NGUYEN LY THIET KE CONG TRNH CONG CONG

NGUYEN LY THIET KECONG TRNH CONG CONGTRNG AI HOC KIEN TRUC TP.HO CH MINH

PHAN A: CAC NGUYEN LY THIET KE KIEN TRUC

KIEN TRUC-Kien truc la mot mon hoc tong hp, va mang tnh ky thuat, tnh nghe thuat va tnh chat xa hoi ro ret - KTS Le CorbusierKIEN TRUCNGHE THUATKY THUATKHOA HOCXA HOIKINH TE- Kien truc la nghe thuat cong sinh - KTS. Tadao AndoKIEN: thiet lap, dng lenTRUC: ap nen, ac nen Kien truc la NGHE THUAT mang tnh tong hp phc tap. No s dung nhng pham tru khong ch cac loai hnh nghe thuat anh em ma ca nhng pham tru cua Khoa hoc-Ky thuat va Kinh te, nham phuc vu oi tng con ngi vi cuoc song a dang cua ho trong xa hoi .- KTS Nguyen Trc Luyen

Gia cong trnh kien truc vi bao canh xung quanh co moi quan he khang kht vi nhau

-Kien truc la hoat ong sang tao cua ngi lam cong tac thiet ke, nham tao ra mot moi trng mi thch nghi va phuc vu tot cho ieu kien sinh hoat cua con ngi.-Kien truc luon co moi gan bo khan kht vi tat ca cac nganh nghe thuat khac, nhat la Hoi hoa va ieu khac.Nam the loai cong trnh kien trucCong trnh kien truc Dan dungCong trnh kien truc Cong nghiepCong trnh kien truc Nong nghiepCong trnh kien truc Quan sCong trnh kien truc Quy hoach

Ngon ng cua 7 nganh nghe thuat chu yeu nh sau :

+ Van hoc : ch viet, li noi

+ Hoi hoa : ng net va mau sac

+ ieu khac : mang khoi, ng net

+ Am nhac : am thanh

+ San khau : ong tac

+ Anh nghe thuat : anh sang

+ ien anh : hnh anh

+KIEN TRUC: ngon ng la khong gian, o la 3 loai khong gian:*Mot chieu*Hai chieu*Ba chieu

-Kien truc co tat ca 3 CHIEU KHONG GIAN va 1 CHIEU THI GIAN.-Mot cong trnh kien truc, mot canh quan o th nao cung luon c cam nhan tren hai tac nhan : +Con ngi : con ngi khong co nh mot cho ma luon di ong nen goc o cam nhan luon thay oi +Anh sang : anh sang luon thay oi trong ngay nen canh quan luon thay oi theo khoang khac cua thi gian.

Cam nhan ve kien truc qua hai tac nhan: anh sang va con ngi

*Muc ch mon hoc giup chung ta nam c nhng nguyen ly c ban e van dung vao viec thiet ke kien truc. Muc ch cuoi cung cua KIEN TRUC la tao ra nhng khong gian e phuc vu xa hoi, va e at c ieu o, ngi KTS phai hieu hoat ong cua con ngi t quan iem lch s, sinh thai va xu hng phat trien . KTS Phuhimiko Maki

KIEN TRUC la xay dng nha , dinh th, cung ien, tau thuy, o to, xe la, may bay, trang thiet b gia nh, mau dch, ky nghe, nghe thuat an loat, sach bao, tap ch, - KTS Le Corbusier

CHNG 1: NHIEM VU VA PHNG HNG PHAT TRIEN CONG TAC THIET KE KIEN TRUC

I-Nhiem vuII-Phng hng phat trienIII-Phng chamIV-Nhng yeu to tao thanh kien trucV-ac iem cua kien trucVI-Chuyen e: Kien truc hau hien ai

I-Nhiem vu:-Nhiem vu cua cong tac thiet ke kien truc la e phuc vu cho nhu cau s dung cua con ngi ve mat vat chat lan tinh than.

Kien truc trc tien phai phuc vu cho con ngi mot cuoc song thoai mai tien nghi

Cham lo cho sc khoe, am bao i song vat chat va tinh than

-Tat ca nhu cau cua con ngi t an, mac, en vui chi giai tr, sang tao van hoa eu phai can en kien truc.

Nhiem vu au tien cua kien truc la phuc vu nhu cau ap ng nhu cau vui chi, giai tr, the thao, nghe thuat

To chc quy hoach cac khu dan c, khu cong nghiep, hoac ca TP

II-Phng hng phat trien:

Cong xng hoa thiet keien hnh hoa vat lieuC gii hoathi cong

Nha tien cheThiet b thi cong hien ai thay cho sc ngi, thiet b tho s

III-Phng cham: 4 noi dung-Thch dung : Noi dung hp ly. am bao tieu chuan dien tch, the tch can cho cac bo phan. Giai quyet tot cac van e ve giao thong, cac phng tien thiet b, ve sinh, vat ly kien truc,e ngi s dung thoai mai nhat.

-Ben vng : am bao o on nh cua ket cau cong trnh va nien han s dung cho cong trnh. Tuy theo tnh chat cua cong trnh co ben vng, thc te mi tiet kiem c.

-Kinh te : Tuy theo tng cong trnh vi so von au t va yeu cau s dung ma chung ta phai quan triet ngay t khau thiet ke cho en khau thi cong va quan ly.

-Tham my : Tham my theo tnh chat tng loai cong trnh. Tham my co s lien he gia cong trnh vi canh quan xung quanh.

IV-Nhng yeu to tao thanh kien truc: 3 yeu to-Yeu to cong nang: chc nang, cong dung phai ap ng yeu cau s dung cua con ngi. Thay oi theo s phat trien cua xa hoi va nhu cau hng thu cua con ngi.

-Yeu to ky thuat vat chat: kha nang vat lieu, giai phap ket cau, phng phap thi cong.

-Yeu to nghe thuat: tac ong en tam ly , nhan thc cua ngi s dung.

