Nontechnical Guide toPetroleum Geology,

Exploration, Drilling andProduction

Norman J. Hyne, Ph.D.

BooksPENNWELL PUBLISHING COMPANY

TULSA. OKLAHOMA

Contents

Foreword vn

Introduction

Chapter 1 The Nature of Oil and GasPetroleumCrude OilNatural GasReservoir Hydrocarbons

Chapter 2 The Earth's Crust—Where We Find ItRocks and MineralsTypes of RocksThe Earth's Crust

Chapter 3 Identification of Common Rocksand Minerals

Identification of MineralsIdentification of Rocks

Chapter 4 Deformation of Sedimentary RocksWeathering, Erosion, and UnconformitiesAnticlines and SynclinesHomoclinesJointsFaults

Chapter 5 Geological TimeAbsolute Age DatingRelative Age DatingThe Geologic Time Scale

Chapter 6 Sandstone Reservoir RocksDune Sandstones

111112192325252631

333336

414148535455

656567747979

I I I

iv Contents

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Shoreline SandstonesRiver SandstonesDelta Sandstones

Carbonate Reservoir RocksReefsLimestone PlatformKarst LimestoneChalkDolomite

Sedimentary Rock DistributionDistribution of Sedimentary RockSedimentary FaciesOcean Environment and Plate TectonicsOcean TopographyOcean SedimentsEarth's InteriorContinental DriftSea-Floor SpreadingPlate TectonicsMiddle East Oil Fields

MappingTopographic MapsGeologic MapsSubsurface MapsSource Rocks, Generation, Migration,

and Accumulation of PetroleumSource RocksGeneration of PetroleumMigrationAccumulationReservoir RocksOil ShalesTar Sands

Petroleum TrapsTrap DescriptionStructural TrapsStratigraphic TrapsCombination TrapsPetroleum Exploration—Geological

and GeochemicalSeeps

818590

9999

105106109109

115115124

127127134135136136141147

151151153158

169169170172173175182182

185185187203207

221222

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Chapter 16

Chapter 17

Chapter 18

Chapter 19

Geological TechniquesGeochemical TechniquesPlays and TrendsPetroleum Exploration—GeophysicsGravity and Magnetic TechniquesSeismic TechniquesDrilling PreliminariesLand and LeasingForeign ContractsAuthority for ExpenditureDrilling ContractSite PreparationDrilling a Well—The MechanicsCable-Tool RigRotary Rigs

PowerHoisting SystemRotating SystemCirculating System

Drilling OperationDrilling ProblemsRiskSubsurface ConditionsProblems During Drilling

FishingLost CirculationAbnormal High Pressure

Drilling TechniquesGovernment RegulationsStraight HoleDirectional DrillingAir and Foam DrillingOffshore Drilling

Evaluating a WellSample or Lithographic LogDrilling-Time LogMud LogWireline Well LogsMeasurement While DrillingDrillstem TestRepeat Formation Tester

Contents v

222229231

233233236

255255257259259260

265265266267267272283290

293293293295295300301

305305305307315316

325325330331333358360361

v i Contents

Chapter 20

Chapter 21

Chapter 22

Chapter 23

Chapter 24

Glossary

Completing a WellPlug and AbandonCasingBottomhole CompletionsTubingWellheadSurface EquipmentMultiple CompletionsSurface Treatment and StorageFlowlinesSeparationGas TreatmentStorage and Measurement

Reservoir Mechanics and ReservesReservoir DrivesDecline CurvesRecovery FactorShrinkage Factor and Formation

Volume FactorReservesPetroleum ProductionWell PressureWell TestingProduction LogsBypassing and ConingWell StimulationWorkoverOilfield Brine and Solution Gas DisposalCorrosion

Improved Oil RecoveryWaterfloodEnhanced Oil Recovery

Miscible Gas DriveChemical FloodThermal Recovery

Unitization

Figure References

Index

363363363370373375376388

389389391395398

403403410412

412413

417417419421422424426429431

433433436437437438441

443

525

529