nics final report.pdf

8/10/2019 nics final report.pdf

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A

SEMINAR REPORT

ON

SUGAR PRODUCTIONPREPARED AND SUBMITTED BY

NEKRAM SINGHB.TECH- FINAL YEAR

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

1104351019

SESSION 2014-2015

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

Er. R.K.NIRANJAN

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

BUNDELKHAND INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, JHANSI

(U.P)

BUNDELKHAND INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY,

JHANSI (U.P)DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING


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CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that seminar titled SUGAR PRODUCTIONhas been successfullydelivered by NEKRAM SINGH

(B.Tech,Fear year, 1104351019) under my guidance in the partial fulfillment of the Bachelors

degree in Chemical Engineering from BUNDELKHAND INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING

AND TECHNOLOGY, JHANSI. during the academic year 2014-2015.

DATE: SEMINAR GUIDE:

Er. R. K. NIRANJAN


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my sincere thanks and deep sense of gratitude to all the faculty members

of Chemical Engineering Departmentwho have not only helped me in enhancing my technical

knowledge about this topic but along with this; have also taken me up to that zenith where I could

effectively present my views among others.

I would also like to give special thanks to Er. NEERAJ KUMAR

for giving his enthusiastic views on the preparation of Reports and Presentations. Im indebted

to Er.NEERAJ KUMAR for enlightening me with the guidelines of seminar as well as its

presentation.

The most sincere thanks are due to my parents and classmates for boosting my morale and

encouraging me at every step of my endeavour.


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CONTENTS

1. Introduction to Sugar industry7

2.

Milling Plant..9

2.1.Conveying Section

2.2.Fiberizing Section

2.3.Milling Section

3.

Clarification Plant15

3.1.Sulphur Gas Plant...........................................................................

3.2.Lime Station....................................................................................

3.3.Dorr classifier.................................................................................

3.4.Rotary vacuum Filter......................................................................

4.

Evaporation Plant19

4.1.

Falling Film Evaporator .....

4.2.Robert Type Evaporator ...................

4.3.Syrup Treatment Plant.................................................................

4.4.Syrup and Molasses storage tank.................................................

4.5.Vacuum Pans.................................................................................

4.6.Condensation Plant........................................................................

5.

Cooling Curring and drying Plant25

5.1.Crystallizer....................................

5.2.Centrifugal Machine


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5.3.Grading of Sugar...........................................................................

6.

Conclusion32

7. Reference..33


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alcohol. The molasses used for human consumption is of a much higher grade, and

contains much more sucrose.

Sugarcane characteristics:

Sugarcane contains not only sucrose but also numerous other dissolved substances,

as well as cellulose or woody fibre. The percentage of sugar in the cane varies from

8 to 16% and depends to a great extent on the variety of the cane, its maturity and

condition of the soil, climate and agricultural practices followed. The constituents of

ripe cane vary widely in different countries and regions but fall generally within the

following limits:

Constituent

Water

Sucrose

Reducing sugars

Organic matter other than sugar

Inorganic compounds

Nitrogenous bodies

Ash

Fibre

Percentage range

69.0 75.0

8.0 16.0

0.5 2.0

0.5 1.0

0.2 0.6

0.5 1.0

0.3 0.8

10.0 16.0


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Introduction to Process Plant

Milling Plant

Smallrail networks and trucks are common methods of transporting cane to a mill.Newly arrived cane is tested for sugar content and trash percentage. The mill washes,

chops, and uses revolving knives to shred the cane. Shredded cane is repeatedlymixed with water and crushed between rollers in the milling tandem; the collected

juices contain 10-15 percent sucrose.

The step wise representation of different instrument process involved in milling

operations are as follows:-

Conveying section

Fiberizing section

Milling section

Conveying Section:

Unloader and cane carriers:-

Basically Unloader carry sugarcanes from storage to cane carriers that carries

sugarcanes for further processing. Unloader is basically equipment having strong

material of construction with wings to grab the bundle of sugarcanes that lifts it up

and put it on the carrier. This plant is having Cane carriers which are 1980mm in

width 37700mm horizontal loading length and elevated length up to fibirezer having

inclination of 18 and 6 degrees for the portion of 11000 mm and 8000mm

respectively.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway


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Chopper:-

Choppers are having 32 no of knives having swing diameter of 1660 mm and it

moves at a speed of 288 rpm ,it is connected to motor to drive it.It is called slip ring

motor .It is having gear box and the clearance between knife and tip of slate is 950

mm.chopper moves in anticlockwise direction.