V-ac iem cua kien truc:*Kien truc la tong hp gia khoa hoc ky thuat va nghe thuat

Nh co KH-KT phat trien ma kien truc ngay nay co the tao nhng khoang vt ln, kha nang tao hnh nghe thuat rat cao

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* Kien truc phan anh xa hoi, mang tnh t tng

Kien truc Phat giao Campuchia

Phng Tay quan niem tieng chuong nha th la tieng goi t tren tri cao, nen thap chuong thng at v tr cao nhat Phng ong, tieng chuong chua lai thng ngan vang trong khong gian co tnh, lan toa theo chieu ngang

-Kien truc chu anh hng ro ret cua thien nhien va kh hau

Cong trnh x tuyet co nh nhon e chong tuyet phuS dung vat lieu knh e hap thu anh nang x lanhTrong khi o, viec chong nong lai rat quan trong vung nhiet i

-Kien truc mang tnh dan toc

Kien truc co LaoKien truc co va hien ai An o

Kien truc co Viet NamChua Mot Cot Cong trnh xay t thi Nha LyKien truc cua moi dan toc la ac trng cho khu vc, cho dan toc o. Kien truc co la s uc ket kinh nghiem nhieu i trong giai quyet vat ly kien truc, the hien ac trng van hoa dan tocKien truc hien ai phai da tren nhng thanh tu kien truc co a at c va phat trien them

Van mieu Quoc T Giam Thang Long

VI-Chuyen e: Kien truc hau hien ai:-Kien truc hau hien ai (Postmodernism) la trng phai kien truc bat au xuat phat t thap nien 1950, keo dai en ngay nay.-Trng phai kien truc nay, trai ngc vi kien truc hien ai, la s xuat hien cua cac chi tiet trang tr, tnh a ngha cua bieu tng trong kien truc.

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*BOI CANH:Cac cong trnh kien truc Hau hien ai phai gan vi moi trng xung quanh, la mot bo phan cua moi trng. ay, van e a khac so vi kien truc Hien ai la khong xem xet en boi canh ma co the at cong trnh bat ky moi trng nao, bat ky nc nao.

*AN DU:Hnh thc cua cong trnh phai noi len nhieu y ngha, co nhieu chi tiet kien truc mang tnh tng trng.

*TRANG TR:Tnh chat trang tr cua cac chi tiet kien truc c khoi phuc lai, trai ngc lai vi nhng g ma kien truc Hien ai cho la "trong toi".

AC TRNG

Trien lam Hien ai, Hamburg, c, thiet ke theo xu hng tan ban x

Tnh an du trong kien truc hau hien ai

Nhng dau hieu khong chnh thong cua van hoa bnh dan (Pop culture), cac bien quang cao mang tnh a phng, cac kien truc nho le, doc xa lo la nguon cho cam hng kien truc nghiem chnh .-KTS Robert Venturi

Bao tang Bonnefanten, Maastricht-KTS Aldo Rossi

CHNG 2: VAT LY KIEN TRUC

I-Anh sang trong kien trucII-Thong gio cach nhiet trong kien trucIII-Cach am trong kien trucIV-Chuyen e: Kien truc sinh kh hau

-Bat c cong trnh nao cung phai giai quyet nhng van e che ma che nang, cach am cach nhiet, chieu sang, chong am, chong bui, tao lap cac ieu kien vi kh hau noi that tot,-Bang cac bien phap k thuat ket hp vi van dung cac nguyen ly trong thiet ke, kien truc can tao ra mot moi trng vi kh hau t nhien that thoai mai cho con ngi.

Nhng thiet ke kien truc trong hnh va la mat, lai va ap ng yeu cau vi kh hau ben trong

Kien truc sinh kh hau (KTS Ken Yeang)

Cong trnh cua KTS Santiago CalatravaNha cao tang nay tao hnh rat giong chiec banh sandwich kep ay rau xanh

I-Chieu sang:Tam quan trong: vai tro khong the thieu-Cung cap nang lng cho sinh vat. -Chong am moc, diet vi khuan.-oi vi nghe thuat kien truc:+Anh hng en hnh thc ben ngoai va cach to chc khong gian ben trong cua kien truc.+Bong o, bong ban than cua cong trnh, cua cac cay xanh xung quanh gop phan rat ln tao nen ve ep cua kien truc+ng net, hnh khoi cua kien truc phai ket hp chat che vi anh sang

Bong ban than va bong o tao nen ve ep kien truc

S phoi hp gia sang va toi trong cac cong trnh kien truc ton giao

Bong o c ng dung rat nhieu e tao ve ep trong kien truc xa va nay

Anh sang trong cong trnh ton giao:

Tao nen s thieng lieng va trang trong cua cong trnh.

Tac pham cuaKTS Tadao Ando

Mai lay sang trong mot cong trnh cong cong

2) Chon hng cong trnh:-Hng cong trnh co anh hng rat ln en viec lay sang cho cac phong.-Viec chon hng nha phai c nghien cu k tren mat bang quy hoach nha .-Hng nha toi u: (oi vi khu vc nhiet i nh nc ta)

+Han che toi a bc xa mat tri len cac be mat nha va chieu nang vao cac phong trong mua nong.+am bao thong gio t nhien cho phan ln cac phong, ac biet la phong ngu vao mua nong.

-Qua nghien cu: hng nha Bac Nam va Nam Bac la chieu sang t nhien tot, ton t chi ph cho ket cau chong nang, chong choi.-Tren thc te rat hiem trng hp hng nha c toi u. V vay ngi thiet ke phai u tien cho cac khong gian quan trong.

Bc: nh sng tng i uNam: gi mtTy: nh nng gay gtng: nng sm tt nhng v tra th nng

Phong hng ong ngap tran anh nang smHng tay cua cong trnh phai co cac he thong che nang cach nhietHo nc cho hng tay cua can ho

3) Cac loai anh sang kien truc:*Anh sang t nhien: nguon sang mat tri

-Gom:+Anh sang trc tiep cua mat tri+Anh sang tan xa t mat tri en cac s vat khac roi gian tiep tac ong len cong trnh.-u iem: vo tan, mang nhieu nang lng, cho ra chat lieu, mau sac that cua cong trnh kien truc, diet vi khuan, am moc, tot cho sc khoe, giup cay xanh quang hp.,-Nhc iem: khong chu ong c ca ve hng chieu va cng o, kho bo tr cho cac phong ln va sau.-Ngi thiet ke phai van dung anh sang t nhien e chieu sang hieu qua cho cong trnh, tiet kiem nang lng, tranh tnh trang phong b b (thieu anh sang).*Anh sang nhan tao: t cac loai en, rat can thiet vao ban em

-u iem: Chu ong c cng o, hng chieu sang va v tr nguon sang; bo tr de dang trong khong gian cong trnh.-Nhc iem: Ton kem nang lng, can phai bao tr.

Anh sang en rat ep cua mot cong trnh kien truc xanh, mai bang vat lieu mi ETFE, cho phep khai thac anh sang t nhien ban ngay cung nh tao ve ep ban em vi anh sang en

Nang va gio tac ong len cong trnh

Anh sang trc tiepAnh sang tan xaAnh sang t nhien

Anh sang nhan tao cho cac phong nam sauPhong oc sach, ben canh gieng tri lay sang t nhien cung co the bo sung them en

moi v tr tren Trai at th nhan c lng anh nang khac nhau, theo mua va theo v o nen kien truc cung khac nhau

Cac cong trnh kien truc x lanhphai tan dung cang nhieu anh nang trc tiep cang tot

4) Mot so cong thc va khai niem*o chien sang (o roi): E, n v: Lux

-ac trng cho o roi mat trong cua mot qua cau ban knh 1m, nguon sang co o ln 1 lux (1 bugi) at tam qua cau.

