NORTH Growth of industrialization Specialization and machinery allow for mass production. SOUTH Cotton is leading cash crop Industry limited due to lack of capital and market demand. NORTH Roads, canals, and railroads being built. Locomotives improve during this era. SOUTH Natural waterways chief means of transportation. Canals and roads are poor. Railroads are limited NORTH Many people move to cities to work. Cities grow crowded and many live in unhealthy and unsafe conditions. African Americans suffer discrimination and have few rights. SOUTH Plantation owners farm large plots of land and are self sufficient. Tenant farmers farm small tracts of land. Enslaved African Americans do most of the work on plantations. NORTHSOUTH Manifest Destiny westward expansion - idea that the United States boundaries should extend from Atlantic to the Pacific. Leads to how new states would be admitted to Union (Free versus Slave) Leads to the Bigger issue, it would unbalance the number of free and slave states represented in Congress. Slavery Opposed in North, Protected in South Louisiana Purchase 1803 Florida 1819 Annexation of Texas 1845 Oregon Country 1846 Mexican War and Mexican Cession Gadsden Purchase 1853 Missouri Compromise (1820) First argument in Congress about number of Free versus Slave states. Compromise of 1850 Second argument in Congress about number of Free versus Slave states. Slave Codes Illegal for slaves to gather in large groups, can not teach them to read or write, must have pass to be off owners property. Fugitive Slave Act all citizens required to help capture and return enslaved African Americans. Subject to fines and prison if you helped. Underground Railroad Series of trails that lead escaped slaves to safe houses on their way to freedom in the North. Operated by conductors. William Lloyd Garrison wanted all slaves freed communicated this in The Liberator. Fredrick Douglas escaped slave that taught himself to read and write, advocated for slaves rights. Harriet Tubman escaped slave that was a conductor on the Underground Railroad. Sojourner Truth escaped slave who advocated for abolition and womens rights. Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote Uncle Toms Cabin anti slavery book about a long suffering black slave. This helped fuel the abolitionist's cause, 2 nd best selling book of the 19 th century. Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)- Taken to North by owner, owner died and abolitionist groups helped sue for freedom *Supreme Court findings was a slave not a citizen, was considered property regardless of free soil, Missouri compromise and popular sovereignty unconstitutional for determining slavery. Outraged anti slavery groups and pleased southerners. Divided country even more. North Carolina v. Mann (1830) Slave shot and wounded her master while trying to escape a whipping. *State Ruling - slave owners had absolute authority over their slaves and could not be found guilt of committing violence against them. Third argument in Congress about number of Free versus Slave states. Showed North that South could not compromise. Tensions grew! Bleeding Kansas (1856) Result of popular sovereignty pro and anti slavery groups rushed people to territory to influence voting in their favor. Opposing forces clashed and many died until order was restored 5-6 months later. John Browns Raid on Harpers Ferry, Virginia (winter ) Small group of whites and free African Americans raid an arsenal to arm slaves and spark an uprising. Failed Brown was tried, found guilty, and hung. Rally point for abolitionists, South saw this as a Northern Conspiracy against them and their way of life. Anti slavery Whigs and Democrats along with Free Soil created Republican Party in 1854 challenged pro slavery Whigs and Democrats Lincoln narrowly defeats Douglas, Breckenridge, and Bell. Democratic party split along party lines because of slavery (3 candidates) Lincoln and Republicans believe slavery would be left alone where it existed but not allowed to spread to territories. Lincoln won mainly on Northern votes who out voted the South (larger population) South did not trust Lincoln and Republicans Believed Lincolns election would encourage slave revolts and other undesirable consequences. South votes to secede from Union starting with South Carolina, others follow. Leads to Fort Sumter and US Civil War.