1

GIO TRNH L CH S NHT BN

Bin son: Nguyn Nam Trn

Nht Bn nhn t v tinh (2003, ngun Wikipedia)

Quyn Thng

T thng c n cui Mc ph Edo (1867)

Bn Tho -2013-

2

GIO TRNH L CH S NHT BN

Bin son: Nguyn Nam Trn

Thi t Nhip chnh Shtoku, cha nh nc Nht Bn

Phn Mt

T thng c n Nam Bc Tri u (1336)

3

Ng

Quyn Gio Trnh Lch S Nht Bn ny nhm i tng l cc bn sinh vin tr v

nhng ai - nh bn thn ngi bin son - tuy khng chuyn v s nhng mun t tm

hiu n c cht kin thc dng trong cng vic ca mnh. Sch gm 2 quyn thng

h, 4 phn t 1 n 4, v s c trnh by theo th t nh sau:

Quyn Thng:

Phn I : T thng c n Nam Bc Triu (1336)

Phn II: Mc ph Muromachi v Mc ph Edo (1867)

Quyn H:

Phn III: M ca v Duy Tn. Thi Meiji (1868-1912).

Phn IV: Thi Taish (1912) cho n hin ti.

Ni chung, sch c 5 c im nh sau:

1) Da trn gio khoa th c dng trong cc trng c s Nht Bn.

2) C i chiu t liu ng Ty nng thm tnh khch quan.

3) S dng nhiu hnh nh, biu, bng ch v cc ch gii thch r rng.

4) Vit theo quan im sinh hot s, nng v vn ha x hi hn chnh tr.

5) nhng mc quan trng, nh v tr lch s Nht Bn trong dng lch s th gii.

L ngi mun tm hiu vn ho Nht Bn thng qua vn hc (xin xem Li ni u

trong Tng Quan Lch S Vn Hc Nht Bn, NXB Gio Dc, H Ni, 2011), i khi

vp phi s kh khn trong vic thng ngon mt tc phm vn hc yu thch v khng

nh c v tr ca n trong dng lch s.

n khi c cht hiu bit v lch s Nht Bn, lc c Shiramine (nh on hn) ca

Ueda Akinari chng hn, qua tnh tit chung quanh vic tranh chp ngai vng ca Thin

hong Suutoku (Sng c), ngi bin son cm thy thch th hn vi tc phm. Cn

khi c Sansh Daiyu (Truyn do Sansh Dayuu k li) ca Mori gai, nh r v

ngun gc v t chc ch trang vin thi p thi trung c, c th sng li bu

khng kh trong cu chuyn. Bn suy ra rng mnh s khng th no nh gi ng n

Mishima Yukio v on thin Yuukoku (Thng nc) ca ng nu khng hiu g v

nguyn nhn v din tin cuc o chnh m mu Niniroku (26/02/1936), bin c

4

chnh tr thay i vn mnh Nht Bn.

Thin ngh, cng cng mt th y, quyn GTLSNB ny cng c th gip cc bn theo

nhng ngnh khoa hc nhn vn khc nh kinh t, chnh tr, x hi, gio dc, m thut,

php lut ... nh c v tr mn hc ca mnh trong dng lch s Nht Bn.

Sch li mang tn l gio trnh. Th nhng k thc, ngi bin son khng h c mc

ch bin quyn sch thnh mt cng c gio dc mt trng lp no. Sch ch c

vit ra vi tinh thn gio trnh ngha l trnh by vn theo lp lang trc sau, vi mt

ging vn thoi mi nh vn ni. Mi khi ng trc mt khi nim hi kh hiu th

dng li gii thch di ging, vui vui, nh n gi gii lao (coffee break). Cng nn

rng ngi bin son vay mn vi lng bit n dn bi v mt lng thng tin

s t b s bn quyn Navigator Nihonshi B (Hng dn hc lch s Nht Bn) ca nh

xut bn Yamakawa (Tky), mt gio trnh dnh cho hc sinh cp 3 n tp khi luyn

thi vo i hc.

Gio trnh l mt cch gi tn km theo mt trch nhim nng n. Nhng nh vit s

ng n nht cng khng th cho l mnh nm ht ton b vn nu khng ch l mt

anh m xem voi. Hung chi, c quyn gi l chnh s no m chng c mt phn d s.

Tuy nhin, mt gio khoa th cho bc trung hc nh Navigator Nihonshi B va nhc

n bn trn, d l sch ca ngi Nht vit cho nhau c, ni dung khng thiu nhng

ch kho lo t bin h hay pht l, vn l mt vn kin c ng o c gi ph

phn, chnh l t n mt s ng thun no . C th bo n t n mt mc

dung nhn c. Bit rng vn gio khoa th ngnh s Nht Bn hy cn l

im nng cc nc chu, nhng phi chng, gii quyt nhng im bt ng do

t i dn tc, cc hc gi v cc nh gio dc t nhng nc can h cn ngi li vi

nhau m x, tho lun trong tinh thn khoa hc thay v cho tnh cm c nhn li

cun.

Trc khi vo phn chnh vn, xin c li cm n chn thnh n cc tc gi m ngi

bin son vay mn t liu, cc tin bi v thn hu vi kin thc su rng v lng

bao dung gip ngi bin son - vn thc ang lm mt vic qu sc mnh - nhng

kin qu bu quyn sch bt i nhng li lm cho d vic ci thin n vn cn phi

tip tc lu di.

Tky 13/10/2013

Nguyn Nam Trn

5

Chng M u

Khi qut v a l hnh th Nht Bn

tin b theo di tin trnh lch s Nht Bn, chng ta cn bit qua mt s thng tin

c bn v a l hnh th ca nc ny.

1- Hon cnh thin nhin.

Nht Bn l mt quc gia hi dng nm cc ng i lc u (Eurasia), gm 4 o

ln v khong 4.000 o nh. Bn hn o ln chy di t bc xung nam y c tn l

Hokkaid (Bc Hi o), Honshuu (Bn Chu), Shikoku (T Quc) v Kyuushuu (Cu

Chu).

Nht Bn nhiu ni non. C n 73% din tch l t ni. V th, sng ngi Nht

tng i ngn v nc xit, nhiu ghnh thc. Nc Nht li nhiu ma nn sc xm

thc ca n to nn nhng vt t hnh ch V nm su trong hc ni. nhng hm

ni cha ra thung lng v ng bng, c nhiu di t hnh cnh qut. Vng ph cn cc

ca sng, t tch t thnh lp dy to ra nhng cnh ng.T min trung (Chuubu) cho

n vng ng bc (Thoku), bn trin sng thng c nhiu g i.

Pha ng, Nht Bn hng ra Thi Bnh Dng bao la (th nhng chm o

Ogasawara ca h th nhn thng bin Phi Lut Tn). Phi bc ng l bin Okhotsk.

Pha ty v nam, Nht Bn i din vi bin Nht Bn v bin Nam Trung Hoa. Hai o

Honshuu v Shikoku ngn cch bi bin ni a Seto (Seto naikai). Nht Bn c nhiu

lung hi lu (kairyuu) bao bc. Mt lung nc lnh c tn Oyashio (Thn triu) cn

gi l Chishima kairyuu - t bin Bering min bc qua qun o Chishima chy xung

ngoi khi cc vng Sanriku (t Aomori n Miyagi) v Jban (tc Hitachi v Iwaki).

Mt lung nc m pha nam tn l Kuroshio (Hc triu)1 cn gi l Nihon kairyuu

c mu xanh thm hu nh en, t qun o Phi lut tn chy ln n mi Inubsaki

(ngoi khi Chiba) trc khi qut ra Thi Bnh Dng. Mt phn nhnh ca n s vng

sang eo bin Tsushima pha Hn Quc nn c tn l Tsushima kairyuu.

1 l mt lung nc rng c 100km , chy vi tc 1,5m mi giy ng h.

6

V kh hu, v c mt vng ni non chy di nh sng lng trn ton quc nn kh hu

pha bin Nht Bn v Thi Bnh Dng kh khc nhau. Pha bin Nht Bn c gi ma

ty bc nn ma ng lnh lo v nhiu tuyt. Pha Thi Bnh Dng thng thng

nng ro. Vng cao nguyn ca Hokkaid v Honshuu thuc khu vc kh hu hn i,

cc o pha nam thuc nhit i. Phn ln cc vng khc u c kh hu n i nhng

ni chung, nhit kh chnh lch gia min bc v min nam.

Nht thay i dn t nam ln pha bc t ng sang xun, xun sang h. Sau mt

thi k ma dm (naga.ame) cn gi l tsuyu (hay bai.u, mai v, v ma vo thng qu

m chn) khong thng 5, thng 6, tri tnh ra v nhit ln cao, Nht Bn bc vo

ma h m thp, c khi n 70% m. Cui thng 8, hi nng cn st li nhng sau

Nht Bn bc vo ma thu vi nhiu cn bo t bin pha Nam (i Loan,

Okinawa) thi ln.

V tr

Nht Bn c hnh th nh mt cnh cung, nm gia v tuyn 30 n 45 bc bn cu,

kinh tuyn 123-146 ng. Cc bc l thnh ph Wakkanai thuc Hokkaid, cha k 4

o thuc chm o Chishima vn do ngi Nga chim ng t khi Nht bi trn th

cn nm bn trn na. Cc nam l o Okinotorishima thuc qun o Ogasawara.

Cc ty l o Yonagunijima tnh Okinawa v cc ng l o Minamitorishima, mt

hn o tr v gia Thi Bnh Dng. Tuy ngn cch bi bin nhng c th xem nh

Nht tip gip Nga phi bc, Bc Triu Tin v Hn Quc pha ty, qun o Bc

Mariana thuc M pha ng v o i Loan pha nam.

Din tch

Lnh th rng 377. 929,99 km2, b bin di 3.300 km, bao quanh l 33.889 km. Gm

6.858 o ln hn 100 km, trong 430 khng ngi . Din tch ng hng 62 trn

th gii, hp thua tiu bang Montana (M) hay nc Na Uy, hi rng hn M Lai v

Vit Nam mt cht.

Dn s

Theo thng k nm 2000, ton th dn s c 126.925.843 ngi, trong 62.110.764

nam v 64.815.079 n. Khong 50% sng trn 14% din tch, c bit trong 3 thnh ph

7

ln nhn ra Thi Bnh Dng: Tky, saka v Nagoya.

a th

V lm ni, dn chng thng t tp cc gii ng bng hp. T nm 1970 c k

hoch phn tn cho hp l nhng cha c th thc hin.

Sng di nht l Shinanogawa (367km), lu vc sng ln nht l lu vc sng

Tonegawa (16.829km2), h rng nht l h Biwa (670,33km2), h su nht l Tazawako

(-423,0m).Ni cao nht l Fujisan (3.776m). Vc su nht -10.535m nm phi ng

qun o Kurils, mang tn Tuscarora, chic tu M dng cho hi dng hc khm

ph ra n nm 1874.

Rng chim 66,4% din tch, t canh nng 13,2%, t xy ct 4,7%, ng s 3,3%,

mt nc 3,5% v cc mt bng khc 8,9% (thng k 1999).

Tho mc Nht phong ph. Trong khi u chu c chng 85 h cy th Nht Bn c

n 168. Cc loi thc vt ni chung ln n 2.700 loi, cng nh a hnh tri di v

lng ma nhiu.

V ng vt, Nht c n 36.500 loi ng vt trong c nhng loi c v, chim chc,

b st, c v cn trng. Reeu c khong 1000 loi. Cn bin c khong 5.500 loi rong.

Ngun li thin nhin

Phn ln l khong sn nhng vi, kh t thin nhin v du kh u phi nhp. Xa

kia, c nhiu m vng, bc v ng. Marco Polo tng ca tng Nht nh quc gia

hong kim Jipangu. i Edo cho n Meiji c xut khu mt s qu kim ng k. Di

y bin hin c kh t thin nhin v kim loi him cha khai thc.

Kh hu

Bn c tnh:

8

1 ) V l mt qun o nn ma nhiu (1.000mm/ nm) nhiu khi n 2.000mm/nm

nh vng ven bin v c khi ln n 4.000mm/ nm nh cc o ngoi khi.

2) Hnh th ko di t bc xung nam nn c cc vng kh hu khc nhau. Bnh qun

nhit min bc (Sapporo) l 9 C, trung (Tky) l 16 C, nam (Naha) l 22 .

3 ) C ni ct lm i nn kh hu pha bin Nht Bn tri ngc vi kh hu pha Thi

Bnh Dng.

4 ) V v tr nm trung v tuyn phi ng nn cng chu nh hng ca gi ma.

Hon cnh thin nhin

Nm mt lt gn nhiu ng nt ca v a cu nn c nhiu ngn ni la ang thi

k hot ng, chu ng t mnh v thng xuyn, i khi c him ha sng thn. T

684 n 2011, Nht Bn b rt nhiu trn ng t vi Magnitude (ch tiu tr s nng

lng gy ra a chn) t M 8 n M 9 v nhng t sng thn ln. C n 20% nhng

cuc ng t cng M 6 ca th gii xy ra trn lnh th Nht Bn. Cng nh

a hnh nh th m c nhiu sui nc nng nhng li chu nn t st l thng

xuyn. Trn ng t nm 1923 vng Tky tuy khng c cng cao nht (c M 8

thi) li gy thit hi nhiu hn c (140 nghn ngi cht) v nh v ha tai.Trn

ng t ngy 11 thng 3 nm 2011 vi M 9 cha tng thy vo thi hin i, sng

thn cao trn 12 m lm cht v mt tch trn 20.000 ngi v to ra s c r r l ht

nhn pht in l nguy him nht.

T thng 6 n thng 10, kh p xung thp, l ma bo t. Nhng cn bo thi t

vng bin i Loan ln pha bc, gn y c khuynh hng b ln qun o thay

v ra ngoi khi nh trc. Do nhiu ma bo, thng xy ra lt li vo h v thu. Pha

bin Nht Bn lm khi c tuyt ln, gy nhiu tai hi v ngi v ca, gy kh khn cho

vic i li.

Trong nhng nm gn y, do cng nghip ha, cn thm vn nhim mi trng

sinh thi.

2- Cc o, vng min v c trng a l:

Bn o ln nht chim 95% din tch v chy di t bc xung nam, phn phi nh

sau:

9

Hokkaid

Din tch 77.981,87km2. o ln th 2 trong 4 o chnh nhng ch bng 1/3 Honshuu.

