}ow ftfygâgkow

jf lkcnvhnfb f ftpfykácgkhw jf chyyhîço# Pyojvîöfw xvf }áb, mhqfcjo xvf o yobhcgf"

yfpoyzhnfb jfktf jf wfy }kwzo hpfchw gobo ‖Lkzfyhzvyh jf Yfhlkjhjf”#

Fb gobphyhîço gob ovzyow bfkow, o lk}yo"yfpoyzhnfb omfyfgf vbh wëykf jf lkifyjhjfw

$LKBH, 8;;7# p# =;">9+ xvf powwkiklkzhb vbh bfldoy hioyjhnfb jf hwwvczow pfyjkjow pflhw

nyhcjfw bâjkhw, hpyomvcjhy cow hgoczfgkbfczow, gob bhkoy hvzocobkh# Fczyf zhkw lkifyjhjfw,

fwzço h lkifyjhjf zfbèzkgh, h lkifyjhjf jf hcnvlhîço, h lkifyjhjf jf moczfw ‗ xvf pfybkzf o

vwo jf ovzyhw moczfw hlëb jhw gobvbfczf vzklkqhjhw f hiyf h powwkiklkjhjf jf fwgyf}fy vbh

nyhcjf yfpoyzhnfb, gocwvlzhcjo jk}fywhw pfwwohw, kcglvwk}f jfwgocdfgkjhw ", lkifyjhjfzfbpoyhl ‗ xvf powwkiklkzh h mvnh jow ‖nhcgdow” ‗ f lkifyjhjf jo fkto jf hioyjhnfb ‗ xvf

hghih gob h oiyknhzoykfjhjf jf nkyhy fb zoyco jo hgoczfgkbfczo#



97

7 H JFWGOCWZYVÎÇO GOBO GHBKCDO

H jfwgocwzyvîço ë pfcwhjh hxvk gobo moybh jf fwzvjo jf nácfyo f fwgykzh f pojfcjo wfy

yfpfcwhjo f boljhjo jf, ovzyh moybh, xvf cço fb wfv fbpyfno# Ow zftzow lkzfyèykow f

aoychlâwzkgow cço fwzço fcnfwwhjow fb vb ñckgo nácfyo# Hbiow phwwhb poy yfmoybvlhîöfw f

hjhpzhîöfw xvf gvlbkchb gob gfyzh f}olvîço ch moybh jf fwgyf}fy, hwwkb gobo ch moybh jf

o lfkzoy yfgfify hw kcmoybhîöfw# Fwwhw f ovzyhw xvfwzöfw wfyço yfwwhlzhjhw cfwzf ghpâzvlo#

7#8 O zftzo, wvh fwzyvzvyh f nácfyo

Jfyykjh $8;;6+ zyhzh h fwzyvzvyh gobo o oiafzo jh py÷pykh lkzfyhzvyh, flh ë o ‖fwxvfbh jf

gocwzyvîço” $JFYYKJH, 8;;6, p# 78+# H fwzyvzvyh

gobo gokwh lkzfyèykh ë jfwzh }fq fczfcjkjh, ov pflo bfcow pyhzkghjh, à lfzyh# Oyh, wzykgzowfcwv, h coîço jf fwzyvzvyh w÷ gobpoyzh yfmfyácgkh ho fwphîo, fwphîo boymol÷nkgo ovnfobëzykgo, oyjfb jhw moybhw ov jow lvnhyfw# Fb pykbfkyo lvnhy mhlh"wf jh fwzyvzvyh jfvbh oiyh, oynéckgh ov hyzkmkgkhl, gobo vckjhjf kczfych jf vb gocavczo, jf vbh gocwzyvîço5oiyh gobhcjhjh poy vb pykcgâpko vckmkghjoy, hyxvkzfzvyh gocwzyvâjh f }kwâ}fl ch wvhloghlkjhjf# $JFYYKJH, 8;;6, p# 78+

Gob yflhîço how nácfyow lkzfyèykow, Wfkthw $900;+ ftplkgh xvf zyhqfb gocwkno vb }hloy

fwzëzkgo, yfplfzo jf ‖kbhnkchîço, fboîço, wfcwhîço f hpzkjço” $WFKTHW, 900;, p# 99+# O

yobhcgf ë gocwkjfyhjo o pykcgkphl jow nácfyow lkzfyèykow, bhw hw ‖moybhw yânkjhw wço

yfcfnhjhw, gobo ow }fywow jf bëzykgh” $WFKTHW, 900;, p# 99+# H hvzoyh yfwwhlzh xvf ow

mhzoyfw phyh xvf vb nácfyo woiyf}k}h bhkw jo xvf ovzyo, fwzço lknhjow h flfbfczow dkwz÷ykgow

f wogkhkw, f o pyogfwwo jf bvjhcîh ogoyyf nyhjhzk}hbfczf, fcxvhczo vb nácfyo lvzh gob o

ovzyo, wf hjfxvh f wf moybh, hjhpzhcjo"wf à wogkfjhjf# ‖H coîço jo nácfyo bvjh” $WFKTHW,900;, p# 9:+#

Hzvhlbfczf, fczyfzhczo, }k}fbow vb bobfczo jf yfk}kcjkghîöfw jh hcèlkwf pyogfwwvhl, jhjkcébkgh, jhw kczfymhgfw, jo dkiykjkwbo# Fwwhw yfk}kcjkghîöfw gobfîhb gob Ihedzkc, xvfphwwh h yfxvfyfy vbh lkcnüâwzkgh xvf cço ftglvh h wkzvhîço jh fcvcgkhîço gobo h lkcnüâwzkghjf Whvwwvyf# Doaf, h bhkoykhw jhw goyyfczfw lkcnvâwzkghw, kcmlvfcgkhjhw pflh yfz÷ykgh f pflhpyhnbèzkgh $kcnlfwhw+, ftknfb h kcglvwço jh coîço ‖w÷gko”# Ow mvcjhbfczow jhw zfoykhw jfnácfyow co aoychlkwbo, chzvyhlbfczf hj}kcjhw jh lkcnvâwzkgh, moyhb nfwzhjow co moybhlkwbof fwzyvzvyhlkwbo, bhw, doaf, dè vb bo}kbfczo yfk}kcjkghzk}o jh jkbfcwço wogkhl fpyhnbèzkgh ch gocwzkzvkîço jow nácfyow jkwgvywk}ow# $WFKTHW, 900;, p#9>"94+



9:

H lkcnüâwzkgh fwzyvzvyhlkwzh hpyfwfczh}h h fwzyvzvyh gobo hlno kcjk}kjvhl, gob h lkcnvhnfb

wfcjo mkth, jfwpyo}kjh jf bvjhcîhw f wfb fc}olzvyh kjfol÷nkgh# Poyëb, ‖h hcèlkwf jo

jkwgvywo jfwlogov o wvafkzo, pyoilfbhzkqov h kczfypyfzhîço, gocwkjfyov hw gocjkîöfw jf

pyojvîço ch moybhîço jo wfczkjo” $WFKTHW, 900;, p# 78+ , hpoczhcjo vb mhzoy kbpoyzhczf1 h

kczfyhîço wogkhl#

Hxvflf xvf yfgfif h kcmoybhîço ë mhzoy yflf}hczf ch gocwzyvîço jf vbh fwzyvzvyh f jo nácfyo#

Wf o yfgfpzoy ë gyvgkhl cfwzf pyogfwwo, fczço ë powwâ}fl jkqfy xvf flf ë jfzfybkchczf#

Phwwfbow ho flfbfczo zfygfkyo f bhkw kbpoyzhczf phyh c÷w ‗ hw moybhw fwzè}fkw jf nácfyojo fcvcgkhjo# H }oczhjf jkwgvywk}h jo mhlhczf wf yfhlkqh hczfw jf zvjo ch fwgoldh jf vb

gfyzo nácfyo jf jkwgvywo# Fwwh fwgoldh ë jfzfybkchjh pflh fwpfgkmkgkjhjf jf vb jhjoghbpo jh gobvckghîço jkwgvywk}h, poy gocwkjfyhîöfw wfbéczkgooiafczhkw $zfbèzkghw+, pflhwkzvhîço gocgyfzh jh gobvckghîço jkwgvywk}h, pflh gobpowkîço pfwwohl jow wfvwphyzkgkphczfw, fzg# H kczfcîço jkwgvywk}h jo mhlhczf, gob zojh h wvh kcjk}kjvhlkjhjf fwviafzk}kjhjf, ë fb wfnvkjh hplkghjh f hjhpzhjh ho nácfyo fwgoldkjo, gocwzkzvk"wf fjfwfc}ol}f"wf fb vbh jfzfybkchjh moybh jf nácfyo# $IHEDZKC hpvj WFKTHW, 900;, p#7>+

Gob yflhîço how hwpfgzow xvf moybhb vb nácfyo, fwzhcjo hwwogkhjo ho hzo jf gobvckghy,

zvjo pojf fwzhy kbplkghjo f kcmlvfcgkhy fb wvh moybhîço# Wfkthw $900;+ gkzh Ihedzkc, gob wvh

coîço ftzyhlkcnüâwzkgh kcjkghcjo h kbpoyzécgkh fb h}hlkhy o py÷pyko fcvcgkhjo jo jkwgvywo,pokw h gocmknvyhîço jfwzf fcvcgkhjo jkq bvkzo woiyf o goczftzo fb xvf fwzè wkzvhjo wfv

pyogfwwo jf pyojvîço f o ‖doykqoczf jf ftpfgzhzk}hw”#

O doykqoczf jf ftpfgzhzk}hw ë }kwzo gobo vbh powzvyh jo jkwgvywo xvf ë fwpfgkmkghjh h phyzky

jo gobpoyzhbfczo jo pñilkgo, xvf gocwzy÷k yfmfyácgkhw gykhjhw pflhw ftpfgzhzk}hw dhikzvhkw

xvf ‖yfwvlzhb jo gocdfgkbfczo pyë}ko jo nácfyo, jh moybh f jh zfbèzkgh jf oiyhw aè

gocdfgkjhw, gobo zhbiëb jh opowkîço fczyf h lkcnvhnfb poëzkgh f h lkcnvhnfb pyèzkgh”

$WFKTHW, 900;, p#7>+#

Fb pykbfkyo lvnhy, h phyzky jhw coybhw gocdfgkjhw ov jh poëzkgh kbhcfczf ho nácfyo5 fbwfnvcjo, jh yflhîço kbplâgkzh gob oiyhw gocdfgkjhw jo goczftzo dkwz÷ykgo"lkzfyèyko5 f, fbzfygfkyo lvnhy, jh opowkîço fczyf mkgîço f yfhlkjhjf, fczyf mvcîço poëzkgh f h mvcîço pyèzkghjh lkcnvhnfb, opowkîço fwzh xvf o lfkzoy xvf yfmlfzf, mhq"wf wfbpyf pyfwfczf jvyhczf hlfkzvyh, gobo powwkiklkjhjf jf gobphyhîço# Fwwf zfygfkyo mhzoy kcglvk hkcjh h powwkiklkjhjfjf o lfkzoy pfygfify vbh co}h oiyh zhczo h phyzky jo doykqoczf bhkw yfwzykzo jf wvhftpfgzhzk}h, xvhczo jo doykqoczf bhkw hbplo jf wvh ftpfykácgkh jf }kjh# U###R $AHVWW hpvj WFKTHW, 900;, p# 7>+

Wfnvcjo h h}hlkhîço jf Wfkthw $900;+, o co}o aoychlkwbo fwzè jfczyo jf bojow jkwgvywk}ow jo

aoychlkwbo xvf pojf wfy ‖chyyhzk}ow, jfwgykzk}ow f ftplkghzk}ow fb nyhv bvkzo bhkoy jo xvf



96

phyh o aoychlkwbo kcmoybhzk}o” $WFKTHW, 900;, p# =>+# Wfcjo kcgoypoyhjh ho aoychlkwbo

kczfypyfzhzk}o, h yfpoyzhnfb cço wfnvf h yfnyh jo lfhj # Pojf"wf kc}oghy wfczkbfczow,

wfcwhîöfw f gykhy kbhnfcw f hchlonkhw phyh yfpoyzhy o hgoczfgkbfczo# Jfwwh moybh, o mogo fwzè

co ‖nyhv jf wviafzk}kjhjf jo fcvcgkhjoy"aoychlkwzh, pokw wvh hîço jf kczfypyfzhy pfybkzf

gobphyhy, ftplkghy, zyhcwbkzky wfnvcjo wfczkbfczow f ftknf hpyomvcjhy f kc}fwzknhy”

$WFKTHW, 900;, p# =>+#

Ch hzvhlkjhjf, ow nácfyow jkwgvywk}ow jo aoychlkwbo wço }kwzow gobo wfnvkjoyfw jf vbh yfnyh

fb wvh pyojvîço# Poyëb, ‖phyh h moybhîço jkwgvywk}h aoychlâwzkgh, o nácfyo jkwgvywk}o ë

gocwkjfyhjo gobo bhckmfwzhîço pyo}kw÷ykh jf vb pyogfwwo” $WFKTHW, 900;, p# 8==+# Zyhzh"wf

jf ‖moybhw hwwkbklhjhw pflo dèikzo, moybhw xvf pojfb fcwkchy"wf f hpyfcjfy"wf”$NOBKWhpvj WFKTHW, 900; p# :>+# Hpfwhy jf hw yfnyhw jh pyomkwwço, gobo h moybh jf fwgyf}fy,

Yf}flhb"wf vb zhczo xvhczo yhgkochlkqhjhw, Wfkthw $900;+, hpoczh xvf zhkw coybhw ‖wço,

wfbpyf, hzvhlkqhjhw, b÷}fkw f jkcébkghw” $WFKTHW, 900;, p# 8==+#

H yfnvlhykjhjf myfxvfczf jf oiafzow, bojhlkjhjfw fcvcgkhzk}hw, gocgfkzow f fwzyhzënkhw jhmoybhîço jkwgvywk}h hpoczhb phyh h yfnvlhykjhjf jf flfbfczow"gdh}f ch moybhîço jf vbnácfyo jkwgvywk}o# Gobo }fyfbow, ftkwzf vbh yfnvlhykjhjf cow oiafzow jf yfhlkjhjfzyhzhjow pflo jkwgvywo aoychlâwzkgo5 vbh yfnvlhykjhjf co zyhzhbfczo f yf"gocwzyvîço jfwzfwoiafzow5 vbh yfnvlhykjhjf cow wzhzvw jow yfwpocwè}fkw pflow jkwgvywow5 fcmkb, vbh

gobikchîço yfnvlhy jf flfbfczow xvf }hk, dkwzoykghbfczf, zoychcjo fwzè}fl vbhgobpowkîço jkwgvywk}h $hzo jf gobvckghîço+ kbplkghjo pflh kcwzkzvkîço wogkhl aoychlâwzkgh#$WFKTHW, 900;, p#8=="8=>+

7#8#8 Bhkcnvfcfhv

Gobo }kwzo hczfykoybfczf, h gocjkîço jo nácfyo, wvh ftkwzácgkh f wvh gobpowkîço poy bfko

jo jkwgvywo cço wço kbvzè}fkw f womyfb }hykhîöfw gocwzhczfw jo bfko fb xvf fwzè kcwfykjo#

Cço w÷ h moybhîço jf vb nácfyo fwzè gocjkgkochjh h ovzyow mhzoyfw, gobo h py÷pykh coîço jf

nácfyo1 ‖H coîço zyhjkgkochl jf nácfyo mok kckgkhlbfczf flhioyhjh co ébikzo jf vbh poëzkgh,

jf vbh yfmlftço woiyf h lkzfyhzvyh# W÷ yfgfczfbfczf flh wf fwzfcjfv h zojow ow zkpow jf

pyojvîöfw }fyihkw” $BHKCNVFCFHV, 9009, p# =:+#

Bhkcnvfcfhv $9009+ ftplkgh xvf xvhcjo, poy ftfbplo, vb jyhbhzvyno jo wëgvlo T]KK

kczkzvlh wvh oiyh jf zyhnëjkh, flf fwzè mhqfcjo yfmfyácgkh h oiyhw hczfykoyfw, xvf wfnvfb

mkflbfczf vb bfwbo fwzklo ov jkwgvywo# Hw oiyhw zfcjfb h fwzhy kcglkchjhw h wfvw pyoz÷zkpow,

vb yobhcgf jf ghyzhw, h Hw lknhîöfw pfyknowhw, ov, co ghwo jf vbh fpopëkh, à H Klâhjh# Co



9=

fczhczo, xvhcjo wf mhlh jf ovzyhw oiyhw, xvf cço wço zço fwpfgâmkghw, gobo yfpoyzhnfcw,

yflhz÷ykow jf fwzènkow ov gvywow vck}fywkzèykow, cço ftkwzf yflhîço gob oiyhw gocwhnyhjhw1

