notes on post-talmudic-aramaic lexicography

Notes on Post-Talmudic-Aramaic LexicographyAuthor(s): J. N. EpsteinSource: The Jewish Quarterly Review, New Series, Vol. 5, No. 2 (Oct., 1914), pp. 233-251Published by: University of Pennsylvania PressStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1451438 .

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NOTES ON POST-TALMUDIC-ARAMAIC

LEXICOGRAPHY

BY J. N. EPSTEIN, Charlottenburg.

THE lexicon of the Jewish-Babylonian-Aramaic dialect was by no means sealed with the completion of the

Babylonian Talmud. The 'Aramaic' was alive and spoken by non-Jews as well as Jews down to the last days of the

Gaonate (to be treated elsewhere). This Aramaic dialect- which I might style the Jewish 'Nabatean'-is preserved in the writings of the Geonim: in the Seder Olam Zuta, Shimusha rabba (pinnm s:n - l vw), in the Gemara to

Kalla r., the Sheeltot of R. Ahai,l Halakot Pesukot and Halakot Gedolot, in the Aramaic commentaries and responsa of the Geonim (to which belongs also R. Amram's Seder), and-on the non-rabbinic side-in Anan's writings. But

the linguistic nature of that literature has hitherto been

neglected to such an extent that it now becomes imperative to emphasize as strongly as possible the relation and exact

nature of this 'Nabatean' dialect and-what is particularly

important-its aid in the explanation of some talmudic

words. As a contribution along these lines the present article offers disconnected lexical (sometimes also textual) notes to the above-mentioned works, my wish being to

turn the attention of Semitic scholars to those important

linguistic documents.

1 See Poznanski in JQR., New Series, III, 405 if.

233



THE JEWISH QUARTERLY REVIEW

I begin with Anan's writings because they are free from

talmudic quotations and hence cannot have been directly influenced by the language of the Talmud.

I

LINGUISTIC REMARKS TO ANAN'S

Sepher ha-Miswot.2

Anan's language does not differ in the least from that

of the Geonim; at the utmost he employs very few Persian

words, which is not the case with the Geonim. An Arabism is probably VnM (= ^1), no. 6 a, and perhaps also rn, no. I6.2a The 1 in the part. pl. which is found in the

Jewish-Palestinian (rarely, comp. Dalman, Grammatik des

jiid.-pal. Aramdiisch, p. 229) and frequently in the bab.

Talmud (Margolis, Lehrbuch d. aram. Sprache d. Tanlm.,

pp. 40 f.) 3 and likewise by the Geonim, I find in Anan only in the case of verbs tertiae l: IYN3, W1, alongside with 'Y, IVtD (PP. 33-5), wlNv (34), I=D~ (56), 5XD (66), mDi (57), p1'np, ;py:, p1.53x,4 : n'n, : ,yn, &c., which is perhaps to be ascribed to the Arabic influence. The orthography is that of the gaonic writings (comp. my 'Rechtsgutachten, &c.' in

Yahrbuch d. jiid. lit. Ges., IX, 230 ff.), in accordance with the Babylonian pronunciation, of which there are traces left

2 Harkavy (= Hark.), Stud. u. Mitt., VIII, St. Petersburg, I903;

Schechter (= Sch.), Documents, &c., II, 1p15 Jll0;:I DD1nn tvlDiLp, Cambridge, 9Io0.

2a Perhaps also Nn'5Hp, Anan, Hark. 20, see Hark., .c., note 4. 3 Comp. Seidel in nT1IW fi1 nrInnin, I, Jerusalem, 19I3, p. 69. 4 Once Hark. 39: It'5n, to which the editor remarks: tP "'321 t

(nDl pi :t 1 nXD 1?) 5='in 7p.11 n'inn. Hark. probably changed here the Babylonian lolem (-) to a Tiberian (-'-); for - is hirek in the

Babylonian punctuation !

234



POST-TALMUDIC-ARAMAIC LEXICOGRAPHY-EPSTEIN 235

in the Talmud (Noldeke, Mand. Grammatik, p. 59) and which is used throughout in Mandaic and 'Nabatean'. Matres lectionis are employed instead of vowels (as in

Mandaic), n instead of n ('1in1, p. 28; nr'nnS, pp. 0o and 2,i;

ir,ND, see below), and so on. Furthermore, frequent elision of n (NKz, NZ; Gaonic also ND:D, &5lp, even assimilation to the following i: no5 5rWn, see no. i6 note); : instead of i (:pinlKn = prpnn); for n (rn = prln); 3 for 5 (Da = D5;

comp. Knm, Mand. snnS; snw , Mand. NKtb5 'foot', &c.) and like changes.

I. Hark., p. 7, 1. 8 f. b: nrx5 5 iKIN iW n, furthermore

p. 8,1. 9: 5 nnDn nr hv 'n1 r lnnn n I w 'oW -wiD. tWD and 'wV1 do not mean here, as Harkavy thinks, 'throw' (5~enS),

'pass a thread'-this would require in Aramaic KnnrD, KST

from the root tn' (Men. 39 a, 43 aet al.) 6-but 'spin ', talmudic Ntw, nw: Ket. 72 b t5~a sw*w Kp nniv; Git. 69 a .,, nin rlnmwrn n,mniirnt- irn, and Suk. i6 a

SvWK 'Wzm1. In gaonic literature: Geonica, p. 325, XLI: ,in' q^^ '' inp3 (c;Jt = spindle), and ibid.