Cc tnh ln: Sapporo (1,9 triu dn), Asahigawa, Hakodate, Kushiro, Tomakomai,

Otaru, Ebetsu...

Honshuu

Hn o ln nht vi din tch 227.942,83 km2. Hn o ln th 7 trn th gii. Chia

thnh cc vng Thoku (ng bc), Kant (Quan ng), Chuubu (Trung b), Kinki

(Cn k) Chuugoku (Trung Quc). Cc thnh ph ln: Sendai ( 1 triu), Tkyo (12,7

triu), Yokohama (3,6 triu), Kawasaki (1,3 triu), Saitama (1,2 triu), Nagoya (2, 2

triu), Kyto (1,5 triu), saka (2,6 triu), Kobe 1,5 (triu), Hiroshima (1,1 triu)...

Shikoku

V din tch, nh nht trong 4 o chnh vi 18.297,74km2, ch bng 1/2 Kyuushuu.V

xa kia bao gm bn a phng (tiu quc) nn gi l Shikoku (T quc). Cc thnh

ph ln: Matsuyama, Takamatsu, Kchi, Tokushima...

Kyuushuu

ng hng th 3 v din tch trong 4 o chnh: 36.731,56km2, c 1/2 Hokkaid. Cc

thnh ph ln: Fukuoka (1,4 triu), Kita-kyuushuu, Kumamoto, Kagoshima, Miyazaki,

Beppu, Nagasaki...

Cc o ph thuc

1 Gm chm o Ty Nam thuc hai tnh Okinawa v Kagoshima, cc chm o

Okuma, Tokara rett, Amamishima, Sakishima...Naha, th ph ca Okinawa, nm cch

o Kyuushuu 600km v pha nam.

Quyn s hu vng o Senkaku (Tim cc) gn i Loan ca h hy cn b Trung

Quc v i Loan (gi l iu ng i) tranh chp. o Takeshima trong qun o Oki

pha ty ang tranh chp vi Hn Quc (Dokudo, c o) d nc y t h tng

cai tr trn .

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2 Chm o ng Nam tc 2 nhm Izu v Ogasawara, ko n I jima phi nam.

3 Chm o 4 o phng bc (Habomai, Shikotan, Kunashiri, Etorofu) gi l Hopp

rydo (Bc phng lnh th), ang i li Nga.

Thnh ph ln: Okinawa, Naha trn chm o Ty Nam.

3- Bin i ca a danh qua cc thi i.

Ngoi tr Hokkaid (Bc Hi o) l t mi c t tn t nm 1.869 (Meiji 2), tt

c cc vng khc trn nc Nht u c a danh c, thay i qua cc i. Kin thc

ny rt cn thit c s. Nhn y cng ni thm rng Hokkaid l t c ca ngui

Ezo (H Di). Dn Nht mi ln y khai khn t i Muromachi (1392-1573) m thi.

n i Edo, Shgun Tokugawa t n nm di quyn qun ht ca lnh cha phin

Matsumae (Tng Tin), lnh a duy nht pha nam o y.

Bn Nht Bn thi phong kin (khong 1573-83)

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Trong bn trnh by di y, khi ni Thi Edo, xin hiu l ct ghi tn cc tiu quc

cho n thi Edo. Thi Meiji c ngha l lc thc hin vic ci t hnh chnh, bi b

phin trn ca ch phong kin lp huyn tnh (haihanchiken = ph phin tr huyn,

1871) tp trung vo vng quyn.

ng Sn o (Tsand) gm Thoku v khu vc trung ng vng Kant.

Trc Thi Edo Thi Meiji Hi n ti

Mutsu Mutsu Aomori Aomori

Mutsu Rikuchuu Morioka (Akita) Iwate (Akita)

Mutsu Rikuzen Mizusawa

Sendai

Miyagi

Mutsu Iwaki Iwasaki Fukushima

Mutsu Iwashiro Fukushima

Wakamatsu

Fukushima

Dewa Ugo Akita Akita

Dewa Uzen Sakata

Okitama

Yamagata

Shimotsuke Shimotsuke Utsunomiya

Tochigi

Tochigi

Kzuke Kzuke Tochigi

Gunma

Gunma

Shinano Shinano Nagano

Chikuma

Nagano

Hida Hida Chikuma Gifu

Mino Mino Gifu Gifu

mi mi Nagahama

tsu

Shiga

Bc Lc o (Hokurikud) Honshuu phi nhn ra bin Nht Bn

Thi Edo Thi Meiji Hi n ti

Echigo Wakamatsu

(Niigata)

Kashiwasaki

Niigata

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Sado Aikawa Niigata

Etchyuu Niikawa Toyama

Noto Nanao Ishikawa

Kaga Kanazawa Ishikawa

Echizen Asuwa Fukui

Wakasa Tsuruga Fukui

ng Hi o (Tkaid) Honshuu pha nhn ra Thi Bnh Dng

Thi Edo Thi Meiji Hi n ti

Awa

Kazusa

Kisarazu Chiba

Inba Chiba

Ibaraki

Hitachi Niihari

Ibaraki

Ibaraki

Musashi Saitama

Irima

Tky

Saitama

Tky

Sagami Kanagawa Kanagawa

Izu Ashigara Shizuoka

Suruga Shizuoka Shizuoka (Tky)

Ttmi Hamamatsu Shizuoka (Tky)

Kai Yamanashi Yamanashi

Mikawa Nukata Aichi

Owari Nagoya Aichi

Iga Anotsu Mie

Ise Anotsu

Watarai

Mie

Shima Watarai Mie

Kinki (C n K) San.ind (Sn m o) San.yd (Sn Dng o)

Khu vc chung quanh Kyto v Min ty Nhp Bn

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Khu vc Thi Edo Thi Meiji Hi n ti

Kinki (chung quanh

Kyto)

Yamato Nara Nara

Yamashiro Kyto Kyto

Kawachi

Izumi

Sakai saka

Setsu saka saka

Setsu Hygo Hygo

San.ind (min ty pha

bin Nht Bn)

Tajima

Tanba

Tango

Toyooka

(Kyto)

Hygo

Kyto

Inaba

Hki

Tottori Tottori

Oki

Izumo

Shimane Shimane

Iwami Hamada Shimane

San.yd (min Ty

phi bin ni a Seto)

Harima Shikama (Hygo)

Mimasaka

Bizen

Bichuu

Hj

Okayama

Fukazu

Okayama

Bingo Fukazu Hiroshima

Bingo

Aki

Hiroshima Hiroshima

Su

Nagato

Yamaguchi Yamaguchi

Ty Hi o (Saikaid) v Nam Hi o (Nankaid)

o Kyuushuu v o Shikoku

Khu vc Thi Edo Thi Meiji Hi n ti

Saikaid

(Kyuushuu)

Chikuzen

Chikugo

Buzen

Fukuoka

Mizuma

Kokura

Fukuoka

Bugo ta ta

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Hizen Imari Saga

Iki

Tsushima

Nagasaki

(Imari)

Nagasaki

Higo Yatsushiro

Kumamoto

Kumamoto

Hyuuga Mimitsu Miyazaki

zumi

Satsuma

Miyakonoj

Kagoshima

Kagoshima

Nankaid

(Shikoku)

Kii Wakayama

Watarai

Wakayama

(Mie)

Awaji

Awa

Myot (Hygo)

Tokushima

Tosa Kchi Kchi

Iyo Uwajima

Matsuyama

Ehime

Sanuki Kagawa Kagawa

Nhng thi k lch s i tng ca Phn I quyn sch ny:

Nin i (du c ngha l trc cng nguyn) Thi k

-30.000 n -10.000 Cu thch kh

-10.000 n -8. 000 Jmon nguyn thy

-8.000 n -6.000 C Jmon

-6.000 n - 3.000 Tin Jmon

-3.000 n -2.000 Trung Jmon

-2.000 n-1.000 Cn Jmon

-1.000 n -500 (-300) Cui Jmon

-500 (-300) n 300 / -310-710 Yayoi / Kofun

593 n 670 Asuka

670 n 710 Hakuh

710 n 974 Nara

794 n 1.185 / 894-1.185 Heian / Fujiwara

1.185 n 1.333 Kamakura

1.333 n 1.392 / 1.333-1.568 Nanbokuch / Muromachi

15

Nht Bn vo th k 19

Nht Bn c hnh th nh ngy nay mi t nm 1945 nu khng ni l t 1972 khi Hoa

K giao tr qun o Okinawa cho h. Vo th k th 6 v th 7, sn khu lch s c

i Nht Bn ch din ra trn i bt chu (yashima) tc 8 vng t quan trng (tm

cn c ngha l nhiu) ca Nht Bn2 m khng h dnh dng n quan bt chu

(kanhasshuu)3 tc khu vc Tky ngy nay, vng ng Bc (Thoku) ln Hokkaid.

ch l min ty Honshuu, Kyuushuu, Shikoku v cc hn o nh nh Awaji, Iki v 2 i bt chu quc (yashimakuni) l cch Kojiki (C S K) gi nc Nht thi c. 3 Quan bt chu l Sagami, Musashi, Kzuke, Shimotsuke,Kazusa,Shimosa, Awa, Hitachi tc cc tnh Kanagawa, Chiba, Ibarakiby gi. Cch gi ny ch c t i Edo.

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Tsushima. Kinh lc hon ton chi phi b phn ngoi vi ca n. Trong khi , c

mt thi nh gia Th chin th hai, Nht Bn c quan nim rng ri hn. l

quan nim Dainihon (i Nht Bn) thi qun phit, bao trm c min nam o

Sakhalin, bn o Triu Tin ln o i Loan.

Ngi Nht vn cho mnh l mt dn tc thun nht nhng iu tng i nhiu hn

h tng v dn tc ny thc s hnh thnh qua nhiu t di dn v c s hin din

ca cc nhm dn tc thiu s. Nu nh n nm 1945, li ngh c xem l mt

chn l th ngy nay ngi ta bt xc tn v n. Thi c i, ngoi ngi vng

Yamato, c cc nhm thiu s Emishi (sau l Ezo) min bc, Kumaso, Hayato

min Nam, l cha k nhng t di dn ln n t i lc. Ngy nay, Nht Bn hy

cn c 680.000 ngi gc Triu Tin khng nhp tch v khong 500.000 ngi

Okinawa m s kt hp vi dn bn o cha hn thng sut hon ton.

17

Bn Nht Bn hin ti

18

19

PHN MT: T THNG C N NAM BC TRIU

Chng I: Ngun ci ca vn ha Nht Bn.

1- Qun o Nht Bn: Ngun gc ngi Nht v thi vn ha c.

2- Vn ha Jmon v bi cnh x hi.

3- Vn ha Yayoi v bi cnh x hi.

4- S thnh lp cc tiu quc v s xut hin ca n vng Himiko nc

Yamatai.

5- Thi i Kofun v chnh quyn Yamato.

6- Chnh tr vng tri u Yamato. Ngoi giao v vn ha.

Chng II: Nh nc lut lnh thnh hnh v pht trin.

1- Chnh tr tri u Suiko v vn ha Asuka.

2- Ch trung ng tp quyn thnh hnh. Ci cch nm Taika.

3- Chnh tr thi cc Thin hong Tenmu v Jit. Vn ha Hakuh.

4- Nh nc lut lnh thnh lp.

5- Ch rung t v thu m ca nh nc lut lnh.

6- Kinh Heij v chnh tr thi Nara s k.

7- Thi th nh tr di tri u Shmu. Vn ha Tenpy.

8- Ch trang vin trong bui u.

Chng III: Chnh tr qu tc v vn ha quc phong pht trin.

1- Chnh tr v vn ha hi u thi Heian.

2- H Fujiwara dy ln. Thi th nh tr nm Engi v Tenryaku.

3- Chnh tr cc Nhip chnh v Quan bch.Vn ha quc phong.

4- Trang vin v v s.

5- Chnh tr vin snh ra i. Chnh quyn h Taira.

Chng IV: S thnh hnh v pht trin ca x hi qun nhn.

1- Mc ph Kamakura ra i.

2- Chnh quyn cc Chp quyn h Hj pht tri n.

20

3- Sinh hot cc v s thi Kamakura.

4- Gic Nguyn Mng. S suy vong ca Mc ph Kamakura.

5- Mc ph Muromachi thnh hnh.

( Ht Phn Mt )

21

Chng I

Ngun ci ca vn ha Nht Bn.

Tit 1: Qun o Nht Bn: Ngun gc ngi Nht Bn v thi vn ha c. 1.1 Ngun gc ca qun o Nht Bn v ca ngi Nht Bn:

Trc khi mun tm hiu qun o Nht Bn v ngi Nht Bn xut hin nh th no

thit tng cng nn bit qua nhn loi c mt trn qu t t bao gi. D nhin

ch l nhng c on n t kin thc m chng ta thu lm c cho ti ngy

nay.

T xa c bit bao nhiu nh nghin cu, ht a ra ht gi thuyt ny n gi thuyt

n nhng nhng con s m h ch trng khc nhau xa lm. Cho n ngy nay, thuyt

cho rng con ngi c mt trn qu a cu t 4 triu nm v trc hnh nh c

ng o hc gi chp nhn hn c. Vy chng ta hy bt u cu chuyn sau khi tm

ng vi l gii ny.

Trc tin, hai ch con ngi hay loi ngi thng c nh ngha nh mt sinh

vt hi 3 tiu chun nh sau:

1) ng thng bng hai chn v bit i;

2) Bit dng la v ch to dng;

3) Bit s dng ngn ng.

Mu ngi hi tiu chun y ln u tin c pht hin ra t lng t vo nm

1924 do nhng nh kho c ti Nam Phi. H bn t tn khoa hc cho loi ngi ny l

Australopithecus hay Ngi vn phng Nam, mt ging ngi c mt trn mt

t t trn mt triu nm v trc.

22

Tng tc theo mu ngi vn Bc Kinh

Ngi vn phng Nam tng ng vi loi ngi trong lch s nhn loi vn c

mnh danh l vin nhn (ape-man, pithecanthropus). Ngy nay ngi ta xem s c

mt ca vin nhn (ngi vn) ny nh im khi hnh ca nhng cng trnh nghin

cu v lch s loi ngi. Tht ra, tuy ch pht hin c chng c v vin nhn ha

thch Nam Phi m thi, th nhng ngi ta suy ra rng sau thi im , tri qua bao

nhiu thng nm, nhn loi tin ha khp ni trn tri t. Chng hn, phn t

chu, l con ngi nguyn thy Bc Kinh (Bc Kinh nguyn nhn, Sinanthropus

Pekinensis)4. H c mt t 500.000 nm trc. B xng u ha thch ca h l chng

c ti c ca s tin ha y thy c chu.

