nightingale health journal (september-2013)

7/27/2019 Nightingale Health Journal (September-2013)

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/nightingale-health-journal-september-2013 1/16

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Independent Mon News

Agency, Irrawaddy, Mizzima,

Kaowao

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ac G;a rG; jc if; acG ;u dkufc H&j ci f;ESifh

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tom;xJodkY 0ifa&mufvm

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Ad kif;&yfpf ul;oef;oGm;jcif ;

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racsmig;a,muf(wNydKifeuf )/ / (AsdKU .... q&mrdk;) tBud rf (100)

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qef wmuavmh pf (acwå - t*F yl )

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qef wmuavmh pf

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vkdtyf &if txl ;"mwf rSef½kd ufzkdY vnf;vkd r,f/

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vnfacsmif;xJudk Fiberscope

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3/ tudkuf tcJaysmuf aq; t vG ef trif; oHk ;pGJ olrsm;

4/ pdwfzdpD ;rI cHpm ;&olrsm ;

(GERD jzpf Ny D; a0'em aMumifh pdwfzdpD;rI cHpm;& vQif a&m*gykdqd k;ygonf )

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2/ Barium Swallow ac:onhf

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jref rma&T Uajymif ; odapaMumif ;




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Medical College) ü aq;ynm qu fvuf qn f; yl ;onf / 1867 ck ES pf wG if aq;yg&*l trf 'DbGJ U&onf/ *kPfx l;aqmif trf atbJGYvnf ; cDs ;jr §if hcH &

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onf/ aq;ynmoif Mum;rI NyD ; qH k ;aomtcg armif a&S mvl onf tar&duef orw tif'½l;*G sef qif ud k oG m;a&muf awG UqH k cG if h & cJhonf/ tar&duef or®w\ rif;wkef;rif;xH ay;tyfaom o0PfvTmud k vufcHí 1867 ck ES pf? atmufwd k bmvwG if jref

rmjynf odk Y jyef cJ honf/ vrf;c&D;ü vef'efwG if w

v? yg&D wG if wywf em;ae avh vmí at'if? oD[d kVf? umv uwå m;rS wqifh jrefrmjynf odk Y jyefvmcJhonf/ xdk tcd sefu pl; tuf wl;ajrmif; razmuf&ao; acs/ 1868 ck ESpf? ZG ef vwG if t ar&d uef or® w\ o0Pf vT mud k rif ;wk ef ;rif ;xH quf o&ef rEÅ av;odkY qefwufcJhonf/ o &ufNrdKUta&mufwG if rif;wkef; rif;\ jreef ;pMum a&,mOfES if h

rEÅ av;od kY c&D ;quf onf/ rif ; wk ef ;rif ;onf a'guf wma&S mvl udk aumif;pGm vufcHawGUqHk onf/ eef;wGif ; ajrmuf O,smOf awmfü taqmifwc kay;um eef ;wG if ;pm;awmf tk yf ud k aeYpOf ydkYaponf/ &uf 20 cefYMum aomf atmufjrefrmjynfjyefí ausmif;q&mESifh q&m0ef vkyf ief;rsm; aqmif&GufcGif h awmif; onf/ rif;wk ef;rif ;u cG ifh jyKí qkvmbfESifh aiG'*Fg ;rsm;u dk vnf ; cDs;jr§ if hcJ honf/

a'gufwma&Smvl onf &ef ukef wGif t*F vd yf tpd k;&\ tm; ay;ul nDrI r&aomaMumif h rk wå rü udk,fydkifausmif ;zGifh um t oufarG;onf/ 6 v tMum wGif arm fvNrdKi f atbDtrf ausmif;ü q&m tcuftcJawG Y &m q&mtjzpf 0ifa&muf ulnD cJh onf/ atbDtrfausmif;wGif 10 ESpfcefY q&mtjzpfaqmif &G uf onf/

xdk Yaemuf aus;Zl ;&S if q&m rBuD ; rpörm&D,mti fa*gudk aus;Zl ;wH kYjyef aomtm;jzif h oH k; q,f jrd KU tar&d uef omoemjyK q&m0efrBuD; a'gufwm t,f vif rD cs,fxH wGif vuf axmuf q&m0eftjzpf 10 ESpf xrf; aqmif jyD ;aemuf armf vNrd Kif üyif