Zyhzh"wf jf yozkchw, jf gobpoyzhbfczow fwzfyfozkphjow f hcúckbow xvf wf fwzhiklkqhyhbpovgo h povgo, bhw xvf goczkcvhb wvafkzow h vbh }hykhîço goczâcvh# H hyfcnh jf vbghbflú ov yfjhîço jf vb mhkz jk}fyw wfnvfb vbh yozkch, hjhpzhjh àw gkygvcwzhcgkhw5 cço wfihwfkhb fb cfcdvb zftzo"bojflo# Poy ovzyo lhjo, hlnvcw nácfyow bvkzo ykzvhlkqhjowoifjfgfb h vb bojflo jfmkckzk}hbfczf fwzhiflfgkjo, jo xvhl cço ë powwâ}fl hmhwzhy"wf#$BHKCNVFCFHV, 9009, p# =6+

Hw moybhw, gobo ow mhzow, wço jkwpowzow fb vbh bhzëykh aoychlâwzkgh, poy ftfbplo# Cço ftkwzf

yfnyh xvf hmkybf o bojo goyyfzo gobo jf}fb wfy fwgykzow# O aoychlkwzh pojfykh gobfîhy f

zfybkchy wvh bhzëykh jh moybh gobo xvkwfwwf# Poyëb, gykov"wf vbh yozkch xvf, poy hnklkqhy h

moybh jf fwgyf}fy f phjyockqhy o }fâgvlo, mok hjozhjh pflh bhkoykh jow pyomkwwkochkw jh èyfh# O nácfyo jf jkwgvywo pyobo}f gfyzhw bojkmkghîöfw h phyzky jh wkzvhîço kcwfykjh# Bhkcnvfcfhv

$9009+ ftplkgh xvf ‖h jfzfybkchîço goyyfzh jh mkchlkjhjf ë kcjkwpfcwè}fl phyh xvf o

jfwzkchzèyko powwh zfy vb gobpoyzhbfczo hjfxvhjo ho nácfyo jf jkwgvywo

vzklkqhjo”$BHKCNVFCFHV, 9009, p# ==+# Phyh Bhkcnvfcfhv $9009+, aè ë jfzfybkchjo jf

xvfb phyzf f h xvfb wf jkyknf h mhlh cow bhkw }hykhjow nácfyow jo jkwgvywo# O fcvcgkhjoy f o

go"fcvcgkhjoy moybhb vbh yflhîço gocwzkzvâjh jf jkyfkzow, jf}fyfw f whifyfw1 ‖o lfkzoy jf vbhyf}kwzh gkfczâmkgh jf ghyjkolonkh jf}f powwvky vb whify bëjkgo jkmfyfczf jo xvf jfzëb o

fwpfgzhjoy jf vb pyonyhbh jf zflf}kwço woiyf jofcîhw ghyjko}hwgvlhyfw” $BHKCNVFCFHV,

9009, p# ==+#

Phyh o hvzoy, ghjh nácfyo jf jkwgvywo jfpfcjf jf vb lvnhy f bobfczo goyyfzow# Zhl}fq poy

kwwo, bvkzow gocwkjfyhb o aoychlkwbo lkzfyèyko kbpy÷pyko fb wvhw glhwwkmkghîöfw, gobo

aoychlkwbo f lkzfyhzvyh# Vbh }fq poy zfy chyyhzk}h lkzfyèykh f fwzhy jfczyo jf vb aoychl5 ovzyh,poy wf pyfcjfy à yfhlkjhjf f wf fcgoczyhy fb lk}yow#

Wfnvcjo o hvzoy, h zfbpoyhlkjhjf jf vb nácfyo jo jkwgvywo kbplkgh }èykhw }fyzfczfw1

pfykojkgkjhjf, jvyhîço jo fcghjfhbfczo, goczkcvkjhjf jfwwf fcghjfhbfczo f jvyhîço jf

}hlkjhjf pyfwvbkjh# H pfykojkgkjhjf }hykh jf hgoyjo gob o jkwgvywo, vb aoychl, poy ftfbplo,

ë jkèyko5 vbh yf}kwzh, wfbhchl ov xvkcqfchl# Kwwo wknckmkgh xvf dè vb pfyâojo gfyzo phyh whky#

Aè vb gobvckghjo jo pyfwkjfczf jo Iyhwkl pojf hgoczfgfy doaf ov jhxvk h zyáw bfwfw, wfb

ëpogh fwzkpvlhjh phyh ogoyyfy#



9>

Gob yflhîço à jvyhîço jo fcghjfhbfczo Bhkcnvfcfhv $9009+ mhq h wfnvkczf hynvbfczhîço1

H gobpfzácgkh nfcëykgh kcjkgh hpyotkbhjhbfczf xvhl ë h jvyhîço jf yfhlkqhîço jf vbnácfyo jf jkwgvywo# Gfyzow nácfyow kbplkghb bfwbo h powwkiklkjhjf jf }èykhw jvyhîöfw#

Vb aoychl gozkjkhco jkczkcnvf pflo bfcow jvhw jvyhîöfw jf lfkzvyh jf vb hyzkno1 o wkbplfwlf}hczhbfczo jow flfbfczow jfwzhghjow fb cfnykzo f fb bhkñwgvlhw, wfnvkcjof}fczvhlbfczf jf vbh }fyjhjfkyh lfkzvyh jf zftzo# $BHKCNVFCFHV, 9009, p# =>+

H goczkcvkjhjf jo fcghjfhbfczo jkq yfwpfkzo h wvh cfgfwwkjhjf jf yfpfzkîço# Vb lk}yo"

yfpoyzhnfb, ov vb yobhcgf, poy ftfbplo, nfyhlbfczf ë lkjo }èykhw }fqfw, fcxvhczo vbh

pkhjh ë goczhjh hpfchw vbh }fq# H jvyhîço jf }hlkjhjf pyfwvbkjh jkq yfwpfkzo ho zfbpo fb

xvf vb jkwgvywo ë }hlkjo# Fcxvhczo vb aoychl ë gocwkjfyhjo }èlkjo poy vb jkh, h Iâilkh pojf

wfy lkjh wfbpyf5 wfv zftzo cço zfb }hlkjhjf#

Wfnvcjo Bhkcnvfcfhv $9009+, h ghyhgzfykqhîço jf vb nácfyo jf jkwgvywo ë vb goczyhzo, o

xvf wknckmkgh xvf ë yfnkjo poy coybhw# Zojow ow phyzkgkphczfw jf vb jkwgvywo hgfkzhyhb gfyzhw

yfnyhw phyh fwzhy cflf# Vb aoychlkwzh hwwvbf o goczyhzo kbplkghjo pflo nácfyo jf jkwgvywo

pflo xvhl phyzkgkph5 vb mhkz jk}fyw, poy ftfbplo, jf}f goczfy wobfczf h }fyjhjf, wfnvky hw

pfynvczhw jo lfhj $Xvfb? Xvhcjo? Ocjf? Poy xvf? Gobo? O xvf?+, cço pyfwwvpoy whifyfw

xvf cço gocjkqfb gob o wfv lfkzoy fzg# O lfkzoy jo mhkz jk}fyw fwpfyh xvf fwwhw ‖yfnyhw” wfahb

bkckbhbfczf yfwpfkzhjhw, phyh gvbpyky hw wvhw ftpfgzhzk}hw fb yflhîço ho nácfyo#

Cfwwh coîço jf goczyhzo, o nácfyo wfyè jfmkckjo jf hgoyjo gob o ykzvhl fb xvf wf fwzè

kcwfykjo# ‖]hlf jkqfy xvf vb jkwgvywo cço ë jflkbkzhjo à bhcfkyh jf vb zfyyfco, cfb ë

jfwboczhjo gobo vbh bèxvkch# Gocwzkzvk"wf fb wknco jf hlnvbh gokwh, phyh hlnvëb, fb vb

goczftzo jf wkncow f jf ftpfykácgkhw” $IOYFL hpvj BHKCNVFCFHV, 8;;>, p# 7:+#

Vb bfwbo zftzo fcgoczyh"wf nfyhlbfczf ch kczfywfgîço jf bñlzkplow nácfyow# Hw zkpolonkhw

zyhjkgkochlbfczf dfyjhjhw jh yfz÷ykgh yf}flhb"wf, gob myfxvácgkh, kcopfyhczfw# Mhlhy jf)jkwgvywo polábkgo), jf )fjkzoykhl), jf )jkèlono), jf )jkwgvywo gkfczâmkgo), jf )phcmlfzo),fzg#, gocwkwzf fb pyfwvbky, gob ihwf fb jkbfcwöfw bvkzo jkmfyfczfw, xvf ë powwâ}fl, h ghjh}fq, jfmkcky vbh vckjhjf# Bhw, wf dè nácfyo h phyzky jo bobfczo xvf }èykow zftzow wfwvibfzfb h vb gocavczo jf gofyîöfw gobvcw f xvf ow nácfyow }hykhb wfnvcjo ow lvnhyfwf hw ëpoghw, gobpyffcjfy"wf"è mhgklbfczf xvf h lkwzh jow nácfyow wfah, poy jfmkckîço,kcjfzfybkchjh# Mkchlbfczf, ghif ho hchlkwzh jfmkcky, fb mvcîço jf wfvw oiafzk}ow, owyfgoyzfw nfcëykgow xvf ldf phyfgfb pfyzkcfczfw# $BHKCNVFCFHV, 8;;>, p#76+

O hvzoy cço }á o fwzvjo jo nácfyo gobo hlno mègkl jf bhcfahy# Ch }fyjhjf, ë vb jkwgvywo xvf

pojf wfy hlzfyhjo h phyzky jf wvh mkchlkjhjf, ov co goczftzo fb xvf fwzè kcwfykjo#



94

7#8#9 Gdhyhvjfhv

Phyh Phzykge Gdhyhvjfhv $900=+, h kbpyfcwh zfb wvh fwwácgkh chw phlh}yhw wobhjhw jf

nyèmkgow, jfwfcdow f kbhnfcw# Fwwh bâjkh kbpyfwwh ë ghyhgzfykqhjh, pykcgkphlbfczf, pflh

jkwzécgkh fczyf hxvflf xvf lá f hxvflf xvf fwgyf}f# Zhl yflhîço, xvf fc}ol}f h jkwzécgkh f h

hvwácgkh jf goczhzo fczyf ow phyzkgkphczfw, zoych h kbpyfcwh vbh bâjkh kcghphq jf gokcgkjky

hgoczfgkbfczo f zfbpo, zfbpo jf pyojvîço jh kcmoybhîço, zfbpo jf lfkzvyh f zfbpo jf

fwgykzvyh# Ë vb pyogfwwo xvf yfxvfy vbh ‖wvgfwwço jf bobfczow opfyhz÷ykow xvf pyojvqfb

vbh nyhcjf jfmhwhnfb fczyf o wvynkbfczo jo hgoczfgkbfczo f o bobfczo fb xvf o lfkzoy

zobh gocdfgkbfczo jflf” $GDHYHVJFHV, 900=, p#887+#

Hpfwhy jfwwh jfmhwhnfb, Gdhyhvjfhv ftplkgh xvf, ch fwgykzh, ogoyyf vb jfzhldhbfczo jo

hgoczfgkbfczo, omfyfgfcjo ho lfkzoy hlno bhkw hchlâzkgo# Hlëb jkwwo, o

lfkzoy pöf fb mvcgkochbfczo vb zkpo jf gobpyffcwço bhkw jkwgykbkchz÷ykh f oynhckqhjoyhxvf wf ihwfkh cvbh l÷nkgh ‖dkfyhyxvkqhjh”1 opfyhîöfw jf gocftço fczyf jkmfyfczfw phyzfw jfvbh chyyhzk}h, jf wvioyjkchîço f jf fcghktf jow hynvbfczow, jf yfgocwzyvîço jowjkmfyfczfw zkpow jf yhgkogâcko $fb èy}oyf, fb goczâcvo, fb phyhlflo, fzg#+# H fwgykzhjfwfbpfcdh o phpfl jf pyo}h phyh h kcwzhvyhîço jh }fyjhjf, o xvf cço ë powwâ}fl phyh hoyhlkjhjf, cço yfgvpfyè}fl f powwk}flbfczf bhkw fmábfyh# $GDHYHVJFHV, 900=, p#887+

Fb yflhîço à gocwzkzvkîço jf vb nácfyo, Gdhyhvjfhv $900=+ ftplkgh xvf flf ë moybhjo poy

vb ‖gocavczo jf ghyhgzfyâwzkghw jf vb oiafzo f gocwzkzvk vbh glhwwf à xvhl o oiafzo pfyzfcgf#

Xvhlxvfy oiafzo zfcjo fwwhw bfwbhw ghyhgzfyâwzkghw kczfnyhyè h bfwbh glhwwf”

$GDHYHVJFHV, 900=, p# 90:+# Xvhcjo ow zftzow wço fwwfw oiafzow, flfw jf}fb wfy

gocwkjfyhjow kczfnyhczfw jh glhwwf zftzvhl, ov hkcjh nácfyo zftzvhl#

Gdhyhvjfhv hgyfjkzh xvf, ho jfzfybkchy vbh glhwwf zftzvhl, ë pyfgkwo h}hlkhy zyáw hwpfgzow1 olvnhy jf gocwzyvîço jo wfczkjo jo zftzo, o nyhv jf nfcfyhlkjhjf f o bojo jf oynhckqhîço

jkwgvywk}h# Hxvflf fwzè lknhjo ho lvnhy jh pyojvîço, jh yfgfpîço f jo pyojvzo hghihjo# ‖Cow

lvnhyfw jf pyojvîço f yfgfpîço, h hcèlkwf gdfnhykh h bojow jf mhiykghîço jow zftzow, poy vb

lhjo, jf yfgocdfgkbfczo jf zftzow jf ovzyo, wfnvcjo phyébfzyow py÷pykow h ghjh vb jflfw”

$GDHYHVJFHV, 900=, p# 90:+# Aè o lvnhy jf pyojvzo hghihjo gocmknvyh vb zftzo gob

wfczkjo gocwzyvâjo poy fmfkzow kczfcgkochkw, ‖gocwzyvâjow pflh plvyhlkjhjf jhw lfkzvyhw jf

kcwzécgkh jf yfgfpîço” $GDHYHVJFHV, 900=, p# 906+



9;

Co nyhv jf nfcfyhlkjhjf, xvhczo bhkw nfyhl moyfb hw wvhw ghyhgzfyâwzkghw, bfcow

jfwgykbkchjow f oiafzk}ow ow nácfyow wfyço#

Cvb nyhv bfcoy jf nfcfyhlkqhîço, fcgoczyhb"wf ow pykcgâpkow jf glhwwkmkghîço vb povgobhkw opfyhz÷ykow, bhw xvf moycfgfb hkcjh glhwwfw jf hzow jf lkcnvhnfb $bhkw jo xvfzftzow+ bvkzo hbplhw, gobo pyopöf Ihedzkc, fczyf nácfyow pykbèykow, wkbplfw, f nácfyowwfgvcjèykow, gobplftow, glhwwkmkghîço xvf wf ihwfkh fb gocjkîöfw jf kczfyhîço fwpoczécfhwov kcwzkzvgkochkw# Ë h opowkîço fczyf zftzow jkhl÷nkgow f zftzow bocol÷nkgow ihwfhjh cvbhjkmfyfcîh jf wkzvhîço jf zyogh ‗ wf fwwh kcglvk ov cço o jkyfkzo à hlzfycécgkh co zvyco jfmhlh5 ë zhbiëb h opowkîço fczyf oyhlkjhjf f fwgykzvyhlkjhjf xvf wf ihwfkh chw jkmfyfcîhw jhbhzfykhlkjhjf lkcnvhnfkyh f jhw gocjkîöfw jf pyojvîço# $GDHYHVJFHV, 900=, p# 906+