Thi i ca ngi vn, theo quan im a cht hc, l k th 3 ca thi k tn a

cht (Cenozoic Era)5. T , bc qua k th 4, nhn loi tin ha theo qu trnh

ngi nguyn thy Bc Kinh sang n ngi c (cu nhn, cng thi vi ngi

Neanderthal u Chu ) ri n ngi mi (tn nhn, cng loi vi ngi Cromagnon).

Ngi c v ngi mi u thuc thi k (c v mi). H c xem l nhng

homo sapiens, mang tn khoa hc gn cho ging ngi bt u c tri thc. Nu xem a

4 Ngi nguyn thy (genjin) l loi ngi tin ho t ngi vn v ra i trcngi c v ngi mi. c nh c mt trn tri t cch y 160 vn nm, no b c th tch c 2/3 no ca ngi hin i, bit ng thng (homo erectus) v bit i, s dng c nhng dng c bng n gin. Xng ho thch ca ngi nguyn thy Bc Kinh khai qut c vo nm 1929 trong mt cnh rng Chu Khu im gn Bc Kinh (c nh c mt cch y 70-20 vn nm trc) ch l mt v d v ngi nguyn thy. 5 Thi i a cht mi (Cenozoic Era) l 2 thi k bt u t 65 triu nm v trc cho n ngy nay, khi cc loi ng vt c v v thc vt hin hoa xut hin. Cc qun sn nh Alpes, Himalaya, Andes cng thnh hnh vo thi ny.

23

cu c t 4.600 triu nm v trc v c s sng t 3300 triu nm v trc th lch

s ca nhn loi qu v cng ngn ngi.

Thi k tn a cht nhc n bn trn c hai k th 3 v k th 4 cn phi phn bit.

K th 4 bt u cch y 164 vn nm vi thi k gi l cnh tn th (lnh i m li

cch nhau nhiu ln, Pleistocene)6 ko di cho n 1 vn nm v trc. Mt vn nm

cui cng l thi i mi nht (hon tn th, hon ton mi, Holocene). chnh l thi

i ca nhn loi chng ta, khi tri t m tr li cho con ngi tn ti v pht trin

c. Thi gi l cnh tn, nh ni, ko di 163 vn nm, tri qua 4 thi k bng gi

v 3 thi k gin cch m p. Gi thi cnh tn l thi k bng h c l gi hnh hn

nn d nh hn.

Trong thi k cui cng ny, mt nc bin thp hn by gi khong trn 100 m. Bo

rng thp hn 100 m c ngha l nhng ni by gi ang chm di nc ngy xa tng

trn cn vy.

V l do , vo thi bng h, c hai min nam bc Nht Bn hy cn gn lin vi lc

a chu , cc ng vt c th i qua i li mt cch d dng. Nh th, a hnh Nht

Bn lc y cha th gi l qun o c. Bng chng l cc loi khng tng

(mammoth) v nai hn i (herajika)7 phng bc i t Sibria xung Hokkaid,

cc loi voi ln Naumann8 v nai ch gc ln tsunojika9 phng nam di chuyn t

bn o Triu Tin qua o Honshuu. Di tch ha thch ca chng c pht hin

nhiu vng trn t Nht. Nm 1973, h Nojiri thuc tnh Nagano gn Tky thi,

ngi ta tm ra c dng c bng o v xng ha thch ca voi Naumann. Theo

, c th suy ra rng cch y 2 vn nm, ngi v voi Naumann tng sng a

phng . C th tng tng ra cnh ngi thi i theo nhng con th khng

l ny n Nht. Ci tn voi Naumann l mnh danh theo hc gi Edmund Naumann

(1854-1927), ngi t c n nghin cu Nht Bn vo thi Meiji.

6 Mt thi k di so vi thi i hon tn hay hin th (Holocene) n sau ca chng ta. c bit thi ny l thi m bng h pht trin mnh trn mt t, c nhiu giai on m lnh xen k. 7 Nai x lnh, thng thy u chu v M, Canada.Sng bn b nc cc cnh ng c. Cn c tn l Elk nh u chu gi hay Mousse nh M gi. 8 Naumanns elephant, mt lai voi ln tuyt chng, tng c mt t 30 vn n 1 vn ri nm v trc Nht Bn v ng . Khc vi ging Mammoth, voi Naumann sng ni kh hu m p hn. 9 Mt ging nai b tuyt dit. c im l b sng ln, di khong 3m v nng c khi ti 45kg.

24

Voi ln Naumann ha thch (ti to)

Nai hn i (Herajika)

Sau khi qua thi k bng h, tri t bc vo thi k hon ton mi (hon tn th,

Holocene) bt u t hn mt vn nm trc. Lc y, kh hu m ra v mc nc bin

dng cao dn. Khi nc bin dng cao th nhng ni dnh lin vi i lc b nc ln

vo, lm cho Nht Bn ngy nay b tch ri ra. Theo cch m qun o Nht Bn bt

u thnh hnh.

Nh nhng cng trnh nghin cu xng ha thch m ngi ta bit thm v s tin ha

ca nhn loi t ngi vn (vin nhn) sang ngi nguyn thy (nguyn nhn), ri n

ngi c v sau cng l ngi mi. Ngi vn gn vi loi vn, ngi nguyn thy

ging ngi ri nhng vn trng thi mi bt u lm ngi. Ngi theo loi hnh

c gi l ngi c (cu nhn) v ngi loi hnh mi gi l ngi mi (tn nhn).

Xng ngi ha thch thi cnh tn (Pleistocene) c phn bit vi xng cc

thi khc bng cch no? Thng thng, cc nh kho c gi tn xng theo tn t

ni khai qut c chng. Chng hn xng tm thy mt s a im nh Hamakita

25

(vo nm 1960-62) thuc tnh Shizuoka v Minatogawa (1967-69 v t 19070) thuc

tnh Okinawa c gi l xng ca Ngi Hamakita hay Ngi Minatogawa. C hai

loi u c sp vo lp xng ca ngi mi. Nm 1931, Naora Nobuo tm ra

trong vng Akashi thuc tnh Hygo nhng mnh xng m ng ng l ca Ngi

nguyn thy nn mi gi n gi l xng Ngi nguyn thy Akashi. Sau c ngi

phng on n c nin i mi hn ta tng nn xy ra mt cuc tranh lun. Rt tic

xng ha thch ca Ngi Akashi b chy tiu khi ng Kinh b nm bom hi cui th

chin th hai, t khng ai tm ra cha kha no khc tr li cu hi na. Tuy

vy, kh nng xng Ngi Akashi thuc v thi cnh tn (Kshin, Pleistocene) hoc

thi hon tn (Kanshin, Holocene) rt ln.

ng ngi C Mng c (Jmon, vch ) v Tn Mng c (Yayoi, vch en) n Nht

Hy th tm hiu c trng cc b xng ha thch ny. Ni cho gn th ngi c (cu

nhn) mt rng theo chiu ngang, kh ngi thp b. Ngi c Nht c chung c

im vi ngi min nam Trung Quc (huyn Liu Giang tnh Qung ng). Nhng

nt c bit cng c ngi Yayoi v sau tha k.

Nh vy, hnh dng nguyn thy ca ngi Nht Bn l hnh dng ca ngi C Mng

c (Mongoloid)10 nh trn. V sau, nhng ngi n Nht t thi Yayoi tr i l nhng

ngi tin ho hn trc, chu lnh v cng gii. H c gi l Tn Mng c

(Mongoloid). C l ngi Nht hin i, sau bao nhiu cuc pha trn, lai ging t 10 Chng tc Mng c l mt trong 3 nhn chng quan trng: da vng, tc en, mt en, mi mt bp, c bt xanh phn ln trn mng. Gm cc ging ngi nh Trung Quc, Nht, Hn, Vit Nam,... (Asia Mongoloid). Ngoi ra cn k n ngi M Lai, Indonesia, Polynesia v th dn M chu.

26

hai loi ngi ny chng? Ngi ta cho rng dn tc Ainu Hokkaid v ngi nhng

hn o min Ty Nam lc y c nhng c trng r nt hn ca ngi C Mng c

vng pha nam i lc.

Mt khc, khi phn tch ngn ng c s dng, chng ta cng c th bit mt ging

dn thuc vo chng tc no.Theo nhng yu t v ng c, cch xp t cc tr t cng

nh khi quan st m vn ca ting ni, ngi ta thy ting Nht c nhng nt tng

ng vi cc th ting Triu Tin, Mng C thuc ng h Altai pha bc i lc chu.

Du khch Nht khi n Hn Quc u c cm tng quen thuc y khi nghe cch pht

m ca ngi Hn ngoi ng ph. Tuy nhin v phng din ng vng th ting Nht

cng tip nhn nhiu yu t ca phng nam nh t ting ni ca khu vc ng Nam

hay qun o Polynesia nn khng th loi b yu t vng nam o trong vic hnh

thnh dn tc Nht. D ngun gc y vn cn l mt cu hi kh tr li nhng khng

th no coi thng nhng hng nghin cu nu ra bn trn c.

Ngi Nht t u n?

Theo GB Sansom11, cc t liu kho c dng nh gip chng ta i n im ng thun l qun o

Nht Bn c ngi c ng vo cui giai on tn thch kh ( mi). H l nhng ngi m cc

nh dn tc hc v ngn ng hc xem nh thuc nhm phng bc tc Ural-Altaic gm cc sc dn

Finns, Samoyedes, Huns, Tsungus v Mng C. Th ri giao thng gia bn o Triu Tin v qun o

Nht Bn em nhiu t di dn t vng Bc-ng n cng vi vn ha dng v st ca h. C tc

gi nhn mnh n giai on t nm -500 n 500 v vai tr ca nc Yn vng vnh Bt Hi khong th

k th 2 TCN trn kinh t khu vc. D. Elisseeff12 chng hn nhc nh n vic ng tin ca nc

Yn - mt trong tht hng thi Chin Quc - c khai qut ngay c ti Okinawa. Cc t di dn t

i lc t n nh cao di thi nh Hn, nht l qua trung gian cc qun huyn nh Lc Lng v i

Phng m ngi Trung Quc lp trn bn o Triu Tin. K thut trng la nc Hemudu (H Mi

) Trung Quc - c nht i lc - c nh khong nm 5000 TCN v sau cng c thy

Kyuushuu. Nh vy Nht Bn c i ca thi Yayoi nm trong qu o Trung Triu. Tuy nhin, ci

ngi ta cha nh gi c l s gp phn ca c dn n t vng Ural-Altaic mi su trong i lc

trong s hnh thnh c tnh ca ngi Nht. L do l d ngi Nht lc y c mt vn ha vt cht gn

gi vi ngi Trung Quc nhng tinh thn cng nh hnh ng ca h, vn c ci g rt l khc. V sau,

ngi Nht tun t n nhn di sn vn ho ca Hn, ng, Tng, Minh nhng ngi ta nhn ra vn c

mt ct li l vn ha bn a khng xm phm c (non absorbent core, nh cch ni ca G.B.

11 GB Sansom, Japan, a short cultural study, tr.15. 12 D. Elisseeff, Histoire du Japon, tr. 23.

27

Sansom) ca ngi Jmon trong tm hn Nht Bn. Khng nhng th, n li cn c tnh khng li mi

yu t n t bn ngoi.

Tuy thuyt da trn nhng yu t phng bc c nhiu ngi ng nhng mun cho rt ro, chng ta

khng nn qun yu t phng nam trong qu trnh hnh thnh dn tc Nht. Gio s Waka Moritar13

dn ra trong tc phm ca ng thuyt ca Tin s Nishimura Shinji, quan st ngi Nht di nhn

quan mt nh nhn chng hc. Da trn nhng yu t th cht nh hnh thi xng s, chiu cao thn th,

mu da, chiu cao ca mi, c tnh ca lng tc, loi hnh huyt dch, vn u ngn tay, mt v m mt,

ng cng b mt bc nh montage (gi tng) v con ngi Nht Bn tiu biu vi nhng c tnh

hn hp ca n. Theo ng, ngi Nht Bn phi l kt hp ca 6 sc dn: da en (Negrito), cu Ainu,

ngi Nht Bn nguyn thy, ngi hi o Indonesia (Nam Dng), ngi Indochina (ng Dng) v

ngi Hn. Ring v b phn gi l Nht Bn nguyn thy th Nishimura nh ngha: l nhng ngi

Nht Bn c thuc ging Mng C Ural-Altaic, c cng t tin vi ngi Tsungus cng nh ngi Triu

Tin.

l cha k nhng tc gi da trn yu t vn ho nh ngn ng hay phong tc tp qun. Ting ni (kt

thc bng mu m) ca Nht ging nh ting ni cc c dn vng Nam o. Thn thoi ca h cng vy

(s tch hai anh em tranh nhau mt li cu). Hoa vn trn trng ng vng ng Nam ging hoa vn

trn chung ng (dtaku) Nht Bn. Cc tp tc nhum rng, n tru, thch go np, chn ngi cht

trong chum h (kamekan) cng vy.

Nh th, cho d mun khng nh rng ngi Nht c ngun gc ng Bc cng khng th b qua

mi lin h nhn chng vi cc sc dn ng Nam . Lin h ny c th n t nhng cuc di dn lin

tc.

1.2 Pht hin di tch Iwajuku. Sinh hot vo thi i :

Ngi thi i sinh hot nh th no? D nhin h ly da th che thn, mang theo

dng c lm bng , i khp ni ngoi ng trn ni. Tuy th, hnh nh cha tht s

y , cn c gii thch thm

Ngy y, nhn loi cha bit dng dng c bng kim loi l dng c tin li nht.

mi l thi ngi ta cn s dng ngha l thi hay thch kh thin h ch

bit ly th ri p i p li s sa cho c hnh th lm dng c. N mang tn

13 Waka Morirtar bin, Nihonshi no sten (Nhng im tranh lun trong s Nht), Tky, 1963.

28

thi o, cu thch kh hay c. Sang n thi hon tn hay hin th (t mt

vn nm v trc)14, ngi ta mi bit mi gia ch ra dng c mi. Thi im y

mi c gi l thi tn thch kh hay mi. Theo quan im a cht hc, thi

c tng ng vi thi cnh tn (t 164 vn nm v trc) ,cn thi mi tng

ng vi thi hon tn. Cng k t khi bc qua thi i mi, ng trn quan im

vt dng lm bng t th Nht Bn, ta c th chia ra lm hai thi k mang tn l

Jmon v Yayoi.

