The Nobel Prize 2015 in

Physiology or MedicineMade by :

Balbeer Singh

Nawab Khatoon

Subitted to Dr. Kashif

History

Gerhard DomagkDiscovered

Sulfonamides and was

awarded Nobel Prize in

1939

Alexander

Fleming

Discovered

Pencilin

History

Ernst and Howard Flory

Discovered active

components and showed

their therapeutic activity

against bacteria

Selman Wakman

- Isolated Sreptomyces from

the soil

- Discovered an active drug

against tuberculosis known

as Streptomycin

- won Nobel Prize in 1952

Nobal Prize Winner

William C.

Campbell Professor

Saroshi OmuraProfessor

Youyou Tu

Parasites

Protozoa:Balantidium Coli, Entamoeba

Histolytica Amoebiasis

Ectoparasit:

Acari, Cimicidae Cimex

lectularius

Helminths:

Tapeworms,

Roundworms, Flukes

River Blindness (Onhcocerciasis)

• African River Blindness • Caused by Onchocerca Volvulus• Called as River Blindness as black

flies are found near river• O.volvulus double the size of male• Female produces 1000 embryonic

microfilaria each day

Lymphatic Filariasis

• Filaiodidea such as Wuchereia banocrofti, Brugi malayi and Brugi timori

• Female nematode are larger than their male• 43-55mm long 130-170μm wide• Nematodes surive for 3-6 months

Discovery of a Microorganism With Unusual Anti-Microbial Properties

Collected Soil Samples from Japan

Made 1000 Streptomyces Culture

Selected 50 cultures that were more prominent

Discovery of the Antiparasitic Activity of Avermectins

• Wiliam C. Campbell • Tested efficacy of bacterial broths made by

Omuras culture

From Avermectin to Levermectin

Avermectin have following Activities:Active against intestinal nematodes in different hosts.Having long term activity against blood dwelling microfilariae and other

nematodesHighlt active against the nematodes who have acquired resistance from

Benimidazole. It was made non-toxic for the host Dr Mohammad Aziz, who was expert in treating River BlindnessCarried first human trial in 1982

Activity of Lvermectin

1. Inhibit glutamate-gated chloride ion channels GABA-activated chloride Channels in the nerve cells

2. This results in the increase of the permeability of the cell membrane to Chloride ions

3. Hyper-polarization causes muscular paralysis and slow death of the parasite

4. Humans have Ligand-gated Cholride channels in the nervous system that are not affected by Ivermectin

Malaria- Threat to World

History

1. British Army SurgeonDiscovered Mosquitoes as vector for Malaria transmissionAwarded nobel Prize in 19022. French Physician was a Swis ChemistDiscovering the parasites presences in the red blood cells of the patients suffering from MalariaAwarded Nobel Prize in 1948

• Discovery of DDT, serves

poison against arthropods such

as mosquitos

• Awarded Nobel prize in 1948

Discovery of the Anti-Malarial Activity of

Artemisinin

Cold extraction method provide 100% result by killing the

malarial parasite in infected mice and monkeys

Further tested plant extract on malarial infected patients

Obtained the juice of the leaves of A.annua in the cold water with ether instead of boiling

water with ethanol

Clinical Efficacy of Artemisnin against MalariaThe positive result of the Plant extract leads Youyou to figure out the active component

from the plant extract Figured out its chemical structureArtrmisnin contains a class of antimalarial component that destruct the malarial

parasitic activity at the early stage

ResistanceResistance to Artemisnin is due to the mutation of Kelch 13 protein Youyou has suggested combination therapy of Artemisinin and antimalarial drugs

Conclusion

Avermectin and Artmisinin therapies Malaria kills 500,000 people each year, constitutes of the

children under 5 years old Deaths caused by Malaria has been decreased 50% Roundworm diseases infect the children Lymphatic Filariasis infects about 120 million Now the discovery of Ivermectin has become the cure for

these diseases Efforts are being conducted by WHO to eradicate the River

Blindness and Lymphatic Fliaraias from the world by 2025.

Thankyou!