Cfwwf nyhv, ftkwzf h jkmkgvljhjf jf whify fthzhbfczf wf hw ghyhgzfyâwzkghw xvf jfmkcfb o

nácfyo wço gocwzkzvkczfw ov fwpfgâmkghw# ‖Gobo pyopykfjhjfw gocwzkzvkczfw, jfmkcfb nyhcjfw

glhwwfw hczyopol÷nkghw” $GDHYHVJFHV, 900=, p# 906+, f hw fwpfgâmkghw ‖pojfb zfy o phpfl

jf zyhîow jfmkckjoyfw jf vb hzo jf lkcnvhnfb ov jf vb zftzo, gvah gocavcîço pojfyè

fwpfgkmkghy vb zkpo” $GDHYHVJFHV, 900=, p# 906+#

Fczyf ow gykzëykow jf oynhckqhîço jow zftzow, jf}f"wf fwgoldfy jokw oiafzow1 ‖o jkwgvywo gobo

pyogfjkbfczo jf oynhckqhîço ov o jkwgvywo gobo zftzo gocmknvyhjo‒ $GDHYHVJFHV,

900=, p# 90=+# Hlnvbhw zkpolonkhw jkwzkcnvfb zftzow jfwgykzk}ow, chyyhzk}ow, ftplkghzk}ow,

hynvbfczhzk}ow f ovzyow zhczow, ov hkcjh zftzow pyobkwwk}ow, jfglhyhzk}ow, kcavczk}ow# Flhw wço

gocwkjfyhjhw, wfnvcjo Gdhyhjfhv, zkpolonkhw jf pyogfjkbfczo jkwgvywk}o# Co fczhczo, fwwfw

zkpow cço wço jkwzkczk}ow jow zkpow jf zftzo# O hvzoy ftplkgh xvf bvkzow zftzow wço moybhjow jf

poczow jf }kwzh oynhckqhz÷ykow, xvf, poy }fqfw, pojfb wfy chyyhzk}ow, phwwhcjo h wfy

hynvbfczhzk}ow f jfwgykzk}ow, zvjo kwwo fb vb bfwbo zftzo#

Gfyzhbfczf, pojfy"wf"kh goczyhwzhy xvf hlnvcw jfwwfw pyogfjkbfczow wço jobkchczfw fb zhlzkpo jf zftzo1 poy ftfbplo, ow }fyifzfw jf jkgkocèyko wço pyfjobkchczfbfczf jfwgykzk}ow, hw

plhghw jf zyécwkzo wço, ch bhkoykh, kcavczk}hw# Fczyfzhczo, cço ë gfyzo xvf wf powwh mhqfyjfwwhw jobkchczfw vb pykcgkpko jf jfmkckîço jow nácfyow# $GDHYHVJFHV, 900=, p# 90=+

7#8#7 Jfyykjh

Gocdfgkjo gobo o bhkw kbpoyzhczf hvzoy h hioyjhy hw zfoykhw jfwgocwzyvgkockwzhw, Ahgxvfw

Jfyykjh $8;;6+ pyopöf xvf zojo f xvhlxvfy gocgfkzo womyfv, womyf f womyfyè bvzhîöfw h phyzky

jf wvh fwzyvzvyh# O hvzoy hpyfwfczh zhl zfoykh gobo hlno cfgfwwèyko à moybhîço jh wogkfjhjf f

h jfcobkch jf jfwgocwzyvîço# Ë kbpoyzhczf mykwhy xvf o zfybo ‖jfwgocwzyvky” cço ë }kwzo phyh



70

Jfyykjh $8;;6+ gobo hlno h wfy jfwzyvâjo# Pflo goczyèyko, zyhzh"wf vb pyogfwwo jf moybhîço,

jf yfgocwzyvîço jo bfwbo gocgfkzo#

O hvzoy hgyfjkzh xvf h jfwgocwzyvîço ë, ch }fyjhjf, vbh jfwboczhnfb jh fwgykzh f jow wfvwflfbfczow gobo vb zojo# Jfyykjh hpyfwfczh h fwzyvzvyh gobo bvzè}fl, gobo hlno wfb

gfyzfqhw, ov mhzoyfw kyyf}fywâ}fkw, xvf pojfb fwzkpvlhy hlno gobo }fyjhjf, pokw, h phyzky jo

bobfczo fb xvf fwwh fwzyvzvyh ë pfcwhjh poy vb kcjk}âjvo, flh fwzè wvibfzkjh h

kczfypyfzhîöfw f hwwogkhîöfw cço pyf}kwzhw ch moybhîço jfwzf gocgfkzo#

Jfyykjh $8;;6+ ftplkgh xvf ghjh gocgfkzo zfb vb wfy f vb cço wfy jfczyo jf wk, ov wfah, vb

kcghcwè}fl ghbkcdo jf zoychy"wf f jfkthy jf zoychy"wf hlno# Wço powwkiklkjhjfw ftpowzhw fb

vbh bfwbh xvfwzço, aè xvf fwzè wvwgfzâ}fl h yflfkzvyhw f bvjhcîhw ghjh }fq xvf wf lá# Ë h

powwkiklkjhjf jf h fwzyvzvyh phwwhy poy vb hgoczfgkbfczo xvf Jfyykjh $8;;6+ hpyfwfczh gobo

h moybh ftzfykoy jf vbh yvpzvyh, vb yfjoiyhbfczo#

Wfykh mègkl bowzyhy xvf o gocgfkzo jf fwzyvzvyh f bfwbo h phlh}yh fwzyvzvyh zfb h kjhjf jhfpkwzfbf, kwzo ë, ho bfwbo zfbpo jh gkácgkh f jh mklowomkh ogkjfczhkw, f xvf bfynvldhbwvhw yhâqfw co wolo jh lkcnvhnfb gobvb, co mvcjo jo xvhl h fpkwzfbf }hk yfgoldá"low phyhow zyhqfy h wk cvb jfwloghbfczo bfzhm÷ykgo# Goczvjo, hzë o hgoczfgkbfczo xvf fv nowzhykhjf hpyffcjfy, h fwzyvzvyh, ov bfldoy h fwzyvzvyhlkjhjf jh fwzyvzvyh, fbioyh zfcdh fwzhjo

wfbpyf fb hîço, wfbpyf wf }kv cfvzyhlkqhjh, yfjvqkjh1 poy vb nfwzo xvf gocwkwzkh fb jhy"ldf vb gfczyo, fb yflhgkocè"lh h vb poczo jf pyfwfcîh, h vbh oyknfb mkth# Fwwf gfczyozkcdh gobo mvcîço hpfchw oykfczhy f fxvklkiyhy, oynhckqhy h fwzyvzvyh ‗ cço pojfbowfmfzk}hbfczf pfcwhy vbh fwzyvzvyh kcoynhckqhjh ‗ bhw woiyf zvjo lf}hy o pykcgkpko jfoynhckqhîço jh fwzyvzvyh h lkbkzhy o xvf pojfyâhbow jfcobkchy jf aono jh fwzyvzvyh# Ë gfyzoxvf o gfczyo jf vbh fwzyvzvyh, oykfczhcjo f oynhckqhcjo h gofyácgkh jo wkwzfbh, pfybkzf oaono jow flfbfczow co kczfykoy jh moybh zozhl# F hkcjh doaf vbh fwzyvzvyh pyk}hjh jf gfczyoyfpyfwfczh o py÷pyko kbpfcwè}fl# $JFYYKJH, 8;;6, p# 970+

Cfwzf bfwbo gfczyo, xvf bhczëb o fxvklâiyko jh fwzyvzvyh, zoych"wf pyokikjo o bvzè}fl,

hlkcdhcjo"wf powwâ}fkw fwzyvzvyhw, xvf hczfw jf Jfyykjh cço dh}khb wkjo pfcwhjhw# Wfnvcjo o

hvzoy $JFYYKJH, 8;;6+, h kjfkh jf yfboczhy vbh fwzyvzvyh ftkwzf poyxvf fwwf gfczyo ‖cço ë ogfczyo” $JFYYKJH, 8;;6, p# 970+, vbh }fq xvf o ‖gfczyo pojf wfy jkzo phyhjothlbfczf, ch

fwzyvzvyh f moyh jh fwzyvzvyh# Fwzè co gfczyo jh zozhlkjhjf f goczvjo, jhjo xvf o gfczyo cço ldf

pfyzfcgf, h zozhlkjhjf zfb o wfv gfczyo covzyo lvnhy‒ $JFYYKJH, 8;;6, p# 970+#

Jfyykjh $8;;6+ ftplkgh, fczço, xvf h yvpzvyh jf vb gocgfkzo, jf vbh fwzyvzvyh, hgoczfgfv h

phyzky jo bobfczo fb xvf h fwzyvzvyhlkjhjf jf vbh fwzyvzvyh gobfîov h wfy pfcwhjh, o xvf

pyo}ogov vbh yfpfzkîço jf wfczkjow f xvf h gocwzkzvkîço jfwwh fwzyvzvyh o hlzfyh}h# Hfwzyvzvyh cvcgh mok o gfczyo jf wk bfwbh# Flh jfpfcjf jf ovzyow mhzoyfw, xvf fwzço hlëb jflh,



78

phyh wf moybhy# H fwzyvzvyh ftkwzf poyxvf hlno pyë, ov p÷w"ftkwzf, h kcmlvfcgkh# O hvzoy pyopöf

xvf o lvnhy jo gfczyo cço wfah chzvyhl, mkto f cço phwwh jf vbh jfzfybkchjh mvcîço, vb cço"

lvnhy ocjf ë powwâ}fl yfhlkqhy wviwzkzvkîöfw jf wkncow#

Mok fczço o bobfczo fb xvf h lkcnvhnfb kc}hjkv o ghbpo pyoilfbèzkgo vck}fywhl5 mokfczço o bobfczo fb xvf, ch hvwácgkh jf gfczyo ov oyknfb, zvjo wf zoych jkwgvywo ‗ gob hgocjkîço jf fczfcjfybow woiyf fwwh phlh}yh ‗ kwzo ë, wkwzfbh co xvhl o wknckmkghjo gfczyhl,oyknkcèyko ov zyhcwgfcjfczhl, cvcgh fwzè hiwolvzhbfczf pyfwfczf moyh jf vb wkwzfbh jfjkmfyfcîhw# H hvwácgkh jf wknckmkghjo zyhcwgfcjfczhl hbplkh kcmkckzhbfczf o ghbpo f o aonojh wknckmkghîço# $JFYYKJH, 8;;6, p#979+

Jfyykjh xvkw jkqfy xvf hpfchw hw phlh}yhw fb vb zftzo cço gocwfnvfb zyhcwbkzky zvjo hxvklo

xvf wf xvfy xvf flhw zyhcwbkzhb# Ftkwzfb kczfypyfzhîöfw ch fwgykzh xvf wço bvzè}fkw, h phyzky

jo bobfczo fb xvf zobhb goczh jf vb pfcwhbfczo, hwwkb xvf wf gobfîh h pfcwhy woiyf

jfzfybkchjo gocgfkzo# O xvf fwzè fwgykzo w÷ wf zoych yfhl xvhcjo o lfkzoy o zobh gobo hlno

kcgobplfzo, xvf pojf wfy bhkw jo xvf hlk fwzè, xvhcjo }á xvf ë powwâ}fl, f hgfkzè}fl,

jfwgocwzyvky gob o kczvkzo jf zoycè"lo vbh }fq bhkw py÷tkbo jf fwzhy gobplfzo f jf fcgoczyhy

wvh bvlzkplkgkjhjf#

Ë jfwwh moybh xvf zobhyfbow o aoychlkwbo lkzfyèyko f h wvh fwzyvzvyh# Gobo vb jkwgvywo cço"

mkto, moybhjo jf kcñbfyow mhzoyfw xvf o kcmlvfcgkhb, f xvf fwzè kcgobplfzo, zhczo poy phyzf

jo aoychlkwbo, gobo jh lkzfyhzvyh# Fb pykbfkyo lvnhy, poyxvf o wfv gocgfkzo, wvh fwzyvzvyh, ë

kcgobplfzo poy wk w÷, gob }hykhîöfw xvf phyzfb jf fwzvjkowo phyh fwzvjkowo# Poy ovzyo lhjo,

poyxvf wfv jkwgvywo, gobo mhzoy jf moybhîço jf nácfyo jf}f wfy }kwzo gobo hlno h wfy

jfwgocwzyvâjo, phyh powwkiklkzhy ovzyow bfkow jf gocwzyvâ"lo f, hwwkb, fwzvjhy wvh fwzyvzvyh

gobo nácfyo#

7#8#7#8 Jfwgocwzyvîço1 vbh jkwgvwwço gobplfth

H jfwgocwzyvîço ë }kwzh co bfko hghjábkgo, jfwjf wvh gykhîço, gobo h jfwzyvkîço jf vb

gocgfkzo# Ë pyfgkwo yfhmkybhy, gobo Jfyykjh pfywkwzkv fb mhqfy fb wvh }kjh, xvf cço ë jo xvf

zyhzh fwwh zfoykh# Poyëb, h mklowomkh h gykzkgh poy zoychy wvhw }fyjhjfw cço }fyjhjfw, vbh }fq

xvf h kczfypyfzhîço pojf zyhcwmoybè"lh fb vb ovzyo gocgfkzo h phyzky jh jfwgocwzyvîço#

Xvhcjo hplkghjh fb vb zftzo mklow÷mkgo, h jfwgocwzyvîço hmfzh o xvf Jfyykjh $8;;6+ gdhbh}h

jf zyhcwgfcjfczhl# Vb mkl÷womo fwgyf}f wfv zftzo, wvh zfoykh, gobo vbh }fyjhjf# H

jfwgocwzyvîço pöf zhl }fyjhjf hihkto f powwkiklkzh kcñbfyhw kczfypyfzhîöfw, zoychcjo h



79

}fyjhjf kckgkhl pyopowzh pflo mkl÷womo hpfchw gobo vbh jhw moybhw jf wf kczfypyfzhy, cço

wfcjo, cfgfwwhykhbfczf, h moybh gfyzh jf kczfypyfzhy f yfgfify o gocgfkzo#

Phyh Jfyykjh $8;;6+ ‖h lkcnvhnfb wf gykh f gykh bvcjow” $JFYYKJH, 8;;6, p# 80:+# Kwzo fwzèlknhjo jkyfzhbfczf, gobo flf bfwbo ftplkgh, à moybhîço jo wknckmkghjo f jo wfy, o xvf kcjkgh

xvf o zftzo, poy wfy h fwzyvzvyh fb bhkoy fwwácgkh, bojkmkgh o py÷pyko zftzo f o gocgfkzo fb

xvf fwzè kcwfykjo, pyopocjo wvh gocwzyvîço, poy bfko jf vb gobplfto pyogfwwo jf

jfwgocwzyvky#

7#9 Hcèlkwf fwzyvzvyhl jo pofbh, jf Hczocko Ghcjkjo1 vbh hchlonkh phyh vwo fb lk}yo"yfpoyzhnfb

O lk}yo O fwzvjo hchlâzkgo jo pofbh, jo pfwxvkwhjoy Hczocko Ghcjkjo $8;;=+, wfyè vwhjo

cfwzh pfwxvkwh gobo yfmfyácgkh jf bojhlkjhjfw jh lkcnvhnfb lkzfyèykh f jf bëzojo phyh

hcèlkwf jf fwzyvzvyh f lkcnvhnfb jo lk}yo yfpoyzhnfb hxvk kc}fwzknhjo, xvhl wfah, Dkyowdkbh,

jf Aodc Dfywf{#

Co pofbh, f ch lkzfyhzvyh fb nfyhl, ftkwzfb }hykhîöfw jhw phlh}yhw# Kwwo poyxvf flhw jf}fb

wfy hjhpzhjhw ho ykzbo jh chyyhzk}h f, zhbiëb, pyfgkwhb hjxvkyky wknckmkghjow gocmoybf o

wfczkjo xvf wf xvfy jhy à myhwf fwpfgâmkgh#

Hczocko Ghcjkjo $8;;=+ ftplkgh xvf ë cfgfwwèyko jkwzkcnvky h lkcnvhnfb jkyfzh jh lkcnvhnfb

mknvyhjh# ‖Hxvflh, kcjkgh fb zfybow jkyfzow, vwhjow co wfv fthzo wfczkjo, o gocgfkzo h

zyhcwbkzky1 o wknckmkghjo cço womyf xvhlxvfy hlzfyhîço” $GHCJKJO, 8;;=, p# =4+# Phyh klvwzyhy

zhl glhwwkmkghîço, o hvzoy hpoczh h wfnvkczf myhwf1 ‖o yko mlvâh lfczhbfczf” $GHCJKJO, 8;;=,

p# =4+# Co fczhczo, wf fwzk}fwwf fwgykzh fb vbh lkcnvhnfb mknvyhjh, dh}fykh hzykivkîöfw ho yko,

xvf, ch yfhlkjhjf, wço hzykivzow jf ovzyow wfyfw f oiafzow# H myhwf fb xvfwzço pojfykh mkghy jh

wfnvkczf moybh1 ‖o yko goyykh lfczhbfczf co wfv lfkzo” $GHCJKJO, 8;;=, p# =4+# Cfwwf ghwo,

wço vzklkqhjhw hw phlh}yhw lfkzo f goyyfy, xvf cço fwzhykhb hwwogkhjhw ho yko fb vbh

lkcnvhnfb jkyfzh# O lfkzo ë vb loghl jf jfwghcwo jo dobfb f h hîço ‖goyyfy” cço pojf wfy

fmfzk}hbfczf pyhzkghjh pflo yko# Dè, fczço, vbh zyhcwpowkîço jf wfczkjo, gocdfgkjh gobo

bfzèmoyh#



77

O hvzoy ftplkgh xvf ftkwzf h dkp÷zfwf jf xvf h lkcnvhnfb mknvyhjh fyh

pykbkzk}h5 xvf ow dobfcw phwwhyhb jflh à lkcnvhnfb yhgkochl5 xvf hbihw cço wço jvhwyfhlkjhjfw jkwzkczhw, bhw kczkbhbfczf }kcgvlhjhw5 f xvf poyzhczo hw kbhnfcw cço fyhb

