Nimbus BUV and TOMS Nimbus BUV and TOMS Data Substantiate the Data Substantiate the Atmospheric Ozone Atmospheric Ozone Depletion ConcernsDepletion Concerns

Arlin KruegerArlin KruegerJoint Center for Earth Systems TechnologyJoint Center for Earth Systems Technology

University of Maryland, Baltimore CountyUniversity of Maryland, Baltimore County

Nimbus BUV and TOMS Data Nimbus BUV and TOMS Data Substantiate the Atmospheric Substantiate the Atmospheric Ozone Depletion ConcernsOzone Depletion Concerns

ByBy

S Ahmad, Z Ahmad, P Anderson, E Beach, D. Becker, A Belmont, PK Bhartia, L Bowlin, R Browning, D. S Ahmad, Z Ahmad, P Anderson, E Beach, D. Becker, A Belmont, PK Bhartia, L Bowlin, R Browning, D. Burchfield, W. Byerly, E Canevari, B Cano, S Carn, R Casey, G Chalef, S Chandra, P Collins, M Comberiate, C Burchfield, W. Byerly, E Canevari, B Cano, S Carn, R Casey, G Chalef, S Chandra, P Collins, M Comberiate, C Cote, S Cox, D Cunold, JV Dave, C Davis, M Deland, S Doiron, J. Dowser, J Elliot, R Farquhar, A.J. Fleig, D. Cote, S Cox, D Cunold, JV Dave, C Davis, M Deland, S Doiron, J. Dowser, J Elliot, R Farquhar, A.J. Fleig, D. Flittner, L Flynn, M Foreman, J Frederick, J Gatlin, P Ginoux, J Gleason, C Gordon, D Gordon, A.E. Green, X Flittner, L Flynn, M Foreman, J Frederick, J Gatlin, P Ginoux, J Gleason, C Gordon, D Gordon, A.E. Green, X Gu, B Guenther, S. Guenther, R. Hering, D Harrison, U Hartmann, DF Heath, BD Henderson, B Herman, J Gu, B Guenther, S. Guenther, R. Hering, D Harrison, U Hartmann, DF Heath, BD Henderson, B Herman, J Herman, R. Hertel, C Hestor, M Hinman, R Hudson, J Hurley, R Ignasiak, W.L. Imhof, G Jaross, T Jennings, A Herman, R. Hertel, C Hestor, M Hinman, R Hudson, J Hurley, R Ignasiak, W.L. Imhof, G Jaross, T Jennings, A Kaveeshwar, K Klenk, R. Kobiachi, G. Kobiachi, M. Kobiachi, N Koep-Baker, N Krotkov, *A Krueger, G Labow, Kaveeshwar, K Klenk, R. Kobiachi, G. Kobiachi, M. Kobiachi, N Koep-Baker, N Krotkov, *A Krueger, G Labow, D Larko, K Lee, J Leithch, J Leithch, J Lienesch, B Lowry, CL Mateer, C McKenzie, R McPeters, D. Merrill, T D Larko, K Lee, J Leithch, J Leithch, J Lienesch, B Lowry, CL Mateer, C McKenzie, R McPeters, D. Merrill, T Miles, A J Miller, P. Mitzen, B Monosmith, G. Montwell, R Nagatoni, P Newman, W Nickum, A Oakes, R Miles, A J Miller, P. Mitzen, B Monosmith, G. Montwell, R Nagatoni, P Newman, W Nickum, A Oakes, R Ormsby, N Oslik, B Palmer, H Park, V Pavanasaisam, S Plageman, N. Preketes, H Press, J Purcell, B Raines, S Ormsby, N Oslik, B Palmer, H Park, V Pavanasaisam, S Plageman, N. Preketes, H Press, J Purcell, B Raines, S Ray, H Reed, S Reed, H Reid, HB Roeder, M. Ruecker, E Rutkowski, R Salikov, S Schaefer, B Schlesinger, J Ray, H Reed, S Reed, H Reid, HB Roeder, M. Ruecker, E Rutkowski, R Salikov, S Schaefer, B Schlesinger, J Schneider, C Schnetzler, M Schoeberl, D Schuster, C Seftor, M Shapiro, R Shapiro, R Sipes, J Sisala, P Smith, I Schneider, C Schnetzler, M Schoeberl, D Schuster, C Seftor, M Shapiro, R Shapiro, R Sipes, J Sisala, P Smith, I Sprod, R Stevenson, J Stokes, R Stolarski, T Swissler, S Taylor, O Torres, S Truong, K Venkatakrishna, L Sprod, R Stevenson, J Stokes, R Stolarski, T Swissler, S Taylor, O Torres, S Truong, K Venkatakrishna, L Walters, S Weiland, R White, C Wong, J ZiemkeWalters, S Weiland, R White, C Wong, J Ziemke

* speaker* speaker

What did we know about ozone What did we know about ozone before Nimbus BUV and TOMS?before Nimbus BUV and TOMS?

