Noise pollutionFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Traffic is the main source of noise pollution in cities.

ABoeing 747-400passes close to houses shortly before landing atLondon Heathrow Airport-aircraft noisecansignificantly impact human health.[1][2]Noise pollutionornoise disturbanceis the disturbing or excessivenoisethat may harm the activity or balance of human or animal life. The source of most outdoor noise worldwide is mainly caused bymachinesandtransportation systems,motor vehicles,aircraft, andtrains.[3][4]Outdoor noise is summarized by the wordenvironmental noise. Poorurban planningmay give rise to noise pollution, since side-by-side industrial and residential buildings can result in noise pollution in the residential areas.Indoor noise can be caused by machines, building activities, and music performances, especially in some workplaces.Noise-induced hearing losscan be caused by outside (e.g. trains) or inside (e.g. music) noise.High noise levels can contribute to cardiovascular effects in humans, a rise in blood pressure, and an increase in stress and vasoconstriction, and an increased incidence of coronary artery disease. In animals, noise can increase the risk of death by altering predator or prey detection and avoidance, interfere with reproduction and navigation, and contribute to permanent hearing loss.Contents[hide] 1Health 1.1Human 1.2Wildlife 2Noise mitigation 3Legal status 4Internationally 4.1Impact in the United Kingdom 4.2India 5References 6See also 7External linksHealth[edit]Human[edit]

Asound level meter, a basic tool in measuring sound.Main article:Health effects from noiseNoise pollution effects both health and behaviour. Unwanted sound (noise) can damage psychological health. Noise pollution can causehypertension, high stress levels,tinnitus, hearing loss, sleep disturbances, and other harmful effects.[5][6][7][8]Sound becomes unwanted when it either interferes with normal activities such as sleeping, conversation, or disrupts or diminishes ones quality of life.[9]Chronic exposure to noise may causenoise-induced hearing loss. Older males exposed to significantoccupational noisedemonstrate moresignificantlyreduced hearing sensitivity than their non-exposed peers, though differences in hearing sensitivity decrease with time and the two groups are indistinguishable by age 79.[10]A comparison ofMaabantribesmen, who were insignificantly exposed to transportation or industrial noise, to a typical U.S. population showed that chronic exposure to moderately high levels of environmental noise contributes to hearing loss.[5]High noise levels can contribute tocardiovasculareffects and exposure to moderately high levels during a single eight-hour period causes a statistical rise inblood pressureof five to ten points and an increase instress,[5]andvasoconstrictionleading to theincreased blood pressurenoted above, as well as to increased incidence ofcoronary artery disease.Noise pollution also is a cause of annoyance. A 2005 study by Spanish researchers found that in urban areas households are willing to pay approximately fourEurosper decibel per year for noise reduction.[11]Wildlife[edit]Noise can have a detrimental effect on wild animals, increasing the risk of death by changing the delicate balance in predator or prey detection and avoidance, and interfering the use of the sounds in communication, especially in relation to reproduction and in navigation. Acoustic overexposure can lead to temporary or permanent loss of hearing.An impact of noise on wild animal life is thereduction of usable habitatthat noisy areas may cause, which in the case of endangered species may be part of the path toextinction. Noise pollution may have caused the death of certain species of whales thatbeachedthemselves after being exposed to the loud sound of militarysonar,[12](see alsoMarine mammals and sonar).Noise also makes species communicate more loudly, which is calledLombard vocal response.[13]Scientists and researchers have conducted experiments that show whales' song length is longer when submarine-detectors are on.[14]If creatures do not "speak" loudly enough, their voice will bemaskedbyanthropogenicsounds. These unheard voices might be warnings, finding of prey, or preparations of net-bubbling. When one species begins speaking more loudly, it will mask other species' voice, causing the whole ecosystem eventually to speak more loudly.Marine invertebrates, such as crabs (Carcinus maenas), have also been shown to be impacted by ship noise.[15][16]Larger crabs were noted to be impacted more by the sounds than smaller crabs. Repeated exposure to the sounds did lead toacclimatization.[16]European robinsliving in urban environments are more likely to sing at night in places with high levels of noise pollution during the day, suggesting that they sing at night because it is quieter, and their message can propagate through the environment more clearly.[17]The same study showed that daytime noise was a stronger predictor of nocturnal singing than night-timelight pollution, to which the phenomenon often is attributed.Zebra finchesbecome less faithful to their partners when exposed to traffic noise. This could alter a population's evolutionary trajectory by selecting traits, sapping resources normally devoted to other activities and thus leading to profound genetic and evolutionary consequences.[18]In a first of its kind preliminary study on theHealth effects from noiseas it relates to weight gain and bloodcortisollevels in farm animals, in this study, two groups of growinggeese, the first "remain[ing] within" 50 meters from awind turbineand the second 500 meters; after 12 weeks of growth the research group found that the closer, first group, had "significant differences" when compared with its more distant pairing and "gained less weight and had a higher concentration ofcortisolin blood," compared to individuals from the more distant group, with the results of the study suggesting "a negative effect of the immediate vicinity of a wind turbine on the stress parameters of geese and their productivity."[19]Noise mitigation[edit]