ud k ,f yd k if aq;cef ;zG if h onf/ qif ; &JEGrf ;yg;olrsm;udk tcaMu;aiG r,lbJ aq;ukay;onf/ t ouf BuD ;&if h onf h wd k if vl em&d S &m odk Y udk ,f wdk if vd kufí aq;uko onf/ wzuf wG if vnf ; armf v Nrd Kif tpdk ;&ausmif;ESifh aemfref ausmif;wd k YwG if ausmif ;tkyf csKyf a&; tzJGU0iftjzpf aqmif&Guf onf/

a'gufwma&S mvl onf &ef uk ef tpd k ;&txuf wef ;ausmif ; ü q&mtjzpf wm0ef xrf ;aqmif

aepOf t*FvdyftrsdK;orD; rpö vl pDy&J ,m;ESifh tdrfaxmif jyKcJh NyD ; om;orD; 7 a,muf (om; av;a,muf? orD ; oH k ;a,muf ) xG ef ;um;cJ h onf/ ZeD ;uG ,fvG ef í 2 ESpftMumü tar&duef omoemjyK rd ef ;uav;ausmif; rS ausmif ;tk yf a':a&TES ifh xyfrH td rf axmif jyKonf/ om;orD ; 3 a,muf (om;wa,muf? orD; ES pf a,muf )&onf/

a'guf wm a&S mvl onf armf vNrd Kif Nrd KUü 1929 ck ES pf? atmuf

wd kbmv 10 &uf eH euf 5;30 wG if uG,fvG efcJh onf/ a'guf wma&Smvl\ psmyerSm pnf um;vSonf/ c&pf,mef bk ef; BuD;rsm;omru jrefrm bkef; awmf BuD;rsm;yg wufa&mufcJY MuaMumif ; rS wfwrf;rsm;u qdk onf/

&nf ñTef ;/ armifaZ,sma&;om;wJ h ]jref rmvlausmf100

(yxrtk yf )

udk,fcE¨ m BuD;xGm;apwJ h a[mfrkef;qdk wm vlYOD;aESmufu ae xkwfay;aew,f/ tav;r ol rsm; <uufom;awG oefrm vmwm olYtpGrf ;yg/ obm0 r[k wf bJ tyd k aqmif ;csif ol awG twG uf pwD ½Gd Kufa[mfrkef ;aq; aw Gv J &S dy gw,f / Human

Growth hormone (HGH),

Growth factors and Testoster-

one-based analogs qd kwmawG yg/ 'D aq;awG ud k t&G,f vG efol a,mufsm;awG twGuf a&m tm; upm;orm;rsm;twG ufyg oHk; aewmjzpf w,f/ td kvHypf qkwH

qd yf jyef tyf olawG renf ;awmh bl; r[k wfvm;/ a[mf rkef;qdk wm tpGrf;BuD;ovd k owdBuD; BuD ;vnf ; xm;oH k ;&wmrsd K; jzpf w,f/

*syef qlrdk eyrf;orm;enf; u ]u,fvdk&Drsm;wJ h tpmawG

pm;? tqDrrsm;apeJY}/ tifql vif qd k wJ h oMum;"mwf xd ef ;wJ h a[mf rk ef ;ud k qG ay;vd k Y? u,f vd k &D rsm;&if odrf;xm;wJh tqDudk xkwfoH k;p&m rvdkawmhbl ;/

wcgwnf; rsm;rsm;pm;Edkif atmif wcsdKUu reufapmapm pm rpm ;bJ aew,f/ olv dk udk,f vdkawGu waeYrS 2000- 3000 om pm;w,f/ qlr dk ey rf ;o rm ;aw G waeYud k u,fvdk &D 6000 uae 20000 txd pm;owJ h/ t&uf bD,m vnf; aomu fygwJh/ olvd k udk,fvd kbJaygh/ wxdk ifxJ bD

,mAl; 100 ukef olqdk wm&Sd qdk bJ/ avhusifhcef ;udk ydkNyD ;? jyif ; jyif ;xef xef? aeYpOf rS ef rS ef? vk yf wmaMumifh pm;csif pdwf awG ydk vmapw,f/

ud k ,f tav;csd ef wd k ;csif wmeJ Y a[mf rkef;aq; vHk;0 rnTef yg/

roH k;ygeJ Y/ rsuf pd atmuf rS mwif tvGe f0Ny D; tvSvnf;ysuf? a&m*gvnf; quf &wJh rdef;u av;awG&Sdw,f/ t&yftac: 0ufaq;qd kwmaomufowJh/ apmf um;ovdkawmhjzpfr,f? w u,f0uf eJ Ywl vmw,f/ jyef jyif ,l vd k Y r&awmh wJ h tajctaexd a&muf oGm;&S mMuw,f/

wufpwdkpwD½kef; (Testo-

sterone) ac:wJh a,mufsm; a[mfrkef ;aq; oHk;wmawG &Sd yg

w,f/ t&G,f vGef aoG;qHk ;jyD; aemuf trsdK;orD;BuD;awGoHk; wmu twlaecsifpdwf quf xd ef ;zd kYvd k rS om q&m0ef u nT ef w,f/ um,AvtwG uf <uuf om;awG a,muf sm;awG vd k jzpf zd k Y rSmvnf;oHk ;w,f/

