notes lecture 2 aqu2203 201213

AQU2203

Teknik Pembiakbakaan Ikan

LECTURE 2

TYPES OF FISH BREEDING TECHNIQUES

IN FISH PRODUCTION

© Dr. Shahreza, FPAI, UMT

Lecture 1


IN FISH PRODUCTION

Objective :

1) To expose students to the different types of

breeding for stock improvement

2) To develop understanding about fish breeding

techniques in fish production.


AQU2203 Teknik Pembiakbakaan Ikan 2

Introduction

Types of Breeding

Crossbreeding

Hybridization

Monosex Culture

Chromosome Manipulation

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AQU2203 Teknik Pembiakbakaan Ikan

Learning Outcome :

At the end of lecture, students should be able to :

Explain the breeding techniques in fish production

Diferentiate the different breeding techniques in fish

production



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Lecture 1


IN FISH PRODUCTION

• IMPROVEMENT IN REPRODUCTION

• IMPROVEMENT IN GROWTH AND NUTRITION

• IMPROVEMENT IN HEALTH

IMPROVEMENTS IN AQUACULTURE

• IMPROVEMENT IN QUALITY AND VALUE

• CONSERVATION OF GENETIC RESOURCES

• IMPROVEMENT IN BIOMEDICINAL VALUE

INCREASE PRODUCTIVITY



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Increase Productivity

Environmental Manipulation Genetic Manipulation

Culture System

Feed Additives – hormone,

probiotic, chemicals



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GENETIC IMPROVEMENT IN FISH BREEDING

A method to increase the quality or to obtain the desired traits using various selected breeding techniques

Involves genetic manipulation in which the traits can be modified and inherit



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Main Aim : Increase quality of stocks (stock improvement) Produce high commercial value and profitable cultured fish

BREEDING



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Increase productivity which can benefit the consumers

Example. Fish that has high growth rates

Solving problems in occurrence of pathogens

Example. Production of disease resistant and hardy fish

Reduce inbreeding in wild and cultured population



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Improvements in quality of stock through management of broodstock and seedlings

- Able to select and identify quality broodstock and seed for breeding

Creation of new export comodity in the industry

Example. Production of fish with new characteristics



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BREEDING

Traits that are desired in fish production:

High growth rate High dressing percentage (more meat less waste) Resistant to disease Hardy (able to tolerate harsh condition) Good food conversion ratio (FCR). Variability in body colours and patterns

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Crossbreeding

Hybridization

Chromosome Manipulation

Sex Reversed Population (Monosex)

BREEDING

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There are several types of fish breeding techniques commonly used in fish production :

Mating or crossing 2 different strains or varieties of the same species Also known as Intraspesific Hybridization

A breeding program that increases the breeding value

- resulted in production of new strain

X

Same species (goldfish) but different strain

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Application of Crossbreeding :

Increase performance of the entire stocks Producing progeny that has intermediate performance obtained from the broodstocks Produce and increase the quality or performance of a new pure stock (pure breed). To exploit heterosis

Heterosis : increase in performance of progeny that exceed the performance of the broodstock.

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Mostly applied in ornamental fish breeding program

More focused on the production of colours, patterns and shapes



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Define as mating of two different species

Also known as Interspesific Hybridization.

Main Purpose : To combine the main traits of both species.

X



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Breeding of 2 different species (goldfish) and carp

Hybrids are generally intermediate (can be distinguished between parents).

However hybrids are biased towards one parent

Example of hybridization :

Hybrid Striped Bass X White Bass

Hybrid Channel Catfish X Blue Catfish

Nile Tilapia X Blue Tilapia

Breeding can occur naturally or induced using hormone

Conducted between species that are closely related

- same family or same genus.



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Production of a population with single sex characteristics

Conducted to control production of certain sex for growth.

Avoid occurrence of breeding during grow-out.

Main purpose of Monosex production in a population

advantage of certain sex

desire for certain sex

avoid reproduction during culture

avoid aggressive behaviour which normally exist during reproduction



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Perform due to interest towards a certain gender which has a better performance compared to the other gender

Produced using hormone tratment

All produced seeds will be either 100% male or 100% female

XX

100%

Female

XY

100%

Male

OR



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Feminization

Masculinization

Seed Female

Hormone

Estrogen

Seed Male

Hormone

Androgen

Changes in sex of individuals to male through administration of andogen hormones

Changes in sex of individuals to female through administration of estrogen hormones

Example : Tilapia, channel catfish

Example : salmon



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Example : Tilapia - male are more desired due to faster growth rate compared to female

Salmon – female are more desired due to bigger size and faster growth rate

Channel catfish

Tilapia

Channel catfish

Salmon



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Main Purpose : production of sterile fish

Production of monosex population

Attain higher growth rate

Applied to eggs or spermatozoa or fertilized eggs

Manipulation of the whole genome of an organism

at the chromosomal level to obtain desired

characteristics.