Cane Leveller:-

It is basically used to provide uniform loading on the carrier it moves in clockwise

direction it removes the level of sugar cane which is more than the factor of safety.

It contains 48 knives and 1660 mm swing dia and the clearance between knife and

the tip of the slate is 300 mm.

Level Sensor:-

Specified level of sugar cane is maintained by this sensor it uses computer

automation to control the level whenever the level is more than the required level it

slows down the conveying to matain the uniform feed in the fibrizer.

Pusher:-

It is a drum like structure that is mounted on a shaft before fibrizer to push the extra

material back to the conveyer. It is having diameter of drum 1640mm.

Rake type carriers are used for carrying fiberized cane from fibrizer to mill or from

one mill to other.


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Fiberizing Section

It is a rotating type machine equipped with small swing type hammers fitted with

replicable do mite tips which are 144 in no. and free to move as the fibrizer rotates

at the specified speed the sugarcane is fibrized between the hammers and fiberizing

cover the spacing between the hammers at front rear and top side is 1, 5 and 10 inch

respectively which is calculated by formula. It is rotated by a motor here two motors

are of 1500 hp and 1000 hp which is used as a backup motor they are having rpm of

745 this fibrizer moves in anticlockwise direction .

Fibrizer

It is very important to have the uniform feed because high or low loading may cause

severe damage to the plant machinery. Fibrized material is fed to the milling section

by rake type conveyers which move the fibrized cane from one mill to other rake

type carrier .It is 27640mm long and 2118mm wide.


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Milling Section:

It is made by NHEC (National heavy engineering co-operative ltd.), it contains four

mills each having three rollers of different design for different role. Hence there are

twelve rollers (1065mm dia *1982mm length with 100% underfeed roller 1065 dia

*1982mm length).All V grooves, chevrons on top and feed & mess heart on feed

roller.

When the cane goes into the mill it is pulverised to break open all the sugar rich juice

cells in the cane. The cane is then crushed between large rollers called mills to

squeeze out the sugar juice. Rocky Point has 4 mill units to extract as much of the

sugar juice out as possible, and protect the equipment. The Mill is highly automated

with many different computer systems to operate the milling train as efficiently as

possible.

As nothing is wasted in a sugar mill, the fibre left over after all the juice is squeezed

out called bagasse, is transported to the boiler to burn and produce steam for the mill

and electrically for export. As the cane re-grows each year, bagasse is classed as a

renewable fuel.

I II III IV

Pitch 60mm 60mm 30mm 30mm

Angle of

groove

Top 50 50 50 50

Feed 40 40 40 40

Discharge 45 45 45 50

U.F.R 40 40 40 40


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Depth of Groove:-

Top 54mm 54mm 26mm 26mm

Feed 70mm 70mm 34mm 34mm

Discharge 62mm 62mm 30mm 26mm

U.F.R 45mm 45mm 25mm 25mm

Mill setting in mm (tip to root):-

Feed 45mm 50mm 44mm 40mm

Discharge 21mm 20mm 18mm 13mm

Trash Plate 63mm 71mm 73mm 63mm

U.F.R 185mm 170mm 165mm 140mm

In milling section the chopped and fibrized sugar cane is sent to the upper roller of

the first mill by rake carrier where it is pressed hydraulically by the roller and cane

is squeezed between first and second, second and third roller respectively the

squeezed cane is again transferred by rake carrier to the second mill while juice is

sent after filtration to the rotary press assembly after processing juice is collected in

the storage tank which is sent to boiler plant for heat treatment.

Squeezed cane(bagasse) is mixed with the juice from the third mill which is sent by

the rake carrier to second mill and same squeezing operations are performed but

there is slight difference between the design of the grooves of the different rollers

according to different working required but the basic operation performed are

same.Grooves on the rollers of first mill are bigger and deeper in comparison with

the second mill and similarly the grooves become narrow and less deep in the rollers

of third and fourth mill.


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Juice from the second mill is transferred to rotary filter assembly which is stored in

storage tank after processing. Bagasse from the second mill is mixed with juice from

the fourth mill which is then carried to third mill by rake carrier again it is squeezed

and after filtration juice is sent to first mill and bagasse mixed with hot water nearly

80-85 degrees Celsius which is further sent to the fourth mill again rollers squeeze

it more thoroughly and most of the juice from the cane is recovered in this step and

the filtered juice is sent to second mill while bagasse is sent to the furnace in the

boiler section which is used as a fuel in the furnace.

