non ferrous copper
TRANSCRIPT
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EBT211
PHYSICAL METALLURGY
Non-Ferrous Metal
Copper and its lloys
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!eneral "roperties
• #ensity : $.%&& g/cm&
• FCC
•
Melting point : '($) C• *igh electrical and thermal
conducti+ity
•
*igh corrosion resistance• !ood ductility and mallea,ility
• easona,le tensile strength
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• May ,e selected to produce anappropriate decorati+e colour.
• "ure Cu : red n addition : yellow Niaddition : sil+er
C h a l c o c i t e ( C u 2 S ,
c o p p e r s u l p h i d e )
C h a l c o p y r i t e ( C u F e S 2 ,
c o p p e r i r o n s u l p h i d e )
C u p r i t e ( C u 2 O ,
c o p p e r o x i d e )
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#esignation
Wrought Alloys
C'0000 Commercially pure Cu 1lectrical industries2wire3 rod3 plate3 strip4
C50000 Cu-n alloys 2,rasses4 adiator cores andtan6s3 loc6s3 hinges3ammunition
components3 pins3re+ets
C&0000 Cu-n-", 2leaded ,rasses4
C)0000 Cu-n-7n 2tin ,rasses4
#esignation system is administered ,ythe Copper #e+elopment ssoc. 2C#4
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C80000 Cu-7n alloys 2phosphor ,ron9es4
C0000 Cu-l alloys 2l ,ron9es43 Cu-7ialloys 27i ,ron9es4 and misc Cu-n alloys
Nuts3 ,olts3 stringersand threadedmem,ers3 +essels andtan6s
C;0000 Cu-Ni and Cu-Ni-n alloys 2nic6elsil+ers4
Condensers3 electricalsprings3 heat
e0changer tu,es3resistors
Cast Alloys
C$0000 Cast Cu3 cast high-Cu3 cast,rasses of +arious types3 cast Mn-
,ron9e alloys3 and cast Cu-n-7ialloys
1lectrical and thermalconductors3 molds for
plastic parts3 pipe
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7olid solution-strengthenedalloys
• lloys remain single phase aftertreatment.
• Cu-n alloys 2,rasses43 Mn-,ron9es3Cu-Ni-n 2nic6el sil+er43 7n-,ron9es2phosphor ,ron9es43 l-,ron9es3 7i-,ron9es
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ge hardena,le alloys
• Cu-r3 Cu-Cr and Cu-=e
• >he single-phase copper alloys thatare strengthened signi
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?nalloyed Copper
• Classi
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1>" copper• %%.%A Cu with (.()8A o0ygen
• Bire3 rod plate and strip
• @0ygen is almost insolu,le in Cu and forms Cu5@interdendritic eutectic upon solidi)((C leads to pressure up at grain
,ondaries3 causing fracture 2hydrogen em,rittlement4
' x
' x ' x
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#eo0idi9ed Cu
• " is suDciently addedto produce phosphoruspento0ide "5@8. >his
reduces the amount ofo0ygen and gi+e highconducti+ity Cu
• 10cess amount of "
lowers electricalconducti+ity
' x
! c d a ! o r g ! u .
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@0ygen free Cu
• s-cast o0ygen free Cu is free ofinterdendritic eutectic Cu5@
• *ot wor6ed microstructure also shows
a clear microstructure and not aEected,y hydrogen em,rittlement
' x
' x
' x
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=rasses
• !liding metal 28A n4
• Commercial ,rass/,ron9e 2G'(A n4
•
Hewelry ,rass/,ron9e 2G'5.8A n4• ed ,rass 2G'8A n4
• Iow ,rass 2G5(A n4
•
Cartridge ,rass 2G&(A n4• Yellow ,rass 2G&8A n4
• Munt9 metal 2)(A n4
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FCC
=CC2disordered4
=CC2ordered4
comple02,rittle
4
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Microstructure of =rasses 2&%An4
• Consists of alpha solidsolution
• nnealing twins of alpha
grain are o,ser+ed as ncontent increases
6 x
6 x
Cartridge ,rass
Commercial ,ron9e
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Microstructure of JKL,rasses
• )(A n produces comple0structure alpha and ,etaphases3 where ,etama6es the ,rasses heat-
treata,le
' ' x
6 x
s-cast structure of Munt9 metal
=lac6 2alpha43 white 2,eta4
*ot-rolled Munt9 metal sheet=lac6 2,eta43 white 2alpha4
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#ecomposition of L in JKL,rasses
• *eat treating from a,out $&(C and hotquenching to ;(( to ;'(C3 some unsta,le,eta or ,eta prime will transform
isothermally to alpha phase• >wo type of alpha phase:
• od-type alpha precipitate : forms at 8(( ;((C4
• BidmanstOtten alpha precipitate :nucleates uniformly throughout the ,etagrains and grew rapidly in the lengthwise
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lloy =rasses
• Ieaded ,rasses 2Cu-&",4
• dmiralty ,rass 2Cu-5$n-'7n4
>in =ron9es• lso 6nown as phosphor
,ron9e
• Ma0 solid solu,ility of tinin copper : '8.$A ,etween85( and 8$C
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luminum =ron9e
• lso popular as aluminum ,rass
• Ma0 solid solu,ility l in Cu G%.)Aat 88C
• 7olu,ility of l increases with a
decrease in temp along the
J/2JKL4 ,oundary
• 1utectoid reaction : L into JKP5
at 88C and ''.$A l• Q solid solution 8 $A l
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7ilicon =ron9e
• >rade name : 1+erdur or *erculoy
• ' - &A 7i. Mn and Fe are added toimpro+e properties.
• Ma0 solid solu,ility of 7i 8.&A at $)&C.
• 7olu,ility decreases to only a,out )Aat > ma6es it non precipitation-
hardena,le