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NOTICE OF DISCLAIMER AND LIMITATION OF LIABILITY
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Telecommunications Cabling Guidelines for Wireless Access Points 1 2
3 TABLE OF CONTENTS 4
1 INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................................1 5
2 PURPOSE AND SCOPE ..................................................................................................1 6
3 REFERENCES..................................................................................................................1 7
4 DEFINITIONS, ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ......................................................2 8 4.1 Definitions......................................................................................................................2 9 4.2 Acronyms and abbreviations .........................................................................................2 10
5 TELECOMMUNICATIONS OUTLET LOCATIONS...........................................................2 11 5.1 Cell size.........................................................................................................................2 12
5.1.1 General......................................................................................................................2 13 5.1.2 Typical uniform cell size ............................................................................................4 14
5.2 Shared media access considerations............................................................................4 15
6 REMOTE POWER OVER TELECOMMUNICATIONS CABLING.....................................5 16
7 COEXISTENCE ................................................................................................................5 17
8 EXTERNAL ANTENNAS...................................................................................................5 18
9 HORIZONTAL CABLING ..................................................................................................6 19
10 ADMINISTRATION AND LABELING ................................................................................6 20
11 SEPARATION OF POWER BRANCH CIRCUITS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS 21 CABLING ..........................................................................................................................6 22
12 MOUNTING AND INSTALLATION GUIDELINES.............................................................6 23 12.1 Shared tenant considerations........................................................................................6 24 12.2 Design considerations...................................................................................................6 25 12.3 Wireless access point mounting options .......................................................................6 26
12.3.1 Wall-mount above drop ceiling ..................................................................................6 27 12.3.2 Wall-mount below drop ceiling ..................................................................................7 28 12.3.3 In-the-grid ceiling mount............................................................................................7 29
12.4 Power options................................................................................................................7 30
13 PERFORMANCE AND TESTING GUIDELINES ..............................................................8 31 13.1 Balanced twisted pair cabling........................................................................................8 32
13.1.1 Channel testing guidelines ........................................................................................8 33 13.1.2 Permanent link testing guidelines..............................................................................8 34
13.2 Optical fiber cabling.....................................................................................................10 35
Annex A (informative) Other wireless access point cabling options ...........................................11 36
37
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LIST OF FIGURES 1
Figure 1 – Cell sizing (WAP placed anywhere inside the cell) ......................................................3 2 Figure 2 – Typical uniform cell size...............................................................................................4 3 Figure 3 – Additional TO and wireless access point in cell ...........................................................5 4 Figure 4 – Typical wall-mount above drop ceiling.........................................................................6 5 Figure 5 – Typical wall-mount below drop ceiling .........................................................................7 6 Figure 6 – Typical in-the-grid ceiling mount ..................................................................................7 7 Figure 7 – Typical WAP with remote power from a switch............................................................7 8 Figure 8 – Typical WAP with remote power from a mid-span power device.................................8 9 Figure 9 – Typical WAP with local antenna in a wall mount installation using local power...........8 10 Figure 10 – Integrated wireless access point/TO........................................................................11 11
