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ZERO-EMISSION ENERGY PLANTS

Dr. Robert ‘Bob’ WrightSenior Program Manager

Office of Sequestration, Hydrogen and Clean Coal FuelsOffice of Fossil Energy

U. S. Department of EnergyWashington, DC

The Energy Advancement Leadership ConferenceGlobal Energy Management Institute

University of HoustonHouston, Texas

18 November 2004

WRIGHT / Zero-Emission Energy Plants / The Energy Advancement Leadership Conference / Houston, Texas / 18 November 2004 2

America Depends on Fossil Energy

AEO 2004: Table A1

2025136 Quads

+39% (1.5% pa)

Oil39.0%

Coal22.7%

Gas23.9%

Nuclear8.3%

Renewable6%

Fossil fuels provide 85.6% of energy

200298 Quads Fossil fuels provide 87.2% of energy

Oil40.3%

Coal23.3%

Gas23.6%

Nuclear6.3%

Renewable6%


0

1

2

3

4

1970 1980 1990 2000

Coal Use

Contaminant Emissions DownIn

dex:

197

0 =

1

ElectricityGeneration

Nitrogen Oxides

Sulfur DioxideParticulateMatter

Natural Gas Use

EPA, National Air Quality and Emissions Trends Report, 1999 (March 2001)DOE, EIA Annual Energy ReviewYear

U.S. Power Plants


CO2 Concentration On The Rise

From ~280 ppm to 370 ppm over the last 100 years


Coal-Fired Power Plants Produce 1/3

of CO2

CO2 from Combustion in U. S.

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

ResidentialCommercial

IndustrialTransportation

Electric

Tg C

O2 E

q.

Natural GasPetroleumCoal

Relative Contributionby Fuel Type

U.S. Territories

Table 2-3, EPA 430-R-03-004, April 2003 Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2001


The Case for HydrogenEnergy SecurityEnergy Security

ResponseResponseDIVERSE DOMESTIC DIVERSE DOMESTIC

RESOURCESRESOURCES

EnvironmentEnvironment

ResponseResponseZERO/NEAR ZERO GHGZERO/NEAR ZERO GHGand other EMISSIONSand other EMISSIONS

Biomass

HydroWindSolar

Coal

Nuclear

Natural

Gas

Oil

Se

qu

es

tra

tio

n

Biomass

HydroWindSolar

Biomass

HydroWindSolar

Coal

Nuclear

Natural

Gas

Oil

PowerGeneration

Transportation

Industry

HH22


Why Hydrogen From Coal?

U.S. reserves are huge– 250 year supply

H2 can be produced cleanly

H2 from coal is economical Carbon capture and storage

addresses climate change Diversifies the source of H2

Provides the bridge to production of H2 from renewable sources and nuclear 1 -- Proved oil and gas reserves, and recoverable coal reserves

Quads

02000400060008000

100001200014000

US ROW

Coal Nat Gas Oil

Fossil Energy Reserves1


FutureGen

Nearly $1 billion (U.S.) , 10-year demonstration project to create the world’s first coal-based, zero-emission electricity and hydrogen plant– Test new technologies– Nominal 275-MWe

– 1 million tonnes CO2 per year

– Sequester the CO2

– Produce H2


FutureGen

Gasification with Cleanup and Separation

SystemIntegration

CarbonSequestration

Platform for Emerging Technologies

Optimized Turbines

Fuel Cells

H2 Production


“Traditional” IGCC

CoalCentral Power

Gas Turbine Combined

CycleO2

SyngasH2 / COCoal

Gasifier

O2Plant

Sulfur

GasCleanup


IGCC in FutureGen

Central PowerH2 Turbine Combined

Cycle

TransportationFuel CellsIC EngineGeologic

SequestrationDistributed

PowerFuel Cells

H2

CO2

Sulfur

Gas Cleanup

andSeparation

Coal

O2

CoalGasifier

O2

Plant

H2 / CO

ShiftH2 / CO2


CO2 Storage


Geo-Sequestration Advantages

May be only option that removes enough carbon tostabilize CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere

Only approach that doesn’t require countries to overhaul their energy infrastructures—continue to use fossil fuels

May prove to be the lowestcost carbon managementoption

Carbon Management Paths Switch to low- & no-carbon fuels

Increase energy efficiency

Sequester carbon

Renewables, Nuclear, Natural Gas

TerrestrialGeologic

Demand Side & Supply Side


0

400

800

1,200

Storage Options: IEA Technical Review (TR4), March 23, 2004 / Carbon Capture & Sequestration Program @MITWorld Emissions: / DOE-EIA, International Energy Outlook 2003, Table A10

200,000

DeepOcean

DeepSaline

Formations

DepletedOil & Gas

Reservoirs

CoalSeams

Terrestrial AnnualWorld

Emissions

6.5 Gtc

Range of Potential Capacity

Worldwide Storage CapacityC

apac

ity (G

tc)


Adapting to Climate Change

Target

1990 2015 2040 2100

Emiss

ion s

Reduction incarbon intensity

(environmental incentives)

Creation of materially new energy sectors

(economic growth incentives)

Reference Case

Chris Mottershead, British Petroleum


Stabilization

Stabilization of atmospheric concentrations of CO2 in 2050 requires a new zero emissions energy sector almost equal in size to the current primary

141210

86420Fo

ssil

Fuel

Em

issi

ons

(Gtc

/yr)

Continued Fossil Fuel Emissions

Stabilization Wedges1 Wedge = 1 Gtc

2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050

S. Pacala, R. Socolow, Presentation, May 4, 2004


What is Scale of 1 Gtc Wedge?BUSINESS SECTOR 1 Gtc per YEAR WEDGE WEDGES

Fuel switching 1400 GW fueled by gas instead of coal 1

Coal-fired plants w/ CCS 1400 500-MW(e) power plants 1-3

Geological sequestration 3500 Sleipners (1 MtCO2/yr) 1-3

Hydrogen fuel 1 billion H2 cars displace 30 mpg cars 1

Efficiency improvements Carbon intensity [$GNP] drops 0.2% faster than in past

1-3

Improve ICE efficiency 2 billion cars go from 25 mpg to 50 mpg 1

Solar PV displaces coal 1000 X current capacity, i.e., 5 Mha 1

Wind displaces coal 70 X current capacity 1

Nuclear displaces coal 700 1-GW(e) plants, i.e., 1.5 X current capacity

1-3

Biofuel displaces petroleum

200 Mha growing at 7.5 tc/ha per year (= US agro land)

1

Re-forestation 700 Mha growing at 2 tc/ha per year 1


Thank You

R. Patrich of SaskPower– “We are moving into a carbon-managed world, not a carbon

constrained world.”

Web sites– www.fe.doe.gov

– www.netl.doe.gov– www.netl.doe.gov/coalpower/sequestration

Email addresses– [email protected]

– [email protected]

http://www.fe.doe.gov/

http://www.netl.doe.gov/

http://www.netl.doe.gov/coalpower/sequestration

mailto:[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

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