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Nizam Peerwani, MD Chief Medical Examiner Current Trends in Forensic Science Monday, October 3, 2011

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Page 1: Nizam Peerwani, MD - TJB | FSC · home in Corsicana, Texas. Fire occurred on December 23, 1991 in Corsicana, Texas Cameron Todd Willingham was arrested and charged in the death on

Nizam Peerwani, MDChief Medical ExaminerCurrent Trends in Forensic ScienceMonday, October 3, 2011

Page 2: Nizam Peerwani, MD - TJB | FSC · home in Corsicana, Texas. Fire occurred on December 23, 1991 in Corsicana, Texas Cameron Todd Willingham was arrested and charged in the death on

In our Criminal Justice System:Our mantra is: “Innocent until proven guilty”“Beyond Reasonable Doubt” 

Both of these imposes incredibly high standards that the practitioners must meet before someone is judged guiltyHistorically: Eyewitness testimony played a significant role in conviction – however, recent exonerations based on DNA evidence has shown that eyewitness testimony is not infallible. 

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Page 3: Nizam Peerwani, MD - TJB | FSC · home in Corsicana, Texas. Fire occurred on December 23, 1991 in Corsicana, Texas Cameron Todd Willingham was arrested and charged in the death on

Supreme Court held that Federal Rules of Evidence Rule 702 superseded Frye 

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Page 4: Nizam Peerwani, MD - TJB | FSC · home in Corsicana, Texas. Fire occurred on December 23, 1991 in Corsicana, Texas Cameron Todd Willingham was arrested and charged in the death on

No mention of “general acceptance”Judge becomes “gate keeper”Judges instructed to consider at least four factors:Whether the work can be testedWhether it has be subjected to peer reviewWhether error rate is acceptableWhether work enjoys widespread acceptance

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Page 5: Nizam Peerwani, MD - TJB | FSC · home in Corsicana, Texas. Fire occurred on December 23, 1991 in Corsicana, Texas Cameron Todd Willingham was arrested and charged in the death on

A witness is someone who has firsthand knowledge about a crime or an event through his or her senses and can help certify important considerations to the crime or event. A witness who has seen the event firsthand is known as an eyewitness.Historically, eyewitness testimony was presumed to be better than circumstantial evidence. 

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Page 6: Nizam Peerwani, MD - TJB | FSC · home in Corsicana, Texas. Fire occurred on December 23, 1991 in Corsicana, Texas Cameron Todd Willingham was arrested and charged in the death on

Evidence in its broadest sense includes anything that is used to determine or demonstrate the truth of an assertionThe law of evidence governs the use of testimony and exhibits or other documentary material which is admissible.To be admissible, the evidencemust naturally be relevant —

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Page 7: Nizam Peerwani, MD - TJB | FSC · home in Corsicana, Texas. Fire occurred on December 23, 1991 in Corsicana, Texas Cameron Todd Willingham was arrested and charged in the death on

As scientist we assert that physical evidence is generally more reliable than testimonial:

Can prove or disprove that a crime has been committedCan corroborate or refute eyewitness testimonyCan link a suspect with a victim or with a crime sceneCan establish the identity of persons associated with a crimeCan allow reconstruction of events of a crime

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Page 8: Nizam Peerwani, MD - TJB | FSC · home in Corsicana, Texas. Fire occurred on December 23, 1991 in Corsicana, Texas Cameron Todd Willingham was arrested and charged in the death on

Definition:Sensitivity: “The sensitivity of a test is an expression of theprobability that a result will be positive in the presence of disease”

Specificity: “The specificity of a test is an expression of theprobability that a result will be negative in the absence of disease”

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Page 9: Nizam Peerwani, MD - TJB | FSC · home in Corsicana, Texas. Fire occurred on December 23, 1991 in Corsicana, Texas Cameron Todd Willingham was arrested and charged in the death on

In other words:

A sensitive test will detect all positives, truepositives as well as false positives

A specific test will on the other hand will detectonly all true positive but will also report falsenegatives

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Page 10: Nizam Peerwani, MD - TJB | FSC · home in Corsicana, Texas. Fire occurred on December 23, 1991 in Corsicana, Texas Cameron Todd Willingham was arrested and charged in the death on

Error rate and the "level of confidence“ 

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Page 11: Nizam Peerwani, MD - TJB | FSC · home in Corsicana, Texas. Fire occurred on December 23, 1991 in Corsicana, Texas Cameron Todd Willingham was arrested and charged in the death on

In the medical setting,a sensitive test ispreferred over a specifictest for screening disease; the rate of prevalenceof a disease is used toassign predictive value.

e.g.Chadwick1 states:“midshaft fractures of the femur and the humerus in prewalking infants are almost always inflicted, as are rib fractures in the same group”

1Pediatric Annals. 1992; 21:477‐483

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Page 12: Nizam Peerwani, MD - TJB | FSC · home in Corsicana, Texas. Fire occurred on December 23, 1991 in Corsicana, Texas Cameron Todd Willingham was arrested and charged in the death on

In the judicial system, specificity is far more important since the burden of proof lies on the State and the accused is assumed innocent until proven guilty.

