nonverbal communication 2. 1. basic cues: –facial expresion –gestures –postures 2. haptics

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Nonverbal communication 2

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Nonverbal communication 2

• 1. Basic cues:– Facial expresion– Gestures– Postures

• 2. Haptics

1.1 Facial expression

• The human face is so mobile that it can effortlessly register boredom, surprise, affection, and disapproval one after another in a few seconds.

• Facial cues are the single most important source of nonverbal communication.

• Woodworth, Experimental psychology (1938)

• Nonverbal cues can clearly express seven basic emotions:– Happiness (joy), surprise, fear, sadness,

anger, scorn (disgust) and emotional interrest in somethink/somebody

Facial emotional expression

Recognition of basic emotions

• Basic emotions individuals express usually spontaneously.

• They are distinguishable by majority of observers.

• Timbre of voice, paralingvistic ques (voice qualities – pitch, range, resonance, lip control, articulation control,tempo and fluency,noises without linguistic structure, such as crying, laughing).

Recognition of basic emotions from voice and facial expressions

• Facial expressions inform better about our emotions than our voice.

• Emotion of happiness is the most easy to recognition than the other facial expressions.

• Emotion of scorn is more difficult to recognition than the other facial expressions.

Fear

• We can better to control facial expression than voice.

• Diaphragm, breathing – voice vibration

Intercultural comparation

• P. Ekman conducted comparation of facial emotional expressions in all cultures(P. Ekman a W. Friesen, Unmasking the face, Englewood Cliffs, (NJ, USA), Prentice Hall, 1975)

• In some respect, expressive facial behavior is constant across cultures.

• People in all cultures are able to recognize from fatial expression four emotions:fear, malevolence, sadness, pleasure

1.2 GESTURES

• Gesticulation – accompanies speech, emphasizes meaning

of message (illustrative gestures) or

– substitute a word or claim (semantic gestures)

Types of gestures:

• Symbolic gestures– They represent ideas and thoughts. However, the same

gestures can have different meaning in particular cultures.

• Technical gestures– There are used in some professions (sailors, firemans …):

The others do not understand to thwm.

• Code gestures– Symbolic languague (e.g. Morse alphabet)

• „Authoritative gestures“– Empahasize meaning of the words and tempo of speech.

These gestures are often used by professional speakers.

Gesticulation of speaker

Speaker’s gesture: openness

• Open offer. To demonstrate honesty. „Let me speak openly…“

Speaker’s gesture: attack

• Offensive, an attack with arguments, great agressivity. Verbal sting.

Control of emotional expresions

• Training in control of emotional expression

• Control of all part of our body during strong emotional reaction is almost impossible.

• Displacement activity.

1.3 POSTURES

• Barriers

• Control of space

Sources and functions of barriers

• Rejection of communicatin– An individual makes impossible others to

iniciate a contact.

• „Hiding place“– fear, anxiety, social stress

• Camouflage– Flirtation, the goal is not to make a contact

impossible, conversely, to elicite an interest.

Rejection of a contact• Individuals use for the rejection of the contact

various physical barriers including their own body.

• They use verbal and nonverbal cues, but nonverbal cues can be more unambiguous and effective.

• Barrier is physical (to hide behind a real physical object) or symbolic.

Barriers

• Biological basis of berriers – to protect important parts of body :

• Hands: head, face, heart

• Legs: genitals

Barriers tools: by hands

• Hands are crossed before the body

• Shield mouth.

• Shield whole face

• Shield eyesight.

Barriers

• Interpretation: Women does not believe herself, low selfconfidence, she does not leave the chair (Thiel,1993)

Barriers

• Interpretation: He does not believe you.

Hands crossed before the body– double-faced communication

Barriers

• Interpretation: Striked selfconfidence. The man needs a hiding place. He is in the centre of the attention.

Hands crossed before the body – a social event

Barriers in important people

Shield mouth

Barrier tools:Legs

• Barriers by legs crossing

• Parallel legs and hans crossing is more expressive.

Barrier tools: Body declination

• This posture express rejection of a contact.

• Individual hides behind an imaginary barrier.

Barrier tools: Objects in the role of barriers

• Public transport: newspaper, book

• Smoking – the barrier created by a smoke, the individual is a less visible

• Women – knitting, fan (long-ago)

Tools for control of a space

• „Dictatorial“ posture

Haptics (contact,tactile behavior)

• Touch is one from the most basic form of communication in animal.

• Bodily contact is the most basic form of cummunication.

• Intimate behavior

• Touch besides intimate behavior.

Contact and distance beings

• Animals differ each others in a need of in physical contiguity (proximity).

• Contact animals– např. rodents, monkeys, human beings

• Distance animals– some birds, some mammals

• During evolution for human beings the touch communication had been very important.

• Modern-day humans less depend on touch communication. They become to be more distance beings.

Intimate zones and taboo

• Some zones of human body are „taboo“ for individuals of the same sex.

• But in some circumstances it is allowed for individuals of the opposite sex to touch.

• Those zones are reserved only for intimate contacts.

Intimate zones and taboo , Lewis, 1989

Function of the hand in contact behavior

• Hand is important in the initializing of physical contact.

• The roots of this behavior - old ritual, individual shows that he has not a weapon in his hand.

Information, which a hand gives.

• Physical appearance of a hand: – Appearance of a hand informs about genetics

characteristics and way of live.

• Tactil percept of a squeeze – sponginess or hardness of a hand. It informs about a job (blue colar, white colar).

• The level of wetness or dryness– Dry hand with even squeezing - self-trust – Wett, cold hand - stress, anxiety

Information, which a hand gives.

• Force of a squeeze – men x women

• Duration of a squeeze of the

• Averadge duration app. 5 sec, 4-5 shakes– Shorter squeeze – a lack of interes– Longer squeeze – greater interest– To long squeeze – intrusiont, impossibility to

escape– Individual has to feel that he/she can terminated

contact and escape. Otherwise he/she feels threatened. Innate reaction.

Style of hand shaking