Process Flow Diagram milling section:-


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Clarification Plant:

Sulphur Gas Plant

In Sulphur Plant our aim is to produce sulphur di oxide gas at temperature nearly 70

degree centigrade by the reaction of air and melted sulphur. We have solid sulphur

as a raw material for this process and air is taken from atmosphere.

Sulphur Di Oxide Generation Plant

In this plant there are four furnaces in which two are continuous type and the other

two are film type the furnaces are kept at a temperature nearly 500 degree centigrate

to have sulphur in molten form the molten sulphur is contacted with air in a specific

manner in a specially designed chamber .Air is compressed in a compressor called

twin lobe type air compressor before contacting with molten sulphur. Basically there

are two types of air compressors having capacity 800 meter cube per hour at a speed


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of 1475 rpm which is driven by 50 horse power motor and the other having capacity

of 400 meter cube per hour and is driven by 30 horse power motor at a speed of 1440

rpm .Pressure in the compressor is generally around 1kg per cm square.

Compressed air comes in contact with molten sulphur to produce sulphur di oxide

which is at a high temperature since furnace temperature is nearly 500 degree cent

grate so it required to cool the sulphur di oxide gas to the juice temperature in order

to have sulphated juice which is nearly 70 degree cent grate so we cool the SO2 gas

in a cooling chamber to have SO2 at 70 degree centegrate.SO2 is mixed with juice

to have the required bleaching action.

Lime Station

In Lime station basically we use lime with sulphur and juice to have the mud

precipitation to get the clarified juice. Clarification is done by milk of lime so at first

we prepare milk of lime from lime in lime tank having diameter 3240mm and

2750mm height by lime slacker having diameter 1000mm, 6mm thick and 4300mm

long at 5rpm with capacity 1200 kg lime per hour. The lime tank are two in numbers

with 1220 mm diameter vibrio screen for screening milk of lime having 60 mesh SS

Screen and SS retainer ring. Lime is mixed to maintain the pH in the vicinity of 7.It

is necessary for the reaction of compressed air with molten sulphur.


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Lime Station

The juice from the milling section is at 25-30 degree temperature is contacted with

compressed air lime which produce sulphated syrup retention time for the product

in sulphating tank is nearly 7 minutes.By the action of milk of lime on sulphated

brine the mud is formed as precipitate but due to low retention time it does not settledown. Juice from the sulphiter is taken out in two steps firstly from 70-85 than 85-

104 degree Celsius.

Dorr ClassifierFor classifying the syrup it is sent in to the Dorr classifier which is in the form of

four compartment in which there is a vertical shaft on which the blades are mounted

at a certain angle from the vertical shaft which rotate at a slow speed nearly at 1/20

rpm due to which the precipitate settles down in layer which is basically mud with


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some amount of juice in it .It is separated and send to the rotatory filter press

assembly in which vacuum is applied to have the filtering action it takes 4.5 minutes

to complete a rotation.

Rotary Vacuum Filter:

In this filter the juice is extracted from the mud at its periphery which is like a screen

that assemble mud in the form of cake screen which is scraped off from the surface

of the screening periphery and juice is collected inside the filter which is mixed with

juice from the upper portion of Dorr agitator and sent to evaporator.


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Evaporation Plant

In sugar industry multiple effect evaporator is used to concentrate the syrup. In a

multiple-effect evaporator, syrup is boiled in a sequence of vessels, each held at a

lower pressure than the last. Because the boiling temperature of syrup decreases as

pressure decreases, the vapour boiled off in one vessel can be used to heat the next,

and only the first vessel (at the highest pressure) requires an external source of heat.

Multiple effect evaporation commonly uses sensible heat in the condensate to

preheat liquor to be flashed. In practice the design liquid flow paths can be somewhat

complicated in order to extract the most recoverable heat and to obtain the highestevaporation rates from the equipment. Multiple-effect evaporation plants in sugar

beet factories have up to eight effects.

Here five evaporators are used in multiple effect fashion in which two are falling

film evaporators and the rest three are Robert type evaporators having following

characteristics:-

Type Heating

surface(m*m)

No. of

tubes

ID OD Length

I FFE 2000 1876 42 45 8000

II FFE 2200 2050 42 45 8000

III Robert 900 3404 42.6 45 2000

IV Robert 300 1136 42.6 45 2000

V Robert 300 1136 42.6 45 2000


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Falling Film Evaporator 1:-

In first FFE exhaust steam from boiler is directly feed at the bottom end of evaporator

for heating the syrup before feeding the steam in the evaporator the non-condensable

gases like ammonia are removed in a chamber. The temperature of exhaust steam is

nearly 115 degree Celsius.