)fcmfkzfw)jo jkwgvywo, gobo pfcwh}hb ow yfzoyfw, bhw flfbfczow }kwgfyhkw jh ftpyfwwço,xvf hzyh}ëw jflhw wf fmfzvh}h# Fwzh zfoykh ovwhjh f iykldhczâwwkbh ë pyfgvywoyh jow poczow jf}kwzh xvf doaf zfbow h yfwpfkzo jo hwwvczo, bhw mkgov jvyhczf bhkw jf vb wëgvlo cofwxvfgkbfczo# $GHCJKJO, 8;;=, p# >0+

Gob ihwf cfwzh zfoykh, Ghcjkjo $8;;=+ hpoczh xvf Ifcfjfzzo Gyogf hpyopykh"wf jh phlh}yh

pofwkh f h fbpyfnh gobo ‖kcjkghzk}h jf zojhw hw moybhw jf gykhîço lkzfyèykh, kcjfpfcjfczf jf

bfkow gobo o }fywo f h pyowh, ov jf nácfyow, gvah ftkwzácgkh cço yfgocdfgf” $GHCJKJO,

8;;=, p# >0+#

H lkcnvhnfb mknvyhjh pojf wfy fwpoczécfh ov flhioyhjh# Hxvflh yfpyfwfczh vbh moybh

dvbhch gobvb jf wf ftpyfwwhy, fcxvhczo fwzh ë gykhjh gob vb oiafzk}o, }kwhcjo ghvwhy

fmfkzo woiyf h pfwwoh xvf h fwgvzh ov h lá# Hbihw hw moybhw wço vwvhkw ch lkcnvhnfb goyyfczf#

Ghcjkjo $8;;=+ ftfbplkmkgh jo wfnvkczf bojo1 ‖Wf fv ldfw jkwwfwwf, dè povgo, xvf h

lkcnvhnfb mknvyhjh ë gobo vb bhczo xvf yfgoiyf f }k}kmkgh o wfczkjo ihchl jhw phlh}yhw, fv

o zfykh mfkzo à ivwgh jf vb kbphgzo, f ow wfcdoyfw zfykhb gfyzhbfczf yfnkwzyhjo fwzf kbphgzo”

$GHCJKJO, 8;;=, p# >0+#

Ow jokw bojow ogoyykjow ch lkcnvhnfb goyyfczf zhbiëb ogoyyfb ch lkcnvhnfb lkzfyèykh,

poyëb jf moybh jkwzkczh jh vwhjh co gozkjkhco#

Hw phlh}yhw fb wfczkjo py÷pyko wço nfyhlbfczf jkyknkjhw pflo pofzh gocmoybf vb kczvkzoxvf jfwlogh o wfv wfczkjo nfyhl5 hw phlh}yhw gob wfczkjo mknvyhjo wço vwhjhw gob vb wfcwojf pfwxvkwh ftpyfwwkochl, jf gykhîço, jf iflfqh, ftployhjow wkwzfbhzkghbfczf, o xvf ldfwgocmfyf vbh jknckjhjf f vb hlghcgf jk}fywow jow xvf ogoyyfb ch mhlh jkèykh# $GHCJKJO,8;;=, p# >0+

O hvzoy zobh gobo ftfbplo o pofbh O Ghgzo7, jf Bhcvfl Ihcjfkyh, phyh hpoczhy ow

flfbfczow mknvyhzk}ow fcgoczyhjow ch lkcnvhnfb poëzkgh, f ow fcvbfyh1 kbhnfb, wâbklf,

bfzèmoyh, hlfnoykh f wâbiolo# Bfwbo ho vzklkqhy h lkcnvhnfb jkyfzh, o fwgykzoy vwh bfzèmoyhw

phyh zyhcwmoybhy o zftzo, ov pofbh, jhcjo moyîh fwpfgkhl à chyyhzk}h# Ghcjkjo $8;;=+ ftplkgh

7 Pofbh O Ghgzo, jf Bhcvfl Ihcjfkyh1 Hxvflf ghgzo lfbiyh}h ow nfwzow jfwfwpfyhjow jh fwzhzvèykh1 Lhogooczfgocwzyhcnkjo pflhw wfypfczfw / Vnolkco f ow mkldow fwmhkbhjow# / F}ogh}h zhbiëb o wfgo Coyjfwzf, ghychvihkw,

ghhzkcnhw### / Fyh fcoybf, bfwbo phyh fwzh zfyyh jf mfyhgkjhjfw ftgfpgkochkw# / Vb jkh vb zvmço mvykivcjohihzfv"o pflh yhkq# O ghgzo zobiov hzyh}fwwhjo ch yvh, Xvfiyov ow ifkyhkw jo ghwhyko myoczfkyo, Kbpfjkv ozyécwkzo jf iocjfw, hvzob÷}fkw, ghyyoîhw, Hyyfifczov ow ghiow flëzykgow f jvyhczf }kczf f xvhzyo doyhw pyk}ov hgkjhjf jf klvbkchîço f fcfynkh1 / ‚ Fyh iflo, èwpfyo, kczyhzè}fl#



7:

xvf ë gobo wf o hvzoy vzklkqhwwf jf ‖kbhnfcw”, gykhcjo hwwkb vb kbhnkcèyko kczfypyfzhzk}o co

lfkzoy# ‖Kbhnfb” ë, fczço, o cobf jhjo ‖h zojh mknvyhîço jf wfczkjo xvf mhq hw phlh}yhw

mhqfyfb hlno jkmfyfczf jf wfv fwzykzo }hloy wfbéczkgo” $GHCJKJO, 8;;=, p# >6+#

Ho oiwfy}hy o zyfgdo jo pofbh jf Ihcjfkyh1 ‖Hxvflf ghgzo lfbiyh}h ow nfwzow jfwfwpfyhjow

jh fwzhzvèykh1/ Lhogooczf gocwzyhcnkjo pflhw wfypfczfw,/Vnolkco f ow mkldow

fwmhkbhjow#/F}ogh}h zhbiëb o wfgo Coyjfwzf, ghychvihkw, ghhzkcnhw###” $IHCJFKYH hpvj

GHCJKJO 8;;=, p# >0+ Ghcjkjo ftplkgh xvf h zyhcwmfyácgkh jf wfczkjo jè"wf hzyh}ëw jh

gobphyhîço ftplâgkzh, fxvkphyhcjo o ghgzo h vbh fwzèzvh, hzyh}ëw jo }fyio lfbiyhy# Fwwh

moybh ë gocdfgkjh gobo wâbklf# ‖Pojfbow jkqfy xvf ë vbh „kbhnfb pyopykhbfczf jkzh‘, ch

xvhl ë jhjo jf bhcfkyh glhyh o flfbfczo l÷nkgo jf goczhbkchîço fczyf wknckmkghjow”#

Phyh klvwzyhy, Ghcjkjo wvpykbf o }fyio ‖lfbiyhy”, xvf mhq h gobphyhîço ftplâgkzh co }fywo,

jfkthcjo"o jfwwh moybh1 ‖Ghgzo# Nfwzow jfwfwpfyhjow jf fwzhzvèykh1 Lhogoczf gocwzyhcnkjo

pflhw wfypfczfw, Vnolkco f ow mkldow fwmhkbhjow5 Wfgo coyjfwzf, ghychvihkw, ghhzkcnhw###”

$IHCJFKYH hpvj GHCJKJO 8;;=, p# >0+# Cfwwf ghwo, ogoyyf zhbiëb h zyhcwmfyácgkh jf

wknckmkghjo, bhw flh hgoczfgf ‖fb zojh h wvh pvyfqh, h kjfczkmkghîço jf yfhlkjhjfw jk}fywhw

fmfzvhjh hpfchw pflh pyotkbkjhjf, xvf jfwfcghjfkh h hpyotkbhîço jfwfahjh pflo pofzh” $GHCJKJO, 8;;=, p# >4+#

O hvzoy gdhbh fwzh bojhlkjhjf jf bfzèmoyh, h mvwço jf mvcîöfw f wknckmkghjow jhw phlh}yhw

gobo moybh jf gykhy ovzyo wknckmkghjo# H moybh gobphyhzk}h cfgfwwkzh jf vbh }oczhjf

ftplâgkzh jo fwgykzoy1

Co pyogfwwo gobphyhzk}o, dè vb goczyolf bhkoy, ov bhkw hphyfczf, jh l÷nkgh5 co pyogfwwo

bfzhm÷ykgo, ë gobo wf h zyhcwmfyácgkh wfbéczkgh wf mkqfwwf fwpoczhcfhbfczf, wfb hkczfy}fcîço jh bkcdh }oczhjf, f poyzhczo, ë bhkw ‖poëzkgh”, bhkw ‖}kwgfyhl”, bhkw lknhjh hvbh cfgfwwkjhjf pyomvcjh jf ftpyfwwço, phyfgfcjo ‖gykhy” vbh yfhlkjhjf jk}fywh, xvf wfhpyfwfczh ch wvh kczfnykjhjf wfb avwzkmkghzk}h, wfb jfwgvlphw, wfb yfgvywo h vb flfbfczojkwgvywk}o jf pyo}h xvf cow hyyhwzf phyh o vck}fywo pyowhkgo jh yhqço f jh l÷nkgh#$GHCJKJO, 8;;=, p# >4+

Hw bfzèmoyhw gykhb vb kbphgzo bkwzfykowo# Phyh ftfbplkmkghy, Ghcjkjo $8;;=+ vzklkqh h

pykbfkyh fwzyomf jo Wocfzo Kzhlkhco1 ‖Myfwgvyh jhw wfyfkhw f jo oy}hldo, Nyhîh jow iyhcgow pëw

jow pfxvfckcow, ]oq jhw bhcdçw ghczhcjo pflow wkcow, Yowh bhkw hlzh co bhkw hlzo nhldo”#

Flf yfmoybvlh pyopocjo h wfnvkczf gocwzyvîço1 ‖Zfcw h myfwgvyh jhw wfyfkhw f jo oy}hldo/ Zfcw h nyhîh jow iyhcgow pëw jow pfxvfckcow/ Ëw gobo h }oq jhw bhcdçw ghczhcjo pflow



7=

Co wâbiolo, o flfbfczo jfwgykzk}o cço ftkwzf oiyknhzoykhbfczf# Wvh hiwzyhîço ë kcgfyzh,

jkmkgvlzhcjo h powwkiklkjhjf jf gobpyffcjfy h kczfcîço jo pofzh# Pojf hgoczfgfy, zhbiëb, jf

h kczfcîço cço ftkwzky f o wâbiolo wfy gykhjo kcgocwgkfczfbfczf# ‖Jhâ h wvh nyhcjf moyîh

wvnfwzk}h, h bhnkh xvf o gfygh, h wvh yfwkwzácgkh bhkoy à fwzfyfozkpkh” $GHCJKJO, 8;;=, p#

40+#



7>

: DKYOWDKBH1 AOYCHLKWBO OV LKZFYHZVYH?

:#8 Bfzojolonkh

O oiafzk}o gfczyhl jfwzh hcèlkwf ë }fykmkghy wf o lk}yo"yfpoyzhnfb Dkyowdkbh, fwgykzo poy Aodc

Dfywf{ f pvilkghjo, pflh pykbfkyh }fq, fb 8;:=, gocwkjfyhjo poy jk}fywow hvzoyfw gobo vb zftzo

aoychlâwzkgo"lkzfyèyko, hpyfwfczh ghyhgzfyâwzkghw jo aoychlkwbo f jh lkzfyhzvyh# Hlëb jkwwo, wfyè

fwzvjhjh h powwkiklkjhjf jf o aoychlkwbo lkzfyèyko yfpyfwfczhy vb nácfyo phyzkgvlhykqhjo, cço

ftglvwk}hbfczf lknhjo ho aoychlkwbo, cfb à lkzfyhzvyh#

Dkyowdkbh mok h oiyh fwgoldkjh phyh fwzf fwzvjo poy zyhzh"wf jf vbh jhw yfpoyzhnfcw jf bhkoy

yfpfygvwwço jo wëgvlo TT# Gocwkjfyhjh h oiyh kchvnvyhl jo co}o aoychlkwbo, wvh chyyhzk}h h

jkmfyfcgkh jf ovzyhw yfpoyzhnfcw# H oiyh zhbiëb wf jfwzhgh pflo bojo jkmfyfczf gobo o hvzoy

yflhzh o nyhcjf hgoczfgkbfczo jo jkh = jf hnowzo jf 8;:61 o lhcîhbfczo jh iobih hzúbkgh woiyf

h gkjhjf jf Dkyowdkbh#

Gob o kczvkzo jf hchlkwhy hw ghyhgzfyâwzkghw f h moybhîço jo zftzo aoychlâwzkgo"lkzfyèyko gobo

nácfyo, ivwgov"wf wflfgkochy zyfgdow jo lk}yo Dkyowdkbh# H oiyh ë moybhjh poy gkcgo ghpâzvlow1‖Vb glhyço wklfcgkowo”5 ‖O mono”5 ‖Kc}fwzknhb"wf ow jfzhldfw”5 ‖Mloyfw woiyf yvâchw” f ‖Jfpokw

jh ghzèwzyomf”# Jf ghjh vb jfwzfw ghpâzvlow, moyhb vzklkqhjow, phyh hcèlkwf, zyáw zyfgdow, fwgoldkjow

jf moybh hlfhz÷ykh, phyh cço dh}fy wflfîço ihwfhjh fb nowzow pfwwohkw#

H hcèlkwf wfnvf, fczço, o pyogfwwo jf jfwgocwzyvîço zftzvhl# Hwwkb gobo Hczúcko Ghcjkjo, fb

Hcèlkwf fwzyvzvyhl jo pofbh, jfwgocwzy÷k pofbhw jf ovzyow hvzoyfw, phyh bowzyhy ow yfgvywow

vzklkqhjow ch fwzyvzvyh jo pofbh, vzklkqov"wf zhl zëgckgh phyh yf}flhy gobo wfykhb ow zyfgdow jf

Dkyowdkbh ghwo vzklkqhwwfb hpfchw h lkcnvhnfb aoychlâwzkgh f jf xvf moybh mkghykhb wfb zhkw

flfbfczow#

H kczfcîço ë yfwwhlzhy, poy bfko jf hcèlkwf jf goczfñjo f jh jfwgocwzyvîço zftzvhl, hw

ghyhgzfyâwzkghw jo aoychlkwbo f jh lkzfyhzvyh, hlëb jf bowzyhy hw jkmfyfcîhw fczyf zhkw èyfhw, xvf poy

}fczvyh hphyfîhb, h phyzky jh yfgocwzyvîço jo zftzo# Wobh"wf h kwwo h powwkiklkjhjf jf hcèlkwf jo

aoychlkwbo lkzfyèyko gobo nácfyo phyzkgvlhy#



74

:#8#8 Gykzëykow jf hcèlkwf

Ow gykzëykow phyh hcèlkwf jow zyfgdow jo lk}yo Dkyowdkbh goyyfwpocjfb ho pyogfwwo jf oiwfy}hîço

jo goczfñjo f jo jkwgvywo jh oiyh, jf moybh h kc}fwzknhy ghyhgzfyâwzkghw f powwkiklkjhjfw jo

aoychlkwbo lkzfyèyko gobo nácfyo phyzkgvlhykqhjo# Jfwwf bojo, pyfzfcjf"wf kjfczkmkghy, ch oiyh1

h+ Xvhkw ow poczow fb gobvb fczyf aoychlkwbo f lkzfyhzvyh?

i+ Xvhkw hw jkwgyfpécgkhw fczyf ow jokw nácfyow?

g+ Pyfpocjfyhb bhkw ghyhgzfyâwzkghw aoychlâwzkghw ov lkzfyèykhw ch lkcnvhnfb jo lk}yo?

j+ O aoychlkwbo lkzfyèyko pojf wfy gocwkjfyhjo vb nácfyo à phyzf?