1 bugi1m*Mat phang lam viec:-oi vi ngi Viet Nam: cach nen 800 mm.-Khi tnh toan chieu sang trong phong, chu yeu ta phai nghien cu chieu sang tren mat phang lam viec.

Mat phang lam viec

Bieu o phan bo anh sang trong phong*o chieu sang toi thieu toi a:Emax ng vi v tr gan ca so nhatEmin ng vi v tr xa ca so nhatEtc la o chieu sang cho tng loai phong-Khi thiet ke can am bao:Emin >= Etc

Kieu lay sang mot ben

*Tnh toan chieu sang t nhien: chu yeu la tnh toan dien tch cua so can thiet cho tng phong+Phng phap Danhiluk (chnh xac cao nhng phc tap, t dung)+Phng phap tnh theo he so chieu sang:

Trong o: K: he so chieu sang theo tng loai phong Sc: Dien tch ca so Sk Dien tch san (tr tng)

oi vi phong ngu: K = 1/7 1/6 oi vi phong khach: K = 1/6 1/5 oi vi phong hoc: K = 1/5 1/4

K=Sc / Ss

*Chon he thong chieu sang:-Nhng phong can anh sang ay u va phan bo eu: phong ve, phong hoc, phong san xuat.-Nhng phong can anh sang ay u, ngoai ra v tr can thiet can nhieu hn: phong trien lam, trng bay, bao tang.

-Nhng khong gian khong can anh sang can ay u lam: phong ngu, phong sinh hoat, phong khach, hanh lang, bancong,

*Co 2 he thong chieu sang t nhien:+Lay anh sang trc tiep t ca so+Lay anh sang qua ca so mai (ca so mai kieu chong diem, hoac rang ca, hoac M)

II-Thong gio - cach nhiet trong kien truc: (trong ieu kien kh hau Viet Nam)*ac iem kh hau nc ta: So ngay nang nong nhieu, o am cao, ma nhieu va tap trung theo mua. Do o e tao c moi trng vi kh hau mat me, trong lanh la rat quan trong va can thiet.

1) Chong nang cho cong trnh: co cac giai phap sau-Trong cay xanh che mat cong trnh: trong cay tao bong ram, hap thu nhiet, chong anh sang phan xa.

Quan an ngoai tri can rat nhieu bong ram Trc cau, sau chuoi: hai loai cay co kieu la khac nhau giup ieu hoa nhiet

-Ho nc trc nha: gop phan nang cao o am quanh nha, giam cai nong gay gat mua he, nhat la nha pha tayCac cong trnh ngay xa a chong nong rat hieu qua nh dung cay xanh va ho nc

Cay xanh che mat cho cong trnh va con co tac dung tao canh quanHng nha giup giam dien tch hng nang-Chon hng: chon hng tot e xay cong trnh nham giam dien tch nang chieu, giam bc xa nhiet vao cong trnh, on gio mat. Hng Nam va ong Nam la tot nhat.(Dan gian co cau: Lay v an ba, xay nha hng Nam)

Trong thc te, ta khong ch chong nang nh cac bien phap t nhien ma con phai tnh en chong nang nong ngay trong ban than cong trnh.*Chong nang bang vo cong trnh kien truc:+Phan mai: mai la bo phan chu nang ln nhat cua cong trnh, nhat la oi vi nhng cong trnh co dien tch mai ln (hoi trng, rap hat, nha an,...)Co hai bien phap chong nong cho mai:Cach 1-Lam mai rong hai lp: gia co tang khong kh cach nhiet. e cach nhiet tot, lp khong kh nay can c lu thong. Loai mai ngoi co tran cung thuoc loai nay.

Nha co ong tran thach cao e cach nhietMai rong gia e khong kh lu thong

Mai che chu nang cho cong trnh, giup giam anh nang mua he

Kien truc xanh: trong cay tren mai, co tac dung chong nong cach nhiet rat tot, ong thi cung than thien vi moi trng

Nha ETFE vat lieu mi co kha nang chu nhiet, chong an mon cao, ang ngay cang c dung rong rai cho cac cong trnh cong cong

Cach 2-Dung vat lieu cach nhiet: tren mai co nhng lp vat lieu co kha nang cach nhiet, nhng vat lieu nay thng co o xop cao (be tong bot, be tong than x, gach rong)

Tron bot kh ac biet vao va xi mang ta c be tong bot co trong lng nhe hn be tong thng va cach nhiet cho cong trnh

Be tong bot

+Phan tng: tng giai quyet cach nhiet chu yeu la nhng phan tng ve pha tay va tng cho nhng phong can cach nhiet. Co 2 cach chnh: dung tng rong cach nhiet, dung tng co lp cach nhiet.

Mot so loai gach dung lam tng. Gach co uc rong giup cach nhiet cho tng

+Cac hnh thc che nang cho ca tren tng: o vang, mai on ng, xien,...

Che nang cho ca tren tngO vang

-Nha co mat ng vuong goc vi hng gio se tiep nhan mot cach ay u van toc va ap lc gio, con khi tao vi hng gio mot goc 450 th ch tiep nhan 50% ap lc. Do o gia hng gio chu ao va hng nha ch nen thay oi trong gii han 300.

Ho nc giup du mat khong kh, hi nc theo gio vaolam giam nhiet cho cong trnh

2) Thong gio giam nhiet trong cong trnh:-Vai tro cua thong gio trong cong trnh: giam nhiet, lam trong sach khong kh, giam am va giam chat ban cho cong trnh.-Thong gio trong cong trnh gom hai loai:A) Thong gio t nhien: dung gio thoi qua phong e ieu hoa khong kh.u iem: re tien, thi cong de dang va de sa cha, giai quyet tot se giup giam nhiet, s dung thoai maiLu y: phai co giai phap i kem e chong ma hat, gio bui,Ba hnh thc thong gio t nhien:

+ Thong gio qua phong : hieu qua cao nhat

Thong gio qua phong

+Thong gio giao goc: tuy thuoc vao v tr bo tr ca tren hai tng giao goc ma viec thong gio trong phong thay oi+Thong gio mot mat: hieu qua kem, co the them lo thong hi sat tran hoac chan tng.

