ISLAMIC CRIMINAL LAWMUHAMMAD FATHI YUSOF

WHY ISLAMIC CRIMINAL LAW? (1)

• Faithfulness to religious injunctions and religious texts

• Because hudud is clearly stated in Al-Quran danHadis (Tradition of the Prophet Muhammad)

What is hudud?

• In Islam there are 3 broad categories of criminal law:• Offence without specific punishment – most of crime fall under this

category

• Offence with specific punishment (hudud – means limitation)

• Offence with punishment in term of "retaliation“

Quran 5:38

عزيز ح وٱلسارقة فٱقطعوا أيديهما جزاء بماوٱلسارق وٱلل ن ٱلل لا م ٣٨كي كسبا نك

38. And (as for) the man who steals and the woman who steals, cut off their hands as a punishment for what they have earned, an exemplary punishment from Allah; and Allah is Mighty, Wise.

38. திருடன ோ திருடின ோ அவரகள சமபோதிததபோவததிறகு, அலலோஹவிடமிருநதுளள தணடணை ோக அவரகளின கரஙகணளத தரிதது விடுஙகள. அலலோஹ மிணகததவனும, ஞோ ம மிகனகோனுமோக இருககினாோன.

Quran 5:33

ورسولهۥ ويسعون في ٱلر • ؤا ٱلذين يحاربون ٱلل لوا أو يصل إنما جز ف أو بوا أو تقط ض فسادا أن يقت ن خل ع أيديه وأرجله م

لك له خزي في ٱلدنيا وله في ٱلخرة ي ينفوا من ٱلرض ذ ع ٣٣ عذا

• 33. The punishment of those who wage war against Allah and His messenger and strive to make mischief in the land is only this, that they should be murdered or crucified or their hands and their feet should be cut off on opposite sides or they should be imprisoned; this shall be as a disgrace for them in this world, and in the hereafter they shall have a grievous chastisement,

• 33. அலலோஹவுடனும அவன துதருடனும னபோர புரிநது, பூமி ில குழபபம சசயது சகோணடு திரிபவரகளுககுத தணடணை இதுதோன; (அவரகள) சகோலலபபடுதல, அலலது தூககிலிடபபடுதல, அலலது மோறுகோல மோறு ணக வோஙகபபடுதல, அலலது நோடு கடததபபடுதல; இது அவரகளுககு இவவுலகில ஏறபடும இழிவோகும;. மறுணம ில அவரகளுககு மிகககடுணம ோ னவதண யுமுணடு.

Quran 24:2

•

نهما مائة جلدة و • حد م اني فٱجلدوا كل و انية وٱلز ل تأخذك بهما رأفة في دين ٱٱلز إن كنت وٱليو لل تؤمنون بٱللن ٱلمؤمنين ٢ٱلخر وليشهد عذابهما طائفة م

• 2. (As for) the fornicatress and the fornicator, flog each of them, (giving) a hundred stripes, and let not pity for them detain you in the matter of obedience to Allah, if you believe in Allah and the last day, and let a party of believers witness their chastisement.

• 2. விபசோரன, விபசோரிண ன ோ அலலது இணை ணவததுவைஙகுபவiணளன ோ அனாி னவறு எநதப சபணணையும விவோகம சசய மோடடோன; விபசோரி, விபசோரண ன ோ அலலது இணை ணவதது வைஙகுபவண ன ோ அனாி (னவறு ோணரயும) விவோகம சசய மோடடோள இது முஃமினகளுககு விலககபபடடிருககிாது.

Quran 24:4

ت ث ل يأتوا بأربعة شهدا • نين جلدةا ول تقب وٱلذين يرمون ٱلمحصن ئك ه لوا له ء فٱجلدوه ثم ا وأول دة أبدا شه

سقون ٤ٱلف

• 4. And those who accuse free women then do not bring four witnesses, flog them, (giving) eighty stripes, and do not admit any evidence from them ever; and these it is that are the transgressors,

• 4. எ ினும (இவரகளில) எவர இதறகுப பின ர தவபோ சசயது சகோணடு (தஙகணளத) திருததிக சகோளகிாோரகனளோ நிசச மோக அலலோஹ மன ிபபவ ோகவும, கிருணப சசயபவ ோகவும இருககினாோன.

WHY ISLAMIC CRIMINAL LAW? (2)

•Appreciating the role of religion in solving social problems

•Having problem with secularization?