Manipulation is done to the whole chromosome set and not at the DNA strands



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Polyploidy

Gynogenesis

Androgenesis

3 Main Tecniques

Production of seed with

more that 2 sets of

chromosome

Production of seed in which all

genetic information are

inherited from male

Production of seed in which all

genetic information are

inherited from female



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Seeds produced will have higher growth rate

Seeds produced are generally sterile (production of triploid fish)

Androgenesis dan Gynogenesis techniques are commonly used for the production of monosex strain



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2N

Production of individuals with greater than the normal number of chromosomes.

Leads to the addition in the numbers of chromosomes (more than 2 sets)

egg

N

N

2nd polar body restored

Haploid cell

Retention of the polar body through disturbance at the mitosis stage during zygote development

temperature shock

pressure shock

Production of sterile fish - no gonad development



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Induction techniques normally used :

Temperature shock

- cold shock for tropical fish

- heat shock for temprate fish

Pressure shock

Main purpose :

Produced seeds that is able to grow continually and never slow down to mature or reproduce

Also used for production of steril hybrids



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X N N

NNN

Temperature or Pressure Shock

Number of chromosome : 3 set

Concept in Production of Triploid Fish

egg sperm

fertilization



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Benefits of Polyploidy

Higher growth rates

Better feed conversion

Higher survival

Higher turnover

Resistance to disease

Suitable for grow out

Example : Oyster, Channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus), Hemibragus nemurus (baung), African catfish (Clarias gariepinus)



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N

N

N

Normal Fertilization

Triploidy

2nd polar body

N

2nd polar body 2nd polar body

2nd polar body


3N

N

N

N

N

2nd polar body

2nd polar body

3N

N

N

Tetraploidy

4N

N

N N

N

N

N

N

N

N

N

N

N N

2N



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GYNOGENESIS AND ANDROGENESIS

Production of individuals by limiting inheritance to the maternal or paternal parent

Progeny only inherit genetic material either from the male or female parent

Key concepts in gynogenesis and androgenesis :

Eliminating the genetic contribution of one parent or the other

Interupting the normal cause of events in newly fertilized or activated eggs

Restoration of a 2N state allowing normal development to proceed



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Can be utilized to ascertain mechanisms of sex determination

Production of monosex populations

Production of genetically identical clones (high levels of

homozygosity)


Application of Gynogenesis and Androgenesis :



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Restoration of endangered or extinct species from cryopreserved

sperm

Androgenesis can be used as stringent measure of egg quality in

aquaculture breeding program

Gynogenesis can be useful method to generate fully inbred lines


Application of Gynogenesis and Androgenesis :



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GYNOGENESIS

Production of individuals by limiting inheritance to the maternal parent (all maternal inheritance)

Uniparental inheritance. All chromosome derived from female broodstock

Used for sex control

Gynogenesis produce 100% female (sex chromosome XX)

egg

N

N

2nd polar body

Haploid cell



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Eggs are fertilized with sperm which does not contribute any genetic information to the embryo

GYNOGENESIS

N UV Ray

UV ray disrupt the DNA in sperm causing the DNA unable to function in the egg

Genetic material of the males are destroyed by exposing the sperms to UV irradiation



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X

Polar Body

XX XY

X

XX

UV Light

Temperature or Pressure Shock to the fertilized egg

Female

Genetic material of sperm

destroyed under UV rays



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ANDROGENESIS

Production of individuals by limiting inheritance to the paternal of the parent (all paternal inheritance)

Uniparental inheritance. All chromosome derived from male broodstock

Sperms fertilized eggs which does not contribute any genetic information to the embryo

Genetic material of the females are destroyed by exposing the eggs to UV irradiation

- also lead to the destruction of the RNA, amino acid synthesis and mitochondrial DNA

egg

N

N

2nd polar body

Haploid cell



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ANDROGENESIS

Can be very useful in situation like :

Males have shorter generation times than female

Storing of inbred lines in the form of cryopreserved sperm

Recovering genotypes from cryopreserved sperm



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X XX XY

XX

Irradiation

Temperature or Pressure Shock

Female

X

Y or

YY

Male

or

Genetic material of egg

destroyed under

UV/gamma rays

CHROMOSOME MANIPILATION : ANDROGENESIS



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Normal Fertilization

Androgenesis

Meiotic

Gynogenesis


2N

2nd polar body

2nd polar body

2N

N

N N

N

N

N

N

2nd polar body

N

2nd polar body

2N

2nd polar body

N

N N

N

N

2nd polar body

N

N

N DNA of sperm destroyed

DNA of egg destroyed



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notes lecture 2 aqu2203 201213

Business

production of fish

fish production diferentiate

hardy fish

fish breedingtechniques

breeding value

production of colours

breeding traits

umt probiotic