Estrogen tDpx½d k* si f a[mfrkef;rSmvJ ab;xGufqdk; usd K;awG ursm;w,f/ trsm;oHk ; wmu aoG ;qHk;umeD; trsdK;o

``` pmrsufES m (6) rS tqu f




xdk odkY q&mBuD ;awG&JU awGY &Sd csuf awG ud k usuf rS wf avhvm &ovdk wwd, MB rSonfFinal (aemuf qH k ;ES pf ) txdvl em

eJY avhvm&mwGif vnf; q&m BuD ;awG &JU prf;oyfenf ;rsm;udk od &S d rS wf om;&ygw,f/

tNzp frsm ;wJh a&m*gawGeJ Y prf;oyf enf;rsm;udk rSwfom;rd orQ wifNyay;ygr,f/

'D aqmif ;yg;awG a&;aeNcif ; rSm vli,frsm;twGuf OD;wnf

xm;ygw,f/ yd k rd k em;vnf wwf uRrf;o lrsm;u trSm;t,Gif; rsm;ud k axmuf NyMuyg&ef eJ Y ar; vmaom ar;cGef ;rsm;u dk ajz Mum;ay;Muyg&ef arwåm&yfcH tyfygw,f/

Cheyne-Stokes respiration

touf½SLEIef ;ajymif ;vJ wm touf½S L Nr ef aer, f?

aemuf aES ;vmr,f? aemuf awmh puú ef Yrsm;pG mtxd touf ½SL&yf oGm;r,f/ OD ;aESmufrSm&SdwJh t ouf ½SLrI xdef;csKyfwJ hae&mawG ysuf pD ;aewJ htwG uf Nzpf w,f/ arsmaewJh Coma vl emawGrSm awGY&w,f/

J.Cheyne (1777-1836) uawmh paumhorm; awm f/ aemu fwa,mufuawmh W.

Stokes (1804-78) tdkif;&pf orm;awmf/

Colles’ fracture

tawGY&rsm;wJh vufzsHt½kd;BuD; usdK;Ncif ;/

vuf aumuf 0wf tem;udistal end of radius t½k d ;usd K;Ncif ;

td kif ;&pf cGJ pd wfq&m0efBuD ; A.Colles (1773-1843) u p wifawGY/ 'Dt½kd;usdK;ygu yHk o@mef ysuf,Gif;Ncif; (Defor-

mity) eJY vuf aumuf 0wf vI yf &Sm;rI av;vH Ncif; (Stiffness) wd k Y

aemufqufwG J Nzpf wwf w,f/

Cushings’s syndrome

ud k ,fcE¨ mrS mCorticosteroid a[mf rkef ;awGvGef uJaewJ h taNctae/

tav;csd ef awG wd k ;vmr,f? rsuf ESm vnf yif;awG eDNref;ae r,f? rsufESmeJY udk ,fcE¨ mrS m t arG;trSifawG xlxyfvmr,f? aoG;aw Gwdk;aer,f? t½kd;udk uspf vpf apwJ hMineral "mwf awG avsmhenf ;vmawmh t½kd;yGvm

r,f? aoG ;xJrS m oMum;"mwf yrmP rsm;vmr,f? 'ghtNyif pdwf yd kif;qd kif&m ysuf,G if ;rI awG yg Nzpf vmwwf w,f/ 'gaMumif h a&m*gvu© Pmaygif ;pk/

Adrenal *vif ;tBud wf awG aMumifh Nzpf wwfayr,fh pwD; ½GdKufaq;yrmP vGefuJNcif; awG rS m tawG Y&rsm;w,f/ tar &duefcGJpdwfq&m0efBuD; H.W.

Cushing (1869-1939) u awGY&S d cJh w,f/

Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS)

rwwf rae&/ OD ;acgif ;xd cd k uf 'Pf &m &NyD ;

aemuf vlem\ owd&S drI taNc taeudk trSwf ay; cefYrS ef;wJh pepf/

rsufvHk ;- 4 (rsufvH k; zGif h Ed k if Ncif ;)

vIyf&Sm;- 5 (udk,fvuf t*F g vIyf&Sm;Edk if rI )

pum;- 6 (wk ef YNyef aNymqd k Ed k if rI )

trS wf rsm;avaumif;av/ vl aumif ;qd k &if 15 rS wf tNynf h uawmh &S if ;ygw,f/ 7 rSwf qdk &if Lucky eHygwf qdk ayr,fhComa NzpfaeNyD/