12
LIST OF TABLES 13
Table 1 – 80 m permanent link insertion loss field test values …………………………………….10 14
15
16
FOREWORD 17
(This foreword is not part of the TSB) 18
TIA standards documents are developed within the Technical Committees of the TIA and the 19 standards coordinating committees of the TIA standards board. Members of the committees 20 serve voluntarily and without commission. The companies that they represent are not necessar-21 ily members of the TIA. The standards developed within the TIA represent a consensus of the 22 broad expertise on the subject. This expertise comes from within the TIA as well as those out-23 side of the TIA that have an expressed interest. The viewpoint expressed at the time that this 24 standard was approved was from the contributors’ experience and the state of the art at that 25 time. Users are encouraged to verify that they have the latest revision of the standard. 26
This TSB has been prepared and approved by the TR-42 Engineering Committee.27
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1 INTRODUCTION 1
A growing number of enterprises employ equipment at the “edge” of the network that relies on 2 physical connections to the cabling infrastructure at the work area, while also having the ability 3 to maintain mobile network access at other locations. The current suite of TR-42 infrastructure 4 and cabling standards do not specifically cover cabling to wireless access points. Supplemen-5 tary information is needed on the number of outlets and outlet placement for wireless access 6 points that may receive both data and power through the telecommunications cabling. 7
This TSB uses the topology and architecture of a Multi-User Telecommunications Outlet As-8 sembly (MUTOA) as described in ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-B.1. The same concepts and requirements 9 are used to develop the cabling guidelines for wireless access points. 10
This TSB provides a design and installation guideline for pre-cabling in a grid approach that al-11 lows the user flexibility when deploying wireless access points. The pre-cabled grid makes the 12 building ready for a wireless infrastructure to be installed at any time. Additionally, wireless ac-13 cess point locations can be “fine tuned” by moving the wireless access point within each cell of 14 the pre-cabled grid as necessary. 15
This TSB is primarily focused on new buildings that are in the planning stage where pre-cabling 16 in a grid approach is recommended. This approach can also be used in existing buildings where 17 applicable. Site surveys are also advantageous for existing buildings and as the buildings are 18 built. Alternative cabling methods that may be suitable are also described in Annex A. 19
For code compliance, refer to the authority having jurisdiction (AHJ). 20
2 PURPOSE AND SCOPE 21
This TSB provides guidelines on the topology, design, installation, and testing of telecommuni-22 cations cabling infrastructure, in compliance with ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-B.1 and TIA-569-B, for 23 supporting wireless local area networks (WLAN) in customer owned premises. This TSB in-24 cludes the cabling between LAN equipment and wireless access points including pathways and 25 spaces to support the cabling and wireless access points. 26
3 REFERENCES 27
The following standards contain provisions which are referenced in this TSB. At the time of pub-28 lication, the editions indicated were valid. All standards are subject to revision, and parties are 29 encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the standards 30 indicated below. ANSI and TIA maintain registers of currently valid national standards published 31 by them. 32
a) ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-B.1, Commercial Building Telecommunications Cabling Standard – 33 Part 1: General Requirements. 34
b) ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-B.2, Commercial Building Telecommunications Cabling Standard – 35 Part 2: Balanced Twisted-Pair Cabling Components 36
c) TIA-569-B, Commercial Building Standard for Telecommunications Pathways and 37 Spaces. 38
d) ANSI/TIA/EIA-606-A, Administration Standard for Commercial Telecommunications In-39 frastructure. 40
e) ANSI/TIA/EIA-862, Building Automation Systems Cabling Standard for Commercial 41 Buildings. 42
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f) IEEE 802.3af, Data Terminal Equipment (DTE) Power via Media Dependent Interface 1 (MDI). 2