XLV: wr,i n,w insain. Arab. 15i, La II = stamina telae disposuit; (-, ilj = stamen.7 The passage must therefore be translated into Hebrew as follows: ,wln nnui

nVV, hence nrwi ni,m as Suk. 9 a, Men. 42 a (which Hark. had already pointed out on p. 126). Likewise on p. 8 the Hebrew rendering should be: m8n 1l ni13 ni n3 rlm 5:3t

[!"n n,*':] :1 nrmn nwri 5i '5 z t`nr. The gaonic and 6 The misprint 4IKr' is corrected on p. 196. 6 Also Sheeltot, no. 96, end: 'nlIn nI5 Svnj1W'. 7 I believe, therefore, that Noldeke (Neue Beitrdge, p. I44, note i) is

wrong in assuming L(a. to be a loan-word from the Aram.-Syr. KMsFI, Hebrew Fw.

8 This is permitted also by R. Meir of Rothenburg, Hag. Maim., Sisit, I, 12.




Ananic verb is WV, '7t ('WD, mPW); the talmudic and

Arabic on the other hand rtw, KNw (hniw S:,w, tvnt).

Indeed, the verba tertiae 1 and ' and those mediae I and '

often interchange.--n1iN (p. 7), t1n (p. 8) were rightly rendered Enri by Harkavy. Syr. ?., ]?= licium (Payne Smith, 650); Nabatean n (il (rWi) from which Arab. ^J.' is borrowed. Cf. GawalikL, Muarrab, ed. Sachau, p. 42:

,...T. . 1.'i1 2 I !aJ1 . The word also occurs

in the Talmud a number of times, but in a corrupt form:

Men. 42 b ptin iDI I'^X:n ItIl nixlpn tn (edit. tpnn~), so Amram Gaon, Geonica, 33I-thrice !-with the explanation: tlnYl (read ;nMN) Nmn "tZ z I I 1N tII= unp3 n tn

10OnJ Inn,= 'mIns ,nn ir innw, so also in the n"D n"n n cited below; Targ. Yer. I, Num. 15. 38: in 56l N ps tD K5

nq Itr Ks1 wD'D (edit. l'~T); Shab. 134 a: N"' pavD n1smn

(edit. snrQ, MS. M. Nnnr); Men. 3I b: w'j :r33 'm n >m : mil s5, edit. pn=n, but so in the n"D nrmn in nnXD w'm, ed. Adler, Oxford, 1897, 42, with the explanation: 'mai

;n l'jnnin im ,spxpn ,1 nsrcW niD n=Dm lp:'~-nr s,nn= ln1n

Ffnln n13W3 JIn ~D tn3 Pn'DPW nIDD3n ~Pn Pd/ 3,51Da ID' n;

Bek. 8b: ,rln 5 nr:n (edit. 'i); l1Syr. '^7, ;~?=, licium- as I have already remarked-but also: stamina ultima

quae a iugo abscinduntur, BA. BB: Pt5nT' V p'fl :stY X Dln

WN0D snnnl Nn ;D ppDmenn : (Payne Smitb, 650). 2. p. 8: sn^n , ,rl5 '=5 :p3:. n 'tra'n is not to be

rendered with Harkavy rnmI 'lWpi, but to be read, in accordance with facsimile no. i, as one word ,n6-n=5 and

9 Frankel, 256. In Mandaic for : is not rare, comp. NOldeke, Mand. Gramm., p. 41.

10 Similarly Rashi, Suk. 9a: 'nD ntl5Dn q1031 pI'5I (franges) W"''lD

11 Probably also Targ. Job 7. 6: 'n n1nU ;1 ln5p 1 'm should be

read nVl-"1, Peshitta ijlp :i D1 lp 4'D'.

236




rendered by [vih (lpi?[) from ~m = twist, weave. As to the form comp. the infinitives nrnvl (p. 7), n:rvfnn (p. II), &c.; likewise in Mandaic; and in gaonic literature: ,'1IWD

(Geonica, 107, 4), nrrtw (ibid., 234, 13), &c.

3. Ibid.: ' 5i nwvvW nn3 nn .n,,, ' DD 'a yI nDnm' 5i

i'~nq, read tnn:"n and pin 'twisted, woven'; Arab. ' =

contorsit funem, ?A = ex duabus aut pluribas partibus in

unum contortus,funis contortus bicolor. The latter = Hebr.

t7.i. 'St, Assyr. burmu.

4. P. 9: 4T'n 5 [4an]m tivnS b<nl pn ' p8't1 n. 1 is not denom. of '1T, nt (Hark.), but of 'It = press, Hebr.

(Judges 6. 38) and talmudic, as NSVT qnx , trltmnl umt, n15 tL 'keeps it back' (,nbnt KUavK BM. I6 b). Translate

therefore: 'and we press both ends together through a

thread.'

5. P. p. 2: K'IW lVn In. As Harkavy remarks, the

reading mnD is likewise possible, which is of course right. There is no reason to correct it so as to read rstnr (Hark.); it is found moreover also in Sch., p. 28, 1. 7: 'n, 1. Io, I6-20:

v'ln, 22: n 2lsn, 22 and 24- Mn, and is also preserved in Syriac, inKal: nXniM,2 tpl ,nwl n=i1~: Dnt .Wn:i nVWr ml n nnn (Anec- dota Syriaca, III, 75, 17), and the soul (the life) returned to

the bull, &c.' (comp. v1 in :rll nI I Sam. 30. 12). In Pael

in a Syriac inscription of Serrin (Beitrdge z. Assyr., VII, 2,

i6o), 1. 6: 5 n v :I3 inn ;n In; -n = N n Pael in the

meaning of' alter', 'destroy' (comp. B. Moritz, 1. c., p. 163)

(Assyr. taru means also 'to alter'). Also Arab. L =

circumivit, conversus fuit (but not to be confused with U, as in Payne Smith, p. 44I2); Assyr. taru = turn, return, II. bring back; Hebr. 3n- = turn about (Num. 15. 39), then 'go to and from', 'spy out' (comp. 1an).