Glasgow uawmh wuú odk vf emrnf/

Graves’ disease

ocsdKif;a&m*gvm;aygh/ r[k wf/ rsufvHk;NyL; vnfyif;BuD;

a&m*g/ 'D a&m*gaMumifh odk if; &G d uf a[mf rk ef ;vG ef uJ Ncif ; a&m*g vu©PmpkawG Nzpfvmwwf w,f/

Thyrotoxicosis

ESvHk ;cke fwmawGNrefr,f/ acR;xG ufr,f/ vufwkefr,f/ pd k ;&d rf pd wf awG rsm;aer,f/ ud k ,f tav;csdefusr,f/ at;wJhae

&mawGrSmyJ aecsifw,f/Graves’ disease rSmawmh

vnf yif ;BuD ;vmNyD ; rsuf vH k ;NyL; aer,f/

td k if ,mvef orm;awmf R.J.

Graves (1797-1853) u awG Y cJ h wm/

Guillian-Barre syndrome

aNc axmufawG xHkusi f tm;enf;wJ ha&m*g/

touf½SLvrf;aMumif ; odk Y r[kwf tpmtdrf awG rSm a&m*g ydk;0ifNyD; 10-20 &ufavmuf MumvmwJ h tcg tpG ef tzsm; tm ½k H aMumawG ud k Allergic response

t& xdcdkuf oGm;vdk Y Nzpf&wm/ Nyif opf OD ;aES muf tm½k H aMum

ynm&S if BuD ;awG u awG YcJ h w,f/G.Guillian (1836-1961)

eJY A.Baree (1880-1967) wdk Y jzpfygw,f/

McBurney’s point

q&m0efwdk if ;od w,f/ 0rf; Adkuf wGif aygif ½kd;tpGef;rS csuf txd rsOf;aMumif;qGJNyD ; 3 yH k 1 yHkae&m/ tltwuf &Sdaomae &m/ ½k wf w&uftl twuf a&mif &rf;jcif;wG if temqH k;ae&m/

tar&duef cGJ pd wfq&mBuD;C.Burney (1845-1913) p

wifawG Y&S d owfrS wf/ tl twuf a&mif wmeJ Y ywf

ouf NyD ; &D p&mwck awG Yzl ;w,f/ avS mif wm r[k wf bl ;/ aq;½k H w ckrSm usaemf wm0efuspOfu jzpf w,f/

vlemwa,mufudk Appen-

dicitis qdk NyD; q&m0efi,f av; wO D;u ta&; ay :wifvm w,f/ usaemhq&m Surgeon

u vlemAd kufudk vSef Munfh w,f/ aemuf q&m0ef i,f av; udk ac:cdkif;w,f/ a&mufvm awmh Munfh wJh/

a[m tl twuf cG J pd wf trm &G wfa[mif;BuD;udk awG Y&vdkuf w,f/

ol rsm; trS m;qDu twk,l NyD; 'Dvdk rsdK;trSm;udk usaemf r vkyfrd zdk Y tNrJowdxm;cJ hw,f/ udk,fhtrSm;uvnf; oif,l& wmayghav/ vlemprf ;oyfNcif ; udk i,f i,fuwnf ;u wd wd

usus enf;vrf;usus avh usif h xm;zd k Y vd k w,f qd k wm Nyae w,f/

usaemf wd k Yud k oif Mum;ay;cJ h wJh q&m0efBuD;awGudk tckt csd ef txd aus;Zl ;wif aerd w,f/

qdkvdkwmu Adam’s apple

onf vnfZvkyf Nzp fonf ? Achilles. . qdkonfrSm ...? RIF

wGif emaom a&m*grsm;rSm ... ponf ponf ...

pmawG &ae,H k eJ Y q&m0efw a,muf Nzpf zd k Y rvG ,f bl ; qd k wm?

pmawG tNrJzwfae&r,f qdk wm? vl em tNrJ prf;ae&r,f qdk wm? ygeD rvmvdkY pdwfysuf vnf ; avh usif h ae&r,f qd k wm/

vlemaw G pdwfcs rf ;om atmif? q&mawG oif ay;&usd K; eyfatmif? trSm;t,Gif;enf; atmif ? rodao;wm odvm atmif? Bud K;pm;ae&r,f .. qd k awmh

