Notes

Introduction

1. Walt Whitman, “A Noiseless Patient Spider,” in Leaves of Grass: The Complete 1855 and 1891– 92 Editions, ed. Justin Kaplan (New York: Library of America, 1982), 564– 65.

2. The poem was originally the third stanza in a poem titled “Whispers of Heavenly Death,” which Whitman had written for The Broadway, A London Magazine, October 1868, 21– 22. Digital images are available at the online Walt Whitman Archive: http:// www .whitmanarchive .org /published /periodical /poems /per .00051.

3. Jonathan Edwards, Jonathan Edwards’s Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God: A Casebook, eds. Wilson H. Kimnach, Caleb J. D. Maskell, and Kenneth P. Minkema (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2010), 43. The casebook also includes Edwards’s 1723 “Spider Letter,” writ-ten to a fellow of the Royal Society in London, in which he writes that “everything pertaining to this insect is admirable.” The editor’s note that in this context, “the spider conjures not images of precarious existence or the yawning pit but the ‘wisdom of the Creator,’ who, by endowing the flying spider with the ‘wondrous liquor’ in its tail, allows it to have ‘pleasure and to ‘recreate itself.’ All the same, in the ‘corollar-ies,’ or ‘implications, of his observations, Edwards takes note of how the spider’s singular ability contributes to its destruction” (57).

4. Edward Taylor, The Poems of Edward Taylor, ed. Donald E. Stanford. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1960), 340– 41. The poem was probably written in the 1680s.

5. Thomas Bender, “New York as a Center of Difference,” in The Unfin-ished City: New York and the Metropolitan Idea (New York: New Press, 2002), 194.

6. Walt Whitman, “Song of the Answerer,” in Leaves of Grass: The Com-plete 1855 and 1891– 92 Editions, ed. Justin Kaplan (New York: Library of America, 1982), 315.

7. Berman and Quinn’s commentaries on Whitman appear in “Order and Disorder (1825– 1865),” New York: A Documentary Film, episode 2, dir. Ric Burns (Steeplechase Films, 1999).

8. Kwame Anthony Appiah, Cosmopolitanism: Ethics in a World of Strang-ers (New York: Norton, 2006), xiv.

Notes152

9. Martha Nussbaum, “Patriotism and Cosmopolitanism,” in Martha Nussbaum et al., For Love of Country, ed. Joshua Cohen (1994; rev. ed., Boston: Beacon, 2002), 6– 7.

10. Bryan Turner, Rights and Virtues (Oxford: Bardwell, 2008), 15. 11. Nussbaum, “Patriotism and Cosmopolitanism,” 7. 12. Immanuel Kant, Political Writings, ed. H. S. Reiss, trans. H. B. Nisbet,

2nd ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), 51. 13. Ibid., 90. 14. Ibid., 104, 105, 94. 15. David Held, Cosmopolitanism: Ideals and Realities (Cambridge: Polity,

2010), 15. 16. This is one way in which cosmopolitanism and multiculturalism differ.

Multiculturalism arose, in part, out of the communitarian critique of liberalism. See, for example, Charles Taylor’s essays “Irreducibly Social Goods” and “The Politics of Recognition” in Philosophical Arguments (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1995).

17. Held, Cosmopolitanism, 15. 18. Thomas W. Pogge, “Cosmopolitanism and Sovereignty,” Ethics 103,

no. 1 (1992): 48– 49. 19. See John Rawls, The Law of Peoples with “The Idea of Public Reason

Revisited” (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999). 20. Ibid., 59. 21. Martha Nussbaum, “Beyond the Social Contract: Capabilities and

Global Justice,” in The Political Philosophy of Cosmopolitanism, eds. Gil-lian Brock and Harry Brighouse (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), 206.

22. Rawls, Law of Peoples, vi. 23. Ibid., 40. 24. For an assessment of the continuing importance of the idea of “nation,”

even within a cosmopolitan framework, see Craig Calhoun, Nations Matter: Culture, History and the Cosmopolitan Dream (New York: Routledge, 2007).

25. Paul James, “Political Philosophies of the Global: A Critical Overview,” in Globalization and Politics, vol. 4, Political Philosophies of the Global, ed. Paul James (London: Sage, 2014), xi. James’s introduction offers a usual overview of varieties of cosmopolitanism within the fields of politi-cal theory and globalization studies.

26. Kwame Anthony Appiah, “Rooted Cosmopolitanism,” in The Ethics of Identity (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2004), 213– 272.

27. David A. Hollinger, Postethnic America: Beyond Multiculturalism (New York: Basic, 1995), 84.

28. Appiah, “The Case for Contamination,” New York Times Magazine, January 1, 2006, 52.

29. Appiah, Cosmopolitanism, 111. 30. Ibid., xix.

Notes 153

31. Ibid., xxi. 32. Ibid., 114. 33. Ibid., 151. 34. Ed Pilkington, “Obama Angers Midwest Voters with Guns and Religion

Remark,” The Guardian, April 14, 2008, http:// www .theguardian .com /world /2008 /apr /14 /barackobama .uselections2008.

35. Thomas Frank, What’s the Matter with Kansas? How Conservatives Won the Heart of America (New York: Metropolitan Books, 2004), 35.

36. Bender, “New York as a Center,” 185–86, 190, 192. 37. James Clifford, “Review of Orientalism by Edward Said,” History and

Theory 19 (1980): 211–12; James Clifford, “Traveling Cultures,” in Cultural Studies, eds. Lawrence Grossberg, Cary Nelson, and Paula A. Treichler (New York: Routledge, 1992), 106–7.

38. For a nuanced discussion of the problem of elitism among cosmopoli-tans, see Craig J. Calhoun, “The Class Consciousness of Frequent Trav-elers: Toward a Critique of Actually Existing Cosmopolitanism,” The South Atlantic Quarterly 101 (2002): 869– 897.

39. Held, Cosmopolitanism, 64. Held is citing Albert Weale, “From Con-tracts to Pluralism?,” in Impartiality, Neutrality and Justice: Re- Reading Brian Barry’s Justice as Impartiality, ed. Paul Kelly (Edinburgh: Edin-burgh University Press, 1998), 9– 34.

40. Clifford, “Traveling Cultures,” 101, 108. 41. Appiah, Cosmopolitanism, xvi. 42. Appiah, “Cosmopolitan Patriots.” Critical Inquiry 23 (1997): 621. 43. Turner, Rights and Virtues: Political Essays on Citizenship and Social Jus-

tice (Oxford: Bardwell, 2008), 242. 44. Turner, Rights and Virtues, 236. For his discussion of Rorty, see the

fifth chapter, “Forgetfulness and Frailty: Otherness and Rights in Con-temporary Social Theory,” 109– 132, as well as 242– 44.

45. Richard Rorty, “Justice as a Larger Loyalty,” in Cosmopolitics: Thinking and Feeling beyond the Nation, eds. Pheng Cheah and Bruce Robbins (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1998), 56– 57.

46. Turner, Rights and Virtues, 15. 47. Nussbaum, “Patriotism and Cosmopolitanism,” 7. 48. Turner, Rights and Virtues, 242. 49. Harold Bloom, How to Read and Why (2000; rpt., New York: Touch-

stone, 2001), 19, 21. 50. Martha Nussbaum, Poetic Justice: The Literary Imagination and Public

Life (Boston: Beacon, 1995), 12. 51. Ibid., 10. 52. Ibid., 10, 66. 53. Colum McCann, “Walking an Inch off the Ground,” in “Reader’s

Guide” in Let the Great World Spin (2009; rpt., New York: Random House, 2010), 360.

Notes154

54. See, for example, Harold Bloom, The Anxiety of Influence: A Theory of Poetry (1973; 2nd ed., New York: Oxford University Press, 1997) and The Western Canon: The Books and School of the Ages (New York: Har-court Brace, 1994).

55. Hans Robert Jauss, “Literary History as a Challenge to Literary The-ory,” in Towards an Aesthetic of Reception, trans. Timothy Bahti (Min-neapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1982), 22.

56. Ibid., 23. 57. Ibid., 26. 58. Ibid., 25. 59. See, for example, James Baldwin’s scathing critique “Everybody’s Pro-

test Novel,” in Notes of a Native Son (1955), rpt. in Collected Essays, ed. Toni Morrison (New York: Library of America, 1998), 11– 18.

60. See Jane Tompkins’s influential early feminist reading of the novel: “Sentimental Power: Uncle Tom’s Cabin and the Politics of Literary History,” in Sensational Designs: The Cultural Work of American Fic-tion, 1790– 1860 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985), 122– 46.

61. Nussbaum, Poetic Justice, 10. Nussbaum is citing Wayne Booth, The Company We Keep: The Ethics of Fiction (Berkeley: University of Califor-nia Press, 1988), 70– 77, 201– 25.

62. Jared Lubarsky, “History and the Forms of Fiction: An Interview with E. L. Doctorow,” in Conversations with E. L. Doctorow, ed. Christo-pher D. Morris (Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1999), 38.

Chapter 1

1. Martha Nussbaum et al., For Love of Country: Debating the Limits of Patriotism, ed. Joshua Cohen (Boston: Beacon, 1996), 16.