:#9 Aodc Dfywf{ Aodc Ykgdhyj Dfywf{ mkgov gocwhnyhjo gobo o gëlfiyf hvzoy jo lk}yo Dkyowdkbh# Mkldo jf

bkwwkocèykow, chwgfv h 8> jf avcdo jf 8;8:, fb Zkfczwkc, ch Gdkch, ocjf }k}fv hzë 8;96,

xvhcjo wvh mhbâlkh bvjov"wf phyh ow Fwzhjow Vckjow# Gvywov h Vck}fywkjhjf jf [hlf f, fb

8;7>, kckgkov ghyyfkyh gobo aoychlkwzh ch yf}kwzh hbfykghch Zkbf#

H Wfnvcjh Nvfyyh Bvcjkhl pyopoygkocov"ldf h ftpfykácgkh jf wfy goyyfwpocjfczf

kczfychgkochl ch Gdkch f ch Yñwwkh, fwgyf}fcjo hyzknow phyh hw yf}kwzhw Lkmf, Zkbf f Zdf Cf~

[oyefy # Fb 8;:6, nhcdov o pyábko Pvlkzqfy poy Vb wkco phyh Hjhco $H ifll moy Hjhco+,

dkwz÷ykh fwgykzh fb wfv zfbpo jf goyyfwpocjácgkh#

Co bfwbo hco, yfgvwov o goc}kzf jf zyhihldhy gobo fjkzoy ch Zkbf, hlfnhcjo xvf wfvw

pykcgâpkow kbpowwkiklkzhykhb xvf flf mowwf vbh jhw pfwwohw jf pojfy jh Zkbf Kcg# Fb vb

zflfnyhbh jf yfwpowzh, flf zfykh fwgykzo1

Cvcgh wfyfk vb mhgkwzh ov vb gobvckwzh, bhw co hco phwwhjo fv fyh polkzkghbfczf vbjfbogyhzh ‗ f gfyzhbfczf wov hp÷w fwzh ftpfykácgkh Ugobo goyyfwpocjfczf fb BowgovR zfygocmkybhjo ‗ vb jfbogyhzh gob f wfb J bhkñwgvlo# Gocdfgfcjo f hjbkyhcjo hwkcgfykjhjf jh wvh gyfcîh gobo yfpvilkghco, zfbo xvf h bkcdh oiwzkchjh goc}kgîço cçohavjf h bkb ov h Zkbf, ghwo fv bf zoycf fjkzoy# $DFYWF[ hpvj WVQVEK AY#, 900=, 8=>#+

How 79 hcow, fb 8;:=, Aodc Dfywf{ mok fwghlhjo phyh fwgyf}fy Dkyowdkbh, dkwz÷ykh phyh h Zdf

Cf~ [oyefy woiyf ow fmfkzow jh iobih hzúbkgh lhcîhjh, chxvflh gkjhjf ahpocfwh, co jkh = jf



7;

hnowzo jf 8;:6# H yfpoyzhnfb whkykh co hck}fywèyko jh ghzèwzyomf, f, cflh, o hvzoy gocwfnvkv

vzklkqhy h chyyhzk}h xvf pfywockmkgov zojo o doyyoy }k}kjo pflow dhikzhczfw jh gkjhjf# Fwwf mok o

jkmfyfcgkhl jo wfv zftzo, vbh hpvyhîço aoychlâwzkgh ifb mfkzh, gob chyyhzk}h yfplfzh jf zyvxvfw

lkzfyèykow# Co powmègko jo lk}yo, fjkzhjo pflh Gkh# jhw Lfzyhw fb 9009, Bhzkchw Wvqvek Ay

$9009+ hmkybh xvf Dfywf{

U###R hpyotkbov h hiwzyhîço hbfhîhjoyh jf vbh iobih hzúbkgh à ftpfykácgkh gozkjkhch jowlfkzoyfw# O doyyoy zkcdh cobf, kjhjf f wfto# Ho opzhy poy vb zftzo wkbplfw, wfb fcmhzkqhyfboîöfw, flf jfktov mlvky o yflhzo oyhl jf xvfb yfhlbfczf }k}fv h dkwz÷ykh# O zob jhyfpoyzhnfb ë vb pyolocnhbfczo jh joy wklfcgkowh xvf ow woiyf}k}fczfw jf Dkyowdkbhcozhyhb cow goczfyyécfow mfykjow# $WVQVEK AY, 9009 p# 8=4+

Hlëb jf aoychlkwzh, Dfywf{ fyh zhbiëb fwgykzoy# Fb 8;60, fwgyf}fv o yobhcgf H phyfjf $Zdf

^hll+, xvf yflhzh, jf bojo kcmoybhzk}o, gobo wvynkv, jfwfc}ol}fv"wf f mok jkwzyvâjo o

pykcgkphl f bhkoy nvfzo avjfv gykhjo jvyhczf o dologhvwzo pflh Hlfbhcdh chqkwzh1 O Nvfzo jf

]hyw÷}kh#

Fczyf 8;=6 f 8;>0, o aoychlkwzh f fwgykzoy mok bfwzyf jh Pkfywf Gollfnf, fb [hlf, ocjf fcwkcov

cow gvywow jf fwgykzvyh, lkzfyhzvyh jf mkgîço f lkzfyhzvyh jf cço"mkgîço# Ho hpowfczhy"wf, phwwov

h }kjh gob wvh fwpowh, mkldow f cfzow ch Ml÷ykjh, cow Fwzhjow Vckjow, ocjf boyyfv fb 9: jf

bhyîo jf 8;;7#

:#7 Dkyowdkbh

Àw 4d86 jo jkh = jf hnowzo jf 8;:6, o gfczyo jf Dkyowdkbh, Ahpço, mok hzkcnkjo poy vbh

iobih hzúbkgh lhcîhjh pflow hbfykghcow# Ch oghwkço, bhkw jf 800 bkl dhikzhczfw boyyfyhb,f ovzyow gfb bkl zk}fyhb mfykjhw ahbhkw gkghzykqhjhw, xvf ow kbphgzov pwkgol÷nkgh f

mkchcgfkyhbfczf#

Povgo jfpokw jo hck}fywèyko jf vb hco jo lhcîhbfczo jh iobih, o aoychlkwzh Aodc Dfywf{

fwgyf}fv h yfpoyzhnfb Dkyowdkbh, gob o pyop÷wkzo jf bowzyhy ho bvcjo ow doyyoyfw }k}kjow

chxvflh gkjhjf poy wfvw dhikzhczfw# H dkwz÷ykh zf}f 78#7:> phlh}yhw, ogvphcjo vbh fjkîço

kczfkyh jh yf}kwzh Zdf Cf~ [oyefy , lhcîhjh co jkh 78 jf hnowzo, gvaow pykbfkyow 700 bkl

ftfbplhyfw moyhb fwnozhjow yhpkjhbfczf#



:0

Dfywf{ zobov gobo ihwf jf wvh chyyhzk}h h zyhafz÷ykh jf wfkw woiyf}k}fczfw1 o phjyf

Elfkcwoynf, jh Gobphcdkh jf Afwvw5 o yf}fyfcjo Zhckbozo, phwzoy jh knyfah bfzojkwzh5 o

ao}fb bëjkgo Whwhek5 h wyh# Chehbvyh, }kñ}h f bçf jf zyáw mkldow5 o Jy, Mvakk, pyopykfzèyko jf

vb dowpkzhl àw bhynfcw jo yko Ekozo5 f h wfcdoyh, Whwhek $wfb phyfczfwgo gob o bëjkgo

Whwhek+, mvcgkocèykh jh mvcjkîço jf fwzhcdo jo lfwzf jh Èwkh#

H phyzky jh dkwz÷ykh jfwwhw pfwwohw, jfwjf o bobfczo fb xvf h iobih ghkv ch gkjhjf, Dfywf{

yflhzh o xvf mok }kwzo, wfczkjo f }k}kjo poy flfw# Hlnvcw zk}fyhb myhzvyhw co goypo, ovzyow

}k}fyhb, poy bvkzo zfbpo, gob pyoilfbhw jfgoyyfczfw jh yhjkhîço, phwwhyhb mobf ov

pfyjfyhb pfwwohw xvfykjhw ch zyhnëjkh# O yflhzo hpyfwfczh o zfyyoy jo xvf ogoyyfv# H

goczhbkchîço jh ènvh, ow kcgácjkow, hw yvâchw f pfwwohw boyyfcjo ch myfczf jf ovzyhw zhczhw,wfb hvtâlko powwâ}fl, xvfkbhjvyhw zfyyâ}fkw f joy, bvkzh joy, wço xvfwzöfw jkwgvzkjhw ch

yfpoyzhnfb, jf vb bojo xvf gobo}f, gocwzfych f doyyoykqh o lfkzoy#

Hxvflfw xvf woiyf}k}fyhb à iobih, bhw hpyfwfczh}hb nyhcjfw wfxüflhw jfgoyykjhw jh

ftpowkîço à yhjkhîço, fyhb gocdfgkjow gobo dkihevwdh# Hlëb jow jhcow mâwkgow, flfw

zoychyhb"wf }âzkbhw jo pyfgocgfkzo f jh bkwëykh# ]k}fyhb poy goczh py÷pykh, gob hlnvbh

havjh jh gobvckjhjf, pokw wobfczf fb 8;6> zk}fyhb jkyfkzo h hzfcjkbfczo bëjkgo nyhzvkzo fkcjfckqhîço jo no}fyco#

Hp÷w :0 hcow jo kcmflkq kcgkjfczf, o aoychlkwzh }olzov à gkjhjf yfgocwzyvâjh phyh whify o xvf

hgoczfgfv gob wfvw wfkw pfywochnfcw# Chehbvyh }k}fv ch poiyfqh, lvzhcjo goczyh wfv

ghcwhîo f jofcîh phyh zyhihldhy, gykhy wfvw mkldow, f jhy"ldfw jf gobfy# Jy# Whwhek zyhzov jf

ovzyow woiyf}k}fczfw h }kjh kczfkyh, hiykv h py÷pykh glâckgh, zf}f nyh}fw pyoilfbhw co pvlbço f

}k}fv gob o pfwhy jf cvcgh gocwfnvky kjfczkmkghy ow goypow jow xvf boyyfyhb co dowpkzhl fbxvf zyhihldh}h ch oghwkço jh iobih#

O phjyf Elfkcwoynf, hlfbço, zf}f pyoilfbhw gob }hykhîço ch goczhnfb jf nl÷ivlow iyhcgow,

joyfw, pkczhw yothw jf whcnvf pflo goypo f ovzyhw wfxüflhw, gobvcw how woiyf}k}fczfw# Flf

boyyfv fb 8;>># H wyzh# Whwhek zf}f jfpyfwwço, hlëb jf vbh pfych fczoyzhjh f joyfw pflo

yfwzo jh }kjh# Mok yfafkzhjh pflo cok}o f }kyov myfkyh#

Jy# Mvakk cço womyfv wfxüflhw jh wvpfyftpowkîço à yhjkhîço# Zhckbozo zfczov vwhy wvhw

kcmlvácgkhw phyh gobihzfy o vwo jhw iobihw, bhw wf }kv bhynkchlkqhjo fb Dkyowdkbh pflow



:8

wfvw goczhzow cow Fwzhjow Vckjow# Wvh mhbâlkh zf}f wfxüflhw fb mvcîço jh ftpowkîço à

yhjkhîço#

Dfywf{ bowzyov xvf h jf}hwzhîço jo kcgkjfczf hkcjh fwzh}h fczyhcdhjh fb zojow ow wfvw

pfywochnfcw, wfah fb bhyghw }kwâ}fkw ov cço# Hp÷w h hpvyhîço jo xvf dh}kh ogoyykjo cow :0

hcow hp÷w h iobih, o lk}yo mok yflhcîhjo gob o hgyëwgkbo woiyf h }kjh jow woiyf}k}fczfw#

:#: Hcèlkwf

Gob ihwf ch hcèlkwf zf÷ykgh jow ghpâzvlow hczfykoyfw, moyhb wflfgkochjhw ghyhgzfyâwzkghw joaoychlkwbo f jh lkzfyhzvyh, xvf wfyço kc}fwzknhjhw cow zyfgdow fwgoldkjow jo lk}yo Dkyowdkbh,

gob h kczfcîço jf oiwfy}hy xvhkw wf hplkghb ho zftzo jf Aodc Dfywf{ co lk}yo"yfpoyzhnfb,

phyh pojfy, gob bhkw pyomvcjkjhjf, fczfcjfy gobo ë gocwzkzvâjo o aoychlkwbo lkzfyèyko# Chw

zhiflhw hihkto, jfwzhghyhb"wf hw ghyhgzfyâwzkghw jflkbkzhjhw, jf hgoyjo gob ow hvzoyfw aè

fwzvjhjow, gobo flfbfczow fwpfgâmkghw jh lkzfyhzvyh f jo aoychlkwbo#

ZHIFLH 08Aoychlkwbo

]fyjhjf f hzvhlkjhjfKbphygkhlkjhjf f o cço fc}ol}kbfczo jo

aoychlkwzh

LfhjWfb avlnhbfczo jf }hloyfw

Pyfgkwço jf jhjow

Ghyhgzfyâwzkghw jo aoychlkwbo h wfy hchlkwhjhw

ZHIFLH 09

Lkzfyhzvyh

MkgîçoHjafzk}ow

Pfcwhbfczow, wfcwhîöfw f gocafgzvyhwBfzèmoyhw

HzfbpoyhlkjhjfGhyhgzfyâwzkghw jh lkzfyhzvyh h wfy hchlkwhjhw



:9

:#:#8 Aoychlkwbo

:#:#8#8 ]fyjhjf f hzvhlkjhjf

Hvzoyfw gobo Lhnf $8;;0+, Yowwk $8;;:+, ov Ghwzyo $9006+ hpyfwfczhb h ‖}fyjhjf”, ov

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fczyf}kwzhw gob moczfw fc}ol}kjhw co mhzo#

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hgoczfgkbfczo jh ftplowço jf vbh iobih hzúbkgh ch gkjhjf jf Dkyowdkbh, co Ahpço, vb hcohp÷w o hzhxvf# O aoychlkwzh zobh gobo ihwf, phyh goczhy o mhzo, o yflhzo jf wfkw woiyf}k}fczfw,

hlëb jf jhjow jkwpocâ}fkw woiyf hw gocwfxüácgkhw jh ftplowço f jf gobo mok o hzhxvf#

Ch bhcdç jf > jf hnowzo h yèjko ahpocfwh zyhcwbkzkv, pflh pykbfkyh }fq, vb wvgkczogobvckghjo xvf povxvâwwkbhw $ov cfcdvbh+ jhw pfwwohw jkyfzhbfczf kczfyfwwhjhw ‚ owwoiyf}k}fczfw jh ftplowço ‚ pvjfyhb ov}ky1 )Dkyowdkbh womyfv jhcow gocwkjfyè}fkw, fbmvcîço jf vb hzhxvf jf hlnvcw I"9;# Hgyfjkzh"wf xvf wf vzklkqov vb co}o zkpo jf iobih#Kc}fwzknhb"wf ow jfzhldfw)# Zhbpovgo ë pyo}è}fl xvf hlnvb woiyf}k}fczf zfcdh fwgvzhjovbh yfzyhcwbkwwço fb ocjhw gvyzhw jf vb ftzyhoyjkcèyko pyocvcgkhbfczo jo pyfwkjfczf jowFwzhjow Vckjow, xvf kjfczkmkgov h co}h iobih gobo hzúbkgh1 )Fwwh iobih fyh bhkwpozfczf xvf 90 bkl zocflhjhw jf ZCZ# Zkcdh vb pojfy ftplowk}o 9 bkl }fqfw bhkoy xvf ojh Nyhcj Wlhb iykzéckgh, h bhkoy iobih aè vzklkqhjh ch dkwz÷ykh jh nvfyyh)# $DFYWF[,9009, p# 66+

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pyocvcgkhbfczo jo pyfwkjfczf jow Fwzhjow Vckjow, chîço yfwpocwè}fl pflo iobihyjfko à

gkjhjf ahpocfwh, fb xvf hwwvbf h gvlph f hkcjh ftplkgh h moybhîço jh iobih f wvh pozácgkh#

Hlëb jo jhjo omkgkhl, o hvzoy hwwvbf h mhlzh jf gocdfgkbfczo jow ahpocfwfw gob yflhîço à

oyknfb jh iobih, yfphwwhcjo ho lfkzoy h }fyjhjf jo bobfczo1 ogoyyfv vb hzhxvf hDkyowdkbh f ckcnvëb whikh gobo h iobih fyh moybhjh ov gobo dh}kh wkjo hyyfbfwwhjh à

gkjhjf# Zojow ow zyfgdow hchlkwhjow záb h yfhlkjhjf gobo ghyhgzfyâwzkgh# Gobo aoychlkwzh,

Dfywf{ fwgyf}fv h yfpoyzhnfb h phyzky jf jhjow f cço hzyh}ëw jf flfbfczow jf wvh

kbhnkchîço#

Fb yflhîço à hzvhlkjhjf, fwzh ë gocwkjfyhjh vb jow gykzëykow phyh pvilkghîço jh cozâgkh fb vb

bfko jf gobvckghîço# O }fâgvlo xvf jè h cozâgkh hczfw jf ovzyo fwzè à myfczf# H yfpoyzhnfbfb xvfwzço mok }fkgvlhjh co jkh 78 jf hnowzo jf 8;:= pflh yf}kwzh Zdf Cf~ [oyefy # Aè dh}kh