T xa cng c ngi ngh rng vo thi c, trn qun o Nht Bn, cha c

mt dng thc vn ha. Ch trng ny c chp nhn cho n trc chin tranh.

Do , n lc y, khi hi rng thi i no l thi ti c ca vn ha Nht Bn th

ngi ta s bo l Jmon.

Th nhng, vo nm 1946, t di ch Iwajuku thuc tnh Gunma ty bc Tokyo, ngi

a phng tn l Aizawa Tadahiro tm thy t lp t trn sn dc mt qu i b

vt ngang mt s vt lm bng ni la mu en (obsidian)15. qu l mt pht

hin ht sc quan trng lm o ln tt c chiu hng nghin cu lch s Nht Bn.

Ri nhn khm ph , vo nm 1949, nhm nghin cu ca i hc Meiji iu tra

khoa hc hn v thnh cng trong vic xc nh s thc l c rt nhiu dng c o

nh th nm trong a tng tro t ha sn16 vng Kant vn tch t t thi k

cnh tn. T y, khuynh hng ca vic nghin cu lch s Nht Bn l li ngc ln xa

hn na v thi thi c.

Ngi pht hin cc hin vt bng o ni trn, Aizawa Tadahiro (1926-1989),

khng phi l mt gio s i hc hay nh kho c g c. ng ta ch l mt thanh nin

am m kho c v mu sinh bng ngh bun bn do nn c c hi i t vng ny qua

vng khc. Th nhng ng pht hin c mt iu v cng v i m cc nh hc

gi kho c chnh tng d c nm m cng cha dm ngh ti.

14 Cn gi l thi Trng tch (Alluvial Epoch) l thi i c nhiu cnh ng rng ph sa to thnh t t st l do nc chy. 15 Obsidian l ni la c mu en, hi trong, ging thy tinh, hnh v s. 16 a tng c tn l loam cu to bng tro ha sn do gi thi n, giu cht c xt st nn c mu , c gi l xch th. vng Kant (ng Nht Bn), gi l Kant-rmu, dy c 10 m.

29

Nh kho c nghip d Aizawa Tadahiro

Sau pht hin ca Aizawa, ngi ta ln lt tm ra nhng chng c ng lot t cc a

tng ca thi cnh tn khp ni. N xc nh lp lun l vn ha Nht Bn tn ti

t thi cnh tn, ngha l ngi Nht cng c mt nn vn ha c (cu thch kh).

Th nhng t cc lp a tng ca thi ny, ngi ta khng tm ra c nhng dng c

bng t. iu ny c ngha rt quan trng. l vic thi c l giai on phi

c trc thi t. Nht, giai on trc khi bit ch to v s dng t c gi

l thi k vn ha trc (hay l khng c) t (= tin th kh) ni cch khc l

giai on trc vn ha Jmon, bi v Jmon ng ngha vi t (th kh).

Sinh hot ca ngi vo thi ny (trc Jmon) l tp trung vo vic sn bn v hi

nht. Nhng dng c gip h sinh hot u c lm bng (thch kh). Trc tin l

ming hnh li dao vi chiu di 5cm. H dng n ct, ch hoc gn vo u

mt khc cy lm mi lao (yari). Cng c loi khng bn nhng li c u nhn. Nhng

dng c ny c u nhn hnh th ging nh chic l cy, c th git vo u khc cy

thnh ngn thng hay lao m gn (tsukiyari) hoc phng xa (nageyari), dng vo

vic sn bn. Vn vn vi mt dng c nh th m sinh tn, ngi thng c dm

ng u vi cc ging th ln n t i lc nh voi ln Naumann, nai c ch gc

tsunojika, nai hn i herajika cng nh b rng th h tht lm chng ta phi kinh

ngc.

n giai on cui ca thi c, ngi ta bt u bit dng nhng dng c bng

va nh (khong 3-4 cm) va nhn, bng cch gn chng nhiu ci mt lt vo trong

nhng ci l u cc thanh xng hay cy. Nh th, ngi thi y bit cch ch to

30

di dng phi hp. Ngi Nht gi loi nh v nhn ny l saisekki (t

thch kh). Dng c ny d nhin dng vo vic sn bt mung th, rt ph bin t vng

ng bc Trung Quc cho n mn Siberia. Chng hn n Nht bng ng phng

bc. Khi ngi Nht c bit dng loi nh v nhn ny th h bt u chm dt

thi c (cu thch kh) tin vo thi trung gian gia c v mi (trung thch

kh).

Hy tm hiu xem ngi Nht thi y c tr nh th no? C th tng tng ra rng

h sng qua ngy trong nhng tp lu nh che tm hoc trong hang ng. H cha nh

tr c m cn phi ry y mai ty theo tnh hnh kim lng thc (qu ht hay

con mi). C th h ch cn kim nhng ch cnh dng nc v sinh hot trong nhng

ni c tr gin d, khng phi mt cng dng ln hoc dp b. Nhng dn dn ta cng

tm thy du tch ca khuynh hng nh tr, d rng bn v im ny, chng ta

cn cn thm nhiu bng chng trc khi c th kt lun.

Vo thi im , theo chng c vt cht t cc di tch kho c cho thy, khi c khong

mi ngi th ngi ta t tp sng vi nhau thnh tp on c s. Khi mt s tiu tp

on nh vy t hp li, s c nhng b tc (buzoku, tribe) ngha l mt nhm ngi c

chung mt c tnh v c thc ng tc. B tc no c trong tay nhng ngun nguyn

liu lm dng c bng kim c t mt ch no xa ni c tr, s nh hng

v chi phi c ngi bn trong tp on.

Trn y l vi nt v ngun gc ca qun o Nht Bn v c dn ca n. Hin nay,

Nht Bn vn tip tc c nhng cuc khai qut, iu tra kho c v a cht. Ty thuc

vo thnh qu ca nhng nghin cu ny m s hiu bit v Nht Bn thi thi c ca

chng ta s tng thm v lch s s phi c vit li nhiu ln na hay khng.

Tit 2: Vn ha Jmon v bi cnh x hi:

2.1 Vn ha Jmon thnh hnh nh th no?

Cch y hn mt vn nm v trc, kh hu trn tri t c l cng khng khc by gi

bao nhiu.V mt a cht hc, l mt thi k m p m ngi ta gi l Thi hon

tn (Holocene). Tuy gi l m p ging nh ngy nay, song trong my nm gn y ca

thi i chng ta, mi nm ( Nht) vo thng 7 v 8 nhit ln n 37, 38 C lin

tc nhiu ngy nn c th xem nh chng ta ang tri qua mt thi k kh hu d thng.

31

So snh vi giai on mt vn nm v trc vi by gi, ngy nay nhit c phn cao

hn. C nhiu nguyn nhn tht y nhng cng phi ni rng vic s dng my iu

ha khng kh gp phn vo kh nng lm cho tri t nng ln v gy ra s thay i

mi trng sinh thi. Tm li, cch y mt vn nm, a cu m ra lm cho mc

nc bin dng cao. Nc len vo cc mc thp ca lc a, tch chng ra v to nn

qun o Nht Bn. Tnh trng ny lm cho khung cnh thin nhin lc tr nn

khng khc g vi thi chng ta by gi cho lm.

Khi tri t m ri, trn qun o Nht Bn thy c nhiu s bin i. Thay vo

nhng khu rng cy c tnh (bc) hn i (subartic) vi l hnh mi kim (conifer) t

xa nay, ngi ta nhn ra vng ng Nht Bn c nhng khu rng cy l ln hay

rng (deciduous broadleaf) nh cy buna (breech tree) hay nara (Japanese oak, si

Nht). Cn pha ty Nht Bn th c cy shii (pasana, chinquapin) l thuc loi cy l

ln v thng xanh (broad-leaved evergreen tree). V ng vt th cc ging th hnh

th to ln xa di chuyn t i lc qua nay mt dng. Thay vo l nhng ging

thn xc trung bnh v di ng nhanh nhn nh nai Nht Bn (nihonshika) v ln rng

(inoshishi) nhiu thm ra.

Trong mt mi trng sinh thi bin i nh th ny, d nhin c dn trn qun o

Nht Bn cng phi t thay i thch ng vi tnh th. V d nh khi sn bn, c

th bt git nhng con vt c trung bnh v c nh m li nhanh nhn th phi c nhng

dng c, kh gii thch hp. Ngi ta nhn ngh ra dng c bit bay, l cung

tn vy.

Vo thi k m qun o Nht Bn hnh thnh v tch ra khi ba pha ng lc a

Eurasia (u ) th trn phn t Nht Bn, c mt nn vn ha mi ra i. Giai on

nm vo thi k chuyn tip gia vn ha c (cu thch kh) v vn ha

mi (tn thch kh). Thi i ny c mnh danh l thi i ca vn ha Jmon. Nn

vn ha ny bt u c chng 12.000 nm v trc. N ko di gn 10.000 nm, cho

n th k th t trc cng nguyn, lc ngi Nht bc vo thi vn ha Yayoi, mt

nn vn ha khc vi c im l nng canh rung nc (thy in, paddy field).

Vn ha Jmon c c im no? Xin tha, c ba c im khng th tch ri nhau nh

sau:

1) Bit s dng cung tn sn cc ging th rng c nh v c nh cng ngy cng

32

tng gia sinh sn.

2) Bit dng cha bng gm (v vi, ni niu) nu chn v d tr thc n.

3) Bit s dng dng c mi. mi khc vi o l c thm mt t gia

cng tr nn tinh vi hn. Do thi ny cn c mnh danh l thi mi

(tn thch kh).

Tuy nhin, cn ghi nh mt iu quan trng l khng v thi k vn ha Jmon bt u

m ngi ta b dng c o i khng dng na. Ni cch khc, vo thi Jmon,

ngi ta vn dng c hai.

Trong ba c tnh k trn ca vn ha Jmon, nh vic s dng cc cha lm bng

t m t l sinh tn (survival) ca con ngi cao ln mt cch r rt. L do l thay v

n tht sng, ngi ta bit nu chn, nn git ht vi trng nn gi thc phm c lu.

Nh , h cng c th loi bt cht ng cht trong cc loi qu ht nh cc th ht d

tochi (horse chestnust) hay donguri (acorn), lm chng d n hn

Th nhng khi thu thp thng k v tui tc v t sut t vong ca ngi thi Jmon th

ta c bit rng i vi dn s trn 15 tui, tui th ca h nm gia khong 35 n 40.

Cn nh k c tr em t 15 tui tr xung th tui th ca h ni chung khng ti 20.

em so tui th vi tui th ca thi i chng ta th hy cn cch nhau qu xa.

Trn mt cc thc gm thi ny, v mun lm cho u n nhng ch li lm bt

nht, ngi ta thng gn vo y hoa vn ging nh thng qun. T , t y mi

mang tn t Jmon (thng vn = hoa vn hnh dy thng)17. Tuy nhin cn ch l

lc cng thy loi t trn khng c hoa vn no c.

Hoa vn dy thng c gn nh th no th mi ch c bit gn y thi. Nh

kho c Yamanouchi Sugao nhn dng que bng gn lm trc v th ln trn t st th

thy c th khc hnh th ln c, ri khi ng dng mt gii dy v cng lm mt

ng tc th thy to ra c hoa vn. Sau th nghim ca Yamanouchi, nhiu nh kho

c khc cng lm th vi nhiu loi dy se theo kiu khc nhau. Kt qu l h gii

p c thc mc v cch thc gn hoa vn ca ngi xa. gm thi y cn c c

im na l nung di nhit thp, v kh dy v c mu nu. Thi k Jmon c

chia ra lm 6 giai on: giai on bt u, giai on sm sa, giai on trc, giai on

17 gm Jmon cng tm thy trn c lc a Phi Chu. Nht, di tch phn b t qun o Chishima (gn bn o Kamchatka thuc Nga) n Okinawa.

33

gia, giai on sau v giai on cui. Vo giai on bt u, va c nhiu gm

khng hoa vn (mumon) ln gm vi hoa vn ni theo dng ng thng (ryuukisen)

v hoa vn hnh mng tay (tsumegata). y ca chng hnh trn hay bn cnh n s.

Ngi ta ngh c th con ngi thi c ch ra chng theo m hnh cc ti ng bng

da (kawabukuro) hoc lng an (amikago) m h hay dng. Chng l vt tch dng c

cha bng t nung xa nht vn c trn th gii. Sau , theo thi gian, v nhu cu

cuc sng i hi nn loi gm ny c thm nhiu hnh thc khc, ng thi cng

tr nn phong ph hn v mt mu m. Vo giai on cui, thy c nhng th

gm bt mt (sc s) hn nh nhng vt khai qut c di ch Kamagaoka tnh

Aomori.

gm Jmon trung k vi hoa vn nh thng bn (nin i -5.000 n-4.000)

Ty theo khu vc v cch thc sinh hot phi thch ng, cc loi gm ny trn thc

t c hnh th khc nhau. Nu l cng mt mi trng v iu kin sinh hot th chng

s tp hp li (grouping) thnh mt cm c nt chung. Chng ta c th thy c nt

chung ca chng khi xem cc hin vt c em ra trng by cc vin bo tng a

phng.

2.2 Sinh hot ca ngi Jmon:

Sau y, chng ta th tm hiu v cuc sng tinh thn (tn ngng) v vt cht (sinh

hot) ca ngi Jmon. Thi k Jmon ny kh di, nh ni, ko di khong 1 vn

nm, c ngha l gp 5 ln thi gian bt u t cng nguyn (ty lch). i ngc ln trn

na th thi c cn di hn gp bi. iu chng t rng i b phn ca lch s

con ngi hu nh nm gn trong thi i c v thi i Jmon.

34

Ngi Jmon b iu kin thin nhin chi phi cht ch, c th xem nh h sinh hot

theo thin nhin. Trng tm ca sinh hot y l vn lm sao m bo c ngun

lng thc. Ma xun, h i hi n hoc mm cy c, ma h h ra bi cn m cua bt

c. Thu n, ngi Jmon i tm ht d (donguri) v cc qu ht khc (shii, kuri) lm

ngun lng thc chnh, cn ma ng, h sn th rng nh nai v ln li.