6 . p. , 1. 8 read: VnID '" q9N, so according to

facsimile no. $.12-p. 23, 1. 9 read: ~li' wnan ln nnI 'n3,

according to the same facsimile.-1. I read: mt,nnl , so

facsimile.

7. p. 28, last line: I '1::r, la : =[l]m vn DKm.

DnVM, Arab. '1S 'last, continue' (if it is not to be emended to

8. p. 33: nr n lm DD 1 n" n n I n'n1T nD Nnb pI

Il;3 :n: n irr,:inS 1W'. Furthermore p. 35: 1nnfN lWK D t5

11,n=, K,re,5 r,nx~ anI.. - l I .. n 5ln 14' 5v'7 Nn,:l= s5S, 1n,pe,

..nnV li5 S l,= y ln z n-Sil 5in. nxn5 - i'5 in= 5_? and p. 36: ws: ')n,... nmn1 i nrnT rs n iDn n5 5,Ivy ,m1

nrpNti nrir ,nni 1':l ' NnW3 n:n: wND '15i. From all

these passages it is proved conclusively that ',inr': is not

n1ilnn-,n:s (Hark., p. 33, n. 4), but = tll 'arm', parallel to

inr,p. The word is found to have this meaning already in

the Talmud, Shab. go b iNDwn' MI',S2 (Rashi: 'Intw yntrm), furthermore Ber. 5 a, according to the reading of R. Baruk

(who also explains the ,nW~N of BM. in the same way):

;nsInniP n~5 (edit. nnLT?r);13 Syr. jl BB. aBUl ~t. pt N'1Ta

(PSm. 19). Hence read on p. 33: [l1np'I in, 4 v,n.] 1i nrvin

*n1lz't n213, as likewise p. 36.

9. p. 37: TiDn J s,K ; j ^7;1. 1 ltklavy considers the

first 4n superfluous, but it is not so. It is rather the Syr. ?O = then, indeed, so = nam == ce, which Anan employs also in another place, p. 4I: ,~s ,nnNlJ n^b~ :nmpn ri

12 The notes 1, , 'T in Hark. are misplaced in print, instead of : read 1, for Z read 1, for ' read L.

13 Yoaasin, ed. Filipowski, p. 53: '1il'' 1154'SN W.S? TI1I 13" 21

N51 pni^ 'mi smnn: in 1,nrl3' ,n$ r\W2 wn: pnns:: y13n T NrCY$ l 1

238




zmpti nnnr nr r 1KI (why then the words nnmi: nlib?) '

? n45 ~nw 4 n i. Furthermore, in the formularies of decrees

published by Aptowitzer in 7QR., N. S., IV (1913), z8:

'5,rn ,W, n ,= w,5 5 n, -nlI. Geonica, 234, I : I ' ': 5=1

' and according to Rabbi then also' (not lm 3P 'when also '). Likewise ordinarily in connexion with the introductory

interrogative particle '==n: '':D 43, in Anan, Hark., p. 56: . , =n1 n3f,= I nr5 n=Dn =5 nn vW- s i n, 3n311 In=n ,=;

with the Geonim, ed. Cassel, no. I2 (fol. 5 a, 1. 12): in3 1WM1

... - 'm 4 n~ D 1f1n ~ (missing in the editions Ket. 79 b); no. 72, fol. 2I a: ., 4 5z 4'i= '=; Hark., Rechtsgutachten, no. 2 5I (p. 27, below): nm' n ' fl 3n 4, (Shab. 32 b) pp'ni

.., . swnm; ibid.,p. 207: .,, it 'n'D N ; p. I61: ?m'5 ^^1f ':

. . nin 15v ; p. 268: , ,. nwgn wsn 4'1n , ; HG., ed. Berlin,

p. 79: ... ,n1 nsrin 5.I ,n=,= 3l1 (ed. Ven., i6 c, '1 is

missing) and finally Sherira Gaon in his Epistle (B. Lewin,

Prolegomenza, p. 52): ' sniD M SnirNn rpn DpI r,= 1lpm

13 ,n,i 1nDsRN =5In p1 n5 4mn 3Dn , t,n, comp. talmudic

InND '31 and Levy's Worterbuch, s.v. "= III, 2). 10. p. 42: sm tn'l 1 n1 g M ny nnw y s'n Ksln 53K

-m*5ni FtnD. The IN is not faulty and superfluous (Hark.); the phrase wtrri KD3' Is rather signifies 'or however much she may see'14 with reference to nnry N'n .-ibid., 1. i9:

'13 DN Nip. From here on the text is fragmentary also in

Schechter, p. 33 f. In Harkavy the beginning of fol. 12 a

(of MS. B) is wanting, but this may now be supplied from

Schechter, loc. cit., 1. 5 ff., as follows: 7 sJ]nu1 (1. 5, middle) soiVn ly ID in3 11raWv iT11t WO=p 5I4aDK ,m [Yrn -^] (6) [3nyi

14 Comp. also ND3, Geonica, 103, 20: l1t 3 fND WD1, 1. 28;

N 3ill 3 J5'll ('various, several, many things '), 63, 9: nli=W1 71nD3

Ilp1DVl N'V1 (' as long as', as in Syr.); 234, Io: :ll nn1 %I ND3T (sic!), as long as; 99, i2: M1Z nJM,'I NK1 as soon as'.