Thong gio giao goc Thong gio mot mat

-Thong gio theo chieu doc cong trnhNha kieu lech tang se tao thanh thong gio gia nha, ong thi cung la gieng tri

B) Thong gio qua ng thong hi:-Trong cong trnh co be sau ln hoac cong trnh co yeu cau thong hi tot nhng khong c m ca nhieu (nh nha kho) th giai quyet thong gio bang ng thong hi. -Khi at ng ong thong hi can chu y nhng iem sau:

+ Khong c at ng ong thong hi tng ngoai+ Khong c dung chung ng ong thong hi cho nhieu tang + Co the dung mot ng ong chnh cac ng ong phu thong t cac tang en ng ong chnh. nhng ng ong phu phai vt len hai tang roi mi vao ong chnh + Ca thoat hi khong c at sau di tran qua 0,5m, ca thoat hi cua khu ve sinh at phong x tieu.+ Dien tch ca thong hi phai ln hn hoac bang tiet dien ng ong+ o cao nh ng ong phai am bao qui nh

ng ong thong hi, o cao cua ng ong phai am bao tuy nh

C) Thong gio c gii:

Quat mayMay lanhQuat cng bc dung cho cac nha xngMot so hnh anh ve quat, may lanh cac thiet b thong gio nhan tao

III-Cach am trong kien truc-Muc tieu: giam o nhiem tieng on cho ca trong va ngoai cong trnh.-Khi ngh ngi, th gian can phai co mot moi trng yen tnh. Cac tac ong gay on ngay cang nhieu trong khi kien truc ngay cang mong va nhe hn. Do o van e cach am can c at ra.1) Bien phap cach am:A) Giai quyet cach am do tac ong t ben ngoai:+Quy hoac TP hp ly: khu vc san xuat va khu phai phan chia mot cach ro rang, khu cong cong oi vi khu hp ly, can bang -ngh-lam viec.+Cai thien cau tao mat ng, phng tien giao thong trong TP.+Nang cao kha nang cach am cua vo cong trnh kien truc.

Khoang lui trong cay xanh giup lam giam tieng on

B) Giai quyet cach am do tac ong t ben trong:+ Bo tr mat bang hp ly gia khu on va khu yen tnh.+ Ket cau cach am+Tang kha nang hut am cua vat lieuTng cch mTng c lp cch m giaTng nhmTng bng vt liu cch m

Th vien can c xay dng ni yen tnh, tranh tieng on

IV-Chuyen e: Kien truc sinh kh hau

Kien truc sinh kh hau cua KTS Ken YeangKien truc sinh thai c phat trien khong ch e bao ton nhng g c e lai ma phai bao am ton tai lau dai cua sinh quyen nh mot tong the.

KTS Ken Yeang

Mot so cong trnh khac cua KTS Ken Yeang-KTS co quan niem kien truc phai ket hp chat che vi sinh thai

*Ken Yeang e xuat cac tieu ch sau:

Thch ng kh hau (kien truc sinh kh hau), kien truc phu hp vi kh hau. X nong kien truc m e thoang mat. X lanh, kien truc chong lanh, kn gio, chong bang tuyet.

2. Kien truc co hieu qua ve nang lng. ieu quan trong la biet s dung nang lng nhan tao (ien, kh ot).

3. S dung nhieu nang lng t nhien. Tan dung cang nhieu cang tot nang lng gio, mat tri, mat nc.

4. Khai thac tnh dan toc, kien truc a phng. Ken Yeang noi: Co 4 phng ong, Tay, Nam, Bac khac nhau th bon mat nha khong the giong nhau.

Kim t thap Xanh Nhat Ban - Mot khu vn khong lo tren mai nha-cong trnh kien truc sinh kh hau ien hnh

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Trai at la ngoi nha chung cua chung ta. Vi tr tue va tai nang sang tao, con ngi a xay dng nen van minh cua nhan loai, nhng cung chnh con ngi a va ang co nhng tac ong lam huy hoai moi trng song cua mnh. Bien oi kh hau toan cau ang la nguy c va hiem hoa cho cac the he hom nay va mai sauKien truc xanh la con ng e tao lap moi trng song ben vng cho con ngi. o la hng phat trien cua kien truc Viet Nam v cuoc song tot ep hom nay, khong ton hai en cuoc song mai sau va v s phat trien trng ton cua at nc. Cac KTS hay cung chung sc, chung long v mot nen kien truc xanh Viet Nam.

Xay dng lay nhng m2 cay xanh tren mat at, phai tra lai tng m2 tren mai nhaKTS Le Corbusier

CHNG 3: NGUYEN LY TO HP KIEN TRUC

I-Khai niemII-To hp mat bangIII-To hp hnh khoiIV-To hp ket cauV-Cac nhan to anh hng trong to hp kien trucVI-Mot so quy luat trong sang tac kien trucVII-Phng phap va trnh t thiet ke kien truc

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I-Khai niem:-To hp kien truc la qua trnh nghien cu, bo tr cac dien tch, khong gian trong cong trnh, giai quyet ky thuat ket cau cong trnh, am bao ngi s dung c tien nghi, an toan, ve sinh nhat.To hp kien truc

-To hp kien truc la cong viec sang tao phc tap, oi hoi ngi thiet ke phai co kien thc toan dien (KH-XH-NT).

Giai quyet ket cauBo tr mat ng va bo tr khong gianTo hp mat bang

Kien truc cua cac KTS AustraliaTo hp kien truc rat phong phu, a dang. Muon to hp tot th ngi thiet ke phai trai qua qua trnh nghien cu tch luy kien thc ve cong nang va ren luyen tham my.

II-To hp mat bang kien truc:-To hp mat bang la to chc khong gian ben trong, nham thoa man day chuyen cong nang. Khi to hp mat bang can chu y:+Tnh chan thc trong day chuyen chc nang sao cho chat che, khoa hoc, gan bo hu c.+The hien ro phan chnh phu.

VD: Trong mat bang hnh ben, khong gian chnh: P.An, P.Ngu, P.Khach. Khong gian chnh nam v tr truc chnh cua cong trnhMat bang mot biet th

-To hp mat bang the hien tnh chat cua cong trnh la trang trong nghiem tuc hay linh hoat thoai mai.Mat bang co tnh nghiem tuc thng co dang oi xng hoac tao thanh cac truc chnh vuong goc nhau, song song nhau

Mat bang mot phan khu trong mot trng ai hoc

To hp mat bang cua mot chung c

Mat bang mot khoi phong hoc cua mot trng hoc pho thongMat bang co tnh nghiem tuc thng co dang oi xng, hoac tao thanh cac truc chnh vuong goc nhau, song song nhau

Mot so mat bang khac th ngc lai, rat bay bong, linh hoat. Tat nhien van bam sat 2 yeu cau cua to hp mat bang a neu.

Tuy c KTS thiet ke vi nhieu kieu mi la khac nhau, nhng tren mat bang van de dang thay c truc chnh cong trnh

Mat bang nha phai gan bo vi thien nhien a hnh,van dung nghe thuat mn canh va tao canh

90

Nha tren thac-KTS Frank Lloyd WrightCong trnh hai hoa vi t nhien t mat bang-tren mot dong thac chay lien tuc en mat ng-hoa vao khong gian khu rng.