2. Wilfred Thesiger, Arabian Sands (1959; rpt., New York: Penguin, 2007), 5.

3. Ibid., 20. 4. Ibid., 18. 5. Ibid., 201. 6. Henry David Thoreau, Walden, or Life in the Woods, in A Week, Walden, the

Maine Woods, Cape Cod (New York: Library of America, 1985), 394–95. 7. Thesiger, Arabian Sands, 37, 18. 8. Ibid., 12, 63. 9. Stewart, “Introduction” to Thesiger, Arabian Sands, xiv– xv. 10. Appiah, “The Case for Contamination,” New York Times Magazine,

January 1, 2006, 52. Appiah continues: “And such purists are not alone. In the past couple of years, Unesco’s members have spent a great deal of time trying to hammer out a convention on the ‘protection and promo-tion’ of cultural diversity. (It was finally approved at the Unesco General Conference in October 2005.) The drafters worried that ‘the processes of globalization . . . represent a challenge for cultural diversity, namely

Notes 155

in view of risks of imbalances between rich and poor countries.’ The fear is that the values and images of Western mass culture, like some invasive weed, are threatening to choke out the world’s native flora.”

11. Thesiger, Arabian Sands, 7. In the preface to a 1991 reprint of the book, Thesiger notes that he had returned to Abu Dhabi in 1990 for an exhibition of his photographs. Whether as a result of mellowing with age or of feeling the need to reciprocate the “overwhelming hospitality” that he experienced then, Thesiger writes that “on this occasion I found myself reconciled to the inevitable changes which have occurred in the Arabia of today and are typified by the United Arab Emirates” (9). The new preface is more brief than its predecessor, which was not omitted from the new edition.

12. Edward W. Said, Orientalism (1978; rpt., New York: Vintage, 1979), 95.

13. Jonathan Bate and Dora Thornton, Shakespeare: Staging the World (London: British Museum Press, 2012), 147.

14. References to Othello are cited by act, scene, and line number. The text is from the Arden Shakespeare, third series. William Shakespeare, Othello, ed. E. A. J. Honigmann (London: Arden Shakespeare, 1997).

15. Joseph Conrad, Heart of Darkness, ed. Paul B. Armstrong (1899; 4th ed., New York: Norton, 2006), 3, 77, 36.

16. Ibid., 8. 17. Norman Sherry suggests that the opening of Marlow’s narrative was

inspired by a speech that Stanley gave in Swansea in October, 1892. See Sherry, Conrad’s Western World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1971), 119– 24.

18. Ottoline Morrell qtd. in Alan Simmons, “The Language of Atrocity: Representing the Congo of Conrad and Casement,” in Conrad in Africa: New Essays on Heart of Darkness, ed. Attie de Lange and Gail Fincham (New York: Columbia University Press, 2002), 90.

19. Patrick Brantlinger, “Heart of Darkness: Anti- Imperialism, Racism, or Impressionism?,” Criticism 27 (1985): 365.

20. Interestingly, Africa is one of the places that Phileas Fogg does not visit in Verne’s 1873 novel Around the World in 80 Days. Fogg and his ser-vant Passepartout travel by rail and steamer to Suez and then take a steamer over the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean to Bombay, thereby passing (without setting foot on) the eastern coast of Africa. In fairness, we should note that Fogg also fails to visit three other places on Mar-low’s list: South America, Australia, and the North Pole.

21. Conrad, Heart of Darkness, 35– 36. 22. Chinua Achebe, “An Image of Africa: Racism in Conrad’s Heart of Dark-

ness” in Heart of Darkness, ed. Paul B. Armstrong (New York: Norton, 1988), 343. Achebe’s essay was originally delivered as a Chancellor’s Lecture at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, on February 18, 1975. It was then published under the title “An Image of Africa” in The

Notes156

Massachusetts Review 18 (1977): 782– 94. Achebe revised the essay for inclusion in the Norton critical edition of Conrad’s novella. In the 1977 version, Achebe had written “bloody” instead of “thoroughgoing.”

23. Ibid., 338. 24. Ibid., 343– 45. 25. Conrad, Heart of Darkness, 5. 26. Achebe, “Image,” 338. 27. Cedric Watts, “‘A Bloody Racist’: About Achebe’s View of Conrad,”

The Yearbook of English Studies 13 (1983): 196; Conrad, Heart of Dark-ness, 7. The colleague is “Lewis Nkosi, the black playwright and critic, who worked with [Watts] on Conrad at Sussex.”

28. Watts, “Bloody Racist,” 207. 29. Brantlinger, “Heart of Darkness,” 364– 65. 30. Conrad, Heart of Darkness, 3, 5. 31. Watts, “Bloody Racist,” 207. 32. Fredric Jameson, The Political Unconscious: Narrative as Socially Sym-

bolic Act (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1981), 208. 33. Brantlinger, “Heart of Darkness,” 365, 288. 34. Robert Alter, Partial Magic: The Novel as a Self-Conscious Genre (Berke-

ley: University of California Press, 1975), xiii. 35. Conrad, Heart of Darkness, 36. 36. John Berger, Why Look at Animals? (New York: Penguin, 2009), 13, 18, 14. 37. Conrad, Heart of Darkness, 45, 36–37. 38. Ibid., 53, 54–55, 58. 39. Ibid., 65. 40. Ibid., 67– 68. 41. Ibid., 62. 42. Ibid., 77. 43. Ibid., 70. 44. Ibid., 49.

Chapter 2

1. Kwame Anthony Appiah, Cosmopolitanism: Ethics in a World of Strang-ers (New York: Norton, 2006), 140, 143.

2. Herman Melville, Moby- Dick, eds. Hershel Parker and Harrison Hay-ford (1851; 2nd ed., New York: Norton, 2002), 108. Subsequent cita-tions appear in the text.

3. Raymond Williams, Marxism and Culture (New York: Oxford Univer-sity Press, 1977), 122– 23. See the conclusion for an account of emer-gent literatures.

4. Letter reprinted in Melville, Moby- Dick, 533. 5. Thomas Bender, “New York as a Center of Difference,” in The Unfin-

ished City: New York and the Metropolitan Idea (New York: New Press, 2002), 185– 86, 190, 192.

Notes 157

6. Russell Shorto, The Island at the Center of the World: The Epic Story of Dutch Manhattan and the Forgotten Colony That Shaped America (2004; rpt., New York: Vintage, 2005), 310.

7. Barbara Foley, “From Wall Street to Astor Place: Historicizing Mel-ville’s ‘Bartleby,’” American Literature 72 (2000): 109.

8. Dennis Berthold, “Class Acts: The Astor Place Riots and Melville’s ‘The Two Temples,’” American Literature 71 (1999): 453.

9. Wyn Kelley, Melville’s City: Literary and Urban Form in Nineteenth- Century New York (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 186.

10. Andrew Delbanco, Melville: His World and Work (New York: Knopf, 2005), 119.

11. T. Walter Herbert, Moby- Dick and Calvinism: A World Dismantled (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1977), 118, 140, 122.

12. Appiah, Cosmopolitanism, 143. 13. Millicent Bell, “Pierre Bayle and Moby- Dick,” PMLA 66 (1951): 626–

27, 629. 14. Paul Kriwaczek, In Search of Zarathustra (New York: Knopf, 2003),

213. 15. Mary Boyce, Zoroastrians: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices (Lon-

don: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1979), 3– 4. 16. Mukhtar Ali Isani, “Zoroastrianism and the Fire Symbolism in Moby-

Dick,” American Literature 44 (1972): 388 n. 10. 17. F. O. Matthiessen, American Renaissance: Art and Expression in the Age

of Emerson and Whitman (London: Oxford University Press, 1941), 441.

18. T. Walter Herbert, Moby Dick and Calvinism, 144. 19. Herbert, “Calvinism and Cosmic Evil in Moby- Dick,” PMLA 84 (1969):

1617. 20. Isani, “Zoroastrianism,” 385, 388– 89. 21. Matthiessen, American Renaissance, 441. 22. Millicent Bell, “Pierre Bayle and Moby- Dick,” 626, 629. 23. Appiah, Cosmopolitanism, xx.

Chapter 3

1. L. P. Hartley, The Go- Between (1953; rpt., New York: New York Review, 2002), 17, 306.

2. Jill Bennett, Empathic Vision: Affect, Trauma, and Contemporary Art (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2005), 10; Bertolt Brecht, “A New Organum for Theatre” (1949), rpt. in Brecht on Theatre: The Development of an Aesthetic, ed. and trans. John Willett (New York: Hill and Wang, 1964), 195.

3. Bennett, Empathic Vision, 10; cf. Nikos Papastergiadis and Mary Zournazi, “Faith without Certitudes: A Conversation with Nikos

Notes158

Papastergiadis,” in Mary Zournazi, Hope: New Philosophies for Change (New York: Routledge, 2002), 94– 95.

4. Martha Nussbaum, Poetic Justice: The Literary Imagination and Public Life (Boston: Beacon, 1995), 10, 66.

5. Lanzmann’s remarks are described in Neal Ascherson, “The Shoah Con-troversy,” Soviet Jewish Affairs 16 (1986): 55.

6. Shoshana Felman, “In an Era of Testimony: Claude Lanzmann’s Shoah,” Yale French Studies 79 (1991): 40.

7. Dominick LaCapra, “Lanzmann’s ‘Shoah’: ‘Here There Is No Why.’” Critical Inquiry 23 (1997): 246, 264.

8. Dominick LaCapra, Writing History, Writing Trauma (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001), 40.

9. Kari Weil, Thinking Animals: Why Animal Studies Now? (New York: Columbia University Press, 2012), 19.

10. Larissa MacFarquhar, “The Dead Are Real: Hilary Mantel’s Imagina-tion,” The New Yorker, October 15, 2012, http:// www .newyorker .com /magazine /2012 /10 /15 /the - dead - are - real. MacFarquhar continues, “To some, if it is fiction, anything is permitted. To others, wanton invention when facts are to be found, or, worse, contradiction of well- known facts, is a horror: a violation of an implicit contract with the reader, and a betrayal of the people written about. Ironically, it is when those stricter standards of truth are applied that historical fiction looks most like lying.” Mantel herself seems to belong to the latter camp.

