no slide title · pdf filehydrometer test (sedimentation test) grading of fine soil hydrometer...

ACTIVITY

Lecture (2 hours)

WEEK 5

At the end of this lecture/week, the students

will be able to :

LEARNING OUTCOMES

Learning Outcomes :

1. Understand the purpose and objectives of physical characteristics and classification of soils.

2. Determine physical properties of soils based on the analysis of laboratory test data

Week 5 : (3HL) Coverage : Physical Characteristics

and Classification of Soils : Density, PSD, ATL, Organic matter,

pH value, Compaction test

1.0 Overview

2.0 Scope of laboratory test

3.0 Physical properties tests

and their applicability

OUTLINE of PRESENTATION

LABORATORY TESTING

Based on the soil exploration works carried

out two types of samples are normally

retrieved from the site. These are disturbed

and undisturbed samples.

1.0 Overview.

In the SI Planning the engineer/designer must

specify the tests that need to be carried out in the

laboratory so that relevant and appropriate

parameters are obtained to be used in the design

of the geotechnical structures.

LABORATORY TESTING

BS Standards BS1377:1990, BS5930:1999

American Standards ASTM

Malaysian Standards MS

Standards for testing

LABORATORY TESTING

2.0 Scope of Laboratory Tests

2.1 Basic Properties Tests

2.2 Index Properties Tests

2.3 Chemical Properties Tests

2.4 Engineering Properties Tests

LABORATORY TESTING

2.1 Basic Properties Tests

Include for colour, smell, natural

moisture content, Gs, Porosity,

Void Ratio, Reactivity, etc

For soil identification, description,

classification and correlation

LABORATORY TESTING


Include Atterberg Limits (LL, PL, PI),

Shrinkage Limit (SL), Particle Size

Distribution (PSD), Organic Content.

For soil description, classification and

correlation with engineering properties

LABORATORY TESTING


Cone Penetration &

Casagrande Apparatus

for Liquid Limit Test

LABORATORY TESTING


Shrinkage Limit Apparatus

LABORATORY TESTING


Particle size distribution

apparatus

LABORATORY TESTING


Include Total Dissolved Salts,

Sulphate & Chloride Contents,

pH value, etc

For corrosion and durability

assessment of foundation

LABORATORY TESTING


LABORATORY TESTING


Include shear strength, stiffness,

compressibility/swelling,

compaction/CBR, permeability

For analysis and design

Can be obtained from insitu testing &

laboratory test on undisturbed samples

should be compared with correlated

values from Index Properties

LABORATORY TESTING


Triaxial Apparatus

for Strength Test

LABORATORY TESTING


Shear Box Apparatus

for Strength Test

Vane Shear

Apparatus

LABORATORY TESTING


Consolidation Apparatus to determine compressibility

LABORATORY TESTING


Automatic Compaction

Apparatus

CBR

Apparatus

LABORATORY TESTING

3.0 Physical Properties Tests and their

Applicability

3.1 Density Tests

3.2 PSD Tests

3.3 ATL Tests

3.4 Organic Matter

3.5 pH value

3.6 Compaction test

LABORATORY TESTING

SOIL CLASSIFICATION

Sieving Apparatus

Particle size

distribution apparatus

Sieve Shaker

Set of Sieves

Lid & Pan

SOIL CLASSIFICATION

Sieving Apparatus

Particle size distribution

accessories

Riffle box

SOIL CLASSIFICATION

Procedures of Sieving

Dry sieving.

Wet sieving

BS Test Sieve

Can you differentiate the process between these two types of sieving

SOIL CLASSIFICATION

Tabulation of Test Data

TABLE OF CALCULATION

for a typical three stage

sieving

SOIL CLASSIFICATION

Plotting of Graph

PSD Graph

Geotechnicques I (KJC412) /Soil Mechanics (ECG413) ARM - July 2006

SOIL CLASSIFICATION

Analysis of Test Results

100

60

30

10

0d10 d30 d60

Grading Curve

Particle Size (mm)

Percen

tag

e F

iner

SOIL CLASSIFICATION


Grading Characteristics

Based on the plot, the following characteristics are determined in order to classify the soil :-

Uniformity Coefficient,

Coefficient of Gradation,

Percentage Composition

Effective size = D10

10

60 D

DCu

6010

2

30

x

DD

DCg

(C u < 3 is uniformly graded whereas Cu > 3 is well graded)

(Cg ranging between 0.5 to 2.0 to confirm as well graded soil)

SOIL CLASSIFICATION


Determination of the grading characteristics of the sample

SOIL CLASSIFICATION

Fine Grain Analysis

Hydrometer Test (Sedimentation Test)

Grading of Fine Soil

Hydrometer test bulb

Hydrometer bath

SOIL CLASSIFICATION

Fine Grain Analysis

Hydrometer test bulb

Hydrometer Test (Sedimentation Test)

Hydrometer test is based on theprinciples of sedimentation of soilgrained in water.