Thesound tubeinMelbourne,Australiais designed to reduceroadway noisewithout distracting from the area's aestheticsA man wearsear muffsfor protection against noise pollution, 1973.Main article:Noise mitigationRoadway noisecan be reduced by the use ofnoise barriers, limitation of vehicle speeds, alteration of roadway surface texture, limitation ofheavy vehicles, use of traffic controls that smooth vehicle flow to reduce braking and acceleration, and tire design. An important factor in applying these strategies is acomputer modelforroadway noise, that is capable of addressing localtopography,meteorology, traffic operations, and hypothetical mitigation. Costs of building-in mitigation can be modest, provided these solutions are sought in the planning stage of a roadway project.Aircraft noisecan be reduced by using quieterjet engines. Alteringflight pathsand time of day runway has benefitted residents near airports.Industrial noisehas been addressed since the 1930s via redesign of industrial equipment, shock mounted assemblies and physical barriers in the workplace. In recent years,Buy Quietprograms and initiatives have arisen in an effort to combat occupational noise exposures. These programs promote the purchase of quieter tools and equipment and encourage manufacturers to design quieter equipment.[20]Legal status[edit]Main article:Noise regulationUp until the 1970s governments viewed noise as a "nuisance" rather than an environmental problem. In theUnited States, there are federal standards for highway and aircraft noise; states and local governments typically have very specific statutes onbuilding codes,urban planning, and roadway development.Noise laws and ordinances vary widely among municipalities and indeed do not even exist in some cities. An ordinance may contain a general prohibition against making noise that is a nuisance, or it may set out specific guidelines for the level of noise allowable at certain times of the day and for certain activities.The Environmental Protection Agency retains authority to investigate and study noise and its effect, disseminate information to the public regarding noise pollution and its adverse health effects, respond to inquiries on matters related to noise, and evaluate the effectiveness of existing regulations for protecting the public health and welfare, pursuant to the Noise Control Act of 1972 and the Quiet Communities Act of 1978.[21]Portland, Oregoninstituted the first comprehensive noise code in 1975 with funding from theEPA(Environmental Protection Agency) and HUD (Housing and Urban Development). The Portland Noise Code includes potential fines of up to $5000 per infraction and is the basis for other major U.S. and Canadian city noise ordinances.[22]Many conflicts over noise pollution are handled by negotiation between the emitter and the receiver. Escalation procedures vary by country, and may include action in conjunction with local authorities, in particular the police.Internationally[edit]Impact in the United Kingdom[edit]Figures compiled by Rockwool, themineral woolinsulationmanufacturer, based on responses from local authorities to aFreedom of Information Act(FOI) request reveal in the period April 2008 2009UK councilsreceived 315,838 complaints about noise pollution from private residences. This resulted in environmental health officers across the UK serving 8,069noise abatementnotices or citations under the terms of the Anti-Social Behaviour (Scotland) Act. In the last 12 months, 524 confiscations of equipment have been authorized involving the removal of powerful speakers, stereos and televisions.Westminster City Councilhas received more complaints per head of population than any other district in the UK with 9,814 grievances about noise, which equates to 42.32 complaints per thousand residents. Eight of the top 10 councils ranked by complaints per 1,000 residents are located inLondon.[23]India[edit]Noise pollution is a major problem in India. The government of India has regulations against firecrackers and loudspeakers, but enforcement is extremely lax.[24]Awaaz Foundationis an Indian NGO working to control noise pollution from various sources in Mumbai through advocacy, public interest litigation, awareness, and educational campaigns since 2003.[25]References[edit]1. Jump up^Tdlicher Lrm-Spiegel, Nr. 51, 14 Dezember 2009, Page 45(German)2. Jump up^Molesworth BR, Burgess M, Gunnell B. (2013). Using the effect of alcohol as a comparison to illustrate the detrimental effects of noise on performance. Noise & Health, 15, 367-373.3. Jump up^Senate Public Works Committee, Noise Pollution and Abatement Act of 1972, S. Rep. No. 1160, 92nd Cong. 2nd session4. Jump up^C. Michael Hogan and Gary L. Latshaw,"The relationship between highway planning and urban noise", Proceedings of the ASCE, Urban Transportation, May 2123, 1973, Chicago, Illinois. By American Society of Civil Engineers. Urban Transportation Division5. ^Jump up to:abcS. Rosen and P. Olin,Hearing Loss and Coronary Heart Disease, Archives of Otolaryngology, 82:236 (1965)6. Jump up^J.M. Field,Effect of personal and situational variables upon noise annoyance in residential areas, Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 93: 2753-2763 (1993)7. Jump up^"Noise Pollution".World Health Organisation.8. Jump up^"Road noise link to blood pressure".BBC News. 2009-09-10. Retrieved2010-05-20.9. Jump up^Jefferson, Catrice."Noise Pollution". U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved2013-09-24.10. Jump up^Rosenhall U, Pedersen K, Svanborg A (1990). "Presbycusis and noise-induced hearing loss".Ear Hear11(4): 25763.doi:10.1097/00003446-199008000-00002.PMID2210099.11. Jump up^Jess Barreiro, Mercedes Snchez, Montserrat Viladrich-Grau (2005), "How much are people willing to pay for silence? A contingent valuation study",Applied Economics, 37 (11)12. Jump up^Bahamas Marine Mammal Stranding Event of 1516 March 200013. Jump up^http://www.dosits.org/glossary/pop/lvr.htm14. Jump up^Variation in humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) song length in relation to low-frequency sound broadcasts15. Jump up^McClain, Craig."Loud Noise Makes Crabs Even More Crabby". Deep Sea News. Retrieved2013-04-04.16. ^Jump up to:abWale, M. A.; Simpson, S. D.; Radford, A. N. (2013). "Size-dependent physiological responses of shore crabs to single and repeated playback of ship noise".Biology Letters9(2): 2012119420121194.doi:10.1098/rsbl.2012.1194.ISSN1744-9561.17. Jump up^Fuller RA, Warren PH, Gaston KJ (2007)."Daytime noise predicts nocturnal singing in urban robins".Biology Letters3(4): 36870.doi:10.1098/rsbl.2007.0134.PMC2390663.PMID17456449.18. Jump up^Milius, S. (2007). High Volume, Low Fidelity: Birds are less faithful as sounds blare,Science Newsvol. 172, p. 116. (references)19. Jump up^"Preliminary studies on the reaction of growing geese (Anser anser f. domestica) to the proximity of wind turbines".20. Jump up^http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/buyquiet/default.html21. Jump up^EPA."Noise pollution". Environmental protection agency. Retrieved2013-10-28.22. Jump up^City of Portland, Oregon. Auditor's Office.Chapter 18.02 TitleNoise Control. Retrieved on April 20, 2009.23. Jump up^"London is home to the noisiest neighbours".London Evening Standard.24. Jump up^Govt of India: Central Pollution Control Board FAQs25. Jump up^Rising festival noise undoing past efforts'See also[edit] Acoustical engineering Environmental noise Industrial noise Aircraft noise Road noise Buy QuietExternal links[edit]Wikimedia Commons has media related toNoise pollution.