11. Lynda Adamson, World Historical Fiction: An Annotated Guide to Nov-els for Adults and Young Adults (Phoenix, AZ: Oryx, 1999), xi.

12. Richard Lee, “Defining the Genre,” Historical Novel Society, http:// historicalnovelsociety .org /guides /defining - the - genre.

13. Hartley, The Go- Between, 8. 14. Lee, “Defining the Genre,” http:// historicalnovelsociety .org /guides /

defining - the - genre. In fact, if you click the “genre” button on the site’s menu, you get the following tags: adventure, alternate history, biographical fiction, children/young adult, epic, fantasy, inspirational, literary, military, mystery/crime, nautical, nonfiction, romance, saga, short stories, thriller, time- slip, and western.

15. Hilary Mantel, “Hilary Mantel on Teaching a Historical Fic-tion Masterclass,” Man Booker Prizes, July 24, 2012, http:// www .themanbookerprize .com /feature /hilary - mantel - teaching - historical - fiction - masterclass.

16. William Faulkner, Requiem for a Nun (1950), rpt. in Novels, 1942– 1954, eds. Joseph Blotner and Noel Polk (New York: Library of Amer-ica, 1994), 535.

17. Qtd. in Elizabeth L. Bradley, Introduction to A History of New York by Washington Irving, ed. Elizabeth L. Bradley (1809; rpt., New York: Penguin, 2008), xi.

Notes 159

18. Washington Irving, A History of New York, ed. Elizabeth L. Bradley (1809; rpt., New York: Penguin, 2008), 40. Further citations appear in the text.

19. William Bradford, Of Plymouth Plantation, ed. Samuel Eliot Morison (New York: Knopf, 1952), 61– 62.

20. Edward Winslow and William Bradford, Mourt’s Relation, ed. Dwight Heath (1622; rpt., Bedford, MA: Applewood, 1963), 38– 39.

21. Kwame Anthony Appiah, Cosmopolitanism: Ethics in a World of Strang-ers (New York: Norton, 2006), 137– 154.

22. Robert A. Ferguson, “‘Hunting Down a Nation’: Irving’s A History of New York,” in Washington Irving: The Critical Reaction, ed. James W. Tuttleton (New York: AMS, 1993), 28.

23. Kenneth T. Jackson and David S. Dunbar, Empire City: New York through the Centuries (New York: Columbia University Press, 2002), 26, 1.

24. Thomas Bender, “New York as a Center of Difference,” in The Unfinished City: New York and the Metropolitan Idea (New York: New Press, 2002), 185.

25. Ibid. 26. Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace, Gotham: A History of New York

City to 1898 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), 417. 27. Appiah, Cosmopolitanism, xv. 28. Appiah, Cosmopolitanism, 144. 29. Mel Gussow, “Novelist Syncopates History in Ragtime,” New York

Times, July 11, 1975, 12; John F. Baker, “PW Interviews: E. L. Docto-row,” Publishers Weekly, June 30, 1975, 6–7.

30. E. L. Doctorow and Joseph Papaleo, “Ragtime Revisited: A Seminar with E. L. Doctorow and Joseph Papaleo,” in Christopher D. Morris, ed., Conversations with E. L. Doctorow (Jackson: University Press of Mis-sissippi, 1999), 14– 34. Doctorow is referring to All the President’s Men by Carl Bernstein and Bob Woodward (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1974).

31. Joanna Rapf argues that “Doctorow’s verbal style maintains a distance from his fictions. Indeed the novel at times seems to be spoken rather than written.” Comparing Doctorow’s verbal detachment and use of historical characters to Byron’s Childe Harolde and Don Juan, Rapf sug-gests that Doctorow’s “delightful ironic voice depends on the narrator having a distance from the material being narrated.” Rapf, “Volatile Forms: The Transgressive Energy of Ragtime as Novel and Film,” Lit-erature Film Quarterly 26, no. 1 (1998): 19.

32. Hartley, The Go- Between, 7– 9. 33. Baker, “PW Interviews,” 2. 34. Larry McCaffery, “A Spirit of Transgression,” in E. L. Doctorow: Essays

and Conversations, ed. Richard Trenner (Princeton: Ontario Review, 1983), 40– 41.

35. Baker, “PW Interviews,” 2.

Notes160

36. E. L. Doctorow, Ragtime (1975; rpt., New York: Random House, 2007), 3. Further citations appear in the text.

37. See Heinrich von Kleist, Michael Kohlhaas, trans. Martin Greenberg (1810; trans., 1960; rpt., Brooklyn, NY: Melville House, 2004).

38. Herwig Friedl and Dieter Schulz, “A Multiplicity of Witnesses,” in Morris, ed., Conversations with E. L. Doctorow, 123– 24.

39. Hartley, The Go- Between, 12. 40. Doctorow, Ragtime, 319. 41. Geoffrey Galt Harpham, “E. L. Doctorow and the Technology of Nar-

rative,” PMLA 100 (1985): 89. 42. Jared Lubarsky, “History and the Forms of Fiction: An Interview with

E. L. Doctorow,” in Morris, Conversations, 38. 43. Friedl and Schulz, “Multiplicity,” 119.

Chapter 4

1. Octavia E. Butler, Lilith’s Brood (New York: Grand Central, 2002), 8. 2. Bruno Latour, We Have Never Been Modern, trans. Catherine Porter

(1991; rpt., Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993), 138. 3. Laurent Bouzereau, ed., Star Wars: The Annotated Screenplays (New

York: Ballantine, 1997), 39. 4. Isaac Asimov, Robot Visions (1990; rpt., New York: Roc, 1991), 435. 5. Bouzereau, Star Wars, 65, 70, 267. 6. Mary Henderson, Star Wars: The Magic of Myth (New York: Bantam,

1997), 153. The quote from Lucas can be found in Bouzereau, Star Wars, 267. Henderson reminds us that “when Obi- Wan realizes that the Death Star’s tractor beam must be neutralized if the Millennium Falcon is to complete its mission in the first Star Wars film, he tells Luke and Han, ‘I don’t think you boys can help. I must go alone.’ When Darth Vader becomes aware of Obi- Wan’s presence on the station, he tells Grand Moff Tarkin: ‘Escape is not his plan. I must face him alone’” (Henderson, Star Wars, 153; see also Bouzereau, Star Wars, 65, 70).

7. Ted Kaczynski, “Unabomber’s Manifesto,” in “The Unabomber Trial: The Manifesto,” Washington Post, September 22, 1995, http:// www .washingtonpost .com /wp - srv /national /longterm /unabomber /manifesto .text .htm.

8. Plato, Phaedrus, trans. Robin Waterfield (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002), 66– 67, 72.

9. John Milton, Paradise Lost, ed. Alastair Fowler (1667; 2nd ed., Harlow, England: Longman, 2007), 368– 69, 370– 71.

10. John Ellis, The Social History of the Machine Gun (New York: Pantheon, 1975), 1.

11. Bouzereau, Star Wars. 292. 12. On the origins and nature of English Luddism, see Brian J. Bailey, The

Luddite Rebellion (New York: New York University Press, 1998) and

Notes 161

J. R. Dinwiddy, From Luddism to the First Reform Bill: Reform in England 1810– 1832 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986).

13. Bouzereau, Star Wars, 9. 14. Ibid., 43. 15. Karel Čapek. R. U R. and the Insect Play, trans. P. Selver (Oxford:

Oxford University Press, 1961), 25. 16. Donna Haraway, “A Manifesto for Cyborgs: Science, Technology, and

Socialist Feminism in the 1980s,” Socialist Review 80 (1985): 65– 107. 17. Wu Cheng-Tsu, ed. “Chink!”: A Documentary History of Anti- Chinese

Prejudice in America (New York: World Publishing, 1972), 117. Indeed, although the original Star Wars trilogy seems, at first, to have an enlightened attitude toward race— one of the marks of the Empire’s illegitimacy is its discrimination against nonhuman species— the Orien-talist depiction of the Trade Federation’s Neimoidians in the first film of the second trilogy, The Phantom Menace, draws on the latter- day, yellow peril imagery that was present in 1930s serials like Flash Gordon.

18. Isaac Asimov, In Memory yet Green: The Autobiography of Isaac Asimov, 1920– 1954 (New York: Doubleday, 1979), 650.

19. Asimov, The Caves of Steel (1954; rpt., New York: Bantam, 1991), 32. Further citations appear in the text.

20. Asimov, The Naked Sun (1965; rpt., New York: Bantam, 1991), 269. 21. Latour, We Have Never Been Modern, 138. 22. Butler, Lilith’s Brood, 452. 23. Ibid., 329. 24. Ibid., 454.

Chapter 5

1. Kari Weil, Thinking Animals: Why Animal Studies Now? (New York: Columbia University Press, 2012), 23.

2. Ibid., xv. 3. Matthew Boyle, “Essentially Rational Animals,” in Rethinking Epis-

temology 2, eds. Günter Abel and James Conant (Berlin: De Gruyter, 2012), 395.

4. According to the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, “The early history of western philosophy reflects a tendency to see animals as lacking ratio-nality. Aristotle defined ‘human’ as ‘the rational animal,’ thus rejecting the possibility that any other species is rational (Aristotle Metaphysics). Aquinas believed that animals are irrational because they are not free (Aquinas Summa Theologica). Centuries later, Descartes defended a distinction between humans and animals based on the belief that lan-guage is a necessary condition for mind; on his view animals are soul-less machines (Descartes Discourse on the Method). Locke agreed that animals cannot think, because words are necessary for comprehending universals (Locke Essay Concerning Human Understanding). Following

Notes162

in this tradition, Kant concluded that since they cannot think about themselves, animals are not rational agents and hence they only have instrumental value (Kant Lectures on Ethics).” See http:// plato .stanford .edu /entries /cognition - animal.