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wf phwwhjo bhkw jf vb hco jo hgoczfgkbfczo, cozkgkhjo fb aoychkw jf zojo o bvcjo à ëpogh#

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ykxvfqh jf jfzhldfw jo iobihyjfko f o xvf mok }k}kjo pflhw pfwwohw hzkcnkjhw#

:#:#8#9 Kbphygkhlkjhjf f fc}ol}kbfczo jo aoychlkwzh

Ho fwgyf}fy Dkyowdkbh, Aodc Dfywf{ zobh h powzvyh jf vb chyyhjoy cço"phyzkgkphczf jhw

hîöfw, pykcgkphlbfczf poy cço zfy fwzhjo ch gkjhjf co bobfczo fb xvf h iobih ftplojkv f

cço zfy }k}fcgkhjo hw ftpfykácgkhw xvf goczh how lfkzoyfw# H chyyhzk}h hgoczfgf ch zfygfkyh

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gob ihwf chw kcmoybhîöfw xvf golfzov h phyzky jf wvhw moczfw#

Vb hco hp÷w h iobih, ow dhikzhczfw jf Dkyowdkbh gobfîhyhb h yfgvpfyhy ow boczfw jfyvâchw h xvf wvhw ghwhw wf yfjvqkyhb# Bvkzow gocwzyvâyhb zowghw ghihchw jf bhjfkyh,goifyzhw gob zfldhw yfzkyhjhw jow fwgobiyow# Wfb flfzykgkjhjf phyh klvbkchy wvhw zhpfyhw,woqkcdow, gocmvwow f jfwklvjkjow, flfw wf yfvckhb à cokzf cvb fwphîo hifyzo, py÷tkbo àfwzhîço mfyyo}kèykh jf [oeo"nh~h, phyh cfnogkhy co bfyghjo cfnyo f gocwolhy"wfbvzvhbfczf# $DFYWF[, 9009, p# 8:9+

Cfwzh phwwhnfb jo lk}yo, poy ftfbplo, o hvzoy yflhzh gobo mok h yfgvpfyhîço jhw powwfw jow

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wkzvhîço jow gocwzyvzoyfw# Zvjo o xvf o aoychlkwzh hmkybh jkq yfwpfkzo ho xvf ldf mok jkzo f/ov

yf}flhjo#

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cço fczyh fb jfzhldfw woiyf gobo fwzh}h h Wfnvcjh Nvfyyh Bvcjkhl, ov woiyf ow bozk}ow xvf

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mok hzhghjo f hw pfwwohw xvf hlk }k}khb womyfyhb gob kwwo# Bfwbo xvf mowwf vbh kbpoyzhczf

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how ftglvâjow, hpyfwfczhcjo h }fywço jow woiyf}k}fczfw, jfkthcjo jf lhjo h }fywço jow

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:#:#8#7 Lfhj

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phjyockqhîço jh kcmoybhîço#

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9009, p# >>+#



:6

O hvzoy cço gdfnh h yfwpocjfy h zojhw hw pfynvczhw, bhw, fb vbh wkbplfw phwwhnfb jo zftzo,

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phyh yflhzhy vbh cozâgkh#

:#:#8#: Wfb avlnhbfczo jf }hloyfw

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bço jf hcèlkwf pfwwohl jh wkzvhîço#

:#:#8#6 Pyfgkwço jf jhjow

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:=

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wfvw kbphgzow#

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:#:#9 Lkzfyhzvyh

:#:#9#8 Mkgîço

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kbpowwâ}fkw, ov kchgyfjkzè}fkw, ch ‖}kjh yfhl”#

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lkzfyèyko, mok powwâ}fl, h Aodc Dfywf{, hgyfwgfczhy wkzvhîöfw cço ogoyykjhw, vzklkqhy bfzèmoyhw f

hjafzk}ow hlfhz÷ykow# O }fyio ‖ftzkyphy”, poy ftfbplo, yf}flh"wf jfbhwkhjo moyzf phyh h

phwwhnfb# Ow ghiflow nykwhldow moyhb hjafzk}hjow gobo ‖yhlow” f ‖chjh }kwzowow”,

wkbplfwbfczf phyh jhy bhkw }kjh à chyyhîço# Ow jfwfaow jow dobfcw jf goczkcvhy wvh

lkcdhnfb moyhb hgyfwgfczhjow, bfwbo xvf cço wf wovifwwf wf hlnvb jflfw yfhlbfczf zkcdh zhl

jfwfao# Dfywf{ zhbiëb gobphyov o hioyzo h plhczhw hyyhcghjhw ho iyozhy f hpyotkbov o hzo

jf bfcwzyvhy jo whcnyhbfczo womykjo jhw pfwwohw#

Jh bfwbh moybh, wf wf zyhzhwwf jf vb wkbplfw zftzo aoychlâwzkgo, wfb yflhîço gob h chyyhzk}h

lkzfyèykh, o zftzo pojfykh hwwvbky h wfnvkczf moybh1

Gobo gocwfxüácgkh jh iobih hzúbkgh xvf hzhgov Dkyowdkbh co jkh 0= jf hnowzo jf 8;:=,

bvkzow woiyf}k}fczfw hpyfwfczhb fcmfybkjhjfw# Dobfcw f bvldfyfw zoychyhb"wf fwzëyfkw f

ogoyyfv vbh wëykf jf hioyzow# Ghiflow nykwhldow fwzço jfkthcjo jf ghky f, fbioyh bvkzhw



:4

pfwwohw zfcdhb womykjo xvfkbhjvyhw ghvwhjhw poy yhjkhîço zëybkgh, ë powwâ}fl xvf fwwfw

woiyf}k}fczfw fwzfahb pyozfnkjow goczyh yhjkokczotkghîço# Ë yflf}hczf yfwwhlzhy xvf hxvflfw

xvf wf bo}kbfczhyhb bfcow, hp÷w o hzhxvf, fwzfahb bfcow gocjkgkochjow h jofcîhw jo xvf

hxvflfw xvf wf bhczk}fyhb hzk}ow#

Cfwzf ghwo, cço ftkwzfb bfzèmoyhw, cfb hjafzk}ow ov }hloyfw wviafzk}ow, jhjow how

hgoczfgkbfczow# Ow mhzow moyhb bhczkjow, wfb gobphyhîöfw ov mloyfkow ch chyyhzk}h, zfczhcjo

mkghy bhkw py÷tkbo jh yfhlkjhjf#

:#:#9#9 Hjafzk}ow

Ë powwâ}fl glhwwkmkghy ow hjafzk}ow vwhjow co lk}yo Dkyowdkbh fb jokw zkpow# O pykbfkyo

ghyhgzfykqh vbh phlh}yh, ov wfah, zyhcwbkzf ghyhgzfyâwzkghw jf vb wfy, phyh xvf wf zoycf }kè}fl

}kwvhlkqè"lo ov jkmfyfcgkè"lo jf ovzyow wfyfw# Wf ë jkzo xvf h ghwh }fybfldh pfnov mono, poy

ftfbplo, o hjafzk}o }fybfldo ë vzklkqhjo phyh ghyhgzfykqhy h ghwh f jkmfyfcgkè"lh jhw ovzyhw jh

yfnkço# Hwwkb, h ghwh ë kjfczkmkghjh gobo ‖hxvflh xvf pfnov mono”#

O ovzyo zkpo jf hjafzk}o hzykivk }hloyfw how wfyfw# Zyhzh"wf jf }hloyfw xvf pojfb yflhgkochy"wfho nowzo pfwwohl jo kczfylogvzoy# Hbiow ow zkpow jf hjafzk}o wço pfygfikjow ch lkzfyhzvyh#

Poyëb, o pykbfkyo ë hgfkzo co aoychlkwbo, fcxvhczo o wfnvcjo ë yfpvnchjo, wfcjo bhkw ifb

}kwzo hpfchw ch lkzfyhzvyh# Fb Dkyowdkbh, fbioyh wfah fwgykzo poy vb aoychlkwzh, fb jk}fywhw

oghwköfw, wço fcgoczyhjow hjafzk}ow xvf hzykivfb }hloyfw h wkzvhîöfw, pfwwohw ov lvnhyfw,

gobo ë powwâ}fl oiwfy}hy co zyfgdo h wfnvky1

H pykcgâpko o Jy# Mvakk h}kwzov hpfchw jokw kcgácjkow1 vb co fwxvfyjo jo yko, ocjf wfvdowpkzhl wf wkzvhyh, f ovzyo ifb bhkw ho wvl# Goczvjo, ow jokw bëjkgow oiwfy}hyhb hobfwbo zfbpo hlno xvf ow jfktov phwbow1 fbioyh dov}fwwf hkcjh povgow kcgácjkow,pfwwohw mfykjhw hzyh}fwwh}hb h poczf cvb jfwmklf kczfybkcè}fl jf jfwnyhîhw, f bvkzhwftkikhb xvfkbhjvyhw doyyfcjhw cow iyhîow# $DFYWF[, 9009, p# 68+

Ch ftpyfwwço ‖xvfkbhjvyhw doyyfcjhw”, o hjafzk}o ‖doyyfcjhw” cço hzykivk hpfchw vbh

ghyhgzfyâwzkgh, bhw vb }hloy àw xvfkbhjvyhw# Ë powwâ}fl }fykmkghy xvf, wfb zhl hjafzk}o, h myhwf

cço wfykh hlzfyhjh1

Fbioyh dov}fwwf hkcjh povgow kcgácjkow, pfwwohw mfykjhw hzyh}fwwh}hb h poczf cvb jfwmklf

kczfybkcè}fl jf jfwnyhîhw, f bvkzhw ftkikhb xvfkbhjvyhw cow iyhîow#



:;

Wf o zftzo mowwf kczfkyhbfczf aoychlâwzkgo flf cço zfykh o ‖doyyfcjhw”, hwwkb zhbiëb, gobo

wfykh zkyhjh h phwwhnfb ‖jfwmklf kczfybkcè}fl jf jfwnyhîhw”, poy wfy jfbhwkhjo lkzfyèyko# Co

fczhczo, ghwo o zftzo mowwf lkzfyhzvyh poy gobplfzo, pojfykhb wfy hgyfwgfczhjow xvhczow

hjafzk}ow, ov hj}ëyikow, o fwgykzoy xvkwfwwf, gobo ch yfgocwzyvîço h wfnvky, ocjf

‖nyozfwghbfczf”, ‖doyyfcjhw” f ‖mëzkjhw” wço vwhjhw co zftzo, phyh ftpykbky bhkw ph}oy à

wkzvhîço#

Goczvjo, ow jokw bëjkgow oiwfy}hyhb, ho bfwbo zfbpo, hlno xvf ow jfktov phwbow1 fbioyh

dov}fwwf hkcjh povgow kcgácjkow, pfwwohw nyozfwghbfczf mfykjhw hzyh}fwwh}hb h poczf cvb

jfwmklf kczfybkcè}fl jf jfwnyhîhw, f bvkzhw ftkikhb xvfkbhjvyhw doyyfcjhw f mëzkjhw cowiyhîow#

:#:#9#7 Pfcwhbfczow, wfcwhîöfw f gocafgzvyhw

Ow pfcwhbfczow, wfcwhîöfw f gocafgzvyhw ghifb, pykcgkphlbfczf, ho bvcjo jh lkzfyhzvyh# Wço

f}kzhjow co aoychlkwbo poy wfyfb jfbhwkhjow kcgfyzow# Ch lkzfyhzvyh, co fczhczo, xvhlxvfy vb

jfwwfw hyzkmâgkow pojf wfy vzklkqhjo ho fwgyf}fy vb zftzo# Co zyfgdo h wfnvky, o hvzoy goczh oxvf wf phwwh gob vb jow pfywochnfcw, co bobfczo jh ftplowço jh iobih, f kcgyfbfczh h

phwwhnfb gob lfbiyhcîhw f pfcwhbfczow jo pfywochnfb1

Ho }fy o zfyyâ}fl glhyço ‚ xvf, jkykh bhkw zhyjf, lfbiyov"ldf vbh dkwz÷ykh xvf lfyh chkcmécgkh, woiyf h golkwço jf vb bfzfoyo kbfcwo gob h Zfyyh‚ , zf}f zfbpo $pokw wffcgoczyh}h h 89=0 bfzyow jow jo gfczyo+ phyh vb ñckgo pfcwhbfczo1 vbh iobih ghkv fbgkbh jf c÷w# Fczço pfyjfv ow wfczkjow poy hlnvcw wfnvcjow ov bkcvzow# $DFYWF[, 9009,p#8:+

Wf mowwf vb zftzo aoychlâwzkgo, o hvzoy zfykh hihcjochjo zhkw flfbfczow# Ho wfy jfwgocwzyvâjo

f yfgocwzyvâjo jf moybh aoychlâwzkgh, o zftzo pojfykh mkghy hwwkb1 Co bobfczo jh ftplowço, o

phjyf Elfkcwoynf, xvf fwzh}h h 8#9=0 bfzyow jo loghl, }kv o zfyyâ}fl glhyço f gocglvkv xvf

vbh iobih dh}kh ghâjo woiyf h gkjhjf#

Hlëb jhw lfbiyhcîhw f pfcwhbfczow, Dfywf{ zhbiëb vzklkqh hw wfcwhîöfw f wfczkbfczow jow

pfywochnfcw fb wfv zftzo, zoychcjo"o bhkw lkzfyèyko# Ovzyo flfbfczo vzklkqhjo pflo hvzoy, f

ihwzhczf gobvb à lkzfyhzvyh, ë o jkèlono#



60

Xvhcjo jfwfbihygov ch fwgvykjço, zyopfîov fb hlnvëb, xvf nykzov, yhk}owo1 )Zobfgvkjhjo( ]ogá pkwov fb bkcdh bço)# Fc}fynocdhjo poy zfy bhgdvghjo vbh pfwwoh xvf aèfwzh}h mfykjh, gocwzyhcnkjo poy pojfy hcjhy wfb jkmkgvljhjfw, o Wy# Zhckbozo pfcwov jfyfpfczf co ch}ko"dowpkzhl xvf cço hphyfgfyh $cfb hphyfgfykh+ f wfczkv bvkzh yhk}h jf wvhzykpvlhîço f jf zojow ow bëjkgow# Poy xvf cço }kcdhb hgvjky hxvflh nfczf? $DFYWF[,

9009, p#=:+

Gobo zftzo phjyço jo aoychlkwbo, o bfwbo zyfgdo pojfykh wfnvky h wfnvkczf lkcdh1 Wfnvcjo o

Wy# Zhckbozo, fwzh}h zço fwgvyo xvf, ho ghbkcdhy, hghih}h pkwhcjo chw pfwwohw xvf wf

fcgoczyh}hb bhgdvghjhw# “Wfczk }fynocdh poy zfy bhgdvghjo vbh pfwwoh xvf aè fwzh}h

mfykjh, gocwzyhcnkjo poy pojfy hcjhy wfb jkmkgvljhjfw‒, yflhzov o yf}fyfcjo#

Co zyfgdo hihkto, o hvzoy wf vzklkqh jhw gocafgzvyhw jf vb jow pfywochnfcw phyh jfwgyf}fy h

wkzvhîço1

Cv}fcw jf mvbhîh, py÷tkbhw f jkwzhczfw, jfwpoczh}hb povgo h povgo poy fczyf h pofkyh# Oyf}fyfcjo wf pfynvczov gobo vb gëv wklfcgkowo pojfykh zfy ghvwhjo zhczh jfwzyvkîço1 cçowf jfkthykh jf ov}ky cfb bfwbo vbh pfxvfch fwxvhjykldh, }ohcjo hlzo# Hw ghwhw jhwyfjocjfqhw hyjkhb fb gdhbhw, f, xvhcjo nozhw jf ènvh kbfcwhw, jo zhbhcdo jf iolkcdhwjf nvjf, gobfîhyhb h ghky, flf kbhnkcov xvf pyo}kcdhb jhw bhcnvfkyhw xvf ow iobifkyowfwzhykhb vwhcjo phyh gobihzfy ow kcgácjkow# $Ch }fyjhjf fyhb nozhw jf vbh bkwzvyhgocjfcwhjh xvf ghâhb jh zvyivlfczh zoyyf jf pofkyh, ghloy f myhnbfczow jf mkwwço xvf aè wffynvfyh co gëv, bkldhyfw jf bfzyow hgkbh jf Dkyowdkbh+# $DFYWF[, 9009, p#:=+

Ho hwwvbky h chyyhzk}h h phyzky jo poczo jf }kwzh jow woiyf}k}fczfw, Dfywf{ hghih poy yflhzhy

wvhw py÷pykhw fwpfgvlhîöfw# Wf o bfwbo zyfgdo mowwf fwgykzo hpfchw gob flfbfczow

aoychlâwzkgow, wfykh py÷tkbo jh wfnvkczf yfgocwzyvîço1 Jf hgoyjo gob o yflhzo jo yf}fyfcjo

