Non Renewable ResourcesNon Renewable Resources

OilOil

Natural GasNatural Gas

CoalCoal

NuclearNuclear

OILOIL

Most widely Most widely usedused Energy ResourceEnergy Resource

U.S. uses 26% of all U.S. uses 26% of all Crude oil extracted Crude oil extracted worldwide worldwide

U.S. only has U.S. only has ~2.9%~2.9% of oil reservesof oil reserves

U.S. domestic oil U.S. domestic oil ~1/4~1/4 of it comes from of it comes from offshore drilling off offshore drilling off TX and LATX and LA

What is OPEC? What is OPEC? P. 356 P. 356 OOrganization rganization of of PPetroleum etroleum EExporting xporting CCountries. ountries. Have Have 78% of all oil reserves78% of all oil reserves

1973 U.S. Oil Embargo1973 U.S. Oil Embargo

Why?Why?

1. increase demand for 1. increase demand for oil in U.S. b/c of oil in U.S. b/c of increase in populationincrease in population

2. U.S. 2. U.S. supported/assisted supported/assisted Israel when they Israel when they invaded/attacked Syria invaded/attacked Syria and Egypt.and Egypt.

So… any nation who So… any nation who supported Israel had no supported Israel had no oil shipped to them.oil shipped to them.

The Oil Crisis led to…The Oil Crisis led to… President Carter passing the President Carter passing the National National

Energy Act 1977Energy Act 1977. Which focused on . Which focused on Energy regulations on Fossil Fuels and Energy regulations on Fossil Fuels and more conservationmore conservation

Department of EnergyDepartment of Energy [DOE] was created [DOE] was created 19771977

1980 Congress passed the 1980 Congress passed the Energy Security Energy Security ActAct which focused on Alternate Energy like which focused on Alternate Energy like solar and geothermalsolar and geothermal

OIL supplies with 80 % depletionOIL supplies with 80 % depletionGlobally w/in 42-93 yrsGlobally w/in 42-93 yrs

U.S. w/in 10-48 yrsU.S. w/in 10-48 yrs

[why such a wide range?][why such a wide range?]

Barrel priceBarrel price

Beginning 1973 $3.00Beginning 1973 $3.00

End of embargo $11.65End of embargo $11.65

20082008 $110.00$110.00

20112011 $98.43$98.43

TODAY $107.42TODAY $107.42

SHOULD we build in SHOULD we build in ANWAR?ANWAR? [Artic National [Artic National Wildlife Refuge] p. 360Wildlife Refuge] p. 360

Bring jobsBring jobs more oil to U.S.more oil to U.S. May lower prices slightlyMay lower prices slightly

Only a 19% chance of Only a 19% chance of finding oil EQUAL to finding oil EQUAL to what the U.S. what the U.S. CONSUMES in 7-24 CONSUMES in 7-24 months!!!!months!!!!

Oil spillsOil spills Environmental damageEnvironmental damage

Conventional Oil Conventional Oil

High Net Energy High Net Energy

Easy transportationEasy transportation

Low land useLow land use

Ample supply 42-93 yrsAmple supply 42-93 yrs

Low cost [w/SUBSIDES Low cost [w/SUBSIDES from the GOVT]from the GOVT]

Need to find a Need to find a

substitute w/in 50 substitute w/in 50 yrsyrs

No incentive to find No incentive to find another source b/c another source b/c so cheapso cheap

43% of all CO2 43% of all CO2 emissions in emissions in atmosphere comes atmosphere comes from transportation from transportation fuelsfuels

Possible oil spillsPossible oil spills

OIL Sands or Tar sands OIL Sands or Tar sands p. 361p. 361

Unconventional OilUnconventional OilA mixture of clay, sand, water called A mixture of clay, sand, water called BitumenBitumenHow extracted?How extracted?* Strip mining* Strip mining* Bitumen heated up to extract the oil then * Bitumen heated up to extract the oil then

refined.refined.* Canada has * Canada has 15%15% of the WORLD’s oil reserve of the WORLD’s oil reserve

trapped within oil sands, second to Saudi trapped within oil sands, second to Saudi ArabiaArabia

