northwest agricultural lecture.final imig copy
TRANSCRIPT
An Overview of US Higher Education美国高等教育概况
Dr. James GreenbergDr. Steven Selden
College of EducationUniversity of Maryland, College Park
For Northwest Agriculture and Forestry UniversityAugust 7, 2009
The University of Maryland: The Quest for Excellence and Equity
Ph. D Student Getting Hooded
Three Major Underpinning Philosophical Beliefs for American Higher Education:三个支柱性理念
Jeffersonian ideals of limited government control and freedom of expression
Capitalism and the belief in the rationality of markets
Commitment to equal opportunity and social mobility.
Distinct and Different Missions
Land Grant /Morrill ActScience
TechnologyAgricultureCommerce
EngineeringSERVICE
American Association
Of UniversitiesRESEARCH &
SCHOLARSHIP
Liberal Arts TraditionTEACHING
Size and Composition 大学总数及分类 6,500 postsecondary institutions in
U.S.
4,200 colleges and universities that award degrees
- 2,300 community colleges and other institutions that award certificates
Benefits of Higher Education to Individuals and Societies
Wider opportunities and a higher standard of living
Adults with higher levels of education are less likely to depend on social safety-net programs, decreasing demand on public expenditures
College graduates lead more productive lives with more positive perceptions of personal health and lower smoking rates
Adults with higher levels of education engage more in civic activities including volunteering, voting, and donating blood.
Enrollment (在校人数) 16 million full- and part-time students
14 million undergraduates 2 million graduate and professional
students
Median Earnings and Tax Payments by Level of Educaiton, 2003
21,600
30,800
35,700
37,600
49,900
59,500
79,400
95,700
4,300
6,700
8,100
8,600
11,900
14,900
21,200
26,700
0 20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000 100,000
120,000
140,000
Not a High School Graduate
High School Graduate
Some College, No Degree
Associate Degree
Bachelor's Degree
Master's Degree
Doctorate Degree
Professional Degree
After-tax Income
Tax
Notes: Includes full-time year-round workers age 25 and older.Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2004, PINC-03; Internal Revenue Service, 2003, Table 3; McIntyre, et al, 2003
Public vs. Private
2099 public institutions enrolling 12 million (75% of students)
4360 private institutions enrolling 4 million (25% of students)
Major Categories of Institutions Doctoral Granting Institutions
Offer most of doctoral degree programs and engage in extensive research
Comprehensive Universities Generally only through master’s degree level
General Baccalaureate Colleges Emphasize liberal arts through the bachelor’s degree level
Specialized Institutions Offer programs only in a few areas, such as law, medicine,
engineering or the arts Community Colleges (Two-year colleges) For-profit institutions
Such as University of Phoenix, Capella, DeVires, Strayer
Transition Rate (入学率) from High School to Postsecondary Education
The percentage of high school graduates who enrolled in postsecondary education immediately after graduation has increased over the past 3 decades, rising from 47 percent in 1973 to 62 percent in 2001
DEMANDS ON AMERICAN HIGHER EDUCATION
Effectiveness Efficiency Excellence Equity Access Affordability Transparency Action
Accountability – Dominant Policy Tool in U.S. Higher Education
Focus on Ends, Attainments, Accomplishments, Achievements
Focus on Measurable Ends Reliance on Standardized Measures of
Achievement Focus on Other Measurable
Achievements re: Other Institutions NSSE: Student Engagement and
Involvement in Higher Education
The Demand for Accountability Accountability to Public, Clients and
the Faculty Indicators:
Time to Completion of Degree Job Placement & Job Success Test Scores & Certification
Client Accountability Demand for an Adequate Supply of Highly
Qualified Graduates Demand for Graduates Who Can Meet or
Exceed Client’s Needs & Expectations Demand for Graduates Who Can Fulfill the
Purposes & Goals of the Employer Demand for Graduates Who can Meet the
Needs of an Advancing Democratic Society and a Globalizing World
Public Accountability Sufficient number of graduates to meet
public sector needs & expectations Graduates who meet or exceed the
qualitative expectations of both private & public sectors
Transparency to provide evidence of appropriate use of public resources
Graduates who can Meet the Needs of an advancing democratic society and a globalizing world
Governance (隶属及管辖) States are responsible for governing public
colleges and universities Various degrees of control
