notes: “renaissance”...notes on renaissance notes: “renaissance” l social l political l...
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Notes on Renaissance
Notes: “Renaissance”l Sociall Politicall Religiousl Intellectuall Technologicall Economic
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Renaissance in a Nutshell
Rebirth of Classical Antiquityl The world of the Greeks and Romans
Urbanization of societyl Cities the center of Renaissance Europe
Individualisml The glory of God is reflected through human
potential and achievementl Man becomes more of the center and measure of
all thingsl A well-rounded individual is the ideal
Secularisml Decreased singular importance of religion
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Social
Urbanization fueled major social changesGrowth of the merchants/bourgeoisieImportance of Guilds in RenaissancePersecution of Jews
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UrbanizationEurope remained predominantly rural, but cities rapidlyl Strong relationship between trade, manufacturing
and urbanzationl Northern Italian cities and Flanders
Growth in Bourgeoisie and Petit Bourgeoisiel Bourgeoisie- Owners of capitalistic enterprises
l Served as patrons of culturel Petit Bourgeoisie- Shopkeepers, artisans,
guildmaster who provided goods and services for local consumption
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Guilds
Trade associations that regulated the practice and access to tradesl Served to limit competition and perpetuate
male dominance in trade/businessl Resulted in continued inequalitiesl Discriminated against Jews
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Persecution of Jews
Most Jews resided in Europe’s citiesUrban-oriented because of focus on trade and business (money-lending) l Jews often excluded from other
professionsPersecuted Jews in times of crisisExpelled from Spain in 1492 after many years of persecution
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Political
End of Papal SupremacyRise of the “New Monarchies” (France, England, Spain)Political Fragmentation in Italy and Holy Roman Empire Varying Power of NobilityAdvent of “Machiavellian” Politics
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End of Papal Supremacy
End of papal supremacy epitomized by Pope Bonaface VIII (Pope is superior to every living creature)Pope arrested by King Phillip of FranceEstablishment of “alternative” papal seat in Avignon, FranceMonarchical power over popes increased
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Rise of New Monarchies
France- Enmity towards England during Hundred Years War (1337-1453) increased nationalistic feelings England- First Tudor King (Henry VII) established strong monarchy and reduced power of nobles by taking away armiesSpain- Isabela (Castile) and Ferdinand (Aragon) marriage unified Spain
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Political Fragmentation
Holy Roman Empire (A Confederation of independent states in present-day Germany)Italy- Lack of centralized political authority with many city-states (Florence, Siena, Venice)l Ensuing competition between France and
Spain for control of Italy
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Varying Power of Nobility
England- Nobility secured guarantee of hereditary rights through Magna CartaOther Locations- Weakened by new military technology that made reduced impenetrability of fortesses
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Advent of Machiavellian Politics
Machiavelli (1469-1527)Focus on how leaders could acquire, maintain, and expand political powerl Contrasted with ruling according to
Christian-based moral principles“Ends justify the means”Morality NOT a part of political activity
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Religious
End of Church’s supremacy in “national affairs”Rise of Skepticism (Impact of Black Death)Advent of Christian Humanism and ScholasticismIncreased Corruption of PapacyFusion of Official Christianity and “Nationalism” in Spain
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End of Church Supremacy in Nat’l
AffairsMajor challenges to Church supremacy by France (political)Cultural supremacy challenged by Renaissance patrons of the arts (Medici)Scientific advancements directly contradicted Church doctrine
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Forces for Change
Rise of Skepticisml Result of the Black Death
l A major questioning of religion and even the existence of God
Worldly, Corrupt Nature of Renaissance Popesl Series of corruption scandalsl Involvement in worldly affairs
l Julius II (1503-1513) led armies personally against Venice
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Advent of Christian Humanism and Scholasticism
Christian Humanism (Erasmus- 1466-1536): Believed that Christianity should be a guiding philosophy for the direction of daily life rather than a system of dogmatic beliefsScholasticism- Effort to synthesize faith and reason with Aristotlel Thomas Aquinas (Summa Theologica)
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Intellectual
Development of secular, individualist literatureStunning development “naturalist” painting with focus on the human form (Da Vinci, Raphael, and Michelangelo)Popularization of the intellectual literary realm
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Development of secular, individualist literatureWritten in vernacular to reach broad audiencesFocus on the individual and individual attitudesOften quite secularl Dante: Divine Comedyl Chaucer: Canterbury Tales
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Artistic (Big Three)
Focused on persuading audiences of the reality of the event/person they were painting/sculptingl Da Vinci- Focused on realism
l Mona Lisa and Last Supperl Raphael- Best known for frescoesl Michelangelo- Focused on ideal human
with perfect proportionsl Sistine Chapel and the David
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Popularization of the Intellectual
Printing press led to the popularization of literary worksl 1500- 10 million books printed in 238
towns in W. EuropeLed to greater focus on secular literature
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Technological
Advent of Water WheelsMajor changes in military technologyInvention of the movable metal-type printing pressSignificant architectural achievements (Gothic churches)Key maritime invention and improvements
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Technological Advancements
Water Wheels>>>>>> Advances in iron-related industriesImproved Crossbow (NOT “humble arrow”)>>>>> Reduced power of knights and manorismFirearm and Gunpowder>>> Could penetrate fortesses. Led to reduced power of manorism
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Technological Advancements
Great improvements on Chinese carved wood blocks: movable pieces of type, new ink, printing pressJohann Gutenberg (1394-1468)Led to tremendous proliferation of books in Europel Expansion of unorthodox ideas
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Economic
Tremendous economic improvement in Europe during RenaissanceRapid development of trade (Venice, Genoa, Flanders and Hanseatic League)Increased European self-sufficiency