VOL. V. R



240 THE JEWISH QUARTERLY REVIEW

)n nsnz bI? i NNnn~] (9) in accordance with

Hark., 1. 7 if. from below. [ . N= Lev. i5. 9; here, in Sch., Nnul instead of Nnzzs as in Hark., P. 41, 1. 19. Also the beg'inn'ing of fol. 12 b of MS. B, Hark., P. 43, is wanting; but a gain it may be supplied partly from

Sch., P. 34. For by ~'N nvt n'il Tzln, end of fol. i2 a, Hark., P. 43, 1. i8, not Lev. 7. 20 is meant, as Hark.

assumes-in consequence of which he had to make a very forced statement-but Lev. 17. 15: ri4'1'" ~"N '1V VJ~

. 1i n wnz nn i ~n ii nm riniN rzinu. Thus owv'l is

expressly mentioned here with refer-ence to one who eats

a r14,. The lacunae at the beginning of fol. i2 b, Hark.,

P. 43, may be filled out partly from Sch. 34, 1-5 : 16

zl ll in accordance with Hark., 1. 19 f.-In Sch., P. 33, on the other hand, supply from Hark. as follows:

I.P. 44, 1. 6 f. from below, read: N7 1:1tIN4.~12

rI'IV mixnl [IN i ri]xt n1 1 . nlt = dense, thick, opposite of IW~P is frequent in the Talmud; Nxp)Zi = and sticks,

15 Anan has VAN11 instead of 5Z fl; the citations from the Bible are not always correct in Anan.

36 1. 6; DY bN4= in Hark. Hence supply Dx-not DN1-as ibid., 1. 19. Again an incorrect citation!l

240




p3m in Talmud and Targum means 'to bind, to cleave'

(= Dnnn !). 12. p. 47: x'31 `nM ' ,,n. Etymologically ^': has

nothing to do with 'w3,n (Hark.), but with the Syr. : =

to press, talm. 1nnl r3n x,aSx^n, BM. 99a, 'something pressed' (Levy, II, 7 a); comp. also the talm. 13' = to draw

together, to shrink.

13 . p. : Wn (r. _'lw) 'r3n - [,]ln ma x nn, 1r- ;'1: n1i1,l:3 ); read ?l z, 'to submerge ',7 from the talm.

nIN (comp. WsmNs -1:), Syr. .s,. Comp. Gittin 67 b:

'r2,'1 ,l5y TnS w,nl I nN'ltq 'n l,: n ip,l (and let him

submerge), see Levy, III, 42 (against I, 566 b), Kohut, I, I 15. Comp. also Hal. Ged., ed. Ven., fol. 85 b: tn sw' [t: n

DWl Knw n1 3 N :M 4 nnm p nr1 i nn'r Nr nnx t ,; in Gaonic

Resp., n1wn nry, no. 171, ed. Lipsiae, it reads she,5 (as if from 'mN 'to say '!), but the correct reading is of course NK'?, from ?n0.

I4. p. 55: bn ,r} 1 nD, ;is, 4 rp , . n, v r ,3nm I r. Some manuscripts have ns:nn (Hark.). Read Dnrn, Dnrno 'to be rebuked, to be punished', Syr. M.z (PSm. I709), D:3 (ibid., 1777), example w :3 ,n'mn i Se D3, DD3n,,

t_:nnn; targumic DD 'to punish, upbraid' (Levy I, 377), in Targum usually aphel, but also Kal as Prov. 9. 8

:p=6nE D:,3n z6 (ed. Lagarde D:n, aph., Peshitta D:n, Levy, loc. cit.).

Ij. p. 63: nrl PiY K?m Kp:I pin Npo:n i3 NsNs = Why (do we have mnS1i)? Each one that is pregnant bears two, hence ,n5r lKYN. Nothing therefore is wanting here (against Hark.); likewise p. 41: nnnly ni5 ib wi 13 SD

17 Hark.'s 11itn1 fits badly; indeed, Anan would have written 'i[s1D9 for it, see below to p. o03.




n ~ W :: :1 nI mpS (above to p. 37); p. 97, no. 20: oK' Np n '5 "I D n t:lnm 'It zn Tf14 nny and Sch., p.4, 1.7: 4[nm ? p] . i . ,rn' ,sD E,. So already in the Talmud: Naz. 7 a:

'13 ,n 4'nT ; Tamid, 26 b: Ip 3nr tnb n15 n',p nn, Iri

rni:3 Smn lrn&; ibid.: nirvn &5I? ,NE1; Ker. 5 a: plIn 'KDr

% '15Dr n ; comp. below on Sheeltot. i6. pp. 64 below and 65 above: s :D r nni nrini.

'nv'n is a regular inf. pael of 'mn, as V'Vl of 3M1, 11nr (above to p. 12) of nlin and so on.

I7. p. 65: '131 ni l'v ,D - nDn nDn'M n ^n RIm.

_1rml =-= nls,8 as (S = '_. (frequently in Anan and

already in Talmud N^v, imp. and impf, with the Geonim

also :z:w tn*, Geonica, 80, below, and even ,rp5n instead of nI5 s Ts =, 5 , ibid., 266, 1. 31, 32; 267, 1. 7, 28 bis,

35, &c.; also Anan, Hark. 34); and '15?n instead of

15 Nn4 (Geonica, o03, 21: ijDZN NN, 22: 1. 'N 3D1V 5, also 199 below, bis) ; NDn = 1DD (Geonica, o06: pjr' NDDn3

nr.nvi); sip_ = 1i5p (Hark., no. 244 = 364: usI n?r 5ip 1' jp3S nrnmri ,nus,n nip iKn r'~ pl 3 an1sK); 'mrl =

mIt3r; 'p = 'pt (Geonica, ibid.: ND3 ' pm3 = npplm =

'1psill); and 1pp4, p. 88 (see below) = -1IpK.19 4n is found

also below: 4: (p. 66) 20 ;;n tw nn1 Yn m 3 % sn 4D= 43=l1

.i.. nm . It is the talmudic sn = Arabic s. 'quickly, soon' (Levy, I, 405a). , is here, as above s5, NpDDI

18 R34' (='l0[) also Geonica, 233, 5: rtnW NZ' [Ntl nn1p4], read

K'N, Gitin, 9 b, edit. 131. Comp. Hark., Resp., p. 120: '31 ^ n '~l int, Pas. 52 b, ed. '1'7. Also assimilation to the following word:

'7i5 IWD (Geonica, I04, 2)= -1 cn, comp. Syr. 5ln which originated from "t5 IDp (Brockelmann).