5. Daston and Mitman, Thinking with Animals: New Perspectives on Anthropomorphism (New York: Columbia University Press, 2005), 1.

6. Ibid., 19. 7. Gillian Beer, “Animal Presences: Tussles with Anthropomorphism,”

Comparative Critical Studies 2 (2005): 316. Beer’s article offers a good overview of allegorical uses of animals in literature. Daston and Mit-man write that “literature from many epochs and societies explores the psyche of animals, and humans never seem so indelibly human as in fiction that turns them into animals, as in the case of George Orwell’s allegorical novel Animal Farm” (11).

8. Jonathan Burt, “The Illumination of the Animal Kingdom: The Role of Light and Electricity in Animal Representation,” Society and Animals 9 (2001): 205.

9. Baudrillard, “The Animals,” 137. 10. Una Chaudhuri, “Animal Geographies: Zooësis and the Space of Mod-

ern Drama,” Modern Drama, 46 (2003): 648. 11. Daston and Mitman, Thinking with Animals, 12, 14– 15. 12. Weil, Thinking Animals, xx, 19. For an account of some of the dangers

of anthropomorphism, see John S. Kennedy, The New Anthropomor-phism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992).

13. Jean Baudrillard, “The Animals: Territory and Metamorphosis,” in Sim-ulacra and Simulations (1981), trans. Sheila Faria Glaser (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1994), 133.

14. Philip K. Dick, Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? (1968), rpt. in Four Novels of the 1960s, ed. Jonathan Lethem (New York: Library of America, 2007), 462. Further citations appear in the text.

15. Daston and Mitman, Thinking with Animals, 11– 12. 16. Philip K. Dick, “Self Portrait” (1968), rpt. in The Shifting Realities of

Philip K. Dick, ed. Lawrence Sutin (New York: Pantheon, 1995), 17. 17. Chaudhuri, “Animal Geographies,” 648. 18. D. H. Lawrence, Studies in Classic American Literature (1923; rpt.,

Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 133. 19. Lewis Mumford, Herman Melville (1929; rev. ed., London: Martin,

Secker and Warburg, 1963), 127, 132. 20. In his book Subversive Genealogy: The Politics and Art of Herman

Melville (New York: Knopf, 1983), Michael Rogin writes, “For Wil-lie Weathers, writing in a Southern publication, Jefferson was the hero of Moby- Dick. Jefferson praised American nature for producing such creatures as the giant whale; for Weathers, Moby Dick embodied the Union. Ahab was William Lloyd Garrison, mounting a monomaniacal attack upon it. Charles Foster, writing in the New England Quarterly,

Notes 163

also identified the white whale with the Union, also identified the white whale with the Union. But he did not locate the danger to the Union among opponents of slavery. Daniel Webster, abolitionists charged, sold his soul to the devil by supporting the Fugitive Slave to gain the Presidency. Foster’s Ahab was Webster. Alan Heimert stood closer to Webster and the Massachusetts establishment than to either abolition-ists or Southern unionists. He described a Webster who was popularly identified with American nature and the American nation. Heimert saw him in Moby Dick. The possessed, monomaniacal Calhoun, who would destroy the Union to enshrine slavery, died opposing Webster and the Compromise. He was Heimert’s Ahab” (108). See Willie T. Weathers, “Moby- Dick and the Nineteenth- Century Scene,” Texas Studies in Lit-erature and Language 1 (1960): 477– 501; Charles H. Foster, “Some-thing in Emblems: A Reinterpretation of Moby- Dick,” New England Quarterly 34, no. 1 (1961): 3– 35; and Alan Heimert, “Moby- Dick and American Political Symbolism,” American Quarterly 16 (1963): 498– 504.

21. William Faulkner, “I Wish I Had Written That,” letter to the Chicago Tribune, July 16, 1927, rpt. in the Norton Critical Edition of Moby- Dick, eds. Hershel Parker and Harrison Hayford (2nd ed., New York: Norton, 2002).

22. Toni Morrison, “Unspeakable Things Unspoken: The Afro- American Presence in American Literature,” Michigan Quarterly 28, no. 1 (1989): 15.

23. Philip Armstrong, What Animals Mean in the Fiction of Modernity (New York: Routledge, 2008), 100. Armstrong draws on Raymond Williams’s term, which (as Armstrong puts it in an earlier essay) “denotes the ‘lived’ or ‘practical consciousness’ of meanings and values prior to their explicit articulation, definition, classification, or rationalization in fixed or official ideologies: ‘It is a kind of feeling and thinking which is indeed social and material but each in an embryonic phase before it can become fully articulate and defined exchange’” (Armstrong, “Moby- Dick and Compassion,” Society and Animals 12 [2004]: 22). Armstrong quotes Raymond Williams, “Structures of Feeling,” in Marxism and Literature (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977), 130– 33.

24. Herman Melville, Moby- Dick (1851; rpt., New York: Norton, 2002), 25, 22. Further citations appear in the text.

25. Armstrong, “Moby- Dick and Compassion,” 23. 26. Ibid., 31. 27. Ibid., 33. 28. Qtd. in Andrew Linzey, Animal Theology (Champaign: University of

Illinois Press, 1995), 13. Linzey summarizes Aquinas’s position in this way: “Three elements distinguish Aquinas’ view of the status of animal life: First, animals are irrational, possessing no mind or reason. Second, they exist to serve human ends by virtue of their nature and by divine

Notes164

providence. Third, they therefore have no moral status in themselves save in so far as some human interest is involved, for example, as human property” (13– 14).

29. Ibid., 13– 14. 30. Nathaniel Philbrick, Why Read Moby- Dick (New York: Viking, 2011),

111. 31. Rogin, Subversive Genealogy, 116. 32. Philbrick, Why Read Moby- Dick, 111. 33. F. Scott Fitzgerald, The Crack- Up (1945; rpt., New York: New Direc-

tions, 2009), 69. 34. Aristotle, Poetics, trans. Malcolm Heath (New York: Penguin, 1996). 35. Edward Everett, “Oxford, and English Education,” Harvard Lyceum 1

(1811): 341. 36. Thomas Nagel, “What Is It Like to Be a Bat?,” The Philosophical Review

83 (1974): 435. Further citations appear in the text. 37. Daston and Mitman, Thinking with Animals, 7. 38. George Orwell, Animal Farm (1945; rpt., New York: Signet Classics,

1996), 24–25. Further citations appear in the text.

Conclusion

1. Jauss, “Literary History as a Challenge to Literary Theory,” in Towards an Aesthetic of Reception, trans. Timothy Bahti (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1982), 26.

2. See Althusser’s famous essay “Ideology and Ideological State Appara-tuses (Notes toward an Investigation)” in Louis Althusser, Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays, trans. Ben Brewster (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1971), 127– 86.

3. Stuart Hall, “Signification, Representation, Ideology: Althusser and the Post- Structuralist Debates.” Critical Studies in Mass Communication 2 (1985): 104.

4. Sacvan Bercovitch, “The Problem of Ideology in American Literary History,” Critical Inquiry 12 (1986): 635.

5. Louis Althusser, “Letter on Art in Reply to Andre Daspré,” in Lenin and Philosophy, 222– 24.

6. Pierre Macherey, A Theory of Literary Production, trans. Geoffrey Wall (1966; rpt., New York: Routledge, 2006), 93.

7. M. M. Bakhtin, The Dialogic Imagination: Four Essays, ed. Michael Holquist, trans. Caryl Emerson and Michael Holquist (Austin: Univer-sity of Texas Press, 1981), 358, 362.

8. Stephen Greenblatt, “Culture,” in Critical Terms for Literary Study, eds. Frank Lentricchia and Thomas McLaughlin (2nd ed., Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995), 227.

Notes 165

9. See Cyrus R. K. Patell, Emergent US Literatures: From Multiculturalism to Cosmopolitanism in the Late Twentieth Century (New York: New York University Press, 2014).

10. Raymond Williams, Marxism and Culture (New York: Oxford Univer-sity Press, 1977), 122– 23.

11. Kwame Anthony Appiah, “The Case for Contamination,” New York Times Magazine, January 1, 2006, 52.

12. Kwame Anthony Appiah, The Ethics of Identity (Princeton, NJ: Prince-ton University Press, 2004), 259.

13. Kwame Anthony Appiah, Cosmopolitanism: Ethics in a World of Strang-ers (New York: Norton, 2006), xiii; David A. Hollinger, Postethnic America: Beyond Multiculturalism (New York: Basic, 1995), 3– 4.

14. Maxine Hong Kingston, Tripmaster Monkey: His Fake Book (1987; rpt., New York: Vintage, 1990), 34.

15. Paul Lauter, “Melville Climbs the Canon,” American Literature 66 (1994): 6.

16. Franco Moretti, The Modern Epic: The World- System from Goethe to Gar-câia Márquez (New York: Verso, 1996), 1.

17. David Damrosch, What Is World Literature? (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2003), 5.

18. See, for example, Harold Bloom, The Anxiety of Influence: A Theory of Poetry (1973; 2nd ed., New York: Oxford University Press, 1997).

19. Walter Benjamin, “Theses on the Philosophy of History” (1940), rpt. in Illuminations: Essays and Reflections, ed. Hannah Arendt (1968; rpt. New York: Schocken, 2007), 256.

20. For further discussion of the issues raised in this book, as well as addi-tional analyses of texts and films, visit the website http:// cosmolit .patell .org.

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Winslow, Edward, and Thomas Morton. Mourt’s Relation 1622. Rpt., ed. Dwight Heath. Bedford, MA: Applewood, 1963.