Theory: Theory: Chapman proposed photochemistry of oxygen could Chapman proposed photochemistry of oxygen could explain ozone.explain ozone.

Observations:Observations: Total ozoneTotal ozone - Dobson measured latitude and seasonal variations; - Dobson measured latitude and seasonal variations;

suspected meteorology produced variability.suspected meteorology produced variability. Vertical ozone distributionVertical ozone distribution - balloons showed effects of weather; - balloons showed effects of weather;

rockets supported photochemical model.rockets supported photochemical model. LaboratoryLaboratory: Chemists said nitrogen radicals could destroy : Chemists said nitrogen radicals could destroy

ozone in catalytic cycle.ozone in catalytic cycle. Chemical rate coefficients too poorly known to decide if nitrogen Chemical rate coefficients too poorly known to decide if nitrogen

cycle worked in the atmosphere.cycle worked in the atmosphere. Halogens were even better catalysts than nitrogen or hydrogen.Halogens were even better catalysts than nitrogen or hydrogen.

Backscatter UV OriginsBackscatter UV Origins1970: The Nimbus-4 BUV1970: The Nimbus-4 BUV

Ozone profileOzone profile First satellite experiments had measured First satellite experiments had measured

ozone profileozone profile Instrument calibration established from Instrument calibration established from

coincident rocket soundingscoincident rocket soundings Total ozoneTotal ozone

Sparse Dobson spectrophotometer networkSparse Dobson spectrophotometer network Inter-instrument calibration errors large Inter-instrument calibration errors large CP Cuddapah used Nimbus 3 IRIS data for CP Cuddapah used Nimbus 3 IRIS data for

first total ozone from spacefirst total ozone from space BUV InstrumentBUV Instrument

NCAR proposal (1965)NCAR proposal (1965) Dave and Mateer Dave and Mateer Instrument: Instrument:

Goddard Space Flight Center: Goddard Space Flight Center: Heath (Tech. Officer - Krueger)Heath (Tech. Officer - Krueger) Beckman InstrumentsBeckman Instruments

Henderson, Roeder, Meloy, Reid Henderson, Roeder, Meloy, Reid Solar diffuser plate for calibrationSolar diffuser plate for calibration Optimized wavelengthsOptimized wavelengths Total ozone sounding methodTotal ozone sounding method G.P. Anderson, et al., Proceedings, Symposium sur l’Ozone Atmospherique,

1-7 Sept. 1968, Monaoco, pp239-243.A.J. Krueger, Proceedings, Symposium sur l’Ozone Atmospherique, 1-7

Sept. 1968, Monaoco, pp225-229.

BUV data confirmed catalytic BUV data confirmed catalytic cycle in ozone chemistrycycle in ozone chemistry

August 1972 solar proton event.August 1972 solar proton event. High energy protons produce nitric High energy protons produce nitric

oxide in upper stratosphere.oxide in upper stratosphere. Paul Crutzen predicted decrease of Paul Crutzen predicted decrease of

ozone.ozone. BUV data show 20% decrease.BUV data show 20% decrease.

Ozone depletion in Ozone depletion in auroral ovalauroral oval proved catalytic cycle was proved catalytic cycle was controlling ozone.controlling ozone. Opened the possibility of catalytic Opened the possibility of catalytic

loss of ozone by halogens.loss of ozone by halogens.