Qua , mi nhn ta thy cuc sng ca h kh thoi mi, nhn tn. Th nhng tui th

bnh qun ca ngi Jmon vn khng cao, vy th cuc sng y cha chc d di.

Qua n thi k Yayoi, con ngi bc vo giai on sn xut lng thc nhng h

ch lm ra nhng loi thc n no m h mun n. Khi cn trong thi k Jmon, h

khng c th no c c iu . .

Nhiu ngi cho rng pht minh quan trng nht ca ngi Jmon l vt dng cha

ng bng t nung nhng cng c kin tri ngc cho rng chnh l cung tn. Khi

kh hu qu t m ra, cc th ln, nng n bin mt. Duy cc ging b v nh nhanh

nhn hn nn cn st li, mun bt git chng, ch c cch l s dng cung tn. Vi

cung tn, ng nhm cho k ri bn v i mt mi l c con tht. C con tht ri th

phi i lm thc n vi mn tht . Lc y, ngi ta mi thy gi tr ca ni niu. V l

do , nu tn vai tr ca cung tn ln hng pht minh s mt ca ngi Jmon th c l

cng khng ngoa.

Ngoi ra phi ni n vic ngi Jmon bit o hm h lm by bt con tht hay

lm ni n np rnh rp chng. Ngy nay ta thy n nh tr tr ng bun ci nhng

vo thi Jmon, l mt pht minh ng k sng cn, khng th bo l mt tr

chi i vi h c.

Nc bin dng ln v mt t bng chm xung lm cho bin tin c vo bn trong

lc a (hin tng kaishin = hi tin), to nn nhng bin ni a. V lc l vo thi

Jmon nn ngi ta gi n giai on bin ln t Jmon (Jmon kaishin). Do hin

tng ny m t thi Jmon, Nht tr thnh mt o quc c nhiu nhnh bin nh

( irie, inlet), ch c gii nc bin hp v su m xa vo t lin. Nu l ngi chi

li th ai ny u bit rng ni y t tp rt nhiu c. Ngi trn qun o Nht Bn

do sm pht trin ngh nh c nhng vng nh th.

35

Nm 1877 (Meiji th 10), Edward S. Morse18 , nh khoa hc c xem nh l cha

ca khoa kho c Nht Bn, pht hin ra g xc s c vng mori (mori

kaizuka) ngay Tky. ng t San Francisco p tu chy bng hi nc l chic

Tky-maru n ca khu Yokohama. Trong khi ly xe in i t Sakuragich (gn khu

Chinatown by gi) theo tuyn Tkaid ln Tky, gia ng nhn qua ca s toa

tu, ng khm ph ra nhng g xc s mori gi l mori kaizuka, v cng qu

gi i vi ngnh kho c Nht Bn.

Gio s Edward Sylvester Morse

Cu chuyn k l v th v ny c gio s Morse ghi chp cn thn km theo hnh

v trong nht k, khi v nc em ra ni chuyn trong cc bui din ging v Nht

Bn v in trong tc phm Nht Bn, nht k tng ngy (Nihon sono hi sono hi), sau

n cn c nhc nh n trong nhiu tp s liu. Tm bia k nim ci g xc s c

kia nay nm c hai ni, qun ta v qun Shinagawa. L do l sau khi khai qut di ch

mt thi gian, ngay nhng ngi lin h cng khng cn nh a im ch xc ca

n. n ni ny, ngi Nht cm thy h c li vi gio s Morse.

Th nhng t khi g xc s c mori (mori kaizuka) c pht hin, trn ton nc

Nht, ngi ta tm thy 1800 kaizuka tng t m 90% l nhng kaizuka thuc thi

i Jmon. Hin nay, khi i xem xt nhng ni c kaizuka mang c tnh Jmon, cc

nh nghin cu thu thp c nhng d liu quan trng gip hiu bit v cuc sng

thng nht ca ngi thi y. Bi l kaizuka l ni c dn thi nhng thc phm d

18 Edward Sylvester Morse (1838-19259), nh ng vt hc ngi M, nguyn gio s ging dy mn Tin ha lun i hc Tky.

36

tha sau khi n xong, lu ngy chng tch t thnh g. em nhng mnh ha thch tm

thy t ln knh hin vi, ta s bit ht tt c nhng g ngi Jmon n. Ly mt

v d c th. l trng hp Torihama kaizuka, mt kaizuka v cng quan trng nm

trong a phn Mikata-ch tnh Fukui (min trung ty Nht Bn, pha bin Nht Bn).

Ngi ta pht hin ni vt tch ca cc ht ging cc thc vt nh qu bu

(hytan) cy vng m (egoma)19, cy ta t (shiso, beefsteak plant), cc ging u

(mame) v gob (r ngu bng, burdock). iu ny xc nh rng t rt sm, ngi

Jmon bit n canh tc tuy rng ch trong mt phm vi nh hp.

Qua nhng di vt ca kaizuka, c th hiu bit mt cch ton th v sinh hot ca ngi

ng thi. Cng v trong ng kaizuka ngi ta cn thy du vt nhng dng c lm

bng t, bng hoc bng xng hoc sng. i khi o c c nhng mnh xng

ngi, xng th hay xng c c lp calcium ca v s bao bc v bo tn. Mc ch

ca cc nh nghin cu v thi i ny c l l lm sao thng qua nhng di vt , ti

to li c hnh nh np sinh hot v hon cnh thin nhin trong , ngi Jmon

sinh sng.

Marukibune (thuy n c mc)

Vt khai qut c ngoi li cu (tsuribari) , lao (mori), cha (yasu) bng sng hay

xng th, ngi ta cn thy c nhng tng hay tng t (sekisui, dosui) - dng nh

neo (omori) gi li nh c di nc khi b di chuyn - nn c th suy ra l php

nh c thi y trn c bn da vo li. Ngoi ra, khp cc ni u tm thy du vt

ca loi thuyn c mc (marukibune), thuyn no bng cch hun chy phn rut

nguyn mt thn cy sau khi x n lm i. Vic di tch ca ngi Jmon c

19 Du egoma (ugoma) dng n hay thp n.

37

pht qut t vng Izu shima (bn o v chm o bn di Tky) cho n khu vc

Hachijjima (mt o ni la xa b Tky khong 300 cy s v cng nm trong 7 o

Izu) cho thy ngi Jmon c k thut hng hi rt cao c th i xa n nh vy.

sinh sng, con ngi bt buc phi lm vic. Nhng cng vic quan trng sinh

nhai ca ngi Jmon l sn bn, nh c, v thm vo , khng km phn quan trng

c l l hi nht. Ngoi cc ging ht nh ht lt (kuri, chestnut), ht d (donguri, acorn),

ht c ch (kurumi, walnut), ht tochi (horse chestnut, mt loi ht d), h cng o cc

loi c nh khoai rng (yamaimo, yam). Nh lm ra c nhng dng c bng gm

ninh nu h m loi c cht c, cht ng cht ca cc loi c. o h, h c

cuc (ishikuwa), nghin ht, h c bn nghin bng (ishizara). Ngi

Jmon cng c th gi l snh n. Chng hn h bit lm c bnh t bt ht d.

F.Mac20 cho ta bit thi y ch gp sc vo vic sn bn, c coi trng nh bn

ng hnh v c chn ct chng khc g ngi. Cc con tht ca h l ln li, nai, gu,

sn dng cho n cc th nh nh th rng, chn, sc, ngng, vt tri, ri c...

Sau khi tm ra c nhiu cch thc c lng thc , cuc sng ca h tr nn

n nh v sung tc. H bt u sng lu di mt ch (nh tr ha = permanent

settlement). Vo thi k ny, h bit o l (ana) xung lng t (c khi su ti c 1m)

lm ni c tr, dng ct, trn c lp mi (yane). Kiu c tr nh h nh vy c

ngi Nht gi l tateana juukyo (ting Anh dch a pit dwelling, m pit c ngha l h

su v rng).

Gia trung tm nh h ngi ta khoanh khu vc l bp, chung quanh mt gia nh

t tp sinh hot n ng di cng mt mi nh. Sau h kt thnh on l v cng

nhau i tm nhng ch cng ngy cng c iu kin tt hn nh ni nh mt tri hay

nm trn nn cao trnh l nhng cnh ngun nc ly ung d dng. Phn

ng, h t tp thnh xm gm nhiu nh quy trn quanh mt vt t trng ging nh

qung trng, ni y cng ng c nhng hot ng mang tnh tp on. Bn cnh

khu h c tr cn c khu h tch tr lng thc v h chn ct ngi cht. Nh vy, ni

nh Elisseeff th nhng thn u tin ny (nh thy Iwate) c qui hoch theo

mt hnh trn m vt t chnh gia va l nh lng va l ngha a.

V c nhu cu o h v nng canh m ngi thi c cn n cc dng c o xi t

20 LHistoire du Japon, p.22

38

bng o. Bn cnh cc ni c tr kiu nh h nh, li c nh h ln, chc dng lm

ni hi hp v lao ng tp on. Cc cuc iu tra gip ta suy on c mt cch

chung chung l n v sinh hot ca mt tp on thi Jmon ch gm c 4 n 6 nh

h qui t khong t 20 n 30 thnh vin

Mt l thin ca mt kaizuka

Trong khi xem xt kaizuka mang tn Kai no hana thuc tnh Chiba (st bn cnh Tky)

ngi ta thy pha di mt nn t hnh mng nga (batei-gata) to nn ci g ,

c di tch ca n 33 n v c tr. Trn vt t theo vnh mng nga nm gia,

khng thy c c s no c xy ct c, chc y l ni hi hp hoc t t chung. Nh

th, k t thi Jmon, ta thy c hnh thc x hi bit tun theo mt s qui lut, php

tc no ri.

Gn y, Sannai Maruyama tnh Aomori min bc Nht Bn mi l ni li cun s

ch nhiu nht. N l mt di tch tn ti t khong u n khong gia thi Jmon

v l chng c cho thy ngi thi y t tp li vi nhau trn mt qui m ln. Di tch

pht qut c - gm c cc khu vc c tr ca thi u ln thi gia Jmon - cng li

ln n 500 n v nh h c nh v trn 10 n v c ln. Trong s thy nhng

nh h vi ct tht to m ng knh thn ct hn c 1m. Suy ra c th hiu c rng,

trong khun vin di tch ny, s ngi sinh hot lc ng c th ln n 500. Tuy cha

vi g i n kt lun, kt qu cuc iu tra ny c th lm thay i cch suy ngh ca

chng ta v hnh nh ca thi Jmon cng nh s thay i ni dung cc sch gio khoa

vit trc y.

Nhng tp on Jmon nh th sau s tip xc vi nhng tp on ln cn qua hn

nhn cng nh s trao i thng tin v nhiu dng giao dch khc. Vic khm ph ra

39

nhng vin ni la (kokuyseki = hc diu thch, obsidian) na trong na c vn

dng nh nguyn liu to ra vt dng , cng nh ngc thch (ph thy = hisui,

jade) nhng ni tht xa a im chng sinh sn, chng minh c l c s giao dch

gia cc tp on sng nhng v tr a d cch xa nhau.

Nu ni v vng Tky th c th dn chng bng trng hp ca o Kzushima, mt

hn o nm trong by o vng Izu shichit, khng xa Tky cho lm v pha Nam.

Cc nh nghin cu thy loi ni la kokuyseki do vng o ny (pha Thi Bnh

Dng) sn xut c di chuyn v phn tn khp vng Kant (Tky v ph cn)

n mi tn vng Hokuriku (4 tnh Fukui, Ishikawa, Toyama, Niigata pha bin Nht

Bn i din). Lm th no khi khng c ng b m c mang i tht xa nh

th. Phi chng nhng con ngi can m ca thi thi c khng qun ngi sng gi

ch chng vt bin trn nhng con thuyn c mc th s ?

Sekijin (thch nhn, dng c u nhn) bng ni la tm thy trong a tng Nht Bn

Thi Jmon, c s phn chia cng vic gia nam v n. n ng trong tp on lnh

phn vic ch bin dng c bng v sn bn trong khi ph n lo vic hi nht v

lm ra cc th t nung. Cho d c k lnh o tp on nhng vai v trn di

v s phn chia giu ngho th cha c my.

Cng nhn y qua cc hin vt tm thy, th phc ha i sng tinh thn ca cc tp

on ngi Jmon. Ngi thi tin rng thn thnh v oai linh ca thin nhin tn ti

40

khp ni: t trong rng cy, lm bi, di nc n tng . y l hnh thc gi l vn

tng hu linh (animism)21 ch trng mi vt trong thin nhin ngoi hnh nh c th

ca n cn n tng mt sc mnh siu nhin. Th ri, nh cc php thut, ba ch

(jujutsu, magic), (majinai, incantation) m h cu thn gii tr tai ch hay xin mang n

hoa li thu hoch. Di vt ca php thut ba ch thi ny cn c thy qua cc tng

t st (doguu, clay figure) tng trng cho ngi n v cc gy (sekib) chiu di

t 40, 50 cm n 1m, hnh trn v di, tng trng cho (phallus, sinh thc kh ca)

ngi nam.

Doguu (tng t st) di vt ca php thut, ba ch c i

T thi Jmon trung k tr i, phong tc nh rng (basshi = bt x) 22, tr nn rt

ph bin. Phong tc ny l mt nghi thc nh du s bin chuyn ca ngi ta t mt

giai on ny sang mt giai on khc trong cuc sng, v d vo dp thnh nhn.

Phong tc ny nh mun nhc nh mi ngi rng l ngi ln, bt buc gii chu

au v mun c nhn nhn l ngi ln, phi chp nhn th thch kh khn .

21 Khi nim xng bi Edward Burnett Tylor (1832-1917), nh vn ha nhn loi hc (social anthropologist) ngi Anh, xem animism nh mt dng tn gio nguyn thy ca nhn loi. 22 Khng phi nh tt c rng nhng nh mt ci rng no c ch nh nh rng ch ( cuspid, canine tooth). Tc nh rng nh du s trng thnh ca mt con ngi c nhiu ni trn th gii, khng ring g Nht Bn. Php ct b trong x hi Do Thi Rp ni nam gii, ngoi mc ch v sinh, trong mt chng mc no cng bao hm ngha y.