Wu Cheng- Tsu, ed. “Chink!”: A Documentary History of Anti- Chinese Preju-dice in America. New York: World Publishing, 1972.

abolitionism (United States), 58, 162n20

Abraham, 144Abu Dhabi, 12– 13, 16, 22, 29, 32,

155n11Abyssinia, 29Achebe, Chinua, 22, 43– 44,

155n22Addison, Joseph, 77Aesop, 113aesthetics of reception. See horizon

of expectationsAfrica, 29, 41– 44, 155n20, 155n22.

See also Congoagency, 93, 97; and animals,

161n4; Aristotle on, 130– 31; delegated, 89– 90, 107; loss of, 41, 54; vs. fate, 131; vs. God’s sovereignty, 60; Haraway on, 90; in Invaders from Mars, 102; in Moby- Dick, 54, 60; Kelly on, 90; Latour on, 89; technology and, 93, 97. See also fate

agrarianism, 57aliens, 88, 93, 98, 101– 3, 107, 117allegory, 53, 82, 98, 100, 102, 111–

13, 124, 129, 162n7Alter, Robert, 45– 46Althusser, Louis, 138– 39America, 1, 11, 32, 41, 52, 57, 75,

78androids, 99, 115– 22

Animal Farm (novel), 111– 13, 134– 35

animal studies, 24, 111– 35 passimanthropocentrism, 114anthropomorphism, 113– 15, 118,

122– 23, 125, 133, 162n7Appiah, Kwame Anthony, 7– 10,

14– 15, 32, 51– 53, 61, 68, 77, 79– 80, 142– 44, 154n10

Aquinas, Thomas, 113, 126, 135, 161n4, 163n28

Arabia, 29, 80, 155n11. See also Doughty, Charles; Thesiger, Wilfred

Aristotle, 18, 49, 112, 130– 31, 161n4

Armstrong, Philip, 124– 25, 133, 163n23

Asimov, Isaac, 91, 102– 7assimilation, 70, 100– 102audience, 11, 19, 21, 35– 36, 40,

52, 82, 102, 137, 147

Bakhtin, M. M., 139– 40Baldwin, James, 154n59Balzac, Honoré de, 139barbarism, 54– 55, 59, 61, 76,

147– 48Bate, Jonathan, 33Baudrillard, Jean, 113– 15, 123, 126Bayle, Pierre, 62, 66– 67Bedu (Bedouin), 29– 33Beer, Gillian, 113

Index

Index176

Bell, Millicent, 62Bender, Thomas, 2, 12, 57, 78– 79Benjamin, Walter, 147Bennett, Jill, 70– 71, 127Bercovitch, Sacvan, 138Berman, Marshall, 3Bernstein, Carl, 81Berthold, Dennis, 58Bible, 52– 53, 63, 124– 25, 144Bloom, Harold, 16, 20, 146body, 43, 59, 65, 75– 76, 90, 100,

102– 3, 106, 118, 125, 127– 28, 132– 34

Booth, Wayne, 23, 154n61boundaries, 8– 10, 27– 29, 31, 33,

35, 37, 39, 40– 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 67, 79, 99, 141– 43, 145

Boyce, Mary, 63Boyle, Matthew, 112– 13Bradford, William, 52, 75– 77Brantlinger, Patrick, 42, 45Brecht, Bertolt, 70Brooks, Van Wyck, 123Buddhism, 113Burns, Ric, 3Burroughs, William, 105Burt, Jonathan, 113Butler, Octavia E., 17, 77, 88– 90,

100, 107– 9; Adulthood Rites, 100, 107– 8; Imago, 100, 107, 109; Lilith’s Brood, 88– 89, 100, 107– 10

Byron, George Gordon, Lord, 159n31

Calhoun, Craig J., 152n24, 153n38Calhoun, John C., 124, 162n20Calvinism, 52, 60– 61, 64Cameron, James: Titanic, 91cannibals, 35– 36, 59, 61, 65canon: Biblical, 63; Damrosch on,

145; literary, 20, 141, 143, 145

Čapek, Karel, 98– 99

capitalism, 107Carnegie, Andrew, 25Cassini (spacecraft), 93Caves of Steel, The (Asimov), 102– 5censorship: and science fiction,

103Cervantes, Miguel de, 77, 83; Don

Quixote (novel), 46Chaudhuri, Una, 114, 123, 126childhood, 31, 59, 69, 103children, 17, 32, 47, 76, 80, 84– 85,

96, 108– 9, 114, 158Christianity, 30, 33, 36– 38, 51– 52,

62– 63, 68; in Arabian Sands, 30; fundamentalist, 51; “A Model of Christian Charity” (Winthrop), 52; in Moby- Dick, 53– 55; in Othello, 33, 36– 38, 40. See also Calvinism, crucifixion

citizenship, 3– 5, 6, 10, 13, 15, 17– 18, 23, 34, 58, 74, 80, 116

civilization, 29– 31, 43, 48, 80, 82, 88

class, 12, 27, 58, 83, 96, 104, 141Clifford, James, 12, 14Clive, Colin, 99close reading: and culture, 141;

and global text framework, 146; Greenblatt on, 140– 41; Mufti on, 148; and New Criticism, 20; and readers’ self- consciousness, 23

collaboration, 18– 20, 137colonialism: animal studies and, 114;

in The Caves of Steel (Asimov), 104; cosmopolitanism and, 13; discursive, 114; in Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? (Dick), 117; Irving on, 80; in The Man in the High Tower (Dick), 87. See also postcolonial criticism

communism: and Asimov’s novels, 105; hive mind depiction of,

Index 177

101; in Invasion of the Body Snatchers, 102

Congo, 41– 42, 44, 48Conrad, Joseph, 22, 24, 28, 40– 49,

155n22, 156n27consciousness, 163; blood- , 123;

class, 153n38; cultural in Ragtime (Doctorow), 85; false, 138; human in Octavia Butler’s novels, 109; Nagel on, 132– 33; Northern (United States), 123; and reading, 17– 18, 20, 21, 23, 137– 40; self- consciousness, 23, 102, 133; of whale in Moby- Dick (Melville), 130; Williams on, 163n23

conservatism, 11, 107contamination, 8, 32, 48, 142,

154n10contextualization, 37, 42, 71,

125contingency: of attachments, 9;

of conceptual association, 13; and ideology, 138; and multiculturalism, 9

conversation, 7– 9, 13, 24, 28, 31, 36, 40, 48, 51– 53, 85– 86, 112, 137, 139, 142, 144, 146– 48

cosmopolitan irony, 15– 16, 149cosmopolitan tragedy, x, 24, 33– 40cosmopolitanism: abstraction nature

of, 16; animal studies, 111– 35 passim; anti- cosmopolitanism, 14; and anti- Semitism, 14; Appiah on, 7– 10, 14– 15, 32, 51– 53, 61, 68, 77, 79– 80, 142– 44, 154n10; as bridging gaps, 1, 8, 10, 18, 23– 24, 33, 47, 59, 72– 73, 88; Clifford on, 14; and cultural purity, 8, 32– 33, 40, 51, 55, 61, 78, 142– 43; and difference, 4, 8; and Diogenes and, 4– 5, 16; discomfort, 4; discrepant, 14; as emergent perspective, 56,

68; and ethics, 7; etymology, 4; failure of, 28, 33, 38– 40, 49, 61, 67– 68; Held on, 5– 6; and historical fiction, 69– 86 passim; Hollinger on, 8; interplay of sameness and difference in, 15– 16, 18, 44, 59, 70, 112, 114, 130, 134, 149; in The Home and the World (Tagore), 27– 28; in Irving, 73– 81; James on, 7; Kant on, 5, 7; and local attachments, 15– 16, 51, 79; in Moby- Dick (Melville), 51– 68 passim, 123– 34, 144; vs. multiculturalism, 4; vs. nationalism, 4– 5, 8; of New York City, 57– 58, 61, 73– 81 passim; Nussbaum on, 4, 8; and patriotism, 5, 15– 16, 27, 103; vs. pluralism, 4, 143; Pogge on, 6; practical, 7, 23; in Ragtime (Doctorow), 81– 86; Rawls and, 6– 7; reading practices of, 24– 25, 28, 137– 41, 145, 149; and religion, 51– 68 passim, 78– 79; right, 5; rooted, 7, 14, 16, 68, 88, 100; rootless, 14; in Rucker’s novels, 107; as scholarly approach, 111; and speculative fiction, 87– 110 passim; as structure of thought, 8, 14, 16; theories of, 2– 16, 79, 114– 15; and universalism, 4, 8; virtue, 15– 16; Whitman and, 2, 8; and worldliness, 3– 4; and Zoroastrianism, 58. See also contamination, conversation, cosmopolitan irony, cosmopolitan tragedy, fallibilism, multiculturalism

countercosmopolitanism, 51– 52, 61, 77. See also fundamentalism

Croce, Benedetto, 73Crowell, Thomas, 71

Index178

crucifixion, 54, 56cultural difference: cosmopolitanism

and respect for, 3, 9, 10, 13; countercosmopolitan fear of, 51, 58; in A History of New York (Irving), 77; migrants and, 13; in Moby- Dick (Melville), 59, 61, 67; multiculturalism and, 9; and Shakespeare, 147; Whitman’s appreciation for, 3. See also culture, multiculturalism

cultural purity, 8, 32culture: and animals, 113; Appiah

on, 8, 14; authenticity of, 8; Benjamin on, 147– 48; Bercovitch on, 138; Biblical, 53; boundaries of, 28, 140– 41; in The Caves of Steel (Asimov), 104; change, 8, 24; Clifford on, 12– 14; cosmopolitan, 61; and difference, 10; in Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? (Dick), 118; gay, 120; global, 14; in Heart of Darkness (Conrad), 46; global text and, 145– 48; Greenblatt on, 140– 41; Hollinger on, 143; and ideology, 138; institutions of, 20, 23, 141; and irony, 16; Latour on, 89; limitations of, 46, 140– 41; and literature, 20, 23, 141, 144; local, importance of, 14; Melville and, 59, 61, 67, 144; and mixing, 8, 140– 41; multiculturalism and, 9; vs. nature, 89; New York confluence of, 3, 11, 77– 78; popular, 91, 99– 101; primitive, 91; in Shoah (Lanzmann), 71; Star Trek depiction of, 99– 101; and technology, 91; and texts, 141; Thesiger and, 32; Turner on, 16; of United States, 56, 58, 90– 91, 93, 99– 101, 118, 120, 144; visual, 113; Western,