19 Comp. also my remark in Jahrbuch d. jid. lit. Ges., X, p. 380. 20 The points over ; are not annulling signs (Hark.), but zere (--) of the

superlinear punctuation, perhaps pathah hatuph .

242




nDta noDn= (also elsewhere), the same as srn; hence translate: 'and he mentions 'IZ yYew soon after ,nOID nDmD'', and likewise below: 'soon with reference to ...'

i8. Ibid.: a M Kn n n ,~ WN n p p .,, _ n No 1,m NlSn. Instead of Wn read, as the following, Mn = Syr. _5, for which Talmud has .t? (Noldeke, Mandiiische Grammatik, 485), comp. also Hark. below, p. 98: 'pDo s,n N '*n:a I 5i xin.

(O: also elsewhere frequently) D5 in gaonic literature in the sense of 4*, Geonica, 257, 1. 20 f.: lp nnrrn r1[N5] ,s n:1tK n5 K~n min tS msD1 t 5 lK ni mn my:.

19. p. 81: nDD5 n,nr i,n nu.nvn 11a unJp n1'm

,, -nnn rn=. . . lwsiup. Read i:Kinp'1tJ (= plnptn,

IluK KNp11i) in one word, as e.g. 48 Kn'14D, 46 KIru 3i1,

71 lIrMn, 75 sR:nw-- -some manuscripts NKKNI: ID--and

more (see my Rechtsgutackten, &c., p. 23I). Translate

therefore: 'and since he named them, &c.'

20. p. 83: nmiD 5p4Wv ,:3 i: 5 , p'Ds inn N,p~I KtlK 1tI i,n

,t-n pin nny,i. Harkavy translates DnIxn, deriving it from

sztI 'side'. But it is rather the talmudic ~sz, Ab. zarah

35 b: sux ,z wp', MS. MI. bt3S, Hark., Respo;nsa, 23: I=

(o.x;.. J1 Ji .) nps1 pN ' 1X 'Nt in the scars, pores' (of the

cheese), Rashi nimln rllnm, Aruk na ln trni nia" = folds 21

in the cheese. As for gaonic literature comp. Hal. Ged., ed. Berlin, 532 (= ed. Ven., I29 c): nDtp3 p:' KNnr npS3t ins

in7 nt 1i:pi KDiD1np ii D3 I='m *Xt3' t)1 5 4 K bO13tI NWD5

n: i5 n' nr (ed. Ven. corruptly Dm ':.'); NtLa's is thus 'fold', 'bend' = targ. i,5yZ *bend, *fold, then 'bosom', 'lap', in

which sense it is quite frequent (Levy, II, 210); Arab. -i = everything that is bent or folded, every curved place in

21 Comp. also Pseudo-Saadya's Comm. Ber. 55 a (ed. Wertheimer, 19 a):

IDPK ln tNoY KVn1i 1Vin n5Wflp nn3 4Z31 n, see below.




the body; Mand. nKWK 'turn about' (Noldeke, Gramm., 24I)

I2. p. 88: ji p' InnrWn y 1 nr y'ln. The last word,

tppmK, is no doubt handed down correctly, since the Karaite

Abulfarag Furkan already had it, but he failed to grasp its

meaning (Hark., n. 5). It is probably = p1ptIN, but rather

than being a scribal error it is a vulgar pronunciation which

elided the 1 also in the verb (comp. above to p. 65).

Similarly, in the Syr. t': l1Kt (= 1m3), with the Geonim

imp. t (instead of vt), Geonica, 336: np^'y 1nr t; 364, 12

N%n,i '?; Hark., Responsa, 99 : r'np3: (note 6 !). Midr. hag. 284: 5 3H \1; 621: 21 (= i'1), tFP (=-__,); 210: K (-= ).

22. p. 103: nI' nin wi5 insn h n nr m npn s sNos spi

nw 1,1in n1 :l 1n4riz inw '1 nin nrn wn6 = i 6n w 'o

nrn n, Npma s. Harkavy corrected here rightly ,n Nni, but offers a forced explanation; the passage, however, becomes clear by a comparison with p. o15, where we find:

mnl n:3 nia nm;rn D npS ~Dsn vc pn s K6ns sN I npn Ns senN

s nw niv m? nmn iNs5 sn- KDsi ni[5 nnxS KStD sNpi in,N

n,1 ,nvw nnms ,nTn niir nnK nnai m K n,n1m; for Knn *5is, to which ,nsr5 above corresponds, read likewise (with

Hark.): nr K='=Kn K-' ('after which, if', &c. nnsr is no

doubt N_n. (in accordance with the Babylonian-Mandaic pronunciation of the n) in the sense of 'defer', 'delay', 'tarry', in which it occurs also in Syriac (PSm.). This is in

agreement with vn,n (but not if we derive it from Inh, as

Hark. does, for then we should expect an ethp.), comp. Hal. Ged., ed. Venice, fol. 77 b: mnna '14,5 n, ,DK. That

this is the right explanation is evident from Schechter,

p. 22, 1. 6-7: ni= TMn1 nt5] ,n-'1 npn K5 Nt= Np !

Schechter, PD,I=)p, p. 3, 11. I-o, are contained verbatim

also in MS. B, in the same place, p. 30, 1. 5 f., which Sch.

244




already seems to have noticed in his comment on 1. 8

(though he points to 11. I-3 !). The fragments thus supple- ment each other.