41

Phong tc chn gp xc (khut tng)

Mt phong tc cng nh du cuc sng tinh thn ca ngi Jmon l mt phng

php mai tng kh c bit. Phng php y gi l kuss (khut tng) ngha l b gy

gp tay chn ngi cht, sp xp chng cht cn thn cho tht gn ri mi em chn.

Hnh nh c hai thuyt chnh gii thch l do ca hnh ng . Thuyt th nht cho

rng b tay chn v sp xp gn gng nh th, ngi cht s tr v vi hnh thi ban u

trong bo thai v tr v vi m t. Thuyt th hai cho rng v s nhng hot ng

ca ngi cht gy tai ch cho ngi sng nn phi tr kh kh nng . Ngoi ra cn

c kin lm cho gn nh vy th tn cng tn sc o mt ci huyt rng. Th

nhng tm li, thuyt th hai c v c nhiu chp nhn hn ht.

Thi Jmon di n vy cho nn kin thc v thi y nu ch c c nh trn th tht

qu s thin. Nht l v th ngi hc s, nu bit r mt thi k trc th mi hiu

c thi k sau. Trc khi chm dt chng ny thit tng cng nn nhc qua

phng php nh tui trong s hc bng phng php Carbon 14 c tnh phng x.

Nguyn tc chnh l trong mi sinh vt u c hm cha cht than C14 c tnh phng x

v sau khi sinh vt cht i, mc phng x s suy gim vi thi gian theo mt nhp

nht nh Sau 5.730 nm th va vn mc phng x h xung phn na. Theo

nguyn tc y, ngi ta da vo lng phng x cn tn ti trong vt cht tnh

(ngc) c s tui ca n. Nhn v thi gian lng Carbon 14 gim xung phn na

tng i ngn nn c th dng n tnh ton nin i ca nhng di vt hoc gm ca

thi Jmon v ca giai on sau (hu k) thi k c ngha l vi nghn cho n 1

hay 2 vn nm v trc. Nh n, chng ta xc nh c nin i ca gm Jmon

lc mi c lm ra (ngha l vo thi k khi thy) v bit r rng rng vn ha

Jmon bt u cch y 12.000 nm. Ngoi ra, cn c cc phng tin khc nh

42

phng php nhit pht quang (heat-luminesense) c th dng kim tra nin i

bng phng x c hiu lc t vi nghn nm ln n vi chc vn nm. Hay hn na,

phng php Uran keiretsu (Uranium series) s dng cc nc ca thoi ha trong

Uranium 238 c phm vi kim tra rt rng, bao trm n t vi vn n 50 vn nm v

trc.

n y, xin tm ngng cu chuyn thi Jmon.

Tit 3: Vn ha Yayoi v bi cnh x hi:

3.1 Thi nng canh bt u:

Tip sau vn ha Jmon l vn ha Yayoi. Nn vn ha Yayoi c mt trn t Nht t

th k th 4 trc cng nguyn cho n th k th 3. c im ca nn vn ha mi

ny l s bt u ca hot ng nng canh tuy rng, nu ni cho nghim chnh th vo

khong th k th 5 th 4 trc cng nguyn tc l giai on cui ca vn ha Jmon,

thy du tch vic canh tc la nc.

Hm qua mi cn l Jmon, hm nay ng dy thnh Yayoi ri sao? Tht ra s bin

i khng phi ch n thun ngy mt ngy hai. Phi ni l trc tin c mt nn

vn ha mi du nhp t vng Giang Nam Trung Quc v t bn o Triu Tin vo pha

bc o Kyuushuu. N bt r ni y trc khi lan ra mt cch mnh m v vng chc

trn khp cc phn t khc ca qun o.

vn ha Yayoi pht trin trong mt phm vi rng ln nh th, ngi Jmon cng cn

c mt thi gian chun b tip nhn nn vn ha mi. Qu trnh thm thu vn ha trong

dng lch s ging nh dng vn cm thch. Trong hi ha, khi ngi ta pha mu

trng vi mu th trc tin mu sc phi qua mt trng thi chuyn i ging nh

vn trng ri mi to ra mu hng. Thi k c s bin thin y gi l thi k

chuyn tip hay qu . i vi ngi nghin cu lch s, y l mt thi k v cng

quan trng.

Nh ni, cui thi Jmon c du tch ca vic canh tc la nc. Chng c v la

nc nm di ch Nabatake nm tnh Saga v di ch Itazuke tnh Fukuoka, hai ni

kh ni ting. , ngi ta tm thy nhng suiden-ato (du tch rung nc). Nu

vic nhn din thi i Jmon n t vic h dng gm nh dng c th i vi thi

43

Yayoi, c sc ca n l vic bt u canh tc rung nc. Nhng chng l da vo

bo ch ny ang vo thi i Jmon, ch kia thuc thi i Yayoi hay sao. Gii

nghin cu cng cha i n ch ng hon ton nn phi chp nhn c mt thi k

qu thay v chia ct Jmon v Yayoi thnh hai thi k ring bit.

im chuyn tip gia hai thi k y c th nhn ra di ch Nabatake v Itazuke.

Chng ta bit vn ha Yayoi vi hot ng nng canh bt u xut hin min Ty

Nht Bn trc khi lan rng ra khp qun o ngoi tr o Hokkaid v cc o Nam

Ty. Lc ny, ngi trn qun o bc t kinh t sn xut lng thc bng hi nht

qua kinh t sn xut bng la nc. Chng ta cha c th hnh dung qun o lc

nh nc Nht hin ti bao gm Hokkaid vi Okinawa, bi v trn hai phn t ny, t

thi Jmon tr i, thy c s pht trin ca nhng nn vn ha c lp. Nu nh vn

ha Jmon l vn ha chung cho c phn t c tn l Nht Bn ngy nay, vn ha

Yayoi cha t chn ln Hokkaido v cc o Nam Ty. Ti sao li c chuyn nh th

v th hi t thi Jmon tr i, Hokkkaid v cc o Nam Ty c chuyn g xy ra?

Cu tr li l o Hokkaid ch bc qua thi Tc-Jmon ngha l ni tip vn ha

Jmon trong khi cc o Nam Ty vn sng theo li hi nht lng thc ca vn ha

kaizuka tc thi g v s. C th hiu l kh hu Hokkaid qu lnh trng la nc

cn cc o Ty Nam th nhng dng c khai qut v cch phn b cc di ch cho ta

bit h khng da vn ha la nc nhng li xy dng cho mnh mt vn ha c bit.

D c hai khng thu nhn vn ha la nc, cuc sng ca c dn hai vng khng v

th m ngng tr, li c c hi pht trin vn ha ca mnh theo cch thc ring. K t

th l th 9, Hokkaido c loi gm (doki) vi hoa vn gi l satsumon c hnh

rng lc. Do , ngi ta t tn cho n l vn ha satsumon (hoa vn rng lc), theo

tn kiu gm. Trong giai on vn ha y, thy du hiu ca hot ng nng canh

nhng sn bn v chi li vn ng vai tr ch yu. Ni cch khc, cho d khng a

nng canh la nc vo nhng c dn trn nhng hn o y cng bit chun b y

cho hon cnh cuc sng ca mnh c thun li.

Ti sao c ci tn l vn ha Yayoi? S d ngi ta mnh danh n nh th l v vo

khong gia thi Meiji (1884), h pht hin trong mt g xc v s (kaizuka)

phng Hong Yayoi thuc ni thnh Tky mt h gm (tsubo) c nhng c trng

khc hn vi gm Jmon tm thy cho n nay. gm ny c gi l gm

Yayoi (Yayoi doki), ri t , thi i n xut hin mi mang tn l Yayoi. Thi i ny

li c chia lm 3 giai on gi l tin k, trung k v hu k. C ngha l cho n lc

44

pht hin h gm Yayoi, s phn bit thi gia i Jmon v Yayoi cha h c trong

sch v.

H gm Yayoi

K thut Yayoi khc k thut Jmon nh th no?

Gm Yayoi tht ra v k thut, khng khc xa gm Jmon bao nhiu. Tuy vy, v mt m thut, c th

ni l n p hn. Ci p ca n khng nm ch rm r v mt trang tr nh gm Jmon nhng ch

hi ha v cn i trong s n gin. F.Mac v G.B.Sansom u chia s cng mt kin v im ny.

Sansom23 ch lu vic ngi Jmon ca min ng v Bc t ra t do, phng tng trong cch chn

hnh th v mu trang tr hn ngi Yayoi n sau. Ci khc nhau r rng gia hai thi k Jmon v

Yayoi c l l k thut luyn kim. Ngi Yayoi ca min ty v nam Nht Bn khi tin ln pha ng v

pha bc gp g vn ho Jmon24 b li sau lng h thi i thch kh v h bit s dng kim

loi. Cc dng c bng ng c ngun gc i lc thy xut hin bn cnh gm Yayoi cc di ch.

Trong khi mi tn thi Jmon ch bn nhn lm con th sn b thng th mi tn ca ngi Yayoi

nng hn v xuyn thu hn, c th lm cht n ngay.

Tr li chuyn kaizuka ang ni d dang. Bn l thi nhng phi ni l ging trng

hp g kaizuka Omori, a im ni tm ra gm Yayoi cng khng c nh cho

tht ng. Tuy bo rng h gm y c pht hin vo nm 1884 kaizuka mang tn

Mukgaoka thuc khm s 2 phng Yayoi khu Bunky th Tky vv... nhng li

23 GB Sansom,Japan, a short cultural history, tr. 2. 24 iu nay khng c ngha l vn ha Jmon ch c min bc nc Nht. Thc ra vn ha Jmon cng li du vt trn qun o Lu Cu v o i Loan. N vn n t nhm vn ha tn thch kh gc vng Hoa Nam v bn o ng Dng.

45

k li ca ngi pht hin ra n vn cn c im thiu chnh xc, chng khc no nhng

g xy ra cho kaizuka mori. Do , ta ch c th c nh a im pht hin ngy

nay nm trong khun vin ca Phn khoa canh nng i hc Tky m thi.

Thi im xut pht ca vn ha nng canh i lc Trung Quc l khong t nm

6.000 n 5.000 nm trc cng nguyn. Lc , trn qun o Nht Bn, thi Jmon

vn cn ang ko di gn 10.000 nm. Vo khi y, vng pha bc Trung Quc, lu

vc khong gia sng Hong H, c dn bit trng ng cc nh loi k awa (foxtail

millet) v k kibi (millet). Pha h lu lu vc sng Trng giang (Dng T) min

Nam, ngi Trung Quc bt u trng la. Nh vy, Trung Quc bc trc Nht

Bn mt bc trn qu trnh thnh hnh x hi nng canh.

Vo khong th k th 6 trc cng nguyn, ngi Trung Quc bt u dng vt

dng bng st, mc sn xut nng nghip cng pht trin nhiu. iu ny xy ra c l v

li l lc Trung Quc bc vo thi Chin Quc. Khi y, cc cuc xung t, tranh

phong bng n thng xuyn cc a phng.

Trong khi thi Chin Quc ang tip din trn t Trung Quc, vo th k th 3 TCN,

c hai quc gia mnh sc thng nht khu vc l Tn v Hn (Tin Hn) xut hin.

Cc cuc phn tranh trn i lc Trung Quc ang tin dn v hng thng nht v iu

gy nh hng n cc dn tc sng chung quanh. Chng nhng bn o Triu Tin

m c qun o Nht Bn cng tip nhn nh hng.

Vn ha Yayoi vi hnh thc mi t i lc truyn n Nht v theo nhng ng

sau y:

1) ng qua ng bn o Triu Tin:

a - ng ni a ng sau bn o Liu ng ri xuyn bn o Triu Tin..

b ng t bn o Sn ng qua bn o Liu ng ri vo bn o Triu Tin.

c- ng bn o Sn ng ri qua bin m vo bn o Triu Tin.

2) ng t h lu vc Trng Giang trc tip n Kyuushuu

3) ng t Giang Nam qua cc o Nam Ty..

Ni chung, n c hai c im nh sau:

1- Canh nng la nc.

46

2- S dng kim thuc ( st, thanh ng tc hp kim ca ng v thic).

Ngoi ra, vo thi k vn ha ny, ngi ta thy c du vt k thut dt ci v s

xut hin cc dng c thuc h i lc lm bng mi nh loi dao to bn

(ishibch) lm ra dng vo vic ct nhnh la, cng nh cc th ru dng pht

cy.

Vn ha nng canh l nn vn ha u tin c truyn t xa ti v d nhin n thay

i rt nhiu cch n ung thng ngy ca c dn trn qun o. Mt trong nhng

thay i l s ra i ca nhng dng bng gm lm theo kiu mi. Trong cc loi

gm mu un ca thi Yayoi, c cc loi ni niu (kame, jar) dng ninh nu,

cc loi h v (tsubo, pot) cha, cc loi bnh bt (hachi, bowl) v cc chn cao

(takatsuki) ng thc n thc ung, ngha l rt nhiu hnh thc ty theo cng dng.

Tuy rng k thut ca vn ha Yayoi phn ln n t Trung Quc hay bn o Triu

Tin, k thut c bn ch to gm, o mi, xy ct nh h c ct v mi r

rng c sn t xa cho nn cng khng nn nh gi thp nhng cng hin ca

truyn thng vn ha Jmon trc i vi vn ha Yayoi. Mt khc, trong khi xem

xt cc mu xng ct ca ngi Yayoi khai qut c cc vng bc Kyuushuu, vng

trung b (Nagoya) hay vng Kinki (Kyto-saka-Kobe) th ta thy vc dng h cao ln

hn ngi Jmon, mt di hn v ng nt t su hc hn. Nhng yu t ny s gip ta

hiu c phn no s thnh hnh ca vn ha Yayoi. Bi v nhm ngi c kinh

nghim s dng dng c kim loi trong vic ng ng khi t bn o Triu Tin n

Nht gp g nhng ngi Jmon ang sng ti ch s to ra mt s lai ging. ng

thi phi ni l mt s pha trn gia k thut v vn ha mi m h va mang ti

vi k thut v vn ha c sn c bn a. Khi ta bit rng mt trong nhng c s ca

vn ha Nht Bn l vn ha nng nghip th vic i tm ngun gc vn ha Nht Bn

i lc v bn o Triu Tin l mt vic lm hon ton c cn c.