III-To hp hnh khoi kien truc:-Nguyen tac chnh cua to hp hnh khoi la phai phan anh trung thc khong gian ben trong, ben ngoai cua cong trnh, lam cho hnh dang cong trnh ep, hp ly gia noi dung ben trong va hnh thc ben ngoai.

Nha hat opera Sydney-Australia-Hnh khoi ben ngoai va khong gian ben trong

-Hnh khoi kien truc cang cau tao bi nhng khoi hnh hoc n gian bao nhieu th cang mang lai hieu qua nghe thuat bay nhieu (Cang t th cang nhieu).

Nhng khoi hnh hoc n gian cung co the tao nen nghe thuat kien truc

-Muon cho hnh khoi kien truc co sc truyen cam manh me can tao cho no co chieu hng ro rang, khoi ong hoac tnh.

Mot cong trnh Nga, khoi kien truc tao cam giac chuyen ong khong ngng

Khoi ong, cam giac nh co song chuyen ong doc cong trnh

Khoi chop nhon cua cong trnh vi nhng ng doc tao cam giac hap dan ni mat ng, co s chuyen ong

Vat lieu knh cang gop phan vao viec kch thch tnh ong cua th giac

Khoi tnh, nhng cong trnh van khong kem phan la mat, oc ao

-Dung bien phap phan mang e lam nhe cam giac nang ne cua nhng mang ln.(bang khoi ac rong, vat lieu, mau sac)

Cong trnh giam crat nhieu sc nangnh bien phap tach mang khoi

ac&rongtrong kien truc

Mang rong cua cong trnh co the rong hoan toan, co the bang vat lieu knh, hoac bang vat lieu co mau sang oi lap vi vat lieu co mau sam

Ca hai cong trnh eu hng en kien truc xanh,mot mem mai uyen chuyen, mot manh me chac chan

Cong trnh Vinashin Tower Ha Noi co khoi rat vng chai, manh meMot cong trnh nha cao tang khac th lai rat uyen chuyen nh ng cong

Mot ai quan sat thien van Han Quoc,cong trnh c thiet ke vi rat nhieu dien cong

IV-To hp ket cau:-To hp ket cau la viec la chon giai phap ket cau sao cho phu hp vi noi dung, yeu cau ve hnh dang va hnh khoi cong trnh.-To hp ket cau phai am bao:+Ben vng+Vat lieu va ket cau tien tien theo tnh hnh va ieu kien thc te+Kinh te

Ket cau nhieu mang ac cong trnh bao tangKet cau khung thep trong nha cong nghiep

Torso-CalatravaStrata-TowerOceanografic

Khoa hoc ky thuat phat trien a mang lai cho KTS nhieu hng giai quyet hn trong to hp ket cau. Kien truc ngay nay a co the uon xoan cac dien, tao khoang vt ln, lam ngon ng mat ng ngay cang phong phu.Thap PanamaThap SpiralReichstagMot toa nha c

V-Cac nhan to anh hng trong to hp kien truc:1) Quy luat ve cam giac:A) Ve ng net: ng thang (ngang, doc, xien), ng cong, ng xoan,

Cong trnh co cam giac cao hn

Lam ngang, cac mang knh ngang tao cam giac cong trnh thap hn

KTS Zaha Hadid

ng hoi tu xoan tron oc

111

ng cong

ng cong hoi tu cho ta s chu y vao mot iemng cong nhp nhangMot cong trnh kien truc hien ai Hoa Ky

113

ng cong tao cam giac nhp nhangKTS Zaha Hadid

B) Ve ac rong: ac va rong tao ra net rieng cho cong trnh. Tuy vao tnh chat cua kien truc ma ta co ty le mang ac nhieu hn hoac mang rong nhieu hn.

Mang ac nang ne, kn ao ket hp chat che vi mang rong nhe nhang, ci m

Cong trnh vien bao tang: khoi vng chac, manh me, nang ne, tnh nghiem tuc cao, nhieu mang ac

S co mat cua nhng khoang rong tren tren ket hp vi cac ng cat cheo module tao cam giac thu v ni cong trnh

C) Ve vat lieu:

+ Nang ne, chac chan, tho rap : a, be tong, gach

Westin-st-francis-buildingRock and Roll Hall

Lau ai Himeji Kyoto Nhat Ban c xay dng t t nhien a c chong xep kheo leo thanh cac khoi

+ Nhe nhang, trn lang, sang trong : knh, kim loai

Opus Tower-Zaha Hadid

Vinashin Tower Ha Noi

+ Moc mac, t nhien : go, soi, a thien nhien

Dorsey Residence-vat lieu go

Go va a t nhien

Nha tren oi-Vat lieu go va a t nhien ket hp be tong

D) Ve mau sac:

Vong tuan sac va nguyen ly pha mau

Mau sac cho cong trnh kien truc phai ep, tuy thuoc ac iem kh hau a phng, tnh chat cong trnh ma KTS s dung mau nong hay lanh, nhe nhang hay rc r, em ai hay tng phan manh

Sieu th Maximax Can Th c sn mau cam. Mau nong tao hieu ng ong cua th giac, loi cuon khach hang

Sieu th Billa c sn mau vang ti

Mau vang nghe cua mot ca hang ban TD Can Th, la ac iem rat noi, tao s chu y . VD khi ngi dan hoi ng lan nhau, cong trnh nay thng c lay lam moc. Mau vang rat phu hp vi ca hang kinh doanhNgc lai, cac cay xang, e giam bt cam giac nong bc, ngi ta s dung mau xanh dng manh, tao s em du cua th giac. Nh vay, cay xang con c xem la tram ngh

Mau sac ti tan co li cho viec lam tang khong kh thng mai, co tac dung thu hut khach hangMau xanh la cay trang nha gay cam giac yen tnh va thanh khiet

Khu mua sam Kozlead

Tay an Mon Thien anBo phan diem ngang sat phan mai dung mau lanh e tang cam giac lui sau ve pha sauToa soan bao Nhat BanS dung nhng cho chuyen tiep cua dien va khoi e tao cac manh mau khac nhau pha canh, tao nen khong gian thu vToa nha Walf Disney-FloridaViec bieu at tnh tru tng tao cho KTS nhng kha nang thiet ke t do, the hien y tng tham my

Cac cong trnh kien truc nhieu mau sac, tao cam giac nang ong, thch hp vi ngi tre

E) Ve ieu khac, hoi hoa:

Thap Cham do ngi dan toc Cham xay dng My SnLa cong trnh c ngi xa ieu khac tuyet ep

Cac cong trnh cua KTS Santiago Calatrava eu mang am tnh ieu khac

VI-Mot so quy luat trong sang tac kien truc:1) Quy luat ve can bang: s dung cac khoi ngang, thang-Can bang oi xng tao tnh vng chai, trang nghiem, uy quyen. Bo cuc dang nay thng c ap dung cho cac cong trnh la c quan hanh phap, lap phap, c quan quyen lc.