Zhckbozo, hw ghwhw jhw yfjocjfqhw hyjkhb fb gdhbhw, f ghkhb nozhw jf ènvh, jf

hpyotkbhjhbfczf zyáw gfczâbfzyow jf fwpfwwvyh, moybhjhw h phyzky jf vbh bkwzvyh

gocjfcwhjh jh zoyyf jf pofkyh, ghloy f myhnbfczow jf mkwwço xvf aè wf fynvkhb co gëv,

bkldhyfw jf bfzyow hgkbh jf Dkyowdkbh#

:#:#9#: Bfzèmoyhw

Gobo yflhzhjo poy Hczocko Ghcjkjo $8;;=+, h bfzèmoyh fwzè kczyâcwfgh à lkzfyhzvyh f ë

vzklkqhjh pflow hvzoyfw phyh jhy bhkw “kbhnfcw” how pofbhw f pyowhw# Fb Dkyowdkbh, o hvzoy

vzklkqh"wf jf bfzèmoyhw h zojo zfbpo, pykcgkphlbfczf phyh gocwfnvky o xvf Ghcjkjo glhwwkmkgh

gobo wâbklf ov gobphyhîço, fb xvf wf mhq vbh zyhcwmfyácgkh wfbéczkgh# Co zyfgdo h wfnvky, ë

powwâ}fl pfygfify fwzf zkpo jf bfzèmoyh1 ‖Fczço vb kbfcwo glhyço goyzov o gëv# O yf}fyfcjo



68

wf lfbiyhykh ckzkjhbfczf jf xvf o glhyço phyzkv jo lfwzf fb jkyfîço ho ofwzf, jh gkjhjf fb

jkyfîço àw boczhcdhw# Phyfgkh vb chgo jf wol” $DFYWF[, 9009, p# 89+#

‖Phyfgkh vb chgo jf wol” $DFYWF[, 9009, p# 89+# O hvzoy vwh zhl ftpyfwwço phyh jfwgyf}fy o

bobfczo fb xvf h iobih ftplojf, pyojvqkcjo vb ‖kbfcwo glhyço” $DFYWF[, 9009, p# 89+#

Zhl zkpo jf gobphyhîço ë vzklkqhjh hpfchw ch lkzfyhzvyh, wfv vwo ë yfgykbkchjo co aoychlkwbo#

Ho jfwgocwzyvky fwzf zyfgdo, ë powwâ}fl }fykmkghy gobo flf mkghykh ghwo wf wvwzfczhwwf fb

fwzyvzvyh aoychlâwzkgh glèwwkgh1 Wfnvcjo o yf}fyfcjo Zhckbozo, co bobfczo fb xvf h iobih

ftplojkv, hphyfgfv vb glhyço co gëv, phyzkcjo jo lfwzf fb jkyfîço ho ofwzf#

:#:#9#6 Hzfbpoyhlkjhjf

H hzfbpoyhlkjhjf yflhgkoch"wf à ghphgkjhjf jf vb zftzo wfy }fkgvlhjo fb xvhlxvfy ëpogh f

cço zfy jhzh gfyzh phyh wfy pvilkghjo# O zftzo hihkto, poy ftfbplo, mhlh woiyf gocwfxüácgkhw

jh iobih xvf ftplojkv fb Dkyowdkbh co jkh = jf hnowzo jf 8;:6# Zhkw gocwfxüácgkhw pojfb

wfy jkwgvzkjhw zhczo lono hp÷w o f}fczo, xvhczo ch hzvhlkjhjf#

Poy zojh phyzf ‚ woiyf ow jfwzyoîow, chw whyafzhw, chw bhynfcw jow ykow, fczyf hw zfldhw f hwgdhphw jf qkcgo jow zfldhjow, cow zyocgow ghyiockqhjow jhw èy}oyfw ‚ fwzfcjkh"wf vbzhpfzf }fyjf, }kîowo, ozkbkwzh, xvf iyozh}h hzë bfwbo jow hlkgfygfw jhw ghwhw fb yvâchw# Oghpkb aè fwgocjkh hw gkcqhw, f mloyfw wkl}fwzyfw jfwpoczh}hb fb bfko ho fwxvflfzo jhgkjhjf# H iobih cço w÷ jfkthyh kczhzow ow ÷ynçow wvizfyyécfow jhw plhczhw gobo owfwzkbvlhyh# Poy zojh phyzf dh}kh gfczèvyfhw, kñghw, xvfcop÷jkow, kpobëkhw, dfbfyoghlfw,ifljyofnhw, ghyyhpkgdow, nfynflkb, ghpkb f ghbobklh# Pykcgkphlbfczf cvb gâygvlo jogfczyo o wfcf }kgfah}h cvbh ftzyhoyjkcèykh yfnfcfyhîço, cço w÷ fczyf ow yfwzow gyfwzhjow jhbfwbh plhczh, gobo fb ovzyow poczow, fb bfko how zkaolow f hzyh}ëw jhw mfcjhw jo hwmhlzo#Phyfgkh xvf o bfwbo h}kço xvf aonhyh h iobih wolzhyh zhbiëb vbh ghynh jf wfbfczfw jfwfcf# $DFYWF[, 9009, p# >>+

Fwzf flfbfczo, bhkw gobvb à lkzfyhzvyh, zhbiëb ë fcgoczyhjo, co aoychlkwbo, chw gdhbhjhw‖bhzëykhw mykhw”# Cço w÷ o zyfgdo fb xvfwzço, gobo zojo o zftzo jf Dkyowdkbh, pojfykh zfy

wkjo fwgykzo zhczo ch ëpogh fb xvf mok pvilkghjo, gobo cow jkhw jf doaf# Fbioyh zfcdh wkjo

}fkgvlhjo fb 8;:=, vb hco hp÷w o zyènkgo kcgkjfczf xvf yflhzh, f goczf hlno jf xvf zojow aè

mhlhyhb, wvh dkwz÷ykh ë woiyf vb f}fczo xvf bhygov o wëgvlo TT, f, poy wvh fwzyvzvyh jf

lkcnvhnfb, kcjfpfcjf jf xvhcjo mok pvilkghjo# O zftzo pfybhcfgf hzyhzk}o, yfhmkybhcjo wvh

hzfbpoyhlkjhjf, o xvf powwkiklkzov, hlkèw, gob xvf mowwf zyhcwmoybhjo fb vb lk}yo"

yfpoyzhnfb, h wfy lkjo fb xvhlxvfy ëpogh#



69

:#:#7 O nácfyo

Gobo jkwgvzkjow, ow nácfyow wço bvzè}fkw f wf yfmoybvlhb h phyzky jo goczftzo

wogkodkwz÷ykgo# Cfwzf z÷pkgo, wfyço h}hlkhjow ow zyáw poczow jfwzhghjow gobo mvcjhbfczhkw à

moybhîço jf vb nácfyo, hxvk aè yflhzhjow ho locno jo ghpâzvlo 71 o fcvcgkhjoy , o yfgfpzoy f h

gocwzkzvkîço jf nácfyo#

:#:#7#8 O fcvcgkhjoy Wfkthw $900;+ ftplkgh xvf o jkwgvywo zobhjo poy vb fcvcgkhjoy jfpfcjf kczfkyhbfczf jh

}oczhjf jfwzf# O fcvcgkhjoy fwgoldf o nácfyo jf jkwgvywo phyh yflhzhy h wfv yfgfpzoy5 flf zfbvbh kczfcîço fbivzkjh ch fwzyvzvyh jf wvh moybh jf gobvckghîço# Wfnvcjo h hvzoyh, ow

nácfyow jkwgvywk}ow aoychlâwzkgow wço }kwzow gobo phjyockqhjow, gob yfnyhw gykhjhw poy wvh

yozkch jf pyojvîço# Co ghwo jh yfpoyzhnfb Dkyowdkbh, cfcdvbh yfnyh mok kbpowzh gob

yflhîço à fwzyvzvyh# Wvh pyojvîço yfhlkqhjh gob bhkw zfbpo, whkcjo jow phjyöfw gobvcw ho

aoychlkwbo#

O fcvcgkhjoy ‗ co ghwo, o aoychlkwzh ‗ zfb vbh mkchlkjhjf ho fwgyf}fy vb zftzo aoychlâwzkgo ov

aoychlâwzkgo"lkzfyèyko# Fwzf ë fwgykzo phyh zyhcwbkzky kcmoybhîço bhkw hpyomvcjhjh woiyf

jfzfybkchjo hgoczfgkbfczo, jf bojo bhkw jfwgykzk}o f hzyh}ëw jf chyyhzk}h bhkw lk}yf,

fcxvhczo hxvflf ë fwgykzo, fwwfcgkhlbfczf, phyh kcmoybhy# O fwgykzoy lkzfyèyko, goczvjo, zfb h

kczfcîço pykboyjkhl jf fczyfzfy#

Fb Dkyowdkbh, h kczfcîço mok h jf kcmoybhy f zyhcwbkzky ho lfkzoy ow doyyoyfw jo lhcîhbfczo

jh iobih# Poyëb, h yfpoyzhnfb cço zf}f hpfchw fwzf kczvkzo# H chyyhzk}h ë mfkzh jf moybh

jfwgykzk}h, hpyomvcjhjh f kczfypyfzhzk}h f gob flfbfczow xvf fczyfzáb o lfkzoy# Zyhzh"wf jfghyhgzfyâwzkghw jo aoychlkwbo lkzfyèyko, f xvf cço jkqfb yfwpfkzo, jf bojo phyzkgvlhykqhjo, ho

aoychlkwbo ov à lkzfyhzvyh#

:#:#7#9 O yfgfpzoy

Bhkcnvfcfhv $9009+ gobfczh xvf ow phyzkgkphczfw jf vb jkwgvywo hgfkzhb yfnyhw ho

gobphyzkldè"lo# O lfkzoy, poy wvh }fq, w÷ fwgoldf lfy jfzfybkchjo zftzo wf moy jf wfv kczfyfwwf,

f wf wfv whify yf}flhy"wf fxvk}hlfczf ho cfgfwwèyko phyh h gobpyffcwço# O lfkzoy dhikzvhjo ho



67

aoychlkwbo oyjkcèyko, gobpowzo poy lfhj f chyyhzk}h phjyockqhjh, kczfyfwwhjo fb hpfchw fwzhy

kcmoybhjo, lá, bvkzhw }fqfw, hpfchw o lfhj , f kncoyh o yfwzhczf jh bhzëykh# Fwzf zkpo jf lfkzoy,

pyo}h}flbfczf, cço kyè kczfyfwwhy"wf poy vbh nyhcjf yfpoyzhnfb, pykcgkphlbfczf fb moybh jf

lk}yo"yfpoyzhnfb, ocjf fcgoczyh chyyhzk}h jkmfyfcgkhjh f xvf jfbhcjhykh bhkw zfbpo phyh xvf

hw kcmoybhîöfw wfahb gocglvâjhw fb vb jfwmfgdo#

Jh bfwbh moybh, o lfkzoy kczfyfwwhjo cow yobhcgfw zkpkghbfczf lkzfyèykow, gob dkwz÷ykhw

gykhjhw h phyzky jo kbhnkcèyko jo hvzoy, ocjf o kyyfhl zoych"wf phlgo jhw h}fczvyhw jhw

pfywochnfcw, wfyço bfcow hzyhâjo poy lk}yow"yfpoyzhnfb# Kwwo poyxvf zhkw oiyhw hyykwghb"wf h

fcgoczyhy h yfhlkjhjf f mvnky jo phjyço jow lk}yow gobvbfczf lkjow, h cço wfy xvf h oiyh fb

xvfwzço zyhzf jf vb fcyfjo bvkzo moyh jo gobvb# Fwzh }kwço, goczvjo, ë vbh zfcjácgkh#

O lfkzoy jo aoychlkwbo lkzfyèyko fwzè kczfyfwwhjo ch kcmoybhîço f ch kczfypyfzhîço hpyomvcjhjh

jo hgoczfgkbfczo, fcgoczyhjow co aoychlkwbo, gob vbh chyyhzk}h bhkw jfcwh f jfwgykzk}h,

phyzkgvlhy à lkzfyhzvyh# Fb Dkyowdkbh, o hgoczfgkbfczo fyh bhyghczf f ow jhjow,

hpyomvcjhjow# Hlëb jkwwo, Dfywf{ vzklkqh"wf jf zoxvf dvbhckqhjoy fb yflhîço how

pfywochnfcw yfhkw, jf chyyhzk}h jfwgykzk}h f ifb flhioyhjh# Hxvflfw xvf láfb h oiyh fwzço

kczfyfwwhjow fb bhkw kcmoybhîöfw woiyf o mhzo, h poczo jf whioyfhy hw 78#7:> phlh}yhw, cçohpfchw poy jfwfahyfb kcmoybhîço, bhw poyxvf h chyyhîço jf Aodc Dfywf{ pyfcjf wfvw lfkzoyfw#

H xvfwzço jh pfykojkgkjhjf zhbiëb ë yflf}hczf# Ow lfkzoyfw jf vb aoychl jkèyko, ov jf vbh

yf}kwzh xvkcqfchl, whifb fthzhbfczf xvhcjo zfyço hgfwwo àw kcmoybhîöfw# Co fczhczo, o lfkzoy

jo aoychlkwbo lkzfyèyko cço zfb zhl pyfgkwço# Co ghwo jf Dkyowdkbh, h pvilkghîço ogoyyfv hp÷w

bhkw jf vb hco jo hgoczfgkbfczo, xvhcjo zojow ow }fâgvlow jf kcmoybhîço aè dh}khb

fwnozhjo wvhw kczfypyfzhîöfw f moybhw jf zyhcwbkzky h cozâgkh# :#:#7#7 Gocwzkzvkîço jo nácfyo

Gdhyhvjfhv $900=+ ftplkgh xvf, phyh vb nácfyo moybhy"wf, cfgfwwkzh jf ghyhgzfyâwzkghw

vckmoybfw, xvf gocwzkzvkyço vbh glhwwf jf oiafzow fb gobvb# Phyh jfmkcky fwzhw

ghyhgzfyâwzkghw jo jkwgvywo, o hvzoy jfwzhgh o lvnhy jf gocwzyvîço jo wfczkjo jo zftzo, o nyhv

jf nfcfyhlkjhjf f o bojo jf oynhckqhîço jkwgvywk}h#



6:

Fb yflhîço ho lvnhy jf gocwzyvîço jo wfczkjo jo zftzo, o wfczkjo moybhjo jfpfcjf jo lvnhy

jh pyojvîço, jh yfgfpîço f jo pyojvzo hghihjo# O lvnhy jh pyojvîço pojf wfy gocwkjfyhjo o

bfwbo, zhczo phyh o aoychlkwbo xvhczo phyh h lkzfyhzvyh# O lvnhy ocjf Dfywf{ fwgyf}fv wvh

yfpoyzhnfb pojfykh wfy o bfwbo ocjf xvhlxvfy hvzoy fwgyf}fwwf wfv yobhcgf ov bhzëykh#

Gobo }kwzo, o yfgfpzoy, co fczhczo, }hykh# O lfkzoy jf vb cço ë, cfgfwwhykhbfczf, o lfkzoy jf

ovzyo# Ghjh vb wfyè hzyhâjo poy gokwhw jkwzkczhw#

Aè o pyojvzo mkchl hpyfwfczh jkmfyfcîhw ftoyikzhczfw# O yobhcgf pyojvqkjo ch lkzfyhzvyh ë

jkmfyfczf jf vbh bhzëykh pyojvqkjh co aoychlkwbo# Co ghwo jf Dkyowdkbh, vbh yfpoyzhnfb

yfwvlzhczf jo aoychlkwbo lkzfyèyko, h jkmfyfcîh ë hkcjh bhkoy# Wf h oiyh mowwf kczfkyhbfczf

aoychlâwzkgh, cço wfykh zço ftzfcwh, cfb zço jfwgykzk}h, yfplfzh jf jkèlonow f wfcwhîöfw# Ghwo wfzyhzhwwf hpfchw jf lkzfyhzvyh, cço fwzhykh ‖pyfwh” how mhzow yfhkw f zoychykh zvjo bhkw jyhbèzkgo,

gob pfywochnfcw jkmfyfcgkhjow f, xvfb whif, vb mkchl jkmfyfczf#

Xvhczo ho nyhv jf nfcfyhlkjhjf, Dkyowdkbh hpyfwfczh ghyhgzfyâwzkghw jo aoychlkwbo f

lkzfyhzvyh, cço zfcjo pyopykfjhjfw hpfchw jf vb ov jf ovzyh# Kwwo mhq gob xvf h

jfwgykbkchîço jo nácfyo wfah gocmvwh f kbpowwkiklkzh xvf o aoychlkwbo lkzfyèyko wfah