‘Secular’ defined

• ‘Secular’ from the Latin ‘saeculum’.

• Marks dual connotation of time and location:

– Time: referring to now or present

– Location: referring to the ‘world’ or ‘worldly’

‘Secularization’ defined

• Secularization: the deliverance of man ’first from religious and then from metaphysical control over his reason and his language’.

• It denotes the disappearance of religious determination of the symbols of culture integration.

Origin of secularization (1) • A fruit of the long history of philosophical

and metaphysical conflict in the religious and purely rationalistic worldview of Western man.

• Impact of ‘westernization’ of Christianity (began with the shift of its centre from Jerusalem to Rome).

• The western elements had diluted the original and true teachings of Christianity.

Origin of secularization (2)

• Early Christianity consistently opposed to secularization, and this opposition, endangered by the demeaning of nature and divesting of it of its spiritual and theological significance, continued throughout its history of losing battle against the secularizing forces.

Origin of secularization (3) • The separation of Church and State, was the

result of secular Western philosophical attitude set against what is considered as the anti-secular encroachment of the ambivalent Church based on the teaching of the eclectic religion.

• Moreover, the Church when it wielded power was always vigilant in acting against scientific enquiry and purely rational investigation of truth.

Origin of secularization (4) • Furthermore the

Christianity involved itself consciously in sacral legitimation of political power and authority, which is anathema to the secularizing process.

Origin of secularization (5) • Christianity has

attempted to resist secularization but has failed, and danger is that having failed to contain it the influential modernist theologians are now urging Christian to join it.

‘Secularization’ explained

• Three integral components in the dimensions of secularization:

1. The disenchancement of nature

2. The desacralization of politics

3. The deconsecration of values# disenchancement : To free from illusion or false belief * desacralization : To divest of sacred or religious significance

^ deconsecration: remove the consecration (-a solemn commitment of your life or your time to some cherished purpose ) from a person or an object

The disenchancement of nature

• Freeing the nature from its religious overtones.• Dispelling of animistic spirits and gods, and magic

from the natural world.• Separating nature from God and distinguishing

man from God.• Man no longer regard nature as a divine entity.• So, man may act freely upon nature, to make use

of it according to his needs and plans.

The desacralization of politics

• The abolition of sacral legitimationof political power and authority.

The deconsecration of values

• The rendering transient and relative all cultural creations and every value system which for them includes religion.

• Worldviews having ultimate and final significance, so that in this way history, the future, is open to change.

• Man is free to create the change and immerse himself in the evolutionary process.

WHY ISLAMIC CRIMINAL LAW? (3)

•Mutual understanding and mutual respect among citizens of different religious background.

•Not by coercion or force but through discourses and dialogs.

WHY ISLAMIC CRIMINAL LAW? (4)

•Respect the right to practise the religion.

• Implementing the law is part of religious duties

WHY ISLAMIC CRIMINAL LAW? (5)

•Current law failed to solve criminal problems.

• Statistics and real feeling.

WHY ISLAMIC CRIMINAL LAW? (6)

•Al-Quran offers solutions from GOD The All Merciful, The All Knowing, The Creator of Mankind and The Creator of the Universe.

Some special characteristics of the God’s Solutions (1)

• Reducing crime by creating FEAR with full of MERCY and JUSTICE

• Effective to deter criminals:

• It provides serious punishment such as cutting off criminal’s hand, but the possibility of execution based on hudud law is very small due to strict pre-requisite before judgment.

• Standard of proof is very high: beyond any shadow of doubt

Some special characteristics of the God’s Solutions (2)

• Holistic approach: involving faith, laws and ethics and manner.

• Prevention through various mechanisme including education, campaign, information etc

• Emphasis on prevention over punishment

Some special characteristics of the God’s Solutions (3)

• Objective of punishment: Deterrence and rehabilitation (to educate)

• Different between whipping under Islamic law and the current practice.

Some special characteristics of the God’s Solutions (2)

• Holistic approach: involving faith, laws and ethics and manner.

• Prevention through various mechanisme including education, campaign, information etc

• Emphasis on prevention over punishment

Some questions…

• Is hudud against human rights?

• Is hudud against democratic rights?

• Does hudud discriminate women?

• Does hudud violate rights of Non-Muslims?

• Does hudud contravene the Federal Constitution?

Thank you