23. p. 3 is therefore to be read as follows: .,. [[t]p,n (I)

rin ;in rnnrw] 53 NWp [NDO Kto blsn nw]V* i (2) ,, [*W]po

3pv] 3zi : i:n 1ws D ;mr pn '3n. , . nl n-8nz (3) [,,,g n mn-1 '"n '1m mnan X1 (4) [j9 i3nw nvt 5 mnn nwN zi : n:

['sn,' nn ,.. .0 1'.ws-i] ~w,. 'i 3p', (5) [n',n 3=n31 mj npv,] ':n (7) [nye,n In, r2nn :, ]nnn ',p n,nr, '1i1 pImDKla (6) '1"m nNtn (8) [ptnri KWmmNi wnmn ns]yD ni3n5 rz yn? '131

n?t nmwp] NrNi '131 ntynwi (9) [1iK znn3 ] Iowp In4n6 p4vy r,nS5 Pimlv yn r'na: (sic!) i ,: :n: NKn (IO) [n-ID l"nsn 'ml n~rn *3 (II) (sic!) [ry]Kn nt1r51. With 1. io the

fragment B breaks up. As to p. 30, see below. To 11. 4-5 comp. Sheeltot, no. 23. 1i (1. io) is the letter waw,

frequent in Anan; likewise Hal. Ged., ed. Berlin, 340: 1' m5 nn1m5 ,. . ;Pll't mss, Pseudo-Saadya's Comm. Ber.

56 a (ed. Wertheimer, 19 b): N1 ;n n ,, InIn 1^eMI am.-

1. I read: , . . [NKn r:3 KID ]Kin i $'N1.

24. 1. 14 read: 2'n ]m []n [,']n] 'l n: j''nn= 7[l]' 2nl

,,,.. [[ m. To -nir comp. Hark., p. 3: :nws hL5 tm5iY pj1}

romn 'C manna', Syr. oIwns (PSm. 2975), Hark., ibid., p. 123. -1. I5 f. read: s[ln sn]-n (i6) [&1 Y;t j=] pmn '4s l['D4

25. 1. I8: wymt1 Fnn?n 5 tnn-n z 4pwi n5 n?n na 4'

, ,. nn,m. Sch., p. 67, remarks that the words 'p"'i ..nn

(sic!!) and Knn,D are doubtful and that we may read also I

instead of n in sinnm:. Read therefore [yn]?t instead of

, . and in place of '-n,n: K?'1. (= - =D, N12 in, see above), K?:n 'field'. p)W perhaps = 'rDW n, as p. 88:

tpP~ = Ijip4, see above; comp. also Hark., Resp., p. I60: mSt3n r imlp,J N5, Harkavy corrected n'npp:.




26. p. 4, 1. 7 ff., read: D ,n;nt 3 K '131 w' [nj sp]

[Ipim S.V] (9) bb4, '131 5rl (sic!) 53 nrm, nm[n wr'pi] (8) '13n Nynn pr[n n1 n,r] (Io) x nt ivw '131 mt'p lm t'. i'5 is

an abbreviation of the Tetragrammaton,22 as the occasional

?1, comp. also p. 30 m15 (see below). As to n4-"5, which

is by no means rare, see Remarks on the Sheeltot.-

1. 15 read: (sic!) )ll' 1p31t n[W ].

27. p. 6, 1. 4 if., read: [N*b nn' 'm] N[ s[p,.,

nn::nci] (6) naN: ['p 'W' .n=:] :nn D'pt' n[tsnn:w 3 nI 'rW ] (5) sn n8] (7) 'nI nn[r-vpviz lNn] t6 'w 4^3 'V-llti [E133=1 InX5

'1m1 n[N p. Ibid., 1. 8 ff. read: %nSn,'] (9) 13 3vn 13rr S ,in'1t,w] (I2) 1NS1 '131 ~niz i5 [nDJD tSp] (II) '131 Z'3, nlin[ '131 ,p'iW z3 r K[N I K?i N p] (13) ,^3I nmw '131 434 y-7[8tM

(comp. Revel, y7R., N. S., III, 392, note), see Hadassi,

Alph. 204, letter y.-p. 8, 1. I7 ff., read: (r. 53I) 5I '3'

'lai nwnr[n] nI[n:l Ds ' m31 (Exod. I3. 13) 'l nIDz] (i8)

Kgn'I 'WV (I9) 43;' 'rnns min [,mSnmn]K N TNn (Lev. 27. 27) ... [. . mnsrJ , Sn[xi] (sic!) msw5 nitDal nn (sic!) n[ta 28. p. 7, 1. I3 f.: mnnlnt nI]n:15 ,nN Innni 531 nrnnM KNtK

ImW [,n3 (see y5QR., loc. cit., p. 39), read ns: = n) 5T3,

comp. talmudic 5,3v '~5, lHal. Ged., ed. Ven., 7I b: tcK31; so also below, p. 9,1.4 f.: ,Wnn r1 [jn]== n ]. . nr = nS Snm, nr S31.

29. Ibid., 1. 27 f., read: nmv]s ']3 ? ln ,&n,p ':3 Spnno

sm31]m NSpn51 n'w,ns ,=n ny3t5l =SK5 (28) [Spvn n'u

n5 pjrwn ,*Dzp '3 (29) [P3 Kpn m 3n n .-p. 12, 1. 25 ff., read: '3in ,np] (26) itnvt :2 K pn3 lm,n 5pnn tipnrW 't=

MwIM] (27) n,pv nl-yli nWmn m~pw snvlwy rrl n,i DnV [prpwn =n5 n,n mrnn [ip niwnm; comp. Benjamin Nahawendi, ntrin