Ozone above 4 mb (37 km) vs day number

Heath, Krueger & Crutzen, Science, 1977

Total ozone from space:Total ozone from space:Dave and MateerDave and Mateer

Forward model: Dave’s UV multiple-scattering radiative transfer modelInverse model: Mateer

Total ozone mapping originsTotal ozone mapping origins1978: The Nimbus-7 TOMS1978: The Nimbus-7 TOMS

Coverage: Coverage: Daily global survey Daily global survey Avoid missed event issues Avoid missed event issues

by observing:by observing: every locationevery location every dayevery day

Ground resolution:Ground resolution: Limited by 1970’s data rate, Limited by 1970’s data rate,

data storagedata storage Resolve jet streamsResolve jet streams Identify local ozone Identify local ozone

perturbationsperturbations

Heritage: Heritage: Use BUV monochromatorUse BUV monochromator Use BUV total ozone wavelengthsUse BUV total ozone wavelengths Share SBUV diffuser plate for Share SBUV diffuser plate for

common calibrationcommon calibration Concept - GSFC Concept - GSFC

proposal (1972)proposal (1972) KruegerKrueger Merge with SBUVMerge with SBUV HeathHeath

Instrument - Beckman/ Perkin Instrument - Beckman/ Perkin Elmer/Orbital SciencesElmer/Orbital Sciences Roeder, Lu, MacenkaRoeder, Lu, Macenka

Algorithm - STXAlgorithm - STX Mateer, Kaveeshwar, BhartiaMateer, Kaveeshwar, Bhartia

TOMS & BUV Global CoverageTOMS & BUV Global CoverageSurveySurvey vs. vs. SampleSample

TOMS SBUV

Global total ozone mapsGlobal total ozone maps

TOMS Missions

•Nimbus-7: 11/1/ 1978 - 5/6/1993•Meteor 3: 8/22/1991 - 11/24/1994•ADEOS: 8/17/1996 - 6/28/1997•Earth Probe: 7/15/1996 - present

Formation of a Kona LowFormation of a Kona Low

Polar ozone depletionPolar ozone depletion Environmental concerns overwhelmed Environmental concerns overwhelmed

meteorological research.meteorological research.

British Antarctic Survey (Farman, et al.,1985) British Antarctic Survey (Farman, et al.,1985) pointed out steep decline in 25-year ozone record pointed out steep decline in 25-year ozone record over Halley Bay Dobson station; attributed it to over Halley Bay Dobson station; attributed it to chlorine from CFC’s.chlorine from CFC’s.

TOMS found large ozone loss in Antarctic-size hole TOMS found large ozone loss in Antarctic-size hole (Bhartia et al, 1986; Stolarski, et al., 1986). (Bhartia et al, 1986; Stolarski, et al., 1986). Dynamic vs chemical cause disputed.Dynamic vs chemical cause disputed.

In-situ data from NASA DC-8 and ER2 aircraft In-situ data from NASA DC-8 and ER2 aircraft found enhanced ClO from heterogeneous reactions found enhanced ClO from heterogeneous reactions

of ClONOof ClONO22 and HCl on polar stratospheric clouds and HCl on polar stratospheric clouds..

Similar ozone losses found in Arctic.Similar ozone losses found in Arctic.

The Antarctic Ozone HoleThe Antarctic Ozone Hole

QuickTime™ and aYUV420 codec decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

R. McPeters and Scientific Visualization Studio

Polar ozone depletionPolar ozone depletionAntarctic ozone hole and the Montreal Antarctic ozone hole and the Montreal

ProtocolProtocol Images of rapid Images of rapid

springtime ozone springtime ozone loss over loss over Antarctica each Antarctica each year lent credibility year lent credibility to environmental to environmental concernsconcerns

Progressive Progressive annual deepening annual deepening produced urgencyproduced urgency

Newman, Stolarski, Schoeberl, Krueger….

Antarctic Ozone HoleAntarctic Ozone Hole

http://toms.gsfc.nasa.gov/

Depth and Area of Ozone Hole measured daily

Global Ozone TrendsGlobal Ozone TrendsOzone depletion and the SBUV/TOMS calibrationsOzone depletion and the SBUV/TOMS calibrations

Nimbus-7 TOMS shared SBUV diffuser plateNimbus-7 TOMS shared SBUV diffuser plate Diffuser reflectance and BRDF change with solar exposureDiffuser reflectance and BRDF change with solar exposure Model-based relative calibrations developed (Pair justification, spectral Model-based relative calibrations developed (Pair justification, spectral

discrimination)discrimination) New TOMS instruments used triple diffuser carousel with different exposure New TOMS instruments used triple diffuser carousel with different exposure

times to infer degradationtimes to infer degradation

GSFC: McPeters, Hollandsworth-Frith, Herman, Stolarski, Jaross, Seftor

Impact of BUV & TOMSImpact of BUV & TOMS

Catalytic ozone destruction accepted by Catalytic ozone destruction accepted by scientific community (1977).scientific community (1977).

