non fumigant nematicides - citrus expocitrusexpo.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/citrus... ·...
TRANSCRIPT
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Non Fumigant Nematicides
Johan Desaeger, University of Florida, GCREC, Wimauma, FL
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What is a nematode?
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Diversity of nematodes
Thomas Blumenthal & Richard E Davis VOLUME 36 | NUMBER 12 | DECEMBER 2004 NATURE GENETICS
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Inside or outside roots:
Endoparasitic– entire body inside the root
Ectoparasitic– entire body outside the root
Semi-endoparasitic- part of body inside root
Mobile or immobile:
Sedentary – mostly immobile during their life
Migratory – mobile for all their life.
Feeding habits of plant parasitic nematodes
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How nematodes injure plants?
• Mechanical injury• Physiological changes• Reducing root mass
• Interact with soil fungi and bacteria
• Suppress rhizobia/VAM• Transmission of several viruses • Increase susceptibility to
environmental stress
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8/12/2018
Nematode Management
Sanitation Crop rotation Biocontrol Solarization
Plant Resistance / Tolerance
Steaming Biofumigation Cover crops
Good agronomy Tillage Nematicides
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7
Methyl Bromide … RIP 1932-2016
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Brief History of Nematicides
•1st nematicides: fumigants - biocides▫ CS2 (1869), chloropicrin (1920), methyl
bromide, DBCP, 1,3-D, Metam (1940s)
•2nd wave: organophosphates / carbamates - insecticides
▫ Fenamiphos, aldicarb (1960s), oxamyl, ethoprophos (1970s)
•3rd wave: selective / safer nematicides▫ Late 2010’s-2020’s: New more
specific nematicides, new biological nematicides
5/05/20148
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New fluorine (3-F) nematicides
New products are less toxic and more selective – true nematicides
New modes of action – or unknown;
Different soil behavior – efficacy and application
Chemical name Trade name
Structure Soil movement / solubility (water)
Soil ½ life MOA Tox. Cat.
Fumigants (1,3-D) Many Good- Gas Short < 14 d ? Danger
Oxamyl Vydate Good- 240,000 ppm Short 7 d ACheI Danger
Fluensulfone Nimitz Medium- 545 ppm Short 7-17 d ? Caution
Fluopyram Velum Poor – 10 ppm Long > 200 d SDHI Warning
Fluazaindolizine Salibro(2020)
Medium+ 2000 ppm Medium 30 d ? TBD
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Biological Nematicides
Bacterial toxins, Burkholderia spp.
Majestene
Capsacin (Capsicum) and allyl isothiocyanate (mustard oil)
Dazitol
Nematode parasitcfungus, Paecilomyces lilacinus
Melocon
Cinnamon, clove and thyme oil
NemaKill
10
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Gulf Coast REC Research Farm
8/12/2018
Beach sand … root-knot nematode = Meloidogyne javanica
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Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp. )
• #1 nematode in Florida + the world, many crops
• Many species in FL
• Endoparasitic - Root galls
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Tomato trial, fall 2016 - root gall ratings
8/14/2018
cde cde
bc
bb
bcd
e
bc
de
a
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7 pt 3.5 pt 3.5 pt +Vydate
1 lb 1 lb +Vydate
2 Qt + 1 2 Qt +Velum
6.5 oz +Vydate
60 gal
Nimitz Salibro Vydate Velum Kpam UTC
Ga
ll i
nd
ex
(0
-10
)
4 weeks 8 weeks 14 weeks
All nematicides reduced gall
ratings end of the season
Low-medium RKN pressure
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Root-knot nematode soil counts - end of season8/12/2018
ab
b
ab
ab
b b
b
ab
ab
a
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3.5 pt 7 pt 3.5 pt +Vydate
1 lb 1 lb +Vydate
2 Qt + 1 2 Qt +Velum
6.5 oz +Vydate
60 gal
Nimitz Salibro Vydate Velum K-pam UTC
J2
's/2
00
cc
soil
UTC highest root-knot counts; no difference among other PPN:
stubby, lance, sting, lesion, spiral, ring, sheath nematodes
Pre-plant and post-treatment soil counts were very low (0-1 J2 / 200 cc soil)
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Plant vigor(NDVI) during the season
15
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
0.55
0.6
0.65
0.7
0.75
4 weeks 6 weeks 8 weeks 11 weeks
ND
VI
(0-1
)
Nimitz + Vydate
Velum + Vydate
Salibro + Vydate
Vydate + Vydate
K-pam
Check
K-pam
Check
K-pam Check
3-F nematicides similar crop vigor, in between check and K-pam
Greenseeker
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Tomato Fruit Yield – 3 picks
8/12/2018
b
ab
b b
bb
b
b
a
b
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
3.5 pt 7 pt 3.5 pt +Vydate
1 lb 1 lb +Vydate
2 Qt + 1 2 Qt +Velum
6.5 oz +Vydate
60 gal
Nimitz Salibro Vydate Velum Kpam UTC
LB
S P
ER
PL
OT
1st pick 2nd pick 3th pick
Sclerotium rolfsii
No difference 1st and 2nd pick; K-pam greatest 3rd pick
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Impact on non-plant-parasitic nematodes in soil?