Juice is fed at the upper end of the evaporator having concentration about 13 degree

Bx which flows into the tubes made of stainless steel and steam flow outside the

tubes heat transfer occurs between the two fluids as a result of which the water

content in juice is evaporated by the steam with some amount of juice which is used

in the next effect for heating purposes and condensate is send to the boiler for furtheruse. The concentration of juice increases from 13-17 degree Bx in the first effect

FFE.


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At the bottom of the evaporator there is a hopper having 35% area of the total surface

area which divides the vapours of the juice in two parts the 35% juice carrying part

is sent to next evaporator and the rest is recycled to have efficient concentration of

the juice.

Falling Film Evaporator 2:-

In FFE 2 the juice vapours used for heating is at temperature nearly 102 degree

Celsius .As same as FFE 1 juice vapours are provided at bottom and juice at the

upper section. In this evaporator the juice is concentrated from 17 to 21 degree

Bx.The vapour of juice is divided into two part again in 35% and 65% by the hopper

at the bottom of tower having 35% of total area this part is sent to the next evaporator

and used as heating medium.

Robert Type Evaporator 3:-

In this type of evaporator the path of juice and vapours are opposite to that of falling

film evaporators so juice enters at bottom and juice vapours are fed from the upper

section due to heating of juice in the tubes it evaporate and rise upward slowly there

is a provision of down comers for it by which juice is sent to bottom after

concentration and sent to the fourth Robert type evaporaor.In this evaporator juice

vapours enters at a temperature about 90 degree cent grate by which juice is

concentrated from 21 to 30 degree Bx.


In this fourth evaporator the path of juice and vapours are opposite to that of falling

film evaporators so juice enters at bottom and juice vapours are fed from the upper

section due to heating of juice in the tubes it evaporate and rise upward slowly there


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is a provision of down comers for it by which juice is sent to bottom after

concentration and sent to the next fifth Robert type evaporaor.In this evaporator

juice vapours enters at a temperature about 75 degree cent grate by which juice is

concentrated from 31 to 45 degree Bx.


In this last evaporator the path of juice and vapours are again opposite to that of

falling film evaporators so juice enters at bottom and juice vapours are fed from the

upper section due to heating of juice in the tubes it evaporate and rise upward slowly

there is a provision of down comers for it by which juice is sent to bottom after

concentration and sent to the pan for boiling to make the juice supersaturated. In this

evaporator juice vapours enters at a temperature about 62 degree cent grate by which

juice is concentrated from45 to 60 degree Bx.

Syrup Treatment Plant

In this plant sulphited syrup is prepared by contacting syrup from the last Robert

type evaporator in a reaction chamber with sulphur dioxide gas which is cooled to

70 degree cent grate before feeding to the chamber because juice is nearly at the

same temperature than reaction proceeds and sulphited syrup is prepared. This

chamber is continuous type VRL make syrup sulphiter having capacity 75

HL ,diameter 3000mm ,working height 1500 mm with detail pH indication system

of syrup.

Syrup and molasses storage tank

Syrup and molasses tank are there to store molasses and syrup these are 11 nos. MS

rectangular tanks of capacity 300 HL each .There are two syrup storage tank. The


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syrup proceeds in the pans as per the requirement and as the pan become empty the

syrup is taken from this storage tank. For molasses produced from the centrifuges

processing A type massecuite the molasses storage tanks are there so that it can be

used as per the requirement.

Vacuum Pans

There are six number of calendria type Pan of 80 ton capacity. Vacuum gauge and

temperature gages have been provided in each pan. Here vacuum is created by means

of hydraulic pressure for which one pipe is connected from each pan to a connection

having a pump which pumps water downwards in the line due to water's velocity

and pressure in the line the air in the pan is easily extracted so vacuum is created in

this manner and due to which boiling can occur at much lower temperature so that

the material used is not harmed by high temperature heating.

By using these pans we boil the syrup and it becomes supersaturated three type of

massecuite A, B and C types. Two pans process A type massecuite, two pans process

B type massecuite and one pan process C type massecuite and one pan is used for

graining.