4 DEFINITIONS, ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS 3
4.1 Definitions 4
wireless access point: A device that is a transmitter and receiver to facilitate wireless com-5 munications. 6
cell: The area in which the wireless access point can be located. 7
grid: A collection of adjacent cells. 8
coverage area: The area in which the wireless access point provides a signal that is strong 9 enough to support communications. 10
4.2 Acronyms and abbreviations 11
WAP Wireless Access Point 12
TO Telecommunications Outlet 13
TR Telecommunications Room 14
AHJ Authority Having Jurisdiction 15
5 TELECOMMUNICATIONS OUTLET LOCATIONS 16
5.1 Cell size 17
5.1.1 General 18
The wireless coverage area radius is impacted by a number of factors including: 19
Building materials (concrete, sheetrock, wood, steel, etc.) 20
Building configuration (closed, semi-closed, or open space) 21
Building furnishings (cabinets, partitions, furniture, etc.) 22
These factors are taken into account by equipment and WLAN system vendors when using the 23 site survey approach. These areas are outside the pre-cabled grid approach of this TSB 24
The purpose of this section is to serve as a design guide to be applied by the customer to size 25 appropriately the cells needed for wireless coverage. This design guide can also help in special 26 situations such as in hospital rooms, class rooms, conference rooms, etc., where the wireless 27 coverage needs to be contained to a specific coverage area. Cell size is a design decision to be 28 made by the customer to meet specific needs. 29
To appropriately design coverage, it is recommended that a cell be in the shape of a square. 30 The TO will be placed at the center of this square, and will have a patch cord extending from it 31 to the wireless access point. The maximum length of this patch cord is the radius of the circle 32 that defines the square cell. See figure 1. 33
Note – Refer to ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-B.1 clause 6.4.1.5 for optical fiber cabling. 34
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TO
TO
TO
TO
R
X
H max(max. horizontal link length)
Active equipment
TR
Max. 6 m (20 ft)equipment cord
WAP L max (max. patchcord length)
1
Figure 1 – Cell sizing (WAP placed anywhere inside the cell) 2
To allow placement of the wireless access point anywhere within the cell, the maximum length 3 of the patch cord is given by: 4
Lmax = R = 0.707 X (1) 5
where 6 Lmax is the maximum patch cord length between TO and WAP; 7 R is the radius of the circle circumscribing the cell; 8 X is the size of the square cell. 9
Once the maximum length of the patch cord between the TO and the access point is known 10 (Lmax), the next step is to determine the maximum horizontal length from TR to TO (Hmax). A 11 maximum of 6 meters (20 feet) should account for the connection from the Active Equipment to 12 the TR patch panel. It should be noted that the maximum length of the horizontal channel per 13 ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-B.1 is 100 meters. 14
The total length of the horizontal channel, adjusted to allow for the use of stranded patch cord, 15 is: 16
Hmax + 1.2 Lmax + 6 = 102 meters (2) 17
where 18
Hmax is the maximum horizontal link length. 19
The maximum length of the horizontal link from the TR to the TO (Hmax) will depend on the size 20 of the cell to be deployed. Solving for Hmax : 21
Hmax = 96 – Lmax meters (3) 22
where Hmax does not exceed 90 meters. 23
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Note – When installing wireless access points with patch cord length of 4 m (13 ft) or 1 less (i.e. integrated wireless access point/TO) the length of horizontal cable may be in-2 creased to 90 m (295 ft). 3
5.1.2 Typical uniform cell size 4
In many cases a fixed cell size will be distributed uniformly throughout the building. Based on 5 the typical coverage area of currently available wireless access points and on the typical bay 6 size for commercial buildings in North America, a pre-cabled grid with 18.3 m (60 ft) cells should 7 be deployed. This results in a cell radius (R) and maximum patch cord length (Lmax) of 13 m (42 8 ft) and a maximum horizontal link length (Hmax) of 80 m (262 ft). See figure 2. 9
Note – Refer to ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-B.1 clause 6.4.1.5 for optical fiber cabling. 10
TO
TO
TO
TO
R
= 18.3 m (60 ft)
H max
Active equipment
TR
Max. 6 m (20 ft)equipment cord
WAP L max = 13 m(42 ft)
X
= 80 m (262 ft)
= 13 m(42 ft)
11
Figure 2 – Typical uniform cell size 12
5.2 Shared media access considerations 13