Some universities enjoy constitutional autonomy, such as the University of Michigan
Some universities are governed by a board appointed by the governor and/or legislature
Some universities are part of a statewide multi-campus systems
External Governance
Multiple Agencies
University of Maryland
College Park
University ofMaryland
System & RegentsState of
Maryland(MHEC)
U.S. Education
Department
RegionalAccreditationAssociation
SpecializedAccreditation
Agencies
Federal Role联邦政府的作用 Primary financier of both scientific
research and student financial aid Exerts influence through wide range
of federal reporting requirements Pursuing ways to use institutional
accreditation as a way to affect core academic decisions
Focus on accountability
The University System of Maryland马里兰大学系统 Public system of higher education USM consists of eleven universities, two
research institutions, two regional higher education centers, and a system office
Two other public institutions are separate from USM http://www.usmd.edu/institutions/
MHEC is a super board for the state 21 community colleges 29 private colleges and universities U.S. Naval Academy
USM Board of Regents ( 理事会 )
A 17-member Board of Regents, including one full-time student
Appointed by the governor Oversee the system's academic,
administrative, and financial operations; formulate policy
Appoint the USM chancellor and the presidents of the system's 13 institutions
Regents serve on the board without compensation.
USM Facts (马里兰大学系统详情) Undergraduate Students: 108,849 Graduate/Professional Students: 35,514 Full-time Faculty: 7,506 Part-time Faculty: 4,423 Academic Programs: more than 600 bachelor's,
master's, doctoral, and professional More than 100 locations in Maryland , 1,000
buildings, including 19 libraries Operating Budget: $3.5 billion
The Board of Trustees
The President of the University
Vice President
Business
Vice President
Development
Vice President
University Relations
Vice President
University Administrat
ion
Vice President
University Planning
Vice President
Student Affairs
Vice President
Academic Affairs
Accounting
Auxiliary Services
The University Administrative Organization
大学管理机构图
Assistants to the President
The Board of Trustees大学理事会 The selection of the President of the University. The determination of the major goals of the
University and the approval of the policies and procedures for implementation of such goals.
The review and approval of the operating and capital budget of the University.
Such other responsibilities as law, governmental directives, or custom require the Board to act upon.
**This information is adopted from Pennsylvania State University Website: http://www.psu.edu/trustees/univ%20governance.html
Faculty and Their Appointments大学教师及聘任 Full time or part time Tenure-track or nontenure-track Tenure implies continuous
employment, barring dismissals for cause or financial exigency.
Not all academic positions carry tenure
Current Challenges (当前的挑战) The market (not government) as key
external driver High education as an engine of mobility
Access Affordability
Other issues Student learning results Internationalizing the collegiate experience
Sources of Funding
State GeneralFund
Allocations
Grants& Contracts
Tuition& Fees Gifts &
Endowment
CapitalInvestments
University ofMaryland
Institutional Financial Aid奖助学金 To low-income students
To attract “the best and brightest”
To maintain and increase ethnic/racial/gender diversity of student body
Students Three out of four American college
students are considered nontraditional Eighty percent of students work during
the academic year Half attend part time Sixty percent of bachelor’s degree
recipients attend more than one institution through credits transfer
Admissions Decisions录取决定 Are based on a fixed set of academic
criteria, include high school coursework grade point average (GPA) and class rank admissions test score—SAT and ACT nonacademic characteristics, such as
demonstrated leadership ability, creativity, and community service
Curriculum and Degrees
Associate degrees, typically awarded after 60 credits. The bachelor’s degree, most common type of degree
awarded Two components—general education (1/4 to ½ courses)
and the major field of study Students choose their major either upon enrolling or
after completing their second year of studies The master’s degree: enroll 75 percent of graduate
students A professional degree provides access to advanced
professions in fields such as law and medicine. The doctoral degree (PhD)
University of Maryland College Park
2004 Six Year Graduation Rates马里兰大学 2004 年毕业率