Issue of profiling….

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Page 13: Nizam Peerwani, MD - TJB | FSC · home in Corsicana, Texas. Fire occurred on December 23, 1991 in Corsicana, Texas Cameron Todd Willingham was arrested and charged in the death on

Memory is far from reliable – there are 3 steps:Encoding or registration (processing and combining of received information) – cognitive biasesStorage (creation of a permanent record of the encoded information)Recall (calling back the stored information in response to some cue for use in a process or activity) 

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Page 14: Nizam Peerwani, MD - TJB | FSC · home in Corsicana, Texas. Fire occurred on December 23, 1991 in Corsicana, Texas Cameron Todd Willingham was arrested and charged in the death on

We all know that our memory is not 100 % accurate. But even when we are sure we remember something clearly, it may not really be as accurate as we believe. This can occur in multiple ways:

Our minds fill in gaps in our memory with what would probably be true. We “add” to memoryWe confuse similar memories from the past and tend to put them together,  recalling them as one event. 

The constructive process is the unconscious invention of false memories. Exactly why our memories alter as time goes is under tremendous focus

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Page 15: Nizam Peerwani, MD - TJB | FSC · home in Corsicana, Texas. Fire occurred on December 23, 1991 in Corsicana, Texas Cameron Todd Willingham was arrested and charged in the death on

A variety of factors can contribute to a false confession during a police interrogation. Many cases have included a combination of several of these causes. They include:•duress •coercion •intoxication •diminished capacity •mental impairment •ignorance of the law •fear of violence •the actual infliction of harm •the threat of a harsh sentence 

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Page 16: Nizam Peerwani, MD - TJB | FSC · home in Corsicana, Texas. Fire occurred on December 23, 1991 in Corsicana, Texas Cameron Todd Willingham was arrested and charged in the death on

Cameron Todd Willingham was convicted of murder and executed by lethal injection for the deaths of his three young children, two‐year‐old Amber Louise Kuykendall and one‐year‐old twins Karmon Diane Willingham and Kameron Marie Willingham via arson at their family home in Corsicana, Texas. 

Fire occurred on December 23, 1991 in Corsicana, Texas Cameron Todd Willingham was arrested and charged in the death on January 8, 1992.A jury convicted Willingham of capital murder on August 21, 1992. He was sentenced to die by lethal injection

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Page 17: Nizam Peerwani, MD - TJB | FSC · home in Corsicana, Texas. Fire occurred on December 23, 1991 in Corsicana, Texas Cameron Todd Willingham was arrested and charged in the death on

TestimonyConfessionScience:Medical (Clinical) scienceForensic arson investigation

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Page 18: Nizam Peerwani, MD - TJB | FSC · home in Corsicana, Texas. Fire occurred on December 23, 1991 in Corsicana, Texas Cameron Todd Willingham was arrested and charged in the death on

Neighbors of Willingham testified that as the house began smoldering:Willingham was “crouched down” in the front yard, and despite the neighbors’ pleas, refused to go into the house in any attempt to rescue the children. TWillingham neither showed remorse for his actions nor grieved the loss of his three children. When the fire “blew out” the windows, Willingham “hollered about his car” and ran to move it away from the fire to avoid its being damaged. A fire fighter also testified that Willingham was upset that his dart board was burned. 

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Page 19: Nizam Peerwani, MD - TJB | FSC · home in Corsicana, Texas. Fire occurred on December 23, 1991 in Corsicana, Texas Cameron Todd Willingham was arrested and charged in the death on

Eyewitnesses also at the scene reported that Willingham was outside the house and in a distressed state calling out that his babies were burning. He frantically told neighbor Diane Barbee to call the fire department and then broke the window out of the children's bedroom. He grew increasingly hysterical and had to be restrained with handcuffs to prevent him from re‐entering the house. One early‐arriving fireman said that he had also had to restrain Willingham for his own safety. 

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Page 20: Nizam Peerwani, MD - TJB | FSC · home in Corsicana, Texas. Fire occurred on December 23, 1991 in Corsicana, Texas Cameron Todd Willingham was arrested and charged in the death on

At the trial on guilt/innocence, an inmate, who was being held in jail with Willingham testified Willingham confessed to squirting lighter fluid around the floor and walls of his home (including pouring the lighter fluid in an X pattern in one location), setting a fire and then running out of the house, leaving his children inside. He also testified that Willingham confessed to lighting a piece of paper and burning one of the children on the arm and forehead to make it appear the child was playing with fire. 