Wireless is a shared media and performance degrades as the number of users increases. It is 14 recommended that the designer consider coverage, bandwidth, types of applications, and qual-15 ity of service when deciding the number of users and the number of required wireless access 16 points. Depending on quality of service this may need to be adjusted. If additional users are an-17 ticipated in certain areas of the building, the cell size in this area may be reduced. Alternately, 18 additional telecommunications outlets as necessary should be installed in affected cells of a uni-19 form grid. Figure 3 illustrates the case with two telecommunications outlets. 20
Note - TO’s can be placed next to each other if desired 21
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TO
TO
TO
TO
Active equipment
TR
WAP
TO
WAP
1
Figure 3 – Additional TO and wireless access point in cell 2
6 REMOTE POWER OVER TELECOMMUNICATIONS CABLING 3
The wireless access point can be powered either by a local power supply or remotely from a 4 power supply, located in the telecommunication room. Remote powering negates the need for a 5 power outlet within the vicinity of the wireless access point. 6
Where balanced twisted pair cabling is used, it is recommended that power be delivered 7 through the horizontal cabling utilizing IEEE 802.3af compliant equipment at both ends. For ac-8 cess points that are not IEEE 802.3af compliant, power can be delivered using other methods 9 outside the scope of this document. See ANSI/TIA/EIA-862 for providing low voltage power over 10 twisted pair cabling. Remote power from the switch or from a mid-span power source is rec-11 ommended since it eliminates the need to run power cables to each wireless access point 12
7 COEXISTENCE 13
Coexistence of different RF applications is outside the scope this TSB. Users should consult 14 with equipment manufacturers and WLAN system providers for additional guidance on location 15 of access points to avoid interference from other wireless applications or devices. 16
8 EXTERNAL ANTENNAS 17
Most wireless access points have an attached or built-in antenna. This antenna can generally 18 be maneuvered (oriented) to provide directional coverage. Additionally, many wireless access 19 points have the option to attach remote antennas that are mounted externally to the device. 20 These remote antennas provide extended coverage for hard to reach areas. They can expand 21 coverage in one direction (also known as directional antennas), extend transmission range by 22 providing a higher gain, or be able to discern a better signal via built-in smart mechanisms. The 23 antennas are attached to the wireless access point via coaxial cabling. Impedance matching 24
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between the wireless access point radio transmitter and the coaxial cable used for the distrib-1 uted antenna should be implemented. 2
9 HORIZONTAL CABLING 3
Horizontal cabling for wireless access points should be category 5e or higher as specified in 4 ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-B.2 or two-fiber multimode optical fiber cable, either 62.5/125 mm or 50/125 5 mm, as specified in ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-B.3. Figure 1 illustrates the grid topology of horizontal 6 cabling used to support wireless access points. 7
These guidelines for horizontal cabling may also be applied to backbone cabling that has a 8 maximum channel length of 100 meters. 9
10 ADMINISTRATION AND LABELING 10
Administration and labeling for wireless access point cabling and associated pathways follows 11 ANSI/TIA-606-A. 12
11 SEPARATION OF POWER BRANCH CIRCUITS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS 13 CABLING 14
Separation between power and network cabling is required due to personnel electrical and fire 15 safety and network performance considerations. Refer to TIA-569-B for separation of telecom-16 munications cabling from power branch circuits. 17
12 MOUNTING AND INSTALLATION GUIDELINES 18
12.1 Shared tenant considerations 19
Multi-tenant or shared tenant situations are related to security and outside the scope of this 20 TSB. 21
12.2 Design considerations 22
Solid conductor patch cords are recommended since they have improved insertion loss and 23 should simplify installation rules (no need to compute reduced lengths for stranded patch cords). 24
12.3 Wireless access point mounting options 25
12.3.1 Wall-mount above drop ceiling 26
AC power supply should not be installed above the ceiling, except in an approved ceiling access 27 enclosure. 28
29
Figure 4 – Typical wall-mount above drop ceiling 30
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12.3.2 Wall-mount below drop ceiling 1
The wall mount below the drop ceiling option has the advantage of easy installation as well as 2 eliminating the need for plenum rated components. Additionally, such an installation allows ac-3 cess to building occupants. 4
5
Figure 5 – Typical wall-mount below drop ceiling 6
12.3.3 In-the-grid ceiling mount 7
The in-the-grid ceiling mount option provides the needed functionality in an aesthetically pleas-8 ing installation. 9
10
Figure 6 – Typical in-the-grid ceiling mount 11
