norms as group properties
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norms as a group propertiesTRANSCRIPT
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Rohidas Patil Institute Of Management Studies
Presentation On Norms as Group Property
Presented ToProf. A.D. Inamdar
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Group Members
Kalpesh Mhatre 94Rupesh Randive 121Jaydeep Dhandhaliya 87Shirish Pantone 108Pawan Lahane 115Ashwajit GadPal 90Atish Waghmare 137Amit Sawant 123
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What is a group?Two or more individuals interacting who have
come together to achieve a particular goal.
Two or more interacting individuals with a stable pattern of relationship between them who perceive themselves as a group.
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Group PropertiesRoles
Status
Size
Cohesiveness
Norms
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Group Properties - Role
A set of expected behavior patterns attributed to someone occupying a given position in a social unit.
Group Properties – Status
A socially defined position or rank given to
groups or group members by others.
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Group Properties - Cohesiveness
Degree to which group members are attracted to each other and are motivated to stay in the group.
Group Properties- SIZE
Here size of the group is the point of concern. Factual figures suggest that smaller size of the groups are faster at completing task but for the group engaged in problem solving gets more marks than their smaller counterparts.
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NORMSWhat do they mean?
All groups have norms.
These are acceptable standards of behavior that are shared by group members.
These define what is or not to be done by members.
When accepted and agreed upon by members these act as behavior influencing parameters for conduct without outside control.
Norms differ from group to group.
These could be formally or informally laid down.
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HOW’S & WHY’S OF NORMSHOW
Norms normally develop in one or more ways:
Explicit statement by manager: no personal calls during working hours.
Critical events in group’s history: monitoring each other, eg: accident.
Primacy: the first behavior pattern that emerges sets the norms. My seat, my friend etc.
Carry over behavior: what one followed.
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WHY
It facilitate group survival- as group they don’t want to fail and forbid interference from other groups.
It increases the predictability of group members predictability of behavior.
It reduces embarrassing inter personal problems of group members.
It allows group members to express the central values of the group and clarify.
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Development of Group Norms
Behaviors that occur early in the group’s history often establish norms through primacy.
Sometimes norms are established by explicit statements that a leader or another member makes.
Some norms are established through critical events that occur in a group.
Many norms are taken from the general culture in which the group members live.
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KINDS OF NORMSWritten rules – Some norms are codified.
They are printed as policies, laws or rules to be adhered to.
Explicit statements – These are not codified but bear similar weighting.
Non-explicit, implicit norms – Silent norms that influence members’ behaviors – forcing them to conform.
Norms beyond our awareness – Some norms are unconscious to group members.
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FORCES THAT INDUCE ACCEPTANCE OF GROUP NORMS
Internal forces – based on intrapersonal conflict
External forces – attempts by others to influence the person directly.
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THE PERPETUATION OF NORMS
Conformity, Compliance, Obedience Conformity – adjusting ones behavior to align with the norms of the group in situations where there are no overt pressure to do so. There is an implicit assumption that behavior similar to that of the groups’ will evoke approval and
those opposite will bring censure(disapproval).
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THE PERPETUATION OF NORMS
Compliance – the act of adjusting one’s behavior to align with the norms of the group based on overt pressure or a direct request.
Obedience – submission to authority in order to avoid negative sanctions.
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THE IMPACT OF NORMS ON INDIVIDUALS WITHIN GROUPSIndividuals seek convergence between norms
and their own values
High convergence of individual and group norms facilitates conformity and reduces anxiety of new members
Low convergence leads to questioning, withdrawal or change.
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Why do Accept Group Norms
Continued Membership is Desired
Low status is perceived
The Group is cohesive
Sanctions are expected
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Deviance From NormsDeviance – an act that violates a shared idea
about what should or should not be done within a group
Group may have to redefine its’ boundaries when dealing with deviant behaviors
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CHANGING GROUP NORMS
Influence on the group from external environment – changes in the environment in which the group operates can affect changes in the group.
Influence from high-status members –Members Can instigate changes in the system with their influence of status
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CHANGING GROUP NORMS
The group may diagnose it norms and modify them.
If the group is able to recognize that important changes are necessary for enhanced productivity, or simply to solve problems, then they may work among themselves to identify where and what changes are necessary.
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Group Structure - Norms
Classes of Norms:• Performance norms• Appearance norms• Social arrangement norms• Allocation of resources norms
Norms
Acceptable standards of behavior within a group that are shared by the group’s members.
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Common classes of normsPerformance norms: laid down parameters as
to how hard a person is required to work, what production level to achieve and so on.
Appearance norms: dress, seeming to look for a new job etc.
Arrangement norms: basically applicable to informal groups. These laid down degree of social interaction. In essence participative social activities.
Allocation of resources norms: these could include pay, bonus, tools equipment, assignment of difficult jobs etc.
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Group Properties - Norms
Deviant Workplace Behavior
Antisocial actions by organizational members that intentionally violate established norms and result in negative consequences for the organization, its members, or both.
Group norms can influence the presence of deviant behavior.
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Typology of Deviant Workplace Behavior
Category Examples
Production Leaving earlyIntentionally working slowlyWasting resources
Property Sabotage Lying about hours worked Stealing from the organization
Political Showing favoritismGossiping and spreading rumorsBlaming coworkers
Personal Aggression Sexual harassmentVerbal abuseStealing from coworkers
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Relationship Between Group Cohesiveness, Performance Norms, and Productivity
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GROUP NORMS HAVE CERTAIN CHARACTERISTICS-
• THEY ARE RELATED TO BEHAVIOURS CONSIDERED IMPORTANT BY MOST GROUP MEMBERS
• THEY ARE THE BASIS FOR PREDICTING AND CONTROLLING BEHAVIOUR OF GROUP MEMBERS
• THEY ARE APPLIED TO ALL MEMBERS, THOUGH NOT UNIFORMLY
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NORMS ARE STRONGLY ENFORCED
WHEN SURVIVAL IS AT STAKE
WHEN THEY REFLECT PREFERENCE OF SUPERVISOR OR POWERFUL GROUP MEMBER
WHEN THEY HELP THE GROUP AND INTERPERSONAL PROBLEMS
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Group Norms & The Hawthorne Studies
A series of studies undertaken by Elton Mayo at Western Electric Company’s Hawthorne Works in Chicago between 1924 and 1932.
Research Conclusions:
Worker behavior and sentiments were closely related.
Group influences (norms) were significant in affecting individual behavior.
Group standards (norms) were highly effective in establishing individual worker output.
Money was less a factor in determining worker output than were group standards, sentiments, and security.