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Page 21: Nizam Peerwani, MD - TJB | FSC · home in Corsicana, Texas. Fire occurred on December 23, 1991 in Corsicana, Texas Cameron Todd Willingham was arrested and charged in the death on

The “well‐established burns” suffered by Willingham were so superficial as to suggest that the same were self‐inflicted in an attempt to divert suspicion from himselfBlood‐gas analysis at Navarro Regional Hospital shortly after the homicide revealed that Willingham had not inhaled any smoke, contrary to his statement which detailed “rescue attempts;”

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Page 22: Nizam Peerwani, MD - TJB | FSC · home in Corsicana, Texas. Fire occurred on December 23, 1991 in Corsicana, Texas Cameron Todd Willingham was arrested and charged in the death on

To answer two specific questions:“Where did the fire start?” and “Why did the fire start?”  i.e. origin of the fire and the cause of the fire. 

In an attempt to answer these two questions, an investigator usually develops a hypothesis or a series of hypothesis regarding the origin and cause of the fire. Both scene findings and results from the fire debris analysis from a crime laboratory are integrated into this process. These hypotheses are then tested using the scientific method and refined as necessary. 

(This standard of practice in fire investigation is expressed by NFPA 921, Guide for Fire and Explosion Investigations, published by the National Fire Protection Association)

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Page 23: Nizam Peerwani, MD - TJB | FSC · home in Corsicana, Texas. Fire occurred on December 23, 1991 in Corsicana, Texas Cameron Todd Willingham was arrested and charged in the death on

• Multiple origins of fire;• Presence of detectable accelerants or patterns at scenes suggestive of use of accelerants such as rapidity of fire growth indicated by “V‐pattern”, “floor patterns”, “crazed glass, “spalling”, “burn intensity” etc.;

• Suspicious items at the scene such as timers or incendiary devices;

• Other suspicious activities such as missing personal items, extra items of contents added to fire load, tampering with fire protection devices or tampering with HVAC equipment to enhance fire pattern.

Although there are no pathognomonic or diagnostic scene findings, arson or incendiary fires have historically been associated with what may be termed as “signs” or “indicators” which include:

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Page 24: Nizam Peerwani, MD - TJB | FSC · home in Corsicana, Texas. Fire occurred on December 23, 1991 in Corsicana, Texas Cameron Todd Willingham was arrested and charged in the death on

There is no scientific basis to conclude that the width of V‐pattern is a direct indicator of the rapidity of fire growth since the width is dependent on many variables. The presence of a V‐pattern is indicative of burning occurring at the base of V, which in some instances may be the origin of fire, but not in all cases.

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The classic V-pattern relied upon by many investigators. When hot gases from a fire rise in a natural convection mode, (as a result of heat related gas buoyancy) the gases tend to spread out as they rise, forming a V.

Page 25: Nizam Peerwani, MD - TJB | FSC · home in Corsicana, Texas. Fire occurred on December 23, 1991 in Corsicana, Texas Cameron Todd Willingham was arrested and charged in the death on

Floor patterns cannot be reliably used as an arson indicator in fully developed fires, since radiation creates floor patterns and destroys pre‐existing pour patterns.

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These post‐fire patterns could have been misinterpreted as having been caused by an accelerant.

Page 26: Nizam Peerwani, MD - TJB | FSC · home in Corsicana, Texas. Fire occurred on December 23, 1991 in Corsicana, Texas Cameron Todd Willingham was arrested and charged in the death on

It is now generally accepted that presence of crazed glass is not an indicator of the use of an accelerant.

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Laboratory tests have shown that crazing is caused by a spray of water hitting a window already heated by fire exposure (usually during fire suppression)

Page 27: Nizam Peerwani, MD - TJB | FSC · home in Corsicana, Texas. Fire occurred on December 23, 1991 in Corsicana, Texas Cameron Todd Willingham was arrested and charged in the death on

Spalling is not accepted as an indicator of use of ignitable liquid fire. Although high heating rates are associated with spalling, this cannot be uniquely tied to arson fire.

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Spalling is a physical process of the breakdown of surface layers of masonry (typically concrete) which crumble into small pebble‐like pieces in response to high temperatures and/or mechanical pressure.When exposed to heat, water is released from both the crystalline matrix and the aggregate ‐‐_ the material therefore loses its integrity and crumbles

Page 28: Nizam Peerwani, MD - TJB | FSC · home in Corsicana, Texas. Fire occurred on December 23, 1991 in Corsicana, Texas Cameron Todd Willingham was arrested and charged in the death on

Historically, multiple points of fire were indicative of an intentionally set fire. Recent understanding indicates that the multiple apparent points of origin may also occur due to:Drop down burningRadiation ignition, and Embers.

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Page 29: Nizam Peerwani, MD - TJB | FSC · home in Corsicana, Texas. Fire occurred on December 23, 1991 in Corsicana, Texas Cameron Todd Willingham was arrested and charged in the death on

Whether the fire investigators met the standard of practice that an ordinary fire investigator would have exercised at the time the original Willingham investigation and trial took place is being deliberated by TFSCWhether the fire investigators have a duty to correct is being deliberated by TFSCWhether Willingham was guilty or innocent is a matter for the court to decide

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