8/14/2018
Nematodes can be classified into different feeding groups
based on the structure of their mouthparts. (a) bacterial
feeder, (b) fungal feeder, (c) plant feeder, (d) predator, (e)
omnivore.
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Nematode feeding groups in tomato - Early season, 10-20
days post-treatment
8/12/2018 (7-21
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Nimitz Half
Nimitz Full
Velum
Salibro
Vydate
Check
K-pam
Number per 150 cc soil
Bacterivores Fungivores (P<0.01) Omnivores (P<0.01) Herbivores
Fungivores, omnivores and herbivores
knocked out … no effect of new nematicides
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Tomato Trial, spring 2017, GCREC
8/12/2018
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
PicClor60 No fumigant Pic100
Chemical / biological
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Root gall ratings on tomato (0-10)
AB
BCC
BC
AB
A
ABC
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Ga
ll i
nd
ex (
0-1
0)
PicClor60
17.5.08 17.5.31 17.6.27
Medium-high RKN pressure
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Root gall ratings on tomato (0-10)
AB
E
BC
CD
D
AB
A
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Ga
ll i
nd
ex (
0-1
0)
Pic100
17.5.08 17.5.31 17.6.27
Medium-high RKN pressure
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Root gall ratings on tomato (0-10)
A
A
A
B
B
B
C
C
C
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
17.5.08 17.5.31 17.6.27
Ga
ll i
nd
ex
(0
-10
)
none PicClor60 Pic100
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Tomato Fruit Yield – 3 picks
8/12/2018
A
BB
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Pic100 PicClor60 None
LB
S P
ER
PL
OT
1st pick 2st pick 3st pick
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Two on farm nematicide rescue trials March-April 2017:
(1) cantaloupe double crop after strawberry, Dover FL
• Northern root-knot nematode!
• Nimitz @ 7 pts 7 days pre-plant
• Velum @ 6.5 oz 2 days pre-plant
• Vydate and Majestene 1 day pre-plant and 40 days post plant, resp. 2 qt + 1 qt and 2 gal + 1 gal
• Root galls after 6 and 8 weeks
24
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Nematode infection on double-crop cantaloupe,
Dover, FL, 2017, M. hapla, northern root-knot
a aab
ab
b
a
b
ab
b b
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Check Majestene Vydate Velum Nimitz
Ga
ll I
nd
ex (
0-1
0)
M. hapla root gall ratings on Cantaloupe
40 days 60 days
25
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(2) cucumber(pickle) double crop after
cucumber, Plant City
8/12/2018
• High level of Javanese root-knot
nematode (M. javanica)
• Applied Nimitz, Velum, Vydate,
Majestene, Dazitol and Nemakill
thru drip
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Nematode infection on double-crop cucumber, Plant City,
FL, 2017 – M. javanica – Javanese root-knot
27
a
ab ab
ab ab ab
c
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Majestene Nemakill Nimitz UTC Velum Dazitol Vydate
Ga
ll I
nd
ex
(G
I) (
0-1
0)
M. javanica Gall Ratings Cucumber, BG Farm, Plant City, 2017
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Farming w/o Fumigants in Florida ?Anaerobic/biological soil disinfestation Soil steaming Solarization
Non-fumigant nematicides
Resistant cv’s Natural enemies / Biocontrol
Cover crops Biofumigation
28
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GCREC Nematology
29
• Nematicide Testing
• New nematode problems
• Nematode resistance
• Nematode-diseases
• Cover crops
• Suppressive soils
• Other crops – Hops
Thanks Adama, Corteva, Bayer CropScience, Marrone BioInnovations for support
E-mail: [email protected]: https://uflnematodes.wordpress.com/Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/uflnematology/