Quoc hoi Vng quoc CampuchiaToa ngh vien Canada

Can bang oi xng

Can bang khong oi xng

Nha quoc hoi Brazil

Toa nha tru s LHQ tai New Yorkien Buckingham-AnhMot so cong trnh hanh chnh cua cac chnh phu va to chc lien chnh phu

oi Capital Hoa Ky

Toa nha co Rumah Gadang mang tnh oi xngMot so cong trnh mang tnh oi xng khac:

Palacio KTS Santiago Calatrava-Cong trnh co s can bang co the oi xng hoan toan; hoac khong oi xng, nhng tao s can bang ve th giac cho con ngi.

2) Quy luat ve s lap lai:-Tnh thong nhat theo mot nhp ieu, motp lam cho cong trnh sinh ong, nhe nhang hn. Trong kien truc, s nhac lai cung rat can thiet.

Cong trnh cua KTS Zaha Hadid, la mot tuyet tac ve chi khoi kien truc

Trung tam Van hoa Tjibaou -KTS Renzo Piano

Nha hat Opera Sydney Australia KTS Jozn Utzon

VII-Phng phap va trnh t thiet ke kien truc:1) Tai lieu e can c thiet ke:-Tm hieu quy chuan va nhng ieu kien lien quan en cong trnh-Tm hieu: cac tieu chuan quy hoach, ac iem a chat thuy van, ac iem kh hau a phng, yeu cau thiet ke,a) Nhiem vu thiet ke:-Quy mo, tnh chat, a iem xay dng cong trnh vi ch gii ro rang, chc nang ac iem cap nha, thanh phan, phng hng phat trien.-Noi dung hp tac vi cac n v khac-Ke hoach xay dng va ieu kien thiet ke

b) Nhng tai lieu qua ket qua tham do, ieu tra:- Ban o a chat, tnh trang a hnh, hien trang tren di mat at- Tai lieu a chat cong trnh a chat thuy van.- Tai lieu kh tng, nhiet o, o am, hng gio chu ao, lng ma gio.- Tai lieu ve sinh cong cong, o ban cua khong kh, o on.- ieu kien thi cong, ien nc, nguon nhan lc, vat lieu.- Phong tuc tap quan va phong cach kien truc a phng. c) Trnh t thiet ke: thng chia thanh 2 hay 3 giai oan- Cong trnh ch phai lap bao cao kinh te ky thuat th ch can mot bc la thiet ke thi cong.- Cong trnh n gian : Lap luan chng kinh te Thiet ke thi cong- Cong trnh phc tap : Lap luan chng kinh te Thiet ke ky thuat Thiet ke thi cong

2) Thiet ke theo 3 giai oan:Luan chng kinh te

*Chon ra mot phng an nhieu u iem hn ca, ngi thiet ke se the hien phng an o ay u trong cac ban ve sau :

- Ban ve a hnh khu vc TL 1/1000 1/2000- Ban bao cao ve tham do a chat- Tong mat bang cong trnh TL 1/500 1/1000- Nhng ban ve chu yeu cua cong trnh : MB, M, MC TL 1/100 1/200, phng hng thiet b ien nc - Ban luan chng kinh te ky thuat ghi ro chu au t, nhiem vu xay dng can c e thiet ke, y o giai quyet la chon phng an ve mat kinh te ky thuat ( cac ch tieu )- Ban tien lng va khai toan. Cong trnh quan trong con phai the hien phoi canh ben ngoai va ben trong, cac phng an phu e so sanh, mo hnh.

Mo hnh rat trc quan trong viec hnh thanh y tng kien truc va trnh bay y tngKTS nghien cu mo hnh

b) Thiet ke ky thuat:*Trong giai oan nay phai giai quyet tat ca nhng van e c ban ve ky thuat trong thiet ke kien truc, ket cau va trang b ky thuat,Ban ve ty le ln, kch thc ro rang, ay u.

- Ban o a hnh khu vc TL 1/1000 1/2000- Tong mat bang 1/500, 1/1000. neu ro nhng thay oi ieu chnh so vi tong bnh o trong thiet ke s bo. - Ban ve san nen- Nhng ban ve ky thuat kien truc gom MB, M cac tang, cac MC (1/100, 1/200 ),chi tiet (1/20, 1/10). - Nhng ban veve ky thuat ket cau TL 1/100, 1/200 - Cac ban ve ky thuat ien nc- Bang tong tien lng va d toan cong trnh.

c) Thiet ke thi cong:- Nhng chi tiet cau tao con thieu- Nhng chi tiet trang tr phc tap - Ban ve thi cong ket cau co thong ke thep vat lieu - Ban ve thi cong thiet b ky thuat- Thuyet minh phng phap thi cong va nhng ieu can chu y trong qua trnh thi cong.

*KIEN TRUC PHONG SINH HOC-Khi quan sat thien nhien, con ngi kinh ngac ve o chu lc ky la cua cac hnh thai cau truc t nhien: vo cua qua trng rat mong song hoan toan khong b v di sc e cua mot quyen t ien day nang boi phan qua trng, nhng cuon la manh mai song hoan toan co kha nang chong choi ma gio ap len than la,-Kien truc phong sinh hoc la kien truc hoc theo thien nhien, xuat hien vi nhieu hnh dang phong phuc: vom vo mong, manh treo, li treo, day cang, gian khong gian, cung vi loai vat lieu tng ng be tong cot thep vi thep thuy tinh d ng lc.-Vi ket cau phong sinh hoc, con ngi a at c ky luc khoang vt: gan 200m

San bay Dulles Virginia

Nha hat Y tng t hnh anh vo trng

Khoang vt cua cong trnh cc ln, tao hnh phong phu

Bao tang Nghe thuat Milwaukee KTS Santiago CalatravaHe gian day khong gian, mai cc ky oc ao, khoang vt rat ln co the chuyen ong

-Cac KTS va cong trnh tieu bieu khac:

SV Quoc gia co mai che Rome KS.Pier Luigi NerviGa hang khong quoc te Dulles Virginia KTS.Eero SarinenCung the thao Mexico KTS.Felix CandelaNha the thao Olympic Halls KTS Kenzo Tange

Nha hat Opera Sydney KTS Joerl Utzon (ay cung la cong trnh quan trong, se c phan tch ky trong phan B cua e tai)

CHNG 4: KHONG GIAN CONG NANGVA CAC NGUYEN TAC THIET KEI-Khong gian cong nangII-Cac nguyen tac thiet ke

I-Khong gian cong nang:-Trong cong trnh kien truc thng cha ng rat nhieu khong gian, moi khong gian o lai co nhng chc nang phuc vu cho nhu cau s dung khac nhau cua con ngi.-Tuy theo nhu cau s dung ma cac khong gian co hnh dang, kch thc va cach to chc, bo tr khac nhau.-Phan loai khong gian cong nang: 5 loai+Khong gian n thuan+Khong gian chc nang rieng+Khong gian ac thu+Khong gian chuyen biet+Khong gian chc nang hon hp

Rat nhieu khong gian co cong nang khac nhau trong mot mat bang

1) Khong gian n thuan:

-Khong gian n thuan la loai khong gian n gian nhat, nhieu khi khong xac nh ro, hoac the hien mot cach cu the: mot nha ch xe buyt, mot choi ngh trong cong vien, ban cong, logia, hoac cac phan nho ra cua mai hat, che ma nang,

-Chc nang s dung cu the: e ngh chan, e ch xe, song oi khi cung khong co chc nang ro rang. Viec tao dng khong gian nay rat sinh ong, phong phu ve hnh thc.