12.4 Power options 12
The different methods of powering wireless access points are illustrated in Figures 7, 8 and 9. 13
14
Figure 7 – Typical WAP with remote power from a switch 15
16
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1
Figure 8 – Typical WAP with remote power from a mid-span power device 2
3
Figure 9 – Typical WAP with local antenna in a wall mount installation using local power 4
13 PERFORMANCE AND TESTING GUIDELINES 5
13.1 Balanced twisted pair cabling 6
In the event mid-span insertion devices are used, there may not be a contiguous DC path for 7 the permanent link or channel due to blocking capacitors or other designs. In this event the wire 8 map portion of field tests will likely fail, since existing test tools require a DC path for wire map 9 determination. In the event wire map fails, but all other field test requirements (specified in 10 ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-B.1 clause 11.2 for category 5e cabling or in ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-B.2-1 clause 11 7 for category 6 cabling) pass, the permanent link or channel should be considered to have fully 12 met the relevant overall test criteria. 13
13.1.1 Channel testing guidelines 14
The horizontal cabling, including the patch cord connected TO the wireless access point and 15 patch cords for equipment and cross connect in the TR, should meet the channel performance 16 requirements in ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-B.1 clause 11.2 for category 5e cabling or in 17 ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-B.2-1 clause 7 for category 6 cabling. 18
13.1.2 Permanent link testing guidelines 19
With the exception of insertion loss the horizontal permanent link between the TR and TO 20 should meet the permanent link performance requirements in ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-B.1 clause 21 11.2 for category 5e cabling or in ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-B.2-1 clause 7 for category 6 cabling. 22
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When the cell radius exceeds 6 m the permanent link insertion loss requirements should be ad-1 justed to account for the shorter allowable link length and to allow for increased insertion loss in 2 the long patch cord between the TO and wireless access point. The insertion loss should meet 3 the values determined using the following equations. 4
For category 5e permanent links: 5
mcableconnlinkperm ossInsertionLHossInsertionLossInsertionL 100,max
_ 1003 ⋅+⋅= dB (4) 6
⎟⎟⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛+⋅++≤
fffHfossInsertionL linkperm
05.0023.0967.1100
12.0 max_ dB (5) 7
where 8
f is frequency in MHz; 9 Hmax is maximum horizontal link length (see 9.1); 10 InsertionLossconn is connector insertion loss per ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-B.1 clause 5.4.2; 11 InsertionLosscable,100m is cable insertion loss per ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-B.2 clause 4.3.4.7. 12
For category 6 permanent links: 13
linkpermmcableconnlinkperm ILDossInsertionLHossInsertionLossInsertionL _100,max
_ 1003 +⋅+⋅= dB (6) 14
5.1max_ 00015.02.0017.0808.1
10006.0 f
fffHfossInsertionL linkperm ⋅+⎟⎟
⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛+⋅++≤ dB (7) 15
where 16
f is frequency in MHz; 17 Hmax is maximum horizontal link length (see 5.1.1); 18 InsertionLossconn is connector insertion loss per ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-B.2-1 clause 7.1.2; 19 InsertionLosscable,100m is cable insertion loss per ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-B.2 clause 7.1.1; 20 ILDperm_link is permanent link insertion loss deviation per ANSI/TIA/EIA-586-B.2-1 clause 21
7.1.3. 22
For field test purposes calculated values of less then 3 dB should revert to 3 dB. 23
Examples of the insertion loss test values at selected frequencies for the 80 m permanent link 24 used in the typical uniform cell size (see 5.1.2) are shown in table 1. 25
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Table 1 – 80 m permanent link insertion loss field test values 1
Insertion loss (dB) Frequency (MHz) Category 5e Category 6
1.0 3.0 3.0 4.0 3.5 3.1 8.0 5.0 4.4 10.0 5.6 5.0 16.0 7.1 6.3 20.0 8.0 7.1 25.0 8.9 7.9 31.25 10.0 8.9 62.5 14.5 12.9 100.0 18.8 16.6 200.0 24.5 250.0 27.8
13.2 Optical fiber cabling 2
Optical fiber links should be tested in accordance with ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-B.1 clause 11.3. 3
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1 2
Annex A (informative) Other wireless access point cabling options 3
4 5
The wireless access point and TO may be integrated into a single enclosure. Horizontal cabling 6 should not be connected directly to the wireless access point. Connection between the WAP 7 and the TO should be made using a short patch cord. See Figure 10. 8 9
10
Figure 10 – Integrated wireless access point/TO 11