S N HS(m*m)

Strikecapacity

Capacity(ton)

Total noof tubes

ID(mm) OD(mm)

Length(mm)

(S/V)

1 385 560 80 1634 98.8 102 800 6.87

2 385 560 80 1634 98.8 102 800 6.87

3 385 560 80 1634 98.8 102 800 6.87

4 385 560 80 1634 98.8 102 800 6.87

5 385 560 80 1634 98.8 102 800 6.87

6 385 560 80 1634 98.8 102 800 6.87


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Condensation Plant

This plant is having total seven numbers single entry multi jet SS Condenser for Pan

with 1300mm diameter which are six in number and one number 750 mm diameter

for evaporator. Here we have a special mechanism for condensing the hot water

which is hot due to the air extracted by it from pans or due to hot vapours extracted

from pans by spraying it into the water it is being cooled and used again for pumping

through jet condensers.

There are three water injection water pumps having capacity 1600 m*m*m per hour

which are used to apply vacuum in vacuum pump these are cheaper than vacuumpump so mostly used in industries. There are two priming pump having capacity 80

m*m*m per hour which are used to prime the pump so that pump can work correctly

priming of pump is necessary in industrial application.

Three spray pumps are also provided with capacity of 1500 m*m*m per hour these

are used to spray water for cooling by spraying water gets cooled and again used for

the same cause. It acquire a large surface area and after ejection from the spray it

comes in contact with cool air and simultaneously it expand due to which it cools

down and again pumped to the lines where it is used to maintain the vacuum in the

pans.


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Cooling, Curring and Drying Plant

Crystallizers:-

Crystallizer is the equipment used to have crystals from a supersaturated solution by

different means. There are different process by which super saturation is achieved

according to which crystallizers differ from each other.

In Sugar industry generally following types of crystallizers are used:-

U shape air cooled crystalliser

U type dry seed crystalliser

Closed vacuum crystallizer

U Type Air Cooled Crystallizer


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In this plant supersaturated syrup is transferred from pans which is at boiling

temperature in the respective pans at vacuum it moves to respective air cooled

crystallizers which are eight in numbers and they are U type, air cooled with 85 ton

capacity .It cools down by contact with cool air and crystal formation starts in this

phase of the process.

As crystal begin to grow in crystallizer there is a horizontal central shaft which

rotates at a specific speed that cause the crystal to move through the crystallizer from

inlet to the outlet and also prevent formation of unusually large crystals which can

be formed by the addition of different small crystals and make a solid mass which

obstructs the passage of other crystals.

Construction feature:

Heavy duty pipe for centre shaft

Heavy duty bearings for drive end & non drive end

Strong stirrer and arm

Mild steel in construction

Total number of crystallizers used in this plant are twelve in which three are closed

vacuum crystallisers of 60MT capacity each for A, B and C grain respectively. In the

first vacuum crystalliser crystals formed by A type massecuite are stored since

vacuum in the crystallizer prevent the deformation of crystal size. There is a shaft

which rotates at a specific speed and when crystals are required it can be taken from

this crystalliser.


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Other two vacuum crystallizers are used for storage of crystals from B and C type

massecuite and as vacuum is maintained it also prevent deformation in crystal size

and it also helps in moving crystals to the pans when required by removing vacuum

in the pans so pressure difference is created between the pan and the vacuum

crystallizer that cause the crystals to move to pans. We always store crystals required

by three pans in the vacuum crystallizer and they are taken out we make new crystals

and make crystals required by three pans in the crystallizer as a factor of safety for

continuous processing.

One U type dry seed crystallizer of 60MT capacity in which seeds are prepared

from very small size crystals these crystals are recycled from grading screens to the

seed crystallizer after that they are moved to the crystallizers processing A type

massecuite.

In these seven U type air cooled crystallizer three are used of A type massecuite and

two receiving crystallizers for B type massecuite and the rest two are receiving

crystallizer for C type massecuite ,all of these crystallizers are driven by planetary

gear box,5.5 Kw,1450 rpm of motor.

One mono vertical type crystallizer of two fifty ton holding capacity for B

massecuite treatment and twin vertical crystallizer of 350 ton holding capacity for C

massecuite treatment are also used in this plant.

In Crystallizer crystals of different size are formed that are not uniform in size that's

why there is a need of classification of crystal so each crystallizers are followed by

a section made of screen that divides crystals into different grades that is used further

as per the demand.


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Centrifugal Machine

Centrifugal Machine is the part in which the molasses is separated from the crystals

formed. In centrifugal machine the mixture of liquid and solid (molasses with solid

crystals) is feed at the upper end of the centrifuge after which centrifugal action

occur.