Choi ngh chan trong cong vienNha ch xe buyt

Hanh lang khach san, la khong gian n thuan chc nang giao thong

2) Khong gian chc nang rieng:-La loai khong gian n thuan n gian, nhng co chc nang s dung rat ro rang: khong gian lp hoc, khong gian phong ngu, phong khach, phong lam viec, phong kham benh, phong th nghiem,

Phong nguPhong sinh hoat chung

Phong th nghiem trng hoc

Phong hoc tin hocLp hocPhong lam viecPhong lam viec

3) Khong gian ac thu:

-VD: Bep, nha ve sinh, cau thang, ac thu ve kch thc, kieu dang va cach bo tr.-Cac loai khong gian nay khong the thay oi c chc nang s dung theo ung chc nang a thiet ke.

Phong tam ve sinhPhong tamBac cap nha

Cau thang la khong gian ac thu, vi chc nang lu thong theo chieu thang ng, la bo phan cong trnh quan trong

-Cau thang co the c thiet ke vi nhieu hnh dang khac nhau, nhng khong the nao thay oi c chc nang s dung.

Mot cau thang c thiet ke ac biet (cong trnh cua KTS Zaha Hadid)

4) Khong gian chuyen biet

-Chc nang s dung rat ac biet, nhieu khi rat a dang, khac nhau ve hnh dang, kch thc va nhat la giai phap ket cau, cac trang thiet b.-VD: cac khan phong bieu dien, cac khan ai cong trnh TDTT, cac khong gian trng bay bao tang, trien lam (cong trnh cong cong).

Khan ai nha thi auKhan phong bieu dien

Khan phong rap chieu phim (KTS Santiagon Calatrava)

Phong trng bay tranhKhong gian trong bao tang Louvre - PhapTng ieu khac Venus de Milo Louvre

Mot nha hoa nhac loai ln, co khan phong rat rong vi nhieu khu khan ai khac nhau

Phong hoa nhac

Rap chieu phim cung la khong gian ac dung

5) Khong gian chc nang hon hp:

-Khong gian ma ben trong cha ng nhieu khong gian nho co cac cong nang s dung khac nhau.-VD: sanh khach san, cao oc van phong, tuy khong gian ln o bao gom: khong gian on tiep, khong gian tiep khach, bar ca phe, trien lam, ban o lu niem.

ai sanh cao ocSanh ln SV Emirates, bao gom nhieu khong gian: ban thc an, nc uong, quay ban o lu nem (ao, giay cau thu), phong trien lam cac danh hieu, quay ban ve,

SV Olympic-Stadium-concourse phuc vu Olympic London-2012 KTS Zaha Hadid

ai sanh mot khach san co dien tch ln, trang tr long lay e tiep on khach

172

ai sanh san bay Kansai (KTS Renzo Piano) rong, co quay ban ve, ban hang lu niem, ban thc an, nc uong, quay hng dan va phuc vu khach bay

II-Cac nguyen tac thiet ke:1-Nhan to quan trong nhat e tao nhng ieu kien toi u la kch thc cua khong gian can thiet (chieu dai, chieu rong, chieu cao).

-Ngi thiet ke phai xac nh ro:+Chc nang s dung cua khong gian+Cac trang thiet b, tien nghi can bo tr phuc vu cho nhu cau s dung+Cac yeu cau ve ky thuat, phuc vu cho cac thiet b s dung.

-Cong nang kien truc va tham my kien truc khong bao gi tach ri nhau., nham phuc vu cho con ngi, nen khong gian kien truc phai co kch thc phu hp, ro rang, tien dung.

2-Can tm hieu ky cac tieu chuan thiet ke: trong o co cac tieu chuan ve dien tch, the tch khong gian, cac tieu chuan ve vat ly kien truc nh chieu sang, che chan nang, moi trng e xac nh kch thc ca3-Can nghien cu nhieu giai phap bo tr sap xep o ac, thiet b e co nhieu phng an thiet ke, tien cho viec la chon

Module cua KTS Le Corbusier

CHNG 5: NGUYEN TAC TO HP KHONG GIAN VA BO CUC MAT BANG CONG TRNH KIEN TRUC

I-Y ngha cua bo cuc mat bangII-C s e tao lap bo cuc mat bangIII-Cac nguyen tac to hp khong gian va bo cuc mat bangIV-Cac nguyen tac bo cuc mat bang kien trucV-Cac giai phap to hp bo cuc mat bang

I-Y ngha cua bo cuc mat bang:-To hp khong gian va bo cuc mat bang la yeu to quan trong hang au, quyet nh trc tiep en chat lng s dung cua cong trnh.-Tac pham kien truc rat a dang ve the loai, trong moi the loai lai rat phong phu ve chc nang s dung. Cac bo phan chc nang th co moi quan he vi nhau theo mot trat t nguyen tac nhat nh.

SV Ha Noi-The loai kien truc cong cong

Nha may-The loai kien truccong nghiep

Nha -The loai kien truc dan dungMat bang mot nha Thong qua bo cuc mat bang, co the thay c tnh chat cua cong trnh la dan dung, cong cong hay cong nghiep

*Mot cong trnh co bo cuc mat bang tot: 1- Thuan li cho hoat ong cua cac khoi chc nang ; giao thong ngan gon, khong chong cheo, hieu qua s dung cao, giam nhe sc lao ong, tiet kiem thi gian.. 2- Tao c thoi quen, nen nep hoat ong cua con ngi theo phong cach khoa hoc, van minh. 3- De dang quan ly va bao quan cong trnh. 4- De la chon viec to hp sap xep cac loai khong gian, he ket cau, he moun bo tr cac he thong ky thuat, de bieu at hnh khoi, mat ng cong trnh kien truc.

Thc ty le tren mat bang. Khi ve mot mat bang, phai ac biet chu y van e ty le

Mat bang va phoi canh Bao tang Soumaya - Mexico -Gia mat bang va hnh khoi, mat ng cong trnh kien truc co moi lien he chat che vi nhau. -To hp mat bang cung la to hp khong gian cong trnh kien truc.