Ozone hole images and ozone trends Ozone hole images and ozone trends convince public of danger of CFC’s (1986).convince public of danger of CFC’s (1986).

Montreal Protocol on Substances that Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone LayerDeplete the Ozone Layer signed (1987). signed (1987).

Nobel Prize in chemistry awarded to Nobel Prize in chemistry awarded to Crutzen, Rowland, and Molina (1995).Crutzen, Rowland, and Molina (1995).

CFC production phased out.CFC production phased out.

BeyondBeyond total ozone…..total ozone…..

TOMS data productsTOMS data products Total ozone Total ozone Ground/cloud reflectivityGround/cloud reflectivity Total sulfur dioxideTotal sulfur dioxide AerosolsAerosols

optical depthoptical depth effective radius or single effective radius or single

scattering albedoscattering albedo Tropospheric ozoneTropospheric ozone UVB fluxesUVB fluxes

Applications:Applications: Air chemistryAir chemistry VolcanologyVolcanology

Eruption processesEruption processes Aviation hazardsAviation hazards

Climate changeClimate change dust, smokedust, smoke volcanic ash & sulfatevolcanic ash & sulfate

Weather forecastingWeather forecasting Model initializationModel initialization Upper air windsUpper air winds

BiosphereBiosphere Surface UV radiationSurface UV radiation Air qualityAir quality

Tracking volcanic sulfur Tracking volcanic sulfur dioxide cloudsdioxide clouds

Rapid drift of volcanic clouds:

Difficult air traffic problem

Difficult validation problem

Krueger, Walters, Schnetzler, Bluth, Carn, Schaefer, Doiron, Sprod

25 years of SO25 years of SO22 mass from mass from

volcanic eruptions volcanic eruptions

Carn, et al., Volcanic eruption detection by the TOMS instruments, Geol. Soc. Special Publ., 213, 177-202, 2004

Absorbing aerosols Absorbing aerosols Smoke, mineral dust, and volcanic ashSmoke, mineral dust, and volcanic ash

Aerosols change the Aerosols change the wavelength dependence of wavelength dependence of scattered lightscattered light

Compare observed and model Compare observed and model Rayleigh spectra to get aerosol Rayleigh spectra to get aerosol signalsignal

Low UV reflectivity of soil and Low UV reflectivity of soil and water makes detection easy water makes detection easy over land and ocean over land and ocean

Herman, Torres, Bhartia, Krotkov, Prospero

Tropospheric column ozoneTropospheric column ozone

Residual between Residual between TOMS total ozone TOMS total ozone and MLS and MLS stratospheric columnstratospheric column

High Atlantic values High Atlantic values due to biomass due to biomass burning, lightning, and burning, lightning, and Walker circulationWalker circulation

Fishman, Chandra, Ziemke …

The success of TOMS led in unexpected The success of TOMS led in unexpected directions.directions.

ConclusionsConclusions

BUV and TOMS surpassed all expectationsBUV and TOMS surpassed all expectations Long life missions due to excellent engineering by Long life missions due to excellent engineering by

Beckman Instruments and dedication of GSFC satellite Beckman Instruments and dedication of GSFC satellite operations teamsoperations teams

Algorithm development, instrument calibration, and data Algorithm development, instrument calibration, and data processing successful due to GSFC Ozone Processing processing successful due to GSFC Ozone Processing Team Team

Broad use of data due to high quality daily global Broad use of data due to high quality daily global census, yet compact datasetscensus, yet compact datasets

Impacts on geosciences and environmental Impacts on geosciences and environmental controls are far reachingcontrols are far reaching

Ozone TheoryOzone Theory

Sydney Chapman proposed oxygen photochemistry driven by solar Sydney Chapman proposed oxygen photochemistry driven by solar UV.UV. OO22 + h + h --> O + O --> O + O (1)(1)

O + OO + O22 + M --> O + M --> O33 + M + M (2)(2)

OO33 + h + h --> O + O --> O + O22 (3)(3)

OO33 + O --> 2 O + O --> 2 O22 (4)(4)

Chemists knew that nitrogen and hydrogen radicals could catalytically Chemists knew that nitrogen and hydrogen radicals could catalytically destroy ozone in the lab. For example, NO can destroy ozone:destroy ozone in the lab. For example, NO can destroy ozone: NO + ONO + O33 --> NO --> NO22 + O + O22

NONO22 + O --> NO + O + O --> NO + O22

Other radicals are H, OH, Cl, or Br.Other radicals are H, OH, Cl, or Br.