The periphery of the tank rotates at a high speed so that the lighter liquid flows

through the wall in the downward direction due to centrifugal force acting on the

liquid particles towards the wall of the tank and solid particles due to their heavy

weight and less mobility remains in the middle part and get separated.

In this way solid crystal are separated from the molasses. The maximum speed of

rotation of centrifuges is 1450 rpm.There are centrifuge in the series from the

crystallizer processing A type massecuite the mixture of crystal and mother liquor is

sent to three centrifuges which separates the sugar crystals which are sent by a

conveyor to grading and further for bagging section. While conveying crystals

comes in contact with cool air which make it dry and cool.

Mother liquor from these three centrifuges is sent to the crystallizer this is B type

massecuite and mother liquor required taken and rest is sent to molasses tank for the

storage again after crystallization four centrifuges processing B type massecuite

separate mother liquor and crystal. Crystals are send Crystallizers processing A type

massecuite and mother liquor for further processing to crystallizers processing C

type massecuite.


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Grading of Sugar

Grading of sugar is very important since sugar crystal are obtained in different sizes

and different sizes are required for different uses. To separate sugar crystals we

arrange a deck of six screens in which each screen is at a certain angle from the

horizontal and in the ascending order of mesh size so the different size fractions of

sugar of different sizes are separated in a separate container.

Commercially produced market sizes are M 30 and S 36 other sizes are either used

for specific needs and the crystal which are too small in size or exist in the form of

powder or unusual shapes are recycled to the crystallizer and some crystals are used

for seed preparation.


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Overall Process Flow Diagram for obtaing sugar from sugar

Cane

Sugar cane is firstly cut down by cane cutter than it is send for milling plant where

bagasse and juice are separated which is then mixed with lime and sent to the

decanter than filter by rotatory filter by which sludge and juice are seperated,Then it

is passed through evaporator to concentrate the juice and obtained syrup is then

crystallised in air cooled crystallizer to form crystals .Which is sent to the centrifuge

by which mother liquor and crystals of sugar are seperated.Molasses is send to

distillery and bagasse is used as a fuel for boiler.


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Conclusion

Sugar production is a process in which a series of steps are followed and a series of

phases occur by which at last we get the sugar. Sugar is produced from sugar canes

in the sugar industries which are cut down into small pieces than fibrized before

passing it to the sugar mill.

In the milling section the juice is squeezed as much as possible and bagasse is

separated from it.Bagasse is used as a fuel in the boiling house plant which produces

steam and then juice is transferred to clarification plant.

In the clarification plant it is treated with sulphur di oxide and lime in order to bleach

and precipitate the mud and then passed to evaporaors.Evaporators concentrates the

juice so that concentrated juice is sent to the pans which boils the juice and juice

become supersaturated.

Supersaturated juice is than passed to the series of crystallizers which cools the syrup

and form crystals these crystals with mother liquor is passed to the series of

centrifuges which separates the mother liquor with the crystals.

Some crystals of appropriate size are proceeded further others are recycled to the

appropriate crystallizers which again form the crystals. The crystals proceeded

further are passed through a series of screens which classify the crystals into some

grades market grades are send to bin storage other are recycled for seed

preperation.Bin storage is connected with automatic weighing and begging

machinery which pack sugar crystals into 50 kg or 100 kg bags which is sent to the

market for selling


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References

1. www.sugartech.co.za

2. www.zauba.com/

3. http://www.preservearticles.com/2012030625157/complete-information-on-

sugar-industry.html

4. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_cane_mill
http://www.sugartech.co.za/http://www.sugartech.co.za/http://www.zauba.com/http://www.zauba.com/http://www.preservearticles.com/2012030625157/complete-information-on-sugar-industry.htmlhttp://www.preservearticles.com/2012030625157/complete-information-on-sugar-industry.htmlhttp://www.preservearticles.com/2012030625157/complete-information-on-sugar-industry.htmlhttp://www.preservearticles.com/2012030625157/complete-information-on-sugar-industry.htmlhttp://www.preservearticles.com/2012030625157/complete-information-on-sugar-industry.htmlhttp://www.preservearticles.com/2012030625157/complete-information-on-sugar-industry.htmlhttp://www.preservearticles.com/2012030625157/complete-information-on-sugar-industry.htmlhttp://www.zauba.com/http://www.sugartech.co.za/

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