3.2 Sinh hot ca ngi Yayoi:

Ni rng trong giai on chuyn tip gia vn ha Jmon v Yayoi c mt cuc cch

mng v lng thc th cha chc phi l. Vi phng php sn xut lng thc mi,

cuc sng ca ngi Yayoi cng c mt s thay i ln. Bo m c nhu cu lng

thc l mt mnh then cht ca nhn loi v vo thi im , ngi Yayoi qua sn

xut thc hin c t chnh bn tay mnh.

47

sn xut la go, rung thi Yayoi ni chung qui m tng i nh, phn ln c chu

vi mi cnh chng khong 1m. Th nhng, ta thy nhiu ni, h bit cch thc s

dng rung nc, khi ng dn thy thot thy ng hong v lp c k hoch sn

xut. Khng bo l cch mnh th cng kh dng mt kiu ni khc.

Ngi Yayoi c bit chn nui khng?

Vn theo F.Mac, khc vi u Chu hay vng Cn ng v ngay c vi Trung Quc, cch mng tn

thch kh Nht Bn khng cho ta thy chn nui i km vi canh nng. Ngi ta khng tm ra du tch

vic nui nga, heo, b Nht vo thi i Yayoi. Nhng xng ct b, nga khai qut c cc

kaizuka thuc thi i Yayoi u thuc nin i n sau. Tuy ri Nht Bn cng bit chn nui y nhng

cha bao gi c th mnh danh nc Nht l mt quc gia c truyn thng chn nui. Vic thin b hon

ln bo m con ging tt, ch bt u Nht vo th k 18. Ring Okinawa c truyn thng nui ln

nhng chuyn ny ch xy ra t th k 14. C g vt v trng cng vy, h ch bit ti chng vo thi hin

i.. Cho n mi sau ny, ngi Nht ch n ton tht sn c.

Trong khi xem xt mt di ch nh Tareyanagi, mt di ch ni ting tnh Aomori (bc

Nht Bn) lin quan n nhng nghin cu v cch lm rung nc thi Yayoi trung k.

Ngi ta tm ra c y 650 khonh rung vung c nh, mi khonh c chiu

ngang t 3 n 4 m. Cho n nay, phn ng tin rng vo thi Yayoi , ngi ta thng

trng la bng cch s tc gieo trc tip (jikimaki) ht ging vo rung. Th nhng

theo nhng g pht hin c di ch Hyakkengawa thuc tnh Okayama, hay di ch

Nagahara thuc saka v Uchizato Hyakuch thuc Kyto th kh nng cy m trng

la (rice planting) khng phi l khng c.

Ni v dng c nng nghip thi y, v t, c cy (suki, plow) v cuc (kuwa,

hoe), lm bng g tn mi nhn. n ma thu hoch, dao to bn (ishibch) c s

dng ct gi la (tng cy mt nn cha c th ni l gt). tut v, h dng ci

g (kiusu) v chy gi (tategine). Go thu thp c th gi trong kho n dng trn sn

cao (takayuka-sko) hay ct giu trong kho t di h (chozketsu) v che ph bn

trn.

48

Kho n trn sn cao (takayuka sko)

Mt cu hi c th c t ra: Vi cc dng c no, ngi thi Yayoi ch c c

lm bng cy nh th? Thc ra, trc tin h dng nhng dng c mi ri sau ni

i n giai on dng cc dng c bng st nh ru (ono), bo (yariganna), dao gm

(tsu)... n cui thi i Yayoi th nhng dng c bng ln lt bin i mt c.

Khi st ph cp th cc nng c c u nhn bng st c lan truyn rng ri lm

cho rung nc cng bin dng. Khi nng c mi bt u c s dng, rung c

canh tc ch l loi rung rung ng nc hay rung thp (shitsuden) nm cc vng

t thp cnh bi sng. vng rung ng nc, v mc nc di y qu cao i hi

phng tin tho nc. Nu khng s thiu dng kh nui cy la v kh th t n

nng sut cao.

Th nhng cc vng c bit min Ty Nht Bn, vo thi Yayoi, h thng ti tiu

c xy dng hon chnh. Nh vic dn nc v tho nc c din ra thng

xuyn, t tr thnh rung cao hay rung kh (kanden = can in) mu m hn, sn

xut tt hn. Ni th ni vy ch vo thi Yayoi s k, sc sn xut cng cha c th

gi l vt tri hn. C dn phn ln vn cn da vo vic hi nht qu ht nh h vn

lm cho n by gi. Song song vi nng nghip, h tip tc sn bn v nh c, nh

cuc sng dn dn ci thin.

Th n, chn c tr ca h hu nh vn l kiu nh h (tateana) ca thi Jmon. Ring

thi Yayoi, ngi ta thy ni h sng t tp (qun c) li c thm loi nh kho sn

cao (takayuka sko) c tr chng cm xung t (hottatebashira) cng nh cc n v

c tr ct trn mt t bng. Con s n v c tr ca mi nhm ngy cng nhiu ra,

khng thiu g nhng nhm c t 20 n 30 n v.

49

Di ch Yoshinogari tnh Saga tr thnh mt ni kh ni ting t khi ngi ta khm

ph ra n. y l mt nhm qun c hon ton c ho nc bao quanh. l mt tp

hp c tr vi din tch 40 km2 c bao bc bi hai vng ho trong v ngoi. Li na,

di tch Karako-Kagi thnh ph Nara cng l mt vng c ng knh khong

400-500m vi ho bao quanh. Di tch Shiudeyama Kagawa vng bin ni a Nht

Bn (Seto naikai) mt cao 352 m l i din cho nhng nhm qun c c thnh

lp trn vng t cao, kh ph bin trong giai on ny. Ho nc bao trn chung quanh

(kang) l mt thit b p ng i hi phng th. Cc nhm qun c vng cao c

th dng n nh mt ci thnh n nu (nigejiro) chng t x hi thi Yayoi cng

bt u c nhng cuc tranh chp.

Khung nh h kiu tateana

Tip theo y, th nhn qua cch mai tng ngi cht ca x hi Yayoi. Nu em so vi

ngi Jmon th phi ni h c nhiu cch chn hn. vng bc o Kyuushuu, c loi

phn m vi bia t trn mt t (gi l shisekibo)25. Ngi cht c chn trong

nhng ci quch hnh chum v (kamekan) nhng vng khc th ngi ta em chn k

cht trong nhng m huyt t (dokbo), m quch g (mokkanbo), m quch hnh

hp ( hakoshiki sekkanbo). H thn th ngi cht c dui thng ra (shinkens)

ch khng ging kiu chn b xng xp xc cht co qup (kuss) ca ngi Jmon.

Trong khi min ng Nht Bn, vo thi Yayoi s k, ngi ta thng thy c

nhng ngi m gi l saisbo (ti tng m), trong c nhng chum v ng ct ngi

cht. Hnh thc chn li (ci tng) ny v s xut hin ca loi m hnh g (phn

25 Chi thch m. c t 1000 nm trc cng nguyn vng ng bc Trung Quc (bn o Liu ng) v bn o Triu Tin.Cch mai tng di huyt m c mt tng tht ln chn ln trn. Liu ng, ngi ta gi n l i thch ci m (m np ln). Nht c di ch v loi m ny hai tnh Nagasaki v Saga.

50

khu m) mt phm vi kh rng ri l hai c trng ca cch mai tng thi Yayoi.

Thm vo , chng ta cn thy loi m g t kh thp, hnh t gic, chung quanh c

mng rnh bao bc. N c gi l m hnh vung c rnh nc bc (hkei shuukbo

= phng hnh chu cu m).

M hnh vung c rnh nc bc

Khi bc vo giai on gia v cui ca thi Yayoi, thy xut hin nhng g t cao

(phn khu) r rng l vng c khoanh ra c bit dng cho chn ct. l loi m

hnh g (funkyuubo), thot u l m tp on, chn chung c nhiu ngi. Dn dn

n tr thnh ni chn ct mt c nhn c bit trong tp on y.Vo hu bn th k

thu 3 sang ti u th k th 4, sut cc vng thuc min Ty Nht Bn, loi m hnh

g c qui m ln ging nh nhng ngi m tm thy c di ch Yoshinogasato. Di

ch m g Tatezuki thuc thnh ph Kurashiki tnh Okayama ni ting l ni c m g

thuc hng cao cp ca thi Yayoi. l mt ngi m hnh trn (vin hnh) vi ng

knh 40m, hai u c mt b phn vt cao hn.

Kamekan trong cc ngi m c Nht

51

S c mt ca nhng ngi m vi kch thc to ln ny cng vi cc vt dng chn

theo (ph tng phm) nh knh, v kh ch bng thanh ng (bronze) m ngi ta tm

thy ni , hn phi c ngha no . D nhin l nh vy bi v chng chng t rng

trong tp on cc vng c s cch bit v giai cp (mibunsa) gia k mnh nm

c quyn cai tr v nhng thnh vin khc ca tp on.

Dtaku (chung ng) thi Yayoi

Tin y, xin gii thch thm v phong tc tp qun ca ngi Yayoi. cu xin ma

mng c tt p v cm t thn linh khi thu hoch di do, h ch ra nhng dng

c bng thanh ng dng vo l nghi t thn nh kim ng, mu ng, chung ng,

kch ng. Trong s c loi chung ng vi hnh dng c bit Nht Bn. Loi hin

vt ny c phn b rng ri khp vng Kinki (Kyto-saka-Kobe). Kim ng hnh

bn bt thng thy vng bin ni a Seto, cn nh mu v kch ng th c nhiu

min bc o Kyuushuu. Nh th mt s a phng c chung mt loi dng

cng t. Nhn v nhng t kh ny khng tm ra t nhng ngi m c nhn nn ngi ta

xem chng nh t t chung cho c tp on, thng ngy khi khng dng ti c

ct du mt ni no trong lng t. Ch khi no c l lc chng mi c o ln s

dng26. di ch Kshindani thuc tnh Shimane pha bin Nht Bn, ngi ta o

26 D. Elisseeff (sd, tr. 25) cn cho rng ngi Nht c chon dtaku di t l chng ng t. H vn m tn, cho rng Nht Bn s d b ng t v nc Nht nm trn lng mt con c tr (namazu, cat fish) ln nn phi chn dtaku da n mi khi b quy ph. Tuy nhin, cc nh nghin cu Nht nh Nakazawa Nobuhiro (sd, tr.19) da ln nhn xt nhng hnh chm trn dtaku thng l chun chun, lim, nhn, ra, cnh sn th ni rng tuy c tnh ba ch, n dnh lu n nng nghip nhiu hn.

52

c chng t mt h t bn trin ni. Tng cng tt c 358 kim ng. mt h

khc, li pht hin 6 chung ng v 16 mu ng. Trn ton quc Nht Bn cha thy

ni no c nhiu hin vt nh vy. Cho nn chng l nhng di vt c th gip ta tm

hiu c vai tr ca thi i Yayoi ti a phng Shimane27.

i sng tn ngng s khai ca ngi Nht thi c

Ngi Nht thi c tin rng thn thnh c mt trong thin nhin. Ni Fuji, ni Miwa t chng l

nhng v thn. Thc nc cao, ghnh ln, nhng hn m dng (inyseki, c hnh th ging sinh

thc kh nam n) u bc l bi v tng trng cho s phn thc, sinh si. Quc ca Nht Bn Kimi ga

yo cn c li cu chc nc nh ln mnh v trng cu nh nhng hn nh (sazareishi) mi ngy

mi to ra cho n khi thnh nhng hn tng (iwao) xanh ru. Ngi thi c cng c tn ngng ngn

linh (kotodama). Theo , ni ln mt li tt p s mang n cho mnh s may mn, ni mt li xu xa

t s rc ly tai v. Do , h rt thn trng trong li n ting ni. Cng nh ngy nay, khi i thi th

king c khng ni rt, ngy m ci th trnh dng ch ct vy.

Ngi Jmon khi dng bn th, i l lc xong li ph v ngh rng hng nm, cc thn ch n ving ri

ra i. Ch n khi hon ton c cuc sng nh tr, h mi ct nhng yashiro (thn x) lm ch

thng xuyn cho cc thn. Chng th m ch x (mori) cn c vit bng ch sm c ngha lm bi,

ni thn linh c mt. Ngi Nht c i v mun khng xc phm n cc thn nn lc no cng gi

mnh sch s. H hay tm ra, dng nc sng, sui, thc ty u (nghi thc misogi) hay pht nhnh

cy thing sakaki v ri mui ui t (nghi thc harae). Gio s E.O.Reischauer t cu hi c phi v

vy m ngi Nht tr nn thch tm ra hn ai ht.

Man.yshuu chp li mt s m tn ca h. Ht hi l ai ang nhc y (ging Vit Nam), tht lng

qun t nhin li ra hay thy nga lng my l c ngi yu ang ngh v mnh. H cng thch bi ton

bng mi cch. Khi c ngi cht th qut nh v vt lc h dng i. Kojiki cn ghi v tnh cht tr

t ui ma ca qu o. Khng nhng qu o m vt dng lm bng g cy o cng c tc dng y.

Trong c tch, cu b qu o (Momotar) sinh ra t qu o, l ngi c php tr qu. Th nhng

Man.yshuu v Kojiki, nhng tc phm ca th k th 8, l chuyn v sau.

27 Shimane c n 250 di ch lin quan n thi Yayoi. Shimane cn l mt ca ng ca Nht Bn v hng bn o Triu Tin v ng mt vai tr rt quan trng trong thn thoi dng nc ca ngi Nht.

53

Tit 4: S thnh lp cc tiu quc v s xut hin ca n vng Himiko nc Yamatai.

4.1- S thnh lp cc tiu quc:

Nh ni n trong phn trc, c th v sinh hot c th cho n thi ca ngi

Yayoi, chng ta khng c t liu v thi y ngi ta cha c tp qun dng ch vit

ghi chp li. Chng c nu c ch l nhng di tch hay di vt v da trn m phng

nh. l li tip cn theo phng php kho c hc. Th nhng k t khong thi

gian trc sau cng nguyn th vic s dng ti liu bng ch vit nghin cu l mt

phng php khng th no thiu c.

D vy, chng khng phi l nhng ti liu do chnh ngi Nht ghi chp. N n t

Trung Quc, mt quc gia c truyn thng vn ha vn t lu di hn Nht Bn

nhiu. Chng ta hy th qua nhng t liu gh mt th tm hiu v nc Nht thi

y.