;pm=3, Gozlow, 1834, fol. 2 c: nwvn mt 133 51"T y 3p L:s

22 A similar abbreviation is perhaps also the word '..1 on p. 5, 1. 2.

246




Ns'Tp 'n3' NI' nl'n nrmn 1 (Hark., p. 127). The word nrrl

is not Arabic (= . i), as Harkavythinks (5,00o qirat' cannot

possibly be equal to 3,coo shekel!), nor is it a gloss, but it is the Hebrew Mn? (plene), h. e. 'rn?. is equal to WtIp', as

Anan actually says p. 7, 1. 27. Comp. also the citation

from Jephet's Commentary to Exod. 30. 13 (Hark., 206): '13 pl' ti t3p'xp Pt; IV p n, ,n' ,lr nnlpi. The value of the kikkar = 3,000 shekel was fixed by the Geonim as 6,000 Arabic mithkal (see my remark, JQR., 19I3, p. 439, n. 128), but Anan fixed it at 5,o00 mithkal (= nlyn) Sheshdang, and

Nahawendi at Io,ooo mithkal (= -rt), as also Ibn Janah,

Neubauer, p. 330; comp. also Hark., Responsa, p. 38.- As to :1n ln, see below.

30. pp. I4, 2 ff., read: ':11 '3133 smn [niw~t5] (22) T~DNI

[in3 '"W"D't] (24) 'i3n ,W - tzi, n, ,I, 13K[in ] '1] (23) in'1 ni

'1i1 Rntn. Comp. Bekorot 33 b and Sheeltot, no. 44 (HG., ed. Berlin, p. 597): '6 'n in 13isw N tl '-p3 rmn3 sIW't n5 VDI '1i1 Ki bD 3 `W' (Geonica, 362: n'51? nm: 55D IV).

3I1 P. 15, 1. 17, read: 'intD Knt (sic!) ,:Kn Kpi t[?OK x]p . ,5, ntmln 5prn. Read 4Mn instead of rsn, which Sch. himself considers as doubtful. N:n = In 'he repeats', comp. 3n, 11. 22-3.

32. p. 17, 1. 14 f., read: Kn3 3DoM5 KN' Kwnnn ;,n'1pn '31 [n]i[a7] 'LbpS (sic!) n5n (I5) [!nnx] NI n 1:11 nunpO

'1I1 V, 3 n rSK iW K. nNn (instead of Dnn) = an, Persian .,

Neo-Syriac in (see my Rechtsgutachten, &c., p. 252), 'likewise'. bKNn (with K) also in a gaonic responsum, Hakedem, II, 86 (no. 7): i K n3si aiMn:n M1, bnn n K6zl ?N5 iN 1p n i5 I3-i nn ,5 1:3l1n,5 n,mmr; n'il, h. e. and

although it is customary to bring this to the circumcision

(it remains questionable) ... I'nn (Hark., ibid., forced); similarly, Mand. nKN, Noldeke, Gramm., 465.-As to the




contents and style, comp. Sheeltot, no. 95: n:l5 1,n nlDn 'm1 K WR s^W i,lV nrNp WnK Owni 4r:W.

33. P. 23, 11. I-5 (until... nm) is cited verbatim by Abulfarag Furkan ("~') in his manuscript commentary on Lev., Hark., p. 67, 1. 4 f. The beginning of this passage can therefore be supplied from Hark., p. 66, no. 24 ('`: 1i:rn nr ni)--p. 67, 1. 4 (1N :mnT)! Similarly the lacunae in 11. 1-4 may be closed up through Hark., 67. Instead of n,Ws ,, here 1. 4, in Hark.: n swt 'while it is still'.- Ibid., 1. 30, read: [(Mp]nrn) nrm]my n: , and p. 24, 1. I, read: (sic instead of :w!) ':1'1 w:':[v 't5'm?]n 15 N'"s

[ri]nnm[] wazm (sic instead of N51N!) N51, comp. 1. 5: n5~lX5 15 ,W. n,n 5.1 Sn.1m ,mv)wl ?:1'i, and Hark., p. 67: ':eDWvl 4'3'D h,5 n5,4= 15 t'Di ne in 1, and p. 68: n~nwnv

*:4a S't m"1v P I-' "11inD K tI.-p. 24. II: r1nn'n ?-l N in lr ,

read sNn7 (= r1nT:) li,n, comp. 1nn, p. 28, I-I23.23-

p. 25, 1. 12 f., read: nrtVn rn5i nnD in Drn nuri nnmnn :mD1

.,. :n I'nI Nn1n anin [nrn rl nin ,: Inns nunD]. 34 . P. 27, 11. i, I, 12: p1rnKn, 1. 7: 'p4[xNn]. The

meaning of the word becomes evident from 1. 12: j~nl

Nin ,pa1nn si'in; hence 'scratch', 'scribble', 'carve'

'carvings'. It originated from 1.?lXn; Syr. 5

'linea', 3. 'step', the former being explained by the Syriac lexica as Nn:n:7nMl D11 9NV I m11D, PSm., 1226; the latter is found in the Talmud plin, r'pln, but in one explanation-certainly gaonic-of the Aruk, s.v. ,rh^w : rn, nDoia wn: nmri np5n ru pmpnm rni r; K<nn, therefore likewise with :!-l. 7: n'm 5,p: read n~5,.p3 'easily', adv. like similar Syr. and Mand. words; opposite 1. 8: Nnlw'p:.--. 23 r. 1:5 (sic!) an}[m ,]:lm.-1. 26 r.