93; Williams on, 56, 141– 42. See also cosmopolitanism; cultural difference; cultural purity; Williams, Raymond

Cunningham, Michael: The Hours, 72cyborgs, 90, 99– 100

Damrosch, David, 145– 46Daspre, André, 139Daston, Lorraine, 113– 14, 118,

133, 162n7Debs, Eugene, 25Declaration of Independence, 96definition: of historical fiction, 71–

72; of humans in Lilith’s Brood (Butler), 108; and ideology, 163n23

Defoe, Daniel, 83De Forest, John William, 143Delbanco, Andrew, 58democracy: American, threat to,

101; Appiah on, 15; Asimov on, 103, 105; Nussbaum on, 17; Rawls on, 7, 103, 144; science fiction and, 103

Democratic Party (US), 11; and slavery, 124

Descartes, René, 57, 113, 161n4dialogism, 139– 40Dick, Philip K., 17, 87, 114– 15;

Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?, 115– 22, 162; The Man in the High Castle, 87– 88

difference: animal studies and, 112– 15; between animals and humans, 113– 14, 134; in Arabian Sands (Thesiger), 31, 33; Aristotle on, 18; Clifford on, 12; cosmopolitanism and, 8– 10, 51, 80, 142; cultural, 3, 13, 51, 59, 61, 147; in Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? (Dick), 118; in Heart of Darkness (Conrad), 46; in The Home and the World

Index 179

(Tagore); Jeffersonianism’s rejection of, 79; in Lilith’s Brood (Butler), 108; literature and, 16– 17, 137– 40; local, 14; in Moby- Dick (Melville), 59, 61; multiculturalism and, 9– 10; New York City and, 12, 57; Nussbaum on, 23; as opportunity, 4, 8; as problem, 8; Puritan rejection of, 79; sameness, interplay with, in, 15– 16, 18, 44, 59, 70, 112, 114, 130, 134, 149; speculative fiction and, 110; vs. universality, 12; Whitman, 2. See also xenophobia

Diogenes, 4– 5, 16Do Androids Dream of Electric

Sheep?, 115– 22, 162Doctorow, E. L, 25, 73, 81– 87,

159n30; Ragtime (novel), 25, 73, 81– 86

Don Quixote (novel), 46Dooner, P. W.: Last Days of the

Republic (novel), 101Doughty, Charles: Travels in Arabia

Deserta, 32Duyckinck, Evert, 62

Eco, Umberto, 72Edwards, Jonathan, 2, 60, 151n3emergent literatures, 24, 56, 68,

141– 44, 156n3, 164n9Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 20, 105, 123,

132; and self- reliance, 30, 105emotions: and empathy, 70– 71; vs.

intellect, 70; and irony, 16; 98; in Moby- Dick, 125; and robots, 98

empathy: animal studies and, 115, 118; Bennett on, 70; critical empathy, 71; crude empathy (Brecht), 70; in Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? (Dick), 116– 19, 121– 22; The Go- Between (Hartley), 70;

historians and, 70– 71, 115; and Irving, 85; Nagel on, 132– 33; Nussbaum on, 17– 18, 23; reading and, 17– 18, 28; trauma studies and, 70– 71

enlightenment: and Zoroastrianism, 55

Enlightenment (philosophical movement): and animals, 116; Baudrillard on, 116; and Bayle, 62; and cosmopolitanism, 5– 6; and Jeffersonianism, 79; and liberalism, 15; and nation- state, 5– 6; Rorty on, 15. See also Descartes; Kant, Immanuel; Locke, John

epic, 95, 145, 158n14essentialism, 24, 33, 37– 40Ethiopia, 29ethnocentrism: Nussbaum on, 28;

Rorty on, 15ethnography, 32Euclid, 130Everett, Edward, 132

fallibilism, 9, 28, 52, 80fate, 133; in Lilith’s Brood (Butler),

109; in Moby- Dick (Melville), 60, 131, 133; in Othello (Shakespeare), 38– 40

Faulkner, William: on Moby- Dick, 124; on the past, 73; Requiem for a Nun, 73

Feidelson, Charles, 123– 24Felman, Shoshana, 71, 158feminism, 22feminization, 101, 144film: and cosmopolitanism, 142;

and global texts, 146– 47; and Shakespeare, 147

film directors. See Burns, Ric; Cameron, James; Kubrick, Stanley; Kurosawa, Akira; Lanzmann, Claude; Lucas, George

Index180

films: Alien, 101; Animal Farm, 112; The Blob, 102; Invaders from Mars, 102; Invasion of the Body Snatchers, 102; The Matrix, 101; New York (Ric Burns), 3; Predator, 92; Rocky IV, 92; Starship Troopers, 101; Star Wars, 90– 93, 96– 97, 99, 160n6, 161n17; Them!, 102; The Thing, 102; THX 1138, 98; Titanic, 91, The X- Files, 101

Fitzgerald, F. Scott, 129Foley, Barbara, 57Foster, Charles, 124, 162n20France, 15, 87Frankenstein (novel), 91, 98– 99freedom of speech, 103Freeware (Rucker), 105fundamentalism, 8, 28, 51– 53,

61, 68, 77, 123, 142. See also conversation, cosmopolitanism, countercosmopolitanism

genocide, 10, 86genre, 18– 19, 25, 28, 69, 72, 74–

75, 88, 138, 140Germany, 19, 87Giuliani, Rudolf, 10– 12globalization, 7, 154n10global text, 24, 145– 48Gnostics, 66Go- Between, The (novel), 69– 70, 72,

82– 83, 85Great American Novel, 143Greenblatt, Stephen, 140– 41Grotius, Hugo, 57Gussow, Mel, 81

Haggard, H. Rider, 45Haraway, Donna, 90, 100, 105,

107Harpham, Geoffrey Galt, 85– 86Hartley, L. P.: The Go- Between

(novel), 69– 70, 72, 82– 83, 85

Harvard Lyceum (journal), 132Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 81– 83,

123Heart of Darkness (novel), 22, 24,

28, 40– 49, 155n22, 156n27heaven, 35, 55, 64, 95hegemony, 114, 141Heimert, Alan, 124, 162n20Held, David, 5– 6, 13, 153n39Hemingway, Ernest, 22Henderson, Mary, 92, 160n6Herbert, T. Walter, 60, 64heritage, 60, 145, 147heterogeneity, 59, 79Hinduism, 27– 28historian, 2, 8, 12, 57, 70, 71, 73–

75, 77, 80– 81, 84– 85, 97, 126, 143

historiography, 23, 146history, 3, 5, 7, 12– 13, 20– 21, 23,

35, 43, 57, 71– 82, 84– 89, 96, 111– 13, 115– 16, 118, 124, 134, 138, 146– 48

Hitler, Adolf, 14, 86– 87hive mind, 90, 100– 10; in US film,

101– 2Hobbes, Thomas, 88Hollinger, David, 8, 143Hollywood, 91holocaust, nuclear, 117Holocaust, the, 70– 71, 86, 87Home and the World, The (Tagore),

27– 28Homer, 131, 145horizon of expectations, 20– 22, 137humanism, 15, 89, 114, 116humanities, 112. See also liberal artshumanity, 12, 14, 16, 27, 43, 46,

53, 79, 89, 91, 99– 101, 107– 9, 121, 123, 125– 26

hybridity, 71, 89– 90, 99, 107– 9, 139– 40, 144

IBM (International Business Machines), 93

Index 181

identity, 5, 10, 14, 36– 37, 40, 82, 86, 90, 94, 100, 116, 122, 141, 143

ideology, 21, 24, 28, 44, 79, 86, 90, 102, 107, 115, 119– 20, 124– 25, 137– 41, 144; analogy to literary text, 138

imagination: Calvinist, 61; Cold War, 101– 2; Doctorow’s, 84; failure of in Conrad, 43; Hartley on, 72; in Heart of Darkness (Conrad), 42– 43; of historical novelist, 72; and human mind, 132– 33; literary, 4, 17– 18, 24– 25, 70; Melville’s, 66; Nagel on, 132; in Othello (Shakespeare), 36; reader’s, 20; speculative, 42; symbolist, 123; Western, 44

immigration: 3, 14, 58, 84; Asian to US, 101; Irish to US, 3; Melville, and Whitman and, 1– 3

imperialism, 13, 147– 48; Conrad and, 44– 45, 48; in Star Trek, 100; in Star Wars, 90– 91

individualism, 2, 6, 88, 90, 92– 93, 105, 107, 115; in Asimov’s writing, 102– 5; in Philip K. Dick’s writing, 117; in Doctorow’s writing, 84; vs. the hive mind; 100– 103; in Rucker’s writing, 107; and Star Trek, 100– 101; and Star Wars, 92– 93; and Thesiger, 29

individuality, 100– 101, 106, 109institutions, 7, 20, 23, 141, 145– 46intertextuality, 52, 138, 85, 147Ireland, 3irony, 7, 15– 16, 73, 77, 84, 149Irving, Washington: A History of

New York, 73– 82, 85; and regionalism, “Rip Van Winkle,” 79; and satire, 73, 79– 80