q&m0ef vk yfrdwm ... rSm; ovd k vd k? em;csd ef awmif r&S d ovd k?]q&m vlem} qdk aigufueJ x

tdyfa&;ysufnawG Nzwfoef;& r,f qd k wmud k? q&m0ef rsm; *sm e,f orm;awGtaqmf cH ae&wm awGudk? owåd &Sd rS q&m0ef vkyf vdk Y&w,fqd kwm odvmw,f/

usaem h q&mBuD; Ortho

surgeon BuD;qdk cG Jpdwfcef;0if wdkif; tNrJaNymw,f? ]uJ rdkuf vd kufMu&atmif ud k...}

usaemf BudKufw,f olYp um; / bmNzpfvdk YvJqdk awm h vl em t½k d ;Nzwf r,f h vT aqG; vT a[mif;BuD;eJY usaemh q&meJY usaemf 'D aeY acR;'D ;'D ; usOD ;r,f qd k wm...

usaem fwdkY taumi f;qH k; vkyfcJ hwmuawmh trSef ...

Adam’s apple onf vnf Z vkyf qd kwmvnf; trSef ... /

a'guf wmwif haZmfOD ;

od kif;½G dKufa[mf rkef;vGefa&m*g

rsuf vH k ;jyK;us,f jcif ;

vnf yif ;BuD ;jcif ;

tyd kif ; (2)

ADAM'S APPLE qd konf rS m

vnf Zvk yfjzpf ygonfa'guf wmwif haZmfOD ;

aiGukefoHjym usef;rma&;t,f'D wm&Sif h

usef;rma&;u vlYb0&JU wefzk d;t&Sdqk H; "ejzpfw,fwJ h/ 'g aMumif h rd om;pk wpk rS m aysmf &T if csrf ;ajrYzk d Y vk d tyf csuf awG xJ rS m usef ; rma&;uvnf; t"duae&mu yg0if aew,f/ usr wkdYrdom;pkrSm vnf; usrarar&JU usef;rma&;tajctaeaMumifh vGefcJ hwJh v t enf;i,f avmufu vG ef pG mpd wfxdckduf yifyef;cJh &ygw,f &S if/

ararh &J U a&m*gvu© Pmu wcgw&H trsKd ;orD ;obm0 "r® wm vm&if qD;pyfu t&rf;uk dufcJNyD ; uav;arG;wJhtcg n§ pf ovkd n§pfcsifw,f vkdYqkd ygw,f/ NyD;awmh aemufwcku &if acgif;xJ uvnf; pl;NyD ;atmifh wJh a0'emcHpm;&wmyg/

jzpfpuawmh usrwk dYNrdKU&JU ½kd;½kd ;aq;cef ;rS myJ jyae&if;u ol Y

a&m*gtajctaeukd tJ'Daq;cef;rSm&S dwJh q&m0efu prf;oyf&if; &ifacgif;uatmifhwmu tpmtdrfa&mifaevkdYajymNyD; tpmtdrf aq;awG aomuf &w,f/ NyD;awmh tzwfygwJh tpm;awGvnf; rpm;&bl;qkd awmh araru t&nf awG yJ aeYwk dif;aomuf&w,f/ "r®wmvm&if uk dufcJwmuawmh aoG ;qkH;cgeD ;rk dYvk dY jzpfwmqkd NyD; om;td rf tm;aq; qkdwmrsKd;awG xk d;ay;w,f/ aomufaq;awG vnf ; ay;w,f/ 'gayr,f h jzpf wJh a&m*gvu© Pmuawmh aysmuf uif ;roG m;bJ aeYwk d if ; t&nf yJ aomuf ae&wJ h tusKd ;quf u yd ef NyD ; tm;enf ;ovk djzpfvmw,f/

'geJ Y &efukef rS mjyMunf hzkd Y qk H;jzwf NyD; &efukefu yk*¾ vd u aq; cef;wckrSm txl;uk q&mBuD;awGeJY ukocJ hw,f/ q&m0efBuD;u "mwfrSef½kdufckdif;cJhw,f/ wywftMum "mwfrSefutajzxGuf vmawmh ararh &J U om;td rf rS m tvk H ;&S d aew,f wJ h/ NyD ;awmhtonf ;