[:x]vs5 'n Nnm.-p. 28, 1. 14 f. r.: niW15 n5mw wn [Kqi 23 Geonica, 234, 19: KN3 m.lN:

248




in IN N&' iT n Nx nms5 (I5) n rx6 n131 in5nw rnml Wn[x x]f

?[lnTn]n *npn4 nnn anwn [Kw]N=0n nn rnnnn NwvIni. NS'3n instead of . .. ~:N= _ ;:D; nmnMl instead of nnmnI =

35. p. 30, 1. if., read: 5? rn-nlp5 4ly5 wn[mn t:'rpM] mn1 yyn r an rp,n y:tD rX[n *OD] (2) [531] '31 i nXi

Yr:n '!DDu YIn vMDn (sic!) N K[nMK p] (3) [r11n1' Wa1p] tK1q s*nn rms In sn IN:il (sic !) '[w9V] (4) [5 11n3 DnplM "'n

-nn' (see above, mrni =) nm1 [nwmn] (5) [ Nn] NK1l ['lV]l: ,n'nTi nn?p =1_ np 3 n'V :[4.] (6) [?C N5 in]- 24 n, nlm

'1l1 nt i1 r[,[nn] (7) [Cnnt 51] N,,n=, like p. 3,1. 2 ff. (see above). To 1. 5 end comp. p. 3, 1. I: [? ]p*=; the space of the lacuna (to judge from the points) really seems to be too large for s'l ;n?. The lacunae in 1. 7 f. may be filled out from p. 3 (see above). Read therefore 1. 12 f. as follows: :"nn N=n' (13) ['1p (sic!) n[]D,ni [i],:s [=,n]=nw ,=n ,=

'1m1 (sic!) [xnv],== n[: ]i 'l1i vn'5. Last line read probably: [pra]n,' pjl'[xN 41'WK[I . ,], see above.

36. p. 32, 1. 9 ff., read: na ns niin .5 sNz [xp]

zDnnv-i Nnni [ n55[n :in vni-] (io) isD- 15 na Nip 1'l,n W&, ngs,5n ;1'" 3'n3'1 [ntp= ,m sn's1] (I1) ;'' m~ n513:

'K1 1n, Wn,lK ,I[nir5 rKil nmsiN ti, rw] (i2) v NW K-p

nrn=s. v E, ,1 nV[s 'vK ins ;m nrn. ibn] (I3) nx nwN i:n'

[,"v N nmIKI'] (14) n5i nsp Kpi. Comp. Hark., p. 3, end

and f.: 1inm nN ntv nr,yn5 'n' " a//' x -p B : .n= MlK

KDK p N 5l D14 n n:Wv mx nl Dv Dvt Np V , ip W nSnx In nK j;lIN3 KDN ? p K,n '"' D nW vi pN 1 WK &N ;n n jnm

5i nl'n n tnm np 'ri nin N5'xs " .K N5 1nmi 11 " DW, ," n " sxnn 'm 5 nS ,iNp Ip' nn=w jIprin. Comp. also Responsa

of the Geonim, ed. Cassel, no. 15, p. 3 b: mlZ:l rlnl nWv'

24 h. e. after the nDl l nl of ver. 29! How Sch. found this unclear

I fail to perceive.




.'/I nrv 1ns n '^ In;m in jnnfW n,a1? \9R* nnw Iv5nim

33-4, see above.25

INDEX OF WORDS COMMENTED UPON

p3N = cleave, stick (no. ii). &n3.i = arm (no. 8).

ni (= -ni), 'nrI = tarry, linger (no. 22). NnD 1 = or however much (no. Jo). nNK, , ND (= (K3) = fold, bend (no. 20). r*N (= 'rn), , nn, (gaonic also 'r2~;) (no. 17).

WNS, ,'_ ~~ = wherefore, why then; introducing a question

(no. 15). 'mnt (= t3g), nin = submerge (gaonic also sn3'n) (no. I3). ain: (nanr p;jr:) = weave, twist (no. 3). ni, Nt1 (4r&Wi, '-71) (no. i), see WKI:. hi (n,1'im^) (no. 2). t1nK' (= IN 1t, also gaonic) (no. 17).

fnln = field (no. 25). nl (D1't) = last, continue (no. 7).

n,;1, tnr = likewise; although (the latter only gaonic)

(no. 32). N1 = letter waw (no. 23). lt ('Tt)= press together (no. 4).

?t (= Nt), gaonic (no. 21).

"n (= ,lni, j.)= soon (no. I7). ,pKun, ',p,rn (= 'pin) = scratch, carvings; gaonic QDp:n

= steps (no. 34). *Vn = make white (no. i6).

25 p. 34, 1. 9 end, read: [Rw]iJK :1D Iy, comp. 1. 0o: O'nN '53 according to Hark., 1. c.-L. I5 read: Klil 11 n[KtDD r Dn] tnDJ :ltn '131 3n1n, comp. Hark., I. c.

250



POST-TALMUDIC-ARAMAIC LEXICOGRAPH Y-EPSTEIN 251

(' = (= 'yp~, 1 pi), gaonic (no. 17). 'nar, ' Nabatean', see MKIm.

rN: (= -ran) = pressed (no. 2). D13, DDz (DonnO, rSn~) = be rebuked, punished (no. 14). 53 (n_5f = n5 i5:), 3 (n113 = n1 5?5) = put together

(no. 28). *'3, SM 3 (no. 9).

Pb3 (no. o1). 6D, Syr. and gaonic (No. I8). =rnS, wwi>, Mand. (Introduction). iK13n, see '"nt.

WI, in) (no. i8), see 1_. KniM, IW'V, talmudic (Introduction).

[KN0DD], opposite of w'ip (no. i ). KDt (= 'ID3) (no. x7).

rt3Iy, see Kt^R.

KnVIY, n'1ln = manna (no. 24). (Nip), 'pp (= -pp), 'p (= ,p?), ,E,F, (=mllp,) (nos. 2i

and 25).

n5r4S1p = easily (no. 34). ~nW, niW (an,W, ';W) = spin (no. i).

nr5 5,wn (= n,5 e',), gaonic (no. x7). ~nn ('nm, V n ), =nWn) =return, bring back (no. 5).

(To be continued.)