Isani, Mukhtar Ali, 63, 66Israel, 76

Jackson, Kenneth T., 78Jacques le Fataliste (Diderot), 46James, Paul, 7Jataka tales, 113Jauss, Hans Robert. See horizon of

expectationsJefferson, Thomas, 162n20Jeffersonianism, 57, 78– 79Joyce, James: Ulysses (novel), 124,

145

Kaczynski, Ted, 93, 160Kant, Immanuel, 5– 7, 58, 113,

161n4Kasparov, Gary, 93Kelley, Wyn, 58Kelly, Kevin, 90, 105, 107Kingston, Maxine Hong: Tripmaster

Monkey (novel), 143Kipling, Rudyard, 45Kleist, Heinrich von: Michael

Kohlhaas (novel), 84– 85Kohlhase, Michael, 84. See also

Kleist, Heinrich vonkosmopolitês, 4. See also

Cosmopolitanism Kriwaczek, Paul, 62Kubrick, Stanley, 98Kurosawa, Akira, 97

LaCapra, Dominick, 71, 73Lanzmann, Claude, 70– 71, 158n5Latour, Bruno, 89– 90, 107Lauter, Paul, 143– 44Lawrence, D. H., 32, 123Lee, Richard, 71– 72, 158n14Leopold II (King of Belgium),

41– 42Let the Great World Spin (McCann),

20liberal arts, 22, 24liberalism, 6– 7, 12, 14– 15, 152liberty, 13, 56, 105, 112Lilith’s Brood, 88– 89, 100, 107– 10

(novel)

Index182

Linzey, Andrew, 126, 163n28literary: culture, 144, 146; form,

140– 41; as genre, 158n14; historiography, 23, 146; history, 20, 77, 124; merit, 45; style in Melville, 53; techniques, 113

literature: American, 123, 141– 42, 144; Anglophone, 49; animals in, 162n7; canonical, 20; “great,” 4; and ideology, 125, 138– 39; as imaginative writing, 17, 73– 74, 88, 137; influence in, 20, 85; as institution of culture, 141; Irving and practice of, 74; and local knowledge, 79; masterpieces of, 145; multicultural, 142; and practical cosmopolitanism, 7; reading practices, 16– 24, 124, 138; scholarship of, 4, 24, 45, 69, 111, 138– 39, 146– 48; spiders in, 1– 2; tradition and, 22, 24; undergraduate major in, 24; world, 24, 145– 47. See also close reading, emergent literatures, horizon of expectations, literary, meaning, representation

Livingstone, David, 41Locke, 88, 113, 161n4London, 16, 29– 30, 96, 98Lucas, George: Star Wars, 90– 93,

95– 99, 160n6, 161n17; THX 1138, 98

Luddism, 96– 97

MacFarquhar, Larissa, 71, 158n10Macherey, Pierre, 139Mahabharata, 145Manicheism, 62, 66Man in the High Castle, The (novel),

87– 88Mantel, Hilary, 71– 72Marquesas, 57Marxism, 138

Massachusetts, 59– 60, 78masterpiece, 20, 23, 145materialism, 33, 115– 16, 146Matthiessen, F. O., 21, 64, 66McCain, John, 12McCann, Colum, 20, 153McCarthyism, 102– 3, 105meaning, 21, 25Melville, Herman, 24, 41, 48,

52– 53, 55– 58, 60– 64, 66– 67, 123– 24, 127, 143– 44, 156– 60, 162– 63, 165; Typee (novel), 57. See also Moby- Dick

Mephistopheles, 64, 66metaphor, 88– 89, 113, 123, 138Michael Kohlhaas (von Kleist), 84migration, 3, 13– 14, 22, 24, 32Milton, John: Paradise Lost, 95– 96,

125miscegenation, 8, 142Mitchill, Samuel Latham, 74Mitman, Gregg, 113– 14, 118, 133,

162n7Moby- Dick (Melville), 20– 22, 24,

41, 52– 56, 58– 61, 63– 68, 123– 27, 129– 30, 133– 34, 140– 41, 143– 45, 156, 162; “A Bower in the Arsacides,” 127; Ahab, 48, 52, 54– 57, 59– 68, 124– 26, 129– 34, 162– 63; Fedallah, 55, 62– 67; Feidelson, Charles, on, 123– 24; Ishmael, 52, 54– 68, 123– 33, 143– 44; Lawrence, D. H., on, 123; “Loomings,” 58– 59, 62; Mumford, Lewis, on, 123; Parsee, 55, 62– 67; and Quakerism, 59– 60; Queequeg, 59, 65, 67– 68, 133– 34, 144

modernism, 22, 124, 144modernity, 32– 33, 89, 116, 143monotheism, 55, 62monster, 99, 102, 124, 128;

Frankenstein’s, 91, 98– 99; Grendel, 123

Index 183

Montaigne, Michel de, 15Morell, Ottoline, 41Moretti, Franco, 23, 145– 46Morgan, J. Pierpont, 84Morrison, Toni, 124, 154, 163Mourt’s Relation (pamphlet), 76–

77, 159Mufti, Aamir, 147– 48multiculturalism: animal studies and,

114; vs. cosmopolitanism, 4, 9; and culture, 9; Irving vs., 79; in New Amsterdam, 78; in Othello’s Venice, 33; and pluralism, 9, 44; problems with, 9– 10, 142– 43; and toleration, 9; vs. universalism, 114; US literatures and, 142

Mumford, Lewis, 123music: and cosmopolitanism, 3, 142

Nagel, Thomas, 132– 33Naked Sun, The (novel), 102, 105Nantucket, 56, 59– 60, 63narration, 45, 73, 105narrative, 27– 28, 45– 47, 52, 56– 57,

62, 68– 69, 72, 74, 83– 85, 91, 99, 113, 124, 128, 131, 133, 138, 155– 56, 160

narrator, 41, 45, 54, 56, 66, 69– 70, 75, 83– 85, 123, 140, 144

nation: American, 78, 162n20; and identity, 4– 5, 141, Rawls’s treatment of, 6– 7; Melville’s conception of, 58; Persian, 62

nationalism, 4– 5, 8, 15, 27, 28New Amsterdam, 12, 57, 74– 75,

78New Criticism, 20New York City: and cultural

difference, 3, 11, 78; as un- American, 78

Nietzsche, Friedrich, 117nostalgia, 70, 82, 85, 104, 107; in

The Go- Between (Hartley), 70, 85

novel: Bakhtin on, 139– 40; vs. cultural purity, 143; great American, 21, 143, 145; historical defined, 72– 73; and horizon of expectations, 21; meaning- making in, 19; Nussbaum on, 18, 23, 27– 28; and reading experience, 17, 20; realist, 18; reality of, 17

novelists, 20, 43, 71– 72, 81– 85, 140, 159. See also Achebe, Chinua; Asimov, Isaac; Butler Octavia; Conrad, Joseph; Dick, Philip K.; Doctorow, E. L.; Kingston, Maxine Hong; Kleist, Heinreich von; McCann, Colum; Melville, Herman; Rucker, Rudy; Tagore, Rabindranath

novels. See Animal Farm (Orwell); The Caves of Steel (Asimov); Don Quixote (Cervantes); Frankenstein (Shelley); Freeware (Rucker); The Go- Between (Hartley); Heart of Darkness (Conrad); The Home and the World (Tagore); Let the Great World Spin (McCann); Lilith’s Brood (Butler); The Man in the High Castle (Dick); Michael Kohlhaas (von Kleist); Moby- Dick (Melville); The Naked Sun (Asimov); Ragtime (Doctorow); Requiem for a Nun (Faulkner); The Scarlet Letter (Hawthorne); Season of Migration to the North (Salih); Software (Rucker); Tripmaster Monkey (Kingston); Ulysses (Joyce); Uncle Tom’s Cabin (Stowe); Vanity Fair (Thackeray); War and Peace (Tolstoy); Wetware (Rucker); Wuthering Heights (Brontë)

Index184

Nussbaum, Martha J., 4, 7– 8, 16– 18, 23, 27– 28, 70

NYUAD (NYU Abu Dhabi), 22

Obama, Barack, 10– 11O’Brian, Patrick, 72Odyssey (Homer), 145Oman, 29onomatopoeia, 2ontology, 46, 89, 90, 117otherness, 4, 17, 23– 24, 88, 110,

114, 123, 129, 133, 139. See also difference

Orientalism, 12, 33, 71, 101, 161n17

Orwell, George: Animal Farm (novel), 111– 13, 134– 35

Palin, Sarah, 11– 12Panchatantra tales, 113panegyric, 140Papastergiadis, Nikos, 70, 157n3Paradise Lost (Milton), 95– 96, 125,

160Parsees, 55, 62– 66particularism, 12, 28patriarchy, 39, 101patriotism, 5, 15– 16, 27, 103pedagogy, 23, 147Persia, 55– 56, 58, 62– 66, 68personhood, 4, 12, 19, 45, 48, 67,

69– 70, 80, 82, 94, 97, 134, 143

personification, 42, 62– 63, 115Philbrick, Nathaniel, 126, 129, 164philosophers. See Althusser, Louis;

Appiah, Kwame Anthony; Aquinas, Thomas; Descartes, René; Diogenes; Held, David; Hobbes, Thomas; Kant, Immanuel; Latour, Bruno; Locke, John; Montaigne, Michel de; John; Nagel, Thomas; Nietzsche, Friedrich; Nussbaum, Martha J.; Plato;

Pogge, Thomas W.; Rawls, John; Rorty, Richard; Socrates; Taylor, Charles

philosophy, 4– 7, 9, 13, 15, 17, 23, 53, 57– 58, 62, 65, 68, 73– 74, 79– 80, 112– 14, 131– 32, 142, 148, 152, 161n4. See also philosophers