‖fcghkthjo”, gob ftglvwk}kjhjf, co zfyykz÷yko jo aoychlkwbo ov jh lkzfyhzvyh#

Woiyf o bojo jf oynhckqhîço jkwgvywk}h, fcgoczyhb"wf, ch oiyh, flfbfczow jfwgykzk}ow,

chyyhzk}ow, ftplkghzk}ow f hynvbfczhzk}ow# Cfwzf ghwo, gobo ftplkgh Gdhyhvjfhv $900=+,

jkmfyfczfw nácfyow pojfb hpyfwfczhy ow bfwbow bojow, cço wfcjo wvmkgkfczfw phyh,

kcjk}kjvhlbfczf, jfwknchy vb nácfyo#



66

6 GOCGLVWÇO

Aoychlkwbo lkzfyèyko ë o cobf jhjo ho zftzo gob ghyhgzfyâwzkghw wkbvlzécfhw jo aoychlkwbo fjh lkzfyhzvyh# Zyhzh"wf jf chyyhzk}hw ghphqfw jf vcky h hpvyhîço f h yfhlkjhjf jo aoychlkwbo àw

powwkiklkjhjfw jfwgykzk}hw jh lkzfyhzvyh# Wvynf jf zhl ghwhbfczo vbh co}h moybh jf zyhcwbkzky

kcmoybhîço#

H pyopowzh jo fwzvjo fyh h}hlkhy hw ghyhgzfyâwzkghw lkzfyèykhw f aoychlâwzkghw pyfwfczfw co zftzo

aoychlâwzkgo"lkzfyèyko, hlëb jf wvh moybhîço gobo nácfyo, zfcjo gobo oiafzo jf hcèlkwf o

lk}yo"yfpoyzhnfb Dkyowdkbh, jf Aodc Dfywf{# Hp÷w o fwzvjo, moyhb gocwzhzhjhw

ghyhgzfyâwzkghw jo aoychlkwbo, hwwkb gobo jh lkzfyhzvyh, fb Dkyowdkbh# Fbioyh hw

ghyhgzfyâwzkghw lkzfyèykhw hphyfîhb yfwwhlzhjhw, poy fwzhy pyfwfczfw ch chyyhzk}h, hw ftpyfwwöfw

aoychlâwzkghw zhbiëb wço mvcjhbfczhkw phyh wvh gocwzkzvkîço#

Co ébikzo jo aoychlkwbo, moyhb h}hlkhjhw ghyhgzfyâwzkghw gobo ‖}fyjhjf”, ‖hzvhlkjhjf”,

‖kbphygkhlkjhjf”, ‖fc}ol}kbfczo jo aoychlkwzh”, ‖lfhj ”, o ‖cço"avlnhbfczo jf }hloyfw” f h

‖pyfgkwço jf jhjow”# Jfwzfw flfbfczow, Dkyowdkbh hpyfwfczov ‖}fyjhjf” ‗ ov ‖yfhlkjhjf” ‗

vbh }fq xvf wf zyhzh jf vb yflhzo yfhl f cço myvzo jh kbhnkchîço jo hvzoy5 mok gocwzhzhjo o

vwo jo ‖lfhj ”, fbioyh Dfywf{ fcy kxvfîh h chyyhzk}h gob jfzhldfw f hpyomvcjhbfczo# O hvzoy

zhbiëb wf vzklkqh jf yfgvywow jo lfhj phyh kczyojvqky co}ow z÷pkgow5 zhbiëb mok fcgoczyhjh h

‖pyfgkwço jf jhjow”, }hloykqhcjo hw kcmoybhîöfw zyhcwbkzkjhw5 f o ‖fc}ol}kbfczo jo

aoychlkwzh” hpfchw gobo chyyhjoy, cço gobo pfywochnfb#

Gob yflhîço ho ‖avlnhbfczo jf }hloyfw” f ‖kbphygkhlkjhjf”, o hvzoy wf vzklkqh jf yfgvywow

gobo hjafzk}ow, pfcwhbfczow f fboîöfw phyh ftpyfwwhy wfv powkgkochbfczo f avlnhbfczo

jkhczf jo hgoczfgkbfczo# Hpfwhy jkwwo, h kcmoybhîço cço mkgh gobplfzhbfczf gobpyobfzkjh,

pokw, jfwjf o pykcgâpko jh dkwz÷ykh, o lfkzoy zfb h gocwgkácgkh jf xvf o hgoczfgkbfczo fb

xvfwzço wfyè yflhzhjo h phyzky jh }kwço jow woiyf}k}fczfw jh iobih jf Dkyowdkbh# Xvhczo à

‖hzvhlkjhjf”, xvhcjo h yfpoyzhnfb mok lhcîhjh, cço fyh fthzhbfczf hzvhl, aè xvf dh}kh wf

phwwhjo bhkw jf vb hco jfwjf o hgoczfgkbfczo# Poyëb, o powkgkochbfczo jh dkwz÷ykh f h

moybh gobo mok goczhjh mkqfyhb gob xvf wvh pvilkghîço mowwf }èlkjh, hlëb jf hglhbhjh#



6=

Jfczyf hw ghyhgzfyâwzkghw jh lkzfyhzvyh, moyhb h}hlkhjhw h pyfwfcîh jh ‖mkgîço”, o vwo jf

‖hjafzk}ow”, ‖pfcwhbfczow”, ‖fboîöfw”, ‖gocafgzvyhw”, ‖bfzèmoyhw” f h ‖hzfbpoyhlkjhjf” jo

zftzo# Jfwzfw flfbfczow, moyhb fcgoczyhjow, cow zyfgdow hchlkwhjow fb Dkyowdkbh,

‖hjafzk}ow”, vzklkqhjow cço hpfchw phyh jfwgyf}fy wviwzhczk}ow, bhw zhbiëb phyh gocgfjfy

bhkw yflf}écgkh à chyyhzk}h f jfwpfyzhy bhkw fc}ol}kbfczo jow lfkzoyfw# Zhbiëb dè pyfwfcîh

jf ‖pfcwhbfczo”, ‖fboîöfw” f ‖gocafgzvyhw”, yflhzhjow pflo hvzoy phyh zyhcwbkzky ho lfkzoy hw

wfcwhîöfw jow pfywochnfcw5 jf ‖bfzèmoyhw”, flfbfczo lkcnüâwzkgo vzklkqhjo phyh gykhy kbhnfcw

co kbhnkcèyko jo lfkzoy5 f jf ‖hzfbpoyhlkjhjf” jh dkwz÷ykh, xvf pojf wfy lkjh fb xvhlxvfy

ëpogh#

H ‖mkgîço” mok o flfbfczo lkzfyèyko jfwghyzhjo poy Dfywf{ ho fwgyf}fy Dkyowdkbh# Fbioyh ozftzo hpyfwfczf ovzyhw ghyhgzfyâwzkghw, fwzf flfbfczo jh lkzfyhzvyh ë hiochjo pflo hvzoy, xvf jè

ácmhwf ho pfymkl aoychlâwzkgo jh dkwz÷ykh, mhqfcjo vb yflhzo jh yfhlkjhjf, f cço jo kbhnkcèyko#

Goczvjo, cfb hw ghyhgzfyâwzkghw jf vb nácfyo, cfb hw jf ovzyo yf}flhb"wf phyzkgvlhyfw o

wvmkgkfczf phyh hmkybhy xvf o aoychlkwbo lkzfyèyko pfyzfcîh ho aoychlkwbo ov à lkzfyhzvyh#

Co xvf jkq yfwpfkzo à moybhîço jo nácfyo, wf h}hlkhjo co wfczkjo fwzykzo, gobo ftplkghjo poy

Bfcfqfw $8;;>+ ‗ fb xvf xvhlxvfy zftzo fwgykzo ë gocwkjfyhjo lkzfyhzvyh ‗ , o aoychlkwbolkzfyèyko fcxvhjyh"wf gobo lkzfyhzvyh, hwwkb gobo o py÷pyko aoychlkwbo# Poyëb, h lkzfyhzvyh

cço mok h}hlkhjh, cfwzf fwzvjo, wfnvcjo h hgfpîço jf wkbplfw zftzow, gobo vb yfghjo ov vbh

ghyzh, bhw h phyzky jhw ghyhgzfyâwzkghw oiwfy}hjhw fb yobhcgfw#

H phyzky jo fwzvjo woiyf nácfyo, zhbiëb yfhlkqhjo gob ihwf co lk}yo"yfpoyzhnfb Dkyowdkbh,

o aoychlkwbo lkzfyèyko pojf wfy gobpyffcjkjo, pokw, gobo nácfyo phyzkgvlhykqhjo, bhw fb

gocwzhczf moybhîço# Zfcjo gobo ihwf Dkyowdkbh, o fcvcgkhjoy jo aoychlkwbo lkzfyèyko ëjkmfyfczf jo fcvcgkhjoy jo aoychlkwbo f jh lkzfyhzvyh# Wvh kczfcîço ë kcmoybhy jf moybh

hpyomvcjhjh f kczfypyfzhzk}h, ho bfwbo zfbpo xvf fczyfzëb o lfkzoy# O yfgfpzoy jo aoychlkwbo

lkzfyèyko zhbiëb ë jâwphy5 cço ë o lfkzoy gowzvbfkyo jo aoychl, cfb hxvflf xvf wf kczfyfwwh

hpfchw pflh lkzfyhzvyh jf mkgîço#

H glhwwf jf oiafzow kczfkyhbfczf fb gobvb# xvf pojfykh jkyfgkochy o aoychlkwbo lkzfyèyko

phyh o aoychlkwbo ov phyh h lkzfyhzvyh, cço ftkwzf# Kwwo poyxvf h gocwzyvîço jo aoychlkwbo

lkzfyèyko cço wfnvf hpfchw h lkcdh jo aoychlkwbo ov jh lkzfyhzvyh# Hpfwhy jf hpyfwfczhy

ghyhgzfyâwzkghw jf hbiow ow nácfyow, hw ghyhgzfyâwzkghw xvf gobpöfb o aoychlkwbo lkzfyèyko cço



6>

hpoczhb hpfchw phyh vb jfwzfw yfmfykjow nácfyow, cço pojfcjo, hwwkb, wfy ‖fcghkthjo” fb

vbh ñckgh glhwwkmkghîço, gobo pfyzfcgfczf hpfchw ho aoychlkwbo ov à lkzfyhzvyh#

Dkiykjkqhjo, gob ghyhgzfyâwzkghw jo aoychlkwbo f jh lkzfyhzvyh, o aoychlkwbo lkzfyèyko }hk hlëb

jhw jvhw gocgfpîöfw# Hw bfwbhw ghyhgzfyâwzkghw o zoychb, ho bfwbo zfbpo, py÷tkbo f

jkwzhczf jh lkzfyhzvyh f jo aoychlkwbo# Fb mvcîço jkwwo, pojf"wf hmkybhy xvf zhl }fyzfczf jf

chyyhzk}h wf gocwolkjf gobo nácfyo phyzkgvlhy, jkmfyfczf jh lkzfyhzvyh f jo aoychlkwbo#

O nácfyo ‖aoychlkwbo lkzfyèyko”, vbh }fq xvf hmkybhjo gobo zhl, fwzè fb gocwzhczf

zyhcwmoybhîço, hwwkb gobo h lkzfyhzvyh f o aoychlkwbo# Wvhw fwzyvzvyhw pfybhcfgfb fb

bvzhîço# Gocgfkzow f moybhw jf pyojvîço phwwhb, f}fczvhlbfczf, poy jfwgocwzyvîöfw fyfgocwzyvîöfw, fb ghjh oiyh pvilkghjh# O fwzvjo yfhlkqhjo cço jfwghyzh, poyzhczo, h

gocwolkjhîço jo aoychlkwbo lkzfyèyko fb ovzyo nácfyo, hwwkb gobo zhbiëb hgyfjkzh xvf ovzyow

wvynkyço h phyzky jo aoychlkwbo f jh lkzfyhzvyh#



64

YFMFYÁCGKHW

HCJYFZZH, G{czkh Iflnkck# Hcèlkwf jf zyáw yobhcgfw jo aoychlkwbo lkzfyèyko# Hchkw jo Wfzh,Wço Phvlo }# 9, p# 8;"96, co}fbiyo 9004# Jkwpocâ}fl fb1 <dzzp1//~~~#kfl#vckghbp#iy/wffy/wfzh/oaw/}kf~hyzkglf#pdp?kj28093 Hgfwwo fb1 80 jf bhyîo jf9080# GHCJKJO, Hczocko# O fwzvjo hchlâzkgo jo pofbh# 7¡ fjkîço, Wço Phvlo1 DvbhckzhwPvilkghîöfw MMLGD/VWP, 8;;=# GHWZYO, Nvwzh}o# Aoychlkwbo Lkzfyèyko# 9006# Jkwpocâ}fl fb1 <dzzp1//~~~#ghwhjhwbvwhw#oyn#iy/jo~clohjw/Aoychlkwbo&90Lkzfyhyko#pjm3 Hgfwwo fb1 80 jf

bhyîo jf 9080# GDHVYHJFHV, Phzykge# Jkwgvywo jhw bâjkhw# Wço Phvlo1 Goczftzo, 900=# JFYYKJH, Ahgxvfw# H fwgykzvyh f h jkmfyfcîh# 9¡ fj# Wço Phvlo1 Fjkzoyh Pfywpfgzk}h, 8;;6# MYHCÎH, ]fyh ]fknh# Aoychlkwbo f }kjh wogkhl1 h dkwz÷ykh hbfch jf vb aoychl bkcfkyo #Iflo Doykqoczf1 VMBN, 8;;4# DFYWF[, Aodc# Dkyowdkbh# 9¡ yfkbpyfwwço# Wço Phvlo5 Gobphcdkh jhw Lfzyhw, 9009# 8>9pènkchw# EVCGQKE, Bkgdhfl# Gocgfkzow jf aoychlkwbo# Wço Phvlo1 Fjvwp, 8;;># LHNF, Cklwoc# Fwzyvzvyh jh Cozâgkh# 7¡ fj# Wço Phvlo1 Fjkzoyh Èzkgh, 8;;0# LKBH, Hlgfv Hboyowo# O aoychlkwbo gobo nácfyo lkzfyèyko# 9¡ fjkîço# Yko jf Ahcfkyo1 Hnky,8;=;# LKBH, Fj}hljo Pfyfkyh# Pènkchw hbplkhjhw1 o lk}yo"yfpoyzhnfb gobo ftzfcwço joaoychlkwbo f jh lkzfyhzvyh# 9¡ fjkîço, Ghbpkchw1 Vckghbp, 8;;6# LKBH, Fj}hljo Pfyfkyh# O xvf ë lk}yo"yfpoyzhnfb# Wço Phvlo1 Iyhwklkfcwf, 8;;7# BHKCNVFCFHV, Jobkckxvf# Hcèlkwf jf zftzow jf gobvckghîço# 9# fj# Wço Phvlo1 Goyzfq,9009# BHYZKCFQ, Búckgh# Aoychlkwbo lkzfyèyko1 vb nácfyo fb ftphcwço# Kczfygob ‗ Yf}kwzhIyhwklfkyh jf gkácgkhw jh Gobvckghîço, Wço Phvlo, }# 79, c# 9, p# 8;;"986, avl/jfq# 900;#Jkwpocâ}fl fb1 <dzzp1//yf}gob#poyzgob#kczfygob#oyn#iy/kcjft#pdp/yigg/hyzkglf/}kf~Mklf/6>;7/68683# Hgfwwofb1 80 jf bhyîo jf 9080#

BFCFQFW, Mhnvcjfw jf# Aoychlkwbo f lkzfyhzvyh# Yko jf Ahcfkyo1 Yhqço Gvlzvyhl, 8;;>#



6;

PFCH, Mflkpf# Aoychlkwbo lkzfyèyko# Wço Phvlo1 Goczftzo, 900=# WFKTHW, Lkh# Yfjfmkckcjo ow nácfyow aoychlâwzkgow ‗ pyopowzhw jf co}ow gykzëykow jfglhwwkmkghîço# Go}kldh1 LhiGob Iooew, 900;#

WOVWH, Aoynf Pfjyo# Vbh iyf}f dkwz÷ykh jo aoychlkwbo co ogkjfczf# Vck}fywkjhjf MfychcjoPfwwoh f Gfczyo jf Kc}fwzknhîço Bfjkh - Aoychlkwbo, 9004# Jkwpocâ}fl fb <dzzp1//~~~#iogg#vik#pz/phn/wovwh"aoynf"pfjyo"vbh"dkwzoykh"iyf}f"jo"aoychlkwbo"co"ogkjfczf#pjm3, hgfwwo fb 9: jf avldo jf 9080# ^OLMF, Zob# Yhjkghl Gdkxvf f o co}o aoychlkwbo# Wço Phvlo1 Gkh# Jhw lfzyhw, 9006#

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