Very expensive and lots of land damage, low Very expensive and lots of land damage, low net energy compared to conventional oil, net energy compared to conventional oil, water pollutionwater pollution

Oil sands YoutubesOil sands Youtubeshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ro0LWXPlTSA&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ro0LWXPlTSA&feature=related

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mBePqKw7tyk&NR=1http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mBePqKw7tyk&NR=1

The Keystone Pipeline: Very controversial in the The Keystone Pipeline: Very controversial in the news right NOW. news right NOW. WHY? And What is it?WHY? And What is it?

It is a pipeline that will transport synthetic It is a pipeline that will transport synthetic crude oil from Althabasca Oil sands in crude oil from Althabasca Oil sands in Alberta Canada across the mid west over Alberta Canada across the mid west over the Ogallala aquifer.the Ogallala aquifer.

jobs created, less jobs created, less need for foreign oilneed for foreign oil Oil leaks, land disrupted,Oil leaks, land disrupted, oil sand refining creates oil sand refining creates lots of water pollution andlots of water pollution and air pollutionair pollution

Conventional Natural [NG]Conventional Natural [NG] Found on top of crude oilFound on top of crude oil Contains: mostly Contains: mostly

Methane, propane, butaneMethane, propane, butane Used to heat homes, fuel Used to heat homes, fuel

some engines, generate some engines, generate some electricitysome electricity

Conventional Natural Conventional Natural [NG][NG]

High net energyHigh net energy

ample World supplies ample World supplies (~62-125 yrs)(~62-125 yrs)

Easily transportedEasily transported

Low cost with subsidiesLow cost with subsidies

Low land useLow land use

NonrenewableNonrenewable

Releases CO2Releases CO2

Methane releasedMethane released

NG reservesNG reserves Russia ~31%Russia ~31% 36% in Middle East36% in Middle East U.S. has 3% of reservesU.S. has 3% of reserves

In U.S. NG used for…In U.S. NG used for… 53% of heat for homes53% of heat for homes 16% of electricity16% of electricityMostMost pipelined from Canada pipelined from Canada

Unconventional NG 3 typesUnconventional NG 3 types

Where?Where?1. Underground with 1. Underground with

permafrostpermafrost2. Beneath Deep Ocean 2. Beneath Deep Ocean

SedimentsSedimentsIn the form of…In the form of…

Methane Methane HydratesHydrates

• Hard to getHard to get• Expensive to getExpensive to get• Low net energyLow net energy• When methane When methane

hydrate warms, hydrate warms, releases (CH4) into releases (CH4) into atmosp.atmosp.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gJpGYXnVPhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gJpGYXnVPZk&feature=relatedZk&feature=related

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B36EoEuKjVhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B36EoEuKjVgg

3. Hydraulic fracturing3. Hydraulic fracturing(Fracking) (Fracking)

Look at images in next slide.Look at images in next slide. A process that injects A process that injects

water, sand and a cocktail water, sand and a cocktail

of chemicals (such as benzene,of chemicals (such as benzene,

toluene) into deep wells toluene) into deep wells

at high pressure.at high pressure.

The goal is to fracture the Shale rock to The goal is to fracture the Shale rock to release natural gas.release natural gas.

LPG [Liquidified Petroleum Gas]LPG [Liquidified Petroleum Gas]

Commonly called Commonly called PropanePropane gas gas under a certain pressure it turns to under a certain pressure it turns to

liquidliquid a by-product of oil refininga by-product of oil refining

LNG [Liquified Natural Gas]LNG [Liquified Natural Gas]

NG that has been NG that has been supercooledsupercooled to to - 260 degrees F (- 162 degrees C).- 260 degrees F (- 162 degrees C).

It then condenses into a liquidIt then condenses into a liquid lower air emissions than other fossil lower air emissions than other fossil

fuels, such as oil or coal. fuels, such as oil or coal.