ASBHelp.co.uk - Report Noise Pollution in the UK Noise pollutionatDMOZ World Health Organization - Guidelines for Community Noise The effects of noisy urban environment may cause the loss of memory to elderly person (abstract published in 1st World Congress of Health and Urban Environment book.) Clive Thompson on How Man-Made Noise May Be Altering Earths Ecology{[ [sic]]} EEA draws the first map of Europe's noise exposure - All press releases EEA Contact details for all local council Environmental Health departments in England and Wales Awaaz Foundation India website Scientific American: How does background noise affect our concentration?(2010-01-04) who.int: Children's Health and the Environment, WHO Training Package for the Health Sector(2010-03-08) NIOSH Buy Quiet Topic Page[show] v t ePollution

[hide] v t eNoise(physics and telecommunications)

General Acoustic quieting Distortion Noise cancellation Noise control Noise measurement Noise power Noise reduction Noise temperature Phase distortion

Noise in... Audio Buildings Electronics Environment Government regulation Human health Images Radio Rooms Ships Sound masking Transportation Video

Class of noise Additive white Gaussian noise(AWGN) Atmospheric noise Background noise Brownian noise Burst noise Cosmic noise Flicker noise Gaussian noise Grey noise Jitter JohnsonNyquist noise(thermal noise) Pink noise Quantization error(or q. noise) Shot noise White noise Coherent noise Value noise Gradient noise Worley noise

Engineeringterms Channel noise level Circuit noise level Effective input noise temperature Equivalent noise resistance Equivalent pulse code modulation noise Impulse noise (audio) Noise figure Noise floor Noise shaping Noise spectral density Noise, vibration, and harshness(NVH) Phase noise Pseudorandom noise Statistical noise

Ratios Carrier-to-noise ratio(C/N) Carrier-to-receiver noise density(C/kT) dBrnC Eb/N0(energy per bit to noise density) Es/N0(energy per symbol to noise density) Modulation error ratio(MER) Signal, noise and distortion(SINAD) Signal-to-interference ratio(S/I) Signal-to-noise ratio(S/N,SNR) Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging) Signal to noise plus interference(SNIR) Signal-to-quantization-noise ratio(SQNR)

Related topics List of noise topics Acoustics Colors of noise Interference (communication) Noise generator Radio noise source Spectrum analyzer Thermal radiation

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