Plato: Phaedrus, 94– 95, 160playwrights, 8, 98, 147, 156n27pluralism, 4– 5, 7– 9, 44,

105, 107, 143, 153. See also cosmopolitanism, multiculturalism, toleration

Pogge, Thomas W., 6postcolonial criticism, 64, 146Prague, 98Predator, 92predestination, 131. See also fateprejudice, 44, 60, 161n17Prometheus myth, 98purdah, 27Puritan, 2, 52– 53, 60, 78Puritanism, 2, 52– 53, 57, 60, 79Puritans, 12, 52– 53, 57, 59, 61, 66,

75– 77, 79purity. See cultural purity

Quakerism, 50– 60, 66Quinn, Peter, 3

Rabelais, François, 77racism, 22, 43– 45, 84, 106Ragtime (novel), 25, 73, 81– 86Ramayana, 145Rapf, Joanna E., 159n31rationalism, 15, 114rationality: animals lacking, 112– 13,

161n4; Nussbaum on public, 17

Rawls, John, 6– 8, 14, 51, 88reader: of Conrad’s fiction, 43–

47, 49; consciousness of, 23; cosmopolitan, 23– 24, 138, 141; and definition of

Index 185

“literature,” 141; difference, cultivation of, 18, 23– 24; and distantiation (Althusser), 139; empathy of, 18, 70– 71; experience of, 17; feminist, 22; and global text framework, 145– 48; Greenblatt advice to, 140; of historical fiction, 72; and horizon of expectations, 20– 21; of Irving, 75– 76; literary, 124; meaning, construction of, 19– 20, 137; of Moby- Dick (Melville), 52– 54, 56, 59, 61, 68, 124, 129, 143; motivation, 4, 23; and otherness, 4; of Ragtime (Doctorow), 81, 83; of science fiction, 88– 89, 108

reader- response theory, 146. See also horizon of expectations

Reaganism, 105, 107realism: and Conrad, 45–

46; Doctorow on, 82– 83; and novel, 18, 45, 82– 83; Nussbaum on, 18; psychological, 46

regionalist writing, 79. See also Irving, Washington

religion, 6, 11– 12, 51– 53, 55, 57– 58, 62, 66, 77– 79, 116– 17, 141, 148

representation, 7, 113, 138, 162, 164

Republican National Convention (2008), 10– 11

Requiem for a Nun (novel), 73revolution, 22, 73, 94, 96, 134rhetoric: Bercovitch on, 138; of

Conrad’s Kurtz, 48; and the global text, 148; of Melville’s Ishmael, 58; Rorty on Western, 15

robot: in Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? (Dick), 116– 21; novels of Asimov, 102– 5; novels

of Rucker, 106– 7; origins of term, 98; in R.U.R. (Čapek), 98– 99; Star Wars (Lucas), 97, 99; THX 1138 (Lucas), 98

Rocky IV, 92Rogin, Michael, 124, 129romance, 45, 56, 72, 74– 75, 81– 82,

158romanticism, 123Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 87Rorty, Richard, 15, 153n44Rousseau, Jean- Jacques, 88Rucker, Rudy, 105– 7R.U.R. (Rossum’s Universal Robots),

98– 99

St. Paul, 53Salih, Tayeb, 22sameness, 15– 16, 18, 31, 44, 59,

70, 110, 112, 114, 130, 133– 35, 149

San Francisco, 116Satan, 95, 125satire, 45, 140; Conrad and,

45; Doctorow and, 82, 85; Greenblatt on, 140; Irving and, 73, 79– 80; Orwell and, 111, 113, 134– 35

Saudi Arabia, 29savagery, 31, 80, 102, 113– 14Scarlet Letter, The (novel), 83schizophrenia, 45, 119scholars, 21, 45, 55, 57, 62, 68– 69,

113, 118, 126, 147scholarship, 25; American literary,

21; animal studies, 111– 35 passim; on Christianity, 68; cosmopolitan approach to, 24, 69, 111; on Doctorow, 85; historical, 88; literary, 4, 24, 45, 69; 146; on Melville, 57, 66; on Moby- Dick, early, 66; on Orwell, science studies, 89– 90; on Zoroastrianism, 55, 62, 68

Schwarzenegger, Arnold, 92– 93

Index186

science, 24, 42, 75, 87– 91, 98, 102– 3, 105, 107– 9, 117– 18, 127, 138– 39

science fiction, 108, 118; and Conrad’s depiction of Africa, 42; and films of 1950s, 102, 107; and freedom of speech, 103; as genre fiction, 138; and historical fiction, 75, 87; and McCarthyism, 103; and speculative fiction, 88; and technophobia, 90– 93; and thought experiments, 109– 10. See also Asimov, Isaac; Butler, Octavia; Dick, Philip K.; Rucker, Rudy; Star Trek; Star Wars

Season of Migration to the North (novel), 22

self- reliance: in Asimov’s novels, 105; Emersonian, 30, 105; in Thesiger’s writing, 30

sentimental fiction, 22Shakespeare, William, 19, 22, 24,

28, 33, 35, 47, 145– 47, 155; Hamlet, 39; Othello, 21– 22, 24, 28, 33– 34, 36– 41, 49

Shakuntala, 147– 48Shaw, George Bernard, 98Shoah, 70– 71, 73Shorto, Russell, 57Siegel, Don: Invasion of the Body

Snatchers, 102skepticism, 13; and animal studies,

111slavery, 10, 22, 35, 54, 65, 102,

106, 115, 118, 124, 162n20society, 5– 7, 17, 29, 31, 41, 51, 72–

74, 80, 82, 84– 85, 93, 96, 101, 103, 106, 115, 122, 124, 138

Socrates, 94– 95, 97; Socratic irony, 15

Software (novel), 105– 6Solzhenitsyn, Alexksandr, 139Soviet Union, 92, 111

speculation: in Heart of Darkness (Conrad), 42; historical, 88– 89; in Moby- Dick (Melville), 54– 55

speculative fiction, 42, 87– 110 passim, 112, 115

Spielberg, Steven, 91Spinoza, Baruch, 57Stalin, Josef, 14,Stalinism, 111Stanley, Henry Morton, 41, 155n17Star Trek (television series), 91, 99–

101, 105– 8Star Wars. See Lucas, Georgestereotypes: of African Americans,

84; of Zoroastrians, 55, 67Sterne, Laurence, 77Stevenson, Robert Louis, 45Stewart, Rory, 32storytelling, 45, 74Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 22, 143subjectivity: of Ahab in Moby- Dick,

54; Conrad’s Marlow on, 47sublime, 30Swadeshi movement, 27symbolism, 41, 53, 55, 59, 66, 90,

116, 123– 24, 138

Tagore, Rabindranath, 27– 28Taylor, Charles, 152n16Taylor, Edward, 2, 151n4 technê, 93technology, 83, 87, 91– 101, 104,

115, 160– 61technophobia, 90– 94television, 83, 91, 99– 101, 116, 118Terence, 8Them!, 102Thesiger, Wilfred, 28– 33, 154– 55Thoreau, Henry David, 30, 123thought experiment: in A History of

New York (Irving), 74– 75, 80; in Lilith’s Brood (Butler), 89, 109; in Moby- Dick (Melville), 142; Rawls and, 100; and science fiction, 109– 10

Index 187

Thornton, Dora, 33THX 1138, 98tolerance. See tolerationtoleration: animal studies and,

114; in Asimov’s novels, 105; cosmopolitanism and, 9– 10, 14; etymology, 10; and liberalism, 6, 14; limits of, 10, 52; and multiculturalism, 9; New Amsterdam and, 57; New York City and, 12, 57; Puritans’ lack of, 52; Rawls on, 6– 7, 14; and religion, 53, 78

Tompkins, Jane, 154n60tragedy, 18, 24, 27– 28, 33, 36, 39,

49, 55, 82, 91, 130trauma: 86, 87; Conrad and, 42;

in The Go- Between (Hartley), 69– 70, 82; historical fiction and, 70, 87; in Ragtime (Doctorow), 84, 86; studies, 24, 70– 71, 86, 87

Tripmaster Monkey (novel), 143Turner, Bryan, 4, 8, 15– 16, 153n442001: A Space Odyssey (Kubrick), 98typology, 52– 53, 76

UAE. See United Arab EmiratesUlysses (novel), 124, 145Unabomber. See Kaczynski, TedUncle Tom’s Cabin (novel), 22, 143United Arab Emirates (UAE), 12–

13, 29, 155n11universalism, 4, 7– 8, 12, 15, 52, 80,

107, 114– 15; vs. particularism, 7, 9, 12, 28, 80, 140, 146

universality: cosmopolitanism and, 6, 10; difference vs., 12

Vanity Fair (novel), 72verisimilitude, 46Verne, Jules, 42, 155n20Virgil, 131, 145Virginia, 57, 78

War and Peace (novel), 72Washington, DC, 11Wasilla (Alaska), 12Watts, Cedric, 44– 45Weathers, Willie T., 124, 162n20website: Patell.org, 165n20Webster, Daniel, 124, 162n20Weil, Kari, 112, 115, 133Wetware (novel), 105, 107Whitman, Walt, 1– 3, 8, 10, 18,

123Williams, Raymond, 56, 141– 42,

144, 156, 163, 165Winslow, Edward, 76Winthrop, John, 52– 53witchcraft: in Othello, 36, 38– 39Woodward, Bob, 81Wuthering Heights (novel), 72

xenophobia, 8, 31, 79, 108, 142

Yemen, 29

Zarathustra, 62, 66, 157Zoroaster. See ZarathustraZoroastrianism, 24, 55– 56, 58, 62–

63, 66– 68, 157