This is based on Stoke’s law whichexpressed that:

where

v is the velocity

γs is the unit weight of soil particles, γw is the unit weight of water,

η is the viscosity of water, and

D is the diameter of soil particles.

2 D 18

-

ws

Examples of Grading Curves

75

63

50

37.5

28

20

14

10

6.3

53.3

5

21.1

8

0.6

0.4

25

0.3

0.2

12

0.1

5

0.0

63

6020620.60.20.060.020.0060.002

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100particle diameter, (mm)

Pe

rce

nta

ge

Pa

ssin

g,

(%)

British Standard Sieves, (mm)

PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION

PS4

CLAYSILT

fine medium coarse

SAND

fine coarsemedium

GRAVEL

fine coarse

Cobble

smedium

GRADING

CHARACTERISTICS

% Gravel

% Sand

% Clay

D85 (mm)

D60 (mm)

D50 (mm)

D30 (mm)

D15 (mm)

D10 (mm)

Cu

Cg

Job No. Project

Site Beta Copy

Date

Tested by

Checked by

BH/Pit no.

Sample no.

Depth (m)

Client

Test method

Soil Classification

© BBB2000

Remarks :

Soil Descrip.

0.00

0.00

100.00

0.00

% Silt

D90 (mm)

A

B

C

D

E

F

SOIL CLASSIFICATION

Determination of Consistency Limits

Plastic Limit Test

Determination of Consistency Limit tests

Liquid Limit test

Cone Penetration Method

Casagrande method

Shrinkage Limit Test

SOIL CLASSIFICATION

Determination of Consistency Limits

Cone Penetration &


for Liquid Limit Test

SOIL CLASSIFICATION

Determination of Liquid Limit

20 mm penetration

Liquid Limit

Pen

etr

atio

n

(m

m)

Water Content (%)

Analysis of Test Data

Sample of Cone Penetration Method

SOIL CLASSIFICATION



using

Cone Penetration Apparatus

Tabulation and plot

SOIL CLASSIFICATION


Wate

r C

on

ten

t (%

)

Number of Blows, N

Liquid Limit

25 no. of blow

Figure shows the preparation of sample in the brass cup and the sample before and after the test.

Sample of Casagrande’s Method

SOIL CLASSIFICATION


Determination of Liquid

Limit using


Tabulation and plot

SOIL CLASSIFICATION

Determination of Plastic Limit

Figure shows how plastic limit is obtained (1) apparatus forplastic limit, (2) preparation of specimen, (3) the soil is rolledinto a thread of 3 mm and (4) crumbling of the soil at 3 mm

SOIL CLASSIFICATION

Determination of Linear Shrinkage

Linear Shrinkage Test

COMPACTION OF SOIL

Laboratory compaction apparatus

LABORATORY DETERMINATION OF THE COMPACTION CHARACTERISTICS OF SOILS

COMPACTION OF SOIL


COMPACTION MOULD

AND RAMMER

LABORATORY COMPACTION

COMPACTION OF SOIL


Automatic Compaction

Apparatus

CBR

Apparatus

COMPACTION OF SOIL

Analysis of test data

A) To determine the compaction

characteristics of the soil.

o Maximum Dry Density

o Optimum Moisture content

B) Plotting the air voids line

Normally 0% , 5% and 10%

C) Plotting zone of variation

applicable in the field, i.e.

Change in moisture contents

and air voids content

COMPACTION OF SOIL


RELEVANT FORMULAE FOR DATA ANALYSIS

s

w

M

Mw

solid of Mass

water of Mass content,Water

T

s

dV

M

volume Total

soil dry of Mass density, Dry

T

bV

M

volume Total

soilwet of Mass density, Bulk

)1( w

bd

)1(

)1(v

s

ws AwG

G

d

orAlso

COMPACTION OF SOIL


COMPACTION OF SOIL

Analysis of test dataField variations

LABORATORY TESTING

no slide title · pdf filehydrometer test (sedimentation test) grading of fine soil hydrometer...

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