Bc vo thi i Yayoi, x hi Nht Bn bt u l ra khong cch gia ngi giu

ngi ngho, mt iu trc y cha h c. nhng di tch thi Yayoi pht qut c,

ngi ta thy c nhng ngi m trong , ngoi k c mai tng cn c chn theo mt

s lng ln ph tng, hay l nhng ngi m mt mnh chim trn g t ln. Thi

, v mt chnh tr th trn t Nht thy hnh thnh nhng tp on ln gi l kuni

hay tiu quc v ngi ngh hai loi m ni trn l ca cc ngi cm u hoc t

trng. Vic cc kuni c thnh lp nh th no, s sch Trung Quc c h l ra

c mt vi chi tit gip chng ta hnh dung ra hon cnh lc by gi

Vo th k th 1 sau cng nguyn, ngi thi Hu Hn l Ban C son ra cun s

ni v thi Tin Hn, nhan Hn Th. Trong sch c mt b phn gi l a L Ch.

C th xem phn ni v Nht Bn trong b phn l vn kin lch s ti c nhc n

Nht Bn. Ni dung ch vn vn t cu nh sau:

Pha i din bn kia bin ca qun Lc Lng t Triu Tin c ngi tc Ny (Oi,

Oa) sinh sng. H phn tn thnh hn trm nc. Theo nh k vi nm mt ln, bn

h gi s gi n Lc Lng, mang theo cng vt gi l thm hi

Tuy s liu ch c chng nhng ta cng c th da vo y m suy lun thm ra.

54

Trc ht, lc y Nht Bn ang vo thi Yayoi trung k, tnh theo Ty lch l th k

th nht sau cng nguyn. V V nh Tin Hn thit lp qun Lc Lng (suy nh

l chung quanh vng Bnh Nhng by gi) trn bn o Triu Tin vo nm 108 trc

cng nguyn nn ta c th xem nh Ban C vit v chuyn xy ra sau . Ngi

Nht thi y c gi l ngi Ny (Ny nhn, Wajin)28 v x hi ca h phn tn ra

lm mt trm nc v cng nh. S liu li ni vi nm li n (tu th d lai) v vic

s gi Ny (hng ngi thp km) n Lc Lng nh k, mang theo sn vt cho hi

(b trn), ni mt cch gin d l i triu cng. .

V ch Ny, ta hiu rng y l mt trong nhng cch xng h vi s mit th ca

ngi Trung Quc i vi cc dn tc ln cn phng ng.Ngy nay khng cn ai a

ni li gi nh th ny nhng vo cui th k th 7 sang u th k th 8, Nht cn ly

c tn Ny lm quc hiu. Mi n i ng, trong sch s Trung Quc (Tn ng

Th) mi thy hai ch Nht Bn hin ra ln u tin. Hnh nh hn mt trm nc

(bch d quc) c l m ch nhng gii t c nh di ch Yoshinogasato ( tnh Saga

vi din tch 40km2 v hai vng ho) ni n bn trn.

Ngun gc cch xng h Ny, (hay Oi, Oa)

Cch gi ngi Nht bng ci tn Ny (hay Oi, Oa) d nhin phn nh tinh thn hoa di, ci ct ngi

khc, khng th no chp nhn, nht l khi ca ming vua cha l nhng ngi lnh o mt nc. Th

nhng bnh tm ngh li, c dn tc no d l v t tn hay t ti m khng mt ln mc phi li lm

ny. Trn thc t lch s, nguyn lai cch gi ngi Nht nh th c th gii thch bng mt s d kin.

Trc tin ngi Nht vng Kyuushuu vo thi i v mt tm vc kh th cao bng nhng ngi

Hoa Bc n gp h u29. (GB Sansom cho bit ngi Trung Quc nhc ti Nht Bn trc tin trong

mt on ca Sn Hi Kinh30 v cho rng Wa l mt b phn ca nc Yn thuc Hoa Bc. Nc Yn

mt vo nm 265 TCN. i Tn cn c thm chuyn Tn Th Hong sai T Phc em ng nam ng

n ra bin ng tm thuc trng sinh mt ni c cc o Bng Lai, Phng Trng v Doanh

Chu).Th hai l d cha lp c mi tng quan gia t Wa (tn nc) v t wa (t xng), ngi ta

khng th hon ton b qua vic ngi Nht xa nay vn t xng hoc l a hoc l wa, ware, waga, washi,

watashi (ti hay chng ti). V sau, ngay c khi h khng cn xng l ngi Wa, cch gi vn cn

c Trung Quc v Triu Tin dng, c bit Triu Tin trong giai on khng chin chng li qun

28 C th c Ny, Oi hay Oa ni kh ngi b nh. 29 Thc ra xa Hokkaid, c mt ging ngi nguyn thy vc dng thp b c th n Nht t vng duyn hi bin Okhotsk thuc Siberia nhng h tuyt chng v kh nng h gp mt ngi Trung Quc c miu t li th rt t. 30 GB Sansom, Japan, a cultural history, tr.15.

55

vin chinh ca ca Hideyoshi vo th k 16. Vit Nam, trong mt qu kh gn y, ngi Vi t Nam

cng c thin kin Nht ln nh th nhng s thc tr li rng chng ta hiu lm hay ch gi theo

ngi khc m khng c c hi kim chng.

Trn y l tt c nhng g gi c l s liu v nc Nht c. Duy c mt iu cn

ch l gia x hi Nht Bn thi v vng triu Trung Quc, c mt s giao

thip, i li. Ta hy th tm hiu l do ca mi quan h y.

L do c th ch rt n gin. V d lc y Trung Quc l mt x hi vn minh v

vn t c ph cp. Ngi Ny mun em vn ha v vn minh y vo x mnh

cng nh ang cn c mt hu thun bn ngoi cng c v thng nht quyn lc

quc ni.

mun hiu r thm v x hi Ny, phi i thm mt cht na n khi c mt quyn

s ni v thi Hu Hn. Sch c tn Hu Hn Th, ra i c hi chm (vo th k th

5) v do mt ngi thi Nam Tng (Lu Tng) l Phm Hoa vit. Phn ng di truyn,

Ny nhn iu (ni gn l Hu Hn Th, ng di truyn) c chp nhng dng nh sau:

N m Kin V Trung Nguyn th 2 (Ty lch 57), nc N (Nakoku) ca tc Ny c gi

s n kinh , mang theo cng vt cho hi.S gi khi ni v mnh t xng l i

phu. Nc N l phn t nm cc nam nc Ny. Quang V ban n th cho

nc N.

Nm Vnh S nguyn nin (Ty lch 107) i An , bn vua nc N l Sy Thng

(Suish) em 160 n l n tin cng v xin c b kin hong .

Di thi Hon v Linh , nc Ny c ni lon lin tip, khng bnh nh c

trong mt thi gian di.

im th nht cn bn n l vic trong cun s ny, c ghi r c th nin hiu Kin V

Trung Nguyn nm th 2, tng ng vi nm 57 ca Ty lch. Theo s y chp, nm

c s gi ca vua nc N ngi t xng l i phu c gi n kinh Hu Hn

l Lc Dng v c vua Quang V ban cho n th mang v.

56

n th

n th nhc n y l mt ci n vng (kim n) trn c khc 5 ch Hn y N Quc

Vng v ci gii bng t si eo n ln c. Trn thc t, ngi ta pht hin ra

mt qu n nh th trn o Shikanoshima tnh Fukuoka (thuc Kyuushuu) vo nm

1784 i Edo. Nm y, mt ngi nh qu tn Shinp trong khi o mng trn rung

tnh c tm ra c n di lp . Qu n sau khi qua tay bao nhiu ngi, cui

cng lt vo tay gia nh lnh cha Kuroda.

Cc loi n th

Cc vua Trung Quc thng ban n cho hong hu, vua ch hu v thn h bng qu kim v hnh th tay

nm (tsumami) nh long, h, qui, x, lc ty theo chc v ca h. Nhng qu n c khai qut n

nay c x nu kim n ca quc vng nc Na (Nht), nu ng n ca Hung N, qui nu kim

n cho Qung Lng Vng (Giang T, Trung Quc), x nu kim n (Trn Giang, Vn Nam, Trung

Quc), qui nu kim n (Nam Vit Vng m, Qung ng, Trung Quc) v long nu kim n (Vn

hnh t) (Nam Vit vng m, Qung ng, Trung Quc).

T khi mi pht hin c cho n nay, vn khng ai bit chc c phi l chic n thc

s ban cho bi vua Hn Quang V hay khng. Nhiu cuc tranh lun bng n ra

chung quanh ti ny. Tuy nhin, kch thc ca qu n ph hp vi kch thc mt

qu n ng thi v theo thng l, hong nh Hn vn ban kim n cho vua cc nc

n triu cng. Li na, ch tay nm ca chic n c tc hnh con rn (gi l x nu) th

ng l n c c im ca loi n m hong Trung Quc vn ban cho cc vua man

tc phng Nam. Ngy nay, ngi ta hu nh u tin rng qu n ngu nhin nht

c y l hin vt c tht.

57

im th hai cn nu ra l vo nin hiu Vnh S nguyn nin - tng ng vi nm 107

Ty lch - li c mt ng vua Ny khc l Suish (ch Hn vit l Sy Thng) em tin

cng cho An 160 n l (gi l seik hay sinh khu). iu ny quan trng v n cho

thy trong x hi Ny lc c s phn chia giai cp: vua, i phu (hay i thn) v

n l (sinh khu). X hi Ny nh vy l mt x hi nh ngi thi nay vn ni, theo

mibunsei (ch mibun hay thn phn).

Trc y ni, lc ny qun o Nht Bn hy cn trong thi k Yayoi v c tnh

ca giai on cui thi Yayoi l c s phn chia giu ngho, c quyn lc hay khng.

Th tch Trung Quc gip chng ta xc nhn c iu . iu th v l chng ta

ni kt c hai ngun thng tin (t khoa kho c Nht v khoa lch s Trung

Quc) dn dn to dng nn hnh nh ca x hi v con ngi Yayoi.

Mt thng tin khc n t Hu Hn Th l vo i Hon Linh, t Ny c lon ln, mi

vn khng bnh nh c. Thi Hon Linh tng ng vi giai on tr v ca Hon

(ti v 147-167) v Linh (ti v 168-189), hai hong th 11 v 12 ca nh Hn.

Nh vy l cuc ni lon trn t Ny xy ra vo hu bn th k th 2. K s ny c

th mun ni n vic trong khong thi gian ni trn, cc tiu quc (kuni) c th lc

ang trong qu trnh ln p cc tiu quc ln cn vi bnh trng nn xy ra

nhiu cuc u tranh gia h vi nhau. Khoa kho c hc li cho ta bit v s tn ti

ca cc khu vc c tr c ho su hon ton ngn cch vi bn ngoi (zeng shuuraku)

thm chng c cho nhng g xy ra trong giai on lch s ny. Dn dn , nh vit s

khng cho bit vo nm no, nh nc Yamatai c thnh lp, kt thc thi k lon

lc .

Hnh nh Nht Bn th k 1 TCN n th k th 2 trong s th Trung Quc

Nin i Triu i S th v ni dung ni v Nht Bn

Nm 202 TCN

Cho n 8 sau

cng nguyn

Tin Hn

Hn Th, a L Ch (do Ban C, ? 92):

t Ny (Wa) c trn 100 nc, trong c nc triu cng nh

Hn (ni v Nht Bn th k th 1 TCN)

T 8 n 25 Tn

(Vng Mng)

T 25 n 220 Hu Hn

Hu Hn Th, ng Di Truyn (do Phm Hoa, ? 445):

Nc N (Na) t Ny (Wa) vo triu cng, Quang V ban kim

58

n Hn y N Quc Vng (nm 57)

Vua nc N (Na) l Sy Thng em dng An 160 n l

( nm 107)

Thi Hon Linh , nc Ny (Wa) ni lon lin min,

ngi nc khng lp c vua (nm 147-189).

T 220 n 280 Tam Quc

Ngy (220)

Ng (221)

Thc (222)

Ngy Ch, Ny Nhn Truyn (Tam Quc Chi) (do Trn Th, ? -

297):

Nc Yamatai xa c n ng lm vua, tr v khong 70-80 nm.

Sau trong nc lon lc, rt cuc n b ln ngi. l Himiko.

4.2 Nc Yamatai ra i:

Xin ni v hon cnh x hi ca nc Yamatai, quc gia thnh hnh sau khi thi k

hn lon ni trn kt thc. S tn ti ca nc Yamatai qu l mt huyn thoi, pha

nhiu tnh tit ly k, n nay vn cha c lch s soi sng.

C th ni cuc tranh lun v nc Yamatai l mt cuc tranh lun ln nht ca gii s

hc Nht Bn v lch s c i. im chnh ca cuc tranh lun l nh v tr a l

nc y ngy xa vng no, v t , xem n c mi lin h ra sao i vi chnh

quyn Yamato n sau (ci tn Yamato c pht m tng t Yamatai v l ngun gc

ca nh nc Nht Bn ngy nay).

S d c cuc tranh lun v v tr ca t Yamato l v trong Ngy Ch Ny Nhn

Truyn, hnh trnh i n nc Yamatai c trnh by rt chi tit. Nu tin theo li gii

thch ca tc gi th Yamatai phi nm u mt ni gia bin khi, kh lng ln m

n ni. on vn m u bng cu: Ngi Ny dng nc trn hn o nhiu ni

gia bin ln pha ng nam qun i Phng. Qun i Phng ny l na phn t

bn di ca Lc Lng, thi Hu Hn c ct ra thnh mt qun ring. Th nhng theo

quan im a l hin ti th s gii thch y c g khng n. D c i n tranh lun vn

khng phi l chuyn l.

Trc khi trnh by ni dung cuc tranh lun, chng ta hy da vo Ngy Ch Ny

Nhn Truyn tm hiu c sc ca x hi Yamatai, kin thc cn thit cho vic t

vn .

Trn i lc Trung Quc, t khi c cuc lon Hong Cn (Khn Vng), t chc hnh

59

chnh cng ngy cng suy yu. Nh Hu Hn tiu vong vo nm 220, thay vo bng thi

i Tam Quc vi cuc tranh hng ca 3 nc Ngy, Ng, Thc. Trong quyn s nhan

Tam Quc Ch ca thi ny, phn Ngy Th , quyn th 30 (ng Di