nota spm_ grammar.pdf
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Grammar Exercises English Grammar
Grammar Rules
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some useful links
The New Straits Times
The Star
Berita Harian
Utusan Malaysia
Harian Metro
PC Tips
Acne Articles
Tutor.Com.My
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Connectors
- Connectors are words and phrases that connect words, phrases or
clauses of equivalent grammatical structure.
- Connectors have two types. There are logical connectors and sequenceconnectors
- Logical connectors are join words and sentences in a logical manner.
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* Sequence connectors are used to connect words or sentences which
follow sequence of action or events.
First, Later, Next, Subsequently, Then, After that, Meanwhile,
Finally, After, Eventually, Before,
Passive Construction
* There are two voice in the English language:
A) the active voice
B) the passive voice
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REPORTED SPEECH
- There are two ways to show what somebody has said.
- Direct speech is the actual words used while reported speech gives an
indirect account of the words
EXAMPLES
Direct speech:
She said, ?Your exam result would be released tomorrow.Reported speech:
She said that my exam results would be released the next day
Note This!
- There is a set of complex change when we change direct speech into
reported speech;
1. No quotation marks:
- She said, ?I amgoing home?
- She said that she was going home
2. Change to pronouns:
- Johan said, ?I willdrive home?
- Johan said that he would drive home
3. Change to terms indicating nearest to remoteness
- Johan said, ?I need these boys to help me?
- Johan said that he needed thoseboys to help him.
(this-->that/there --> there/now --> then)
4. Change to time designations:
- Johan said, ?I need to go home tomorrow? - Johan said that he
needed to go home the next day
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5. Change to verb tenses:
- She said, ?I leftmy bag at home?
- She said that she had left her bag at home.
( past ----> past perfect )
Change to verb tenses:
- She said, ?I will be leaving for Singapore next month?
- She said that she would be leavingfor Singapore the following
month.
( future ---->future in the past time) Other words to replace said:
told / asked / inquired / ordered / commanded / requested
Change to verb tenses:
- He said, ?Didyou bakethe cake??
- He asked whetherI baked the cake.
( Use of ?whether? or ?if?)
Change to verb tenses:
- He said, ?Canyou help me with my homework?? - He asked me
whetherI couldhelp him with his homework
( can----> could / will ----> would / shall ------> should)
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Conjuction
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Punctuation
- Punctuation marks are sign that we use to help make our writing
clearer
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posted by apat anne at 8:25 pmlabels: english
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wan01240said...
tq
December 2, 2009 at 5:10 AMtc cheahsaid...
wow...tq
August 17, 2010 at 8:03 AM
iela91said...
tengs. very useful.even im student U still find dis beneficial for
my english subject;)
October 25, 2011 at 9:27 AM