V du mat bang mot nha may san xuat thuoc

Khong gian giao thong ngan gon, hieu qua, khong chong cheoTo chc hp ly cac khong gian cong nang, trong o co khong gian giao thong la nhiem vu quan trong nhat cua bo cuc mat bang

Mat bang co the c thiet ke vi nhieu hnh dang phong phu, nhng van phai am bao yeu cau cua bo cuc mat bang.Cong trnh phai ro rang truc chnh

Mat bang tong the cho thay v tr, hng cong trnh, t ay thay c moi quan he gia cong trnh vi cac cong trnh khac va ha tang canh quan xung quanh

II-C s e tao lap bo cuc mat bang:

1- Tnh chat s dung, quy luat va trnh t hoat ong cua cong trnh. 2- Tieu chuan dien tch, the tch, chieu cao cua cac khong gian s dung . 3- Yeu cau phan cap s dung cua cong trnh. 4- Hnh dang kch thc, hng cua khu at xay dng va cac c s ha tang; ng giao thong, cac he thong ky thuat o th; ien, cap thoat nc, thong tin. 5- Cac quy nh ve ve sinh moi trng, 6- Phong tuc tap quan cua dan toc, cua a phng ni xay dng cong trnh.

Tuy vao v tr, hnh dang khu at ma mat bang la cac hnh a giac khac nhau

Mat bang cong trnh mien cao nguyen, tren mat bang phai dien ta ro rang cac ng ong mc

Can nghien cu ky cang ac iem a ly a phng trc khi tao lap mat bang

III-Cac nguyen tac to hp khong gianva bo cuc mat bang:Nhom cac khong gian chc nang:

-Moi cong trnh gom nhieu khong gian s dung vi cac chc nang khac nhau. Tnh chat s dung cua moi khong gian lai co nhng oi hoi rieng kha phc tap bi nhieu yeu to, va luon co moi quan he mat thiet khi s dung; moi quan he nay c dien ra thng xuyen hoac co tnh oc lap tng oi vi nhau.

-e de to hp khong gian can thc hien cac bc: + Phan loai, nhom cac khong gian co chc nang giong nhau, hoac gan giong nhau thanh tng khoi chc nang. + Phan tch ve quan he gia cac khong gian trong khoi chc nang s dung e co khai niem s bo ve s hoat ong cua khoi chc nang.

2) Phan tch moi quan he gia cac khong gian va cac khu vc chc nang: - S o quan he tong the: Dien at tong the cac khoi chc nang cua cong trnh. Nhn vao s o tong quat, mat bang, mat cat, ngi kien truc s de hnh dung ra quan he gia cac khu vc e tm ra v tr phu hp cua nhieu phng an.

- S o quan he chi tiet: Dien at bang hnh ve hay ky hieu t cac khong gian trong mot khoi chc nang. Nhn vao s o chi tiet, mat bang, mat cat nay ngi kien truc s cung hnh dung c v tr cua cac phong, cac khong gian s dung va moi quan he cua chung vi nhau.

BENH VIENKHAMS o quan he chi tiet mot benh vien

Mat bang tong the v duCAP CUMOSINHKTNVNOI TRU BENH VIENCAN TIN BAN HANGKHU VAN PHONGKHAMCAP CUMOSINHKTNVNOI TRU BENH VIEN

S o quan he chi tietmot nha van hoaMat bang v duNHA VAN HOAGI XECAN TINSAN KHAUKHAN AIHAU TRNGKHU VAN PHONG- HOI TRNGON TIEPLU TR

SAN GIAO LUTH VIENKHOI LP HOCHOI TRNGQUAN LY

S o quan he chi tietmot cau lac boMat bang v duCAU LAC BO

TH VIENS o quan he chi tietmot th vienMat bang v du

SAN VAN ONGSANH ON TIEPBAN VESOAT VEBAN HANG LU NIEMPHONG TRNG BAY DANH HIEUNHA ANSAN THI AUKHAN AIKHAN AIKHAN AIKHAN AI

S o quan he chi tietMat bang v du

* Y ngha cua viec phan tch ve quan he chc nang 1 De so sanh e tm ra phng an bo cuc mat bang toi u, va yeu cau s dung, ky thuat, ket cau cong trnh, va hnh khoi tham my. 2 Co the dung s o lam c s d lieu e a vao may vi tnh e phan tch, la chon phng an. 3 Phan tch cac loai giao thong : oi noi, oi ngoai, tnh toan c tan xuat, chu ky, thi gian hoat ong cua con ngi trong cong trnh kien truc. 4 Xac nh v tr cac khong gian, cac khoi chc nang mot cach chnh xac. 5 Da vao s o c cau bo cuc mat bang, mat cat, ngi thiet ke de hnh dung ra hnh khoi, mat ng, tam nhn kien truc t trong ra ngoai, t cac tuyen giao thong ben ngoai ti cong trnh e quyet nh yeu to tham my cua cong trnh.

3) Cac giai phap to hp khong gian mat bang kien truc: 1- To hp theo tuyen hanh lang: Khong gian s dung c bo tr, sap xep ve mot ben cua hanh lang giao thong ( Hanh lang ben ), hoac hai ben cua hanh lang (hanh lang gia).

Hanh lang ben mot day phong hoc (co mai che)Hanh lang gia mot day phong hoc,co chen o trong cay

198

Hanh lang ben nha th Domaine De Marie a Lat

Hanh lang gia

2- To hp kieu chum tia, tan xa: Cac khong gian s dung c sap xep xung quanh khong gian chnh trung tam, hoac mot khong gian em, tao s gan bo, am cung trong quan he s dung gia cac khong gian.

Mat bang mot quan giai khatto hp theo chum, tia tan xa

Mot o th to hp theo kieu chum, tia tan xa vi. ay la Quy hoach o th, nhng ta thay van co net tng ong vi bo cuc mat bang cong trnh

3-To hp kieu hon hp: (khong gian trong khong gian) nhieu khong gian s dung c bo tr sap xep trong mot khong gian ln, tuy theo yeu cau va chc nang s dung ma ta co nhieu giai phap bo tr, to chc khong gian hon hp khac nhau.VD: Mat bang mot trng hoc co hanh lang gia cac day lp hoc, hanh lang ben day van phong, can tin lai co the to hp theo kieu chum, tia tan xa4- To hp hon hp theo tang cao: Nhieu cong trnh cong cong co cac khong gian chuyen biet ( co nen doc, hoac co thiet dien mat cat phc tap: Nha hat, cac cong trnh TDTT, Trien lam ) Khi to hp khong gian, khong ch nghien cu tren mat bang ma con can nghien cu ket hp vi thiet dien mat cat e khai thac o cao s dung.

Mat bang nha hatMat catKhong gian chuyen biet nha hatDo yeu