LNG is odorless, colorless, non-LNG is odorless, colorless, non-

corrosive and non-toxic.corrosive and non-toxic.

COALCOAL World’s most abundant Fossil FuelWorld’s most abundant Fossil Fuel Formed from buried plant and animal Formed from buried plant and animal

remains about 300-400 myaremains about 300-400 mya Creates ~62% of World’s electricity and Creates ~62% of World’s electricity and

~52% of U.S.~52% of U.S. ChinaChina has the most reserves, has the most reserves, RussiaRussia

second and then the second and then the U.S.U.S. Supplies should last ~214-1125 yrs Supplies should last ~214-1125 yrs

depending on rate of use.depending on rate of use.

Two types of coal fig 17-20Two types of coal fig 17-20

AnthraciteAnthracite

LowLow sulfur sulfur

High Heat contentHigh Heat content

Limited suppliesLimited supplies

(Hard Coal)(Hard Coal)

BituminousBituminous

High Sulfur contentHigh Sulfur content

High heat contentHigh heat content

Large suppliesLarge supplies

(Soft coal) more (Soft coal) more moisture than moisture than anthraciteanthracite

EnvironmentalEnvironmental Impact of using COAL Impact of using COAL

SO2 releasedSO2 released

Trace amts. of mercury [Hg] and arsenicTrace amts. of mercury [Hg] and arsenic

Black lung disease for minersBlack lung disease for miners

Land strippedLand stripped

Accounts for ~1/3 of World’s annual CO2 Accounts for ~1/3 of World’s annual CO2 emissions.emissions.

Accounts for ¼ of atmospheric Hg in U.S. Accounts for ¼ of atmospheric Hg in U.S.

Coal videosCoal videos CBS News…China’s pollution reaching the U.S.CBS News…China’s pollution reaching the U.S.

http://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id=2895773n&tag=mncol;lst;5http://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id=2895773n&tag=mncol;lst;5

CBS News…Coal AshCBS News…Coal Ashhttp://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id=6775608n&tag=related;photovideohttp://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id=6775608n&tag=related;photovideo

Mt. Top Removal in AppalachiaMt. Top Removal in Appalachiahttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VoOIB3_7bzU&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VoOIB3_7bzU&feature=related

A future for CLEAN Coal?A future for CLEAN Coal?

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=goVXD4D1y5khttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=goVXD4D1y5k

Nuclear EnergyNuclear Energy

In a Conventional Nuclear reactor, In a Conventional Nuclear reactor, isotopes of Uranium or plutonium isotopes of Uranium or plutonium undergo controlled nuclear fission undergo controlled nuclear fission reactions.reactions.

Result, lots of het used to produce steam Result, lots of het used to produce steam which spins the turbines to generate which spins the turbines to generate electricityelectricity

And And on Nuclear power on Nuclear power

Low Carbon emissions Low Carbon emissions

(mostly from fuel (mostly from fuel reprocessing)reprocessing)

Ample supplyAmple supply Moderate land disruptionModerate land disruption Low environmental Low environmental

impact WITHOUT impact WITHOUT accidentsaccidents

High cost event with High cost event with

subsides from govtsubsides from govt Low net energy yieldLow net energy yield Catastrophic accidents Catastrophic accidents

happen (Chernobyl, happen (Chernobyl, Fukishima)Fukishima)

Radioactive waste Radioactive waste created and lasts 10,000 created and lasts 10,000 yearsyears

Terrorist attacksTerrorist attacks Only one place to Only one place to

dispose of all the dispose of all the waste…Yucca Mountain, waste…Yucca Mountain, NevadaNevada

Nuclear accidentsNuclear accidents Chernobyl, Russia- human errorChernobyl, Russia- human error

Three Mile Island, Pennsylvania Three Mile Island, Pennsylvania (although no deaths, brought changes to (although no deaths, brought changes to Nuclear Power Plants)- human errorNuclear Power Plants)- human error

Fukushima, Japan- TsunamiFukushima, Japan- Tsunami