uvnf; enf;enf ;a&mif aew,fvk dY tajzxG ufygw,f/ usrwk d YNrd KUu aq;cef ;rS m xG uf wJ h tajzeJY tck txl ;ukeJ Y jyNyD ; "mwfrS efuxG uf vmwJh tajzeJY aMumufp&maumif ;avmuf atmif uG J jym;aewmuk d awG Uvk d uf &ygw,f/ usrawG ;vk d uf rd wmu yk d uf qH enf;enf;ay;&if jzpfovkdyJ aocsmrprf;oyfbJ vlYtoufw acsmif ;uk d tvG ,f wul aumuf csuf csNyD ; usrwk d YNrd KUu q&m0ef awG aq;uk aeMuovm;/ 'D vk d rsKd ; ae&mtES H Ytjym;rS maum jzpf aeNyD vm; qkd wmygyJ/

ararjywJh om;zG m;rD;,yf txl ;uk q&m0efBuD;u om;td rfxJ rSm tvkH;&SdwJhtwGuf cGJpdwfrvm;? 'grSr[kwf apmihfMunfhOD; rvm;vkd Y ararh &J UoabmqEuk d ar;ygw,f/ aemufawmh ol uyJ tBuH ay;ygw,f/ om;td rfxJ u tvkH;&JU tom;pukd,l Munf hNyD; uif qm [k wf r[k wf prf ;oyf NyD ;rS cG J pd wf zk d Y oih f roih f qk H ;jzwf zk d Yyg/ 'Dawmh tJ 'D q&m0efBuD; ajymwJhtwdkif;yJ tom;p,lNyD ; ppfMunfh vk d uf ygw,f/

uifqmr[kwf bl;qkdwJh tajz&vmygw,f/ araruvnf; qD ;pyf uk duf wmu olwk d Yay;wJ h aq;eJ Y rouf omygbl ;/ aemuf qk H; awmh om;td rf xkwfvkd ufzkd Y oabmwlvk duf w,f/

txl;ukaq;cef;awGuawmh ykdufqH&Sd&if tukeftqifajy w,fvkdY yxrxifvkd ufayr,fh aemufykd if; usr&JUxif jrif,lq csuf u rrSef cJh ygbl ;/ ararhukd cGJpdwfawmh n 7 em&D/ n 9 em&D avmuf rS m q&m0ef BuD;u cG Jcef ;xJu xG uf vmNyD; cGJ xk wf vk d uf wJ h ararh &J Uom;td rf tvk H ;uk d vl em&S if awG uk d Munf h cG ih f ay;ygw,f/ ol u ajymygw,f ]om;tdrfu awmfawmfxl aew,f/ om;tdrfacgif;u vnf; omrefxuf yk dNyD;a&mifaew,f awG Uvm;} vkd Y jyygw,f/ usrwk d YtaeeJ Yuawmh Munf h om Munf h ae&w,f/ em;vnf vk d Yawmh r[kwfygbl;/ bmyJ jzpf jzpf cGJ xkwfvk dufvk dYtjyif a&mufvmNyD/ vl em&S if awG arQmf vih f wmu vl emtajctae aumif ;zk d YygyJ/ tJ 'D vk d cGJxk wfvkdufwJhypö nf ;awG vmjyNyD; jyef0if oGm;ygw,f/ 9 em&DcGJ avmufrS mawmh q&mBuD;jyef xG uf vmygw,f/ tm;vk H; aumif ;yg w,f wJ h/

reuf jzef vmMunfhr,fvk dY uref ;uwrf;ajymNyD ; cGJ cef;xJu xG uf oG m;ygw,f/ araruk d cG J pd wf wJ h txl ;uk q&m0ef BuD ;u aemuf waeY ararhtajctaeukd

t ,f 'D w mh xH a y ; p m u @t ,f 'D w mh xH a y ; p m u @t ,f 'D w mh xH a y ; p m u @t ,f 'D w mh xH a y ; p m u @t ,f 'D w mh xH a y ; p m u @

pmrsufES m (12) od kY ```




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aq;ynm&S if (orm;awmf ) udk a'gufwm Doctor (Dr.)

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vnf; aq;ynmbG JYDr.

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New York Times / BBC

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New York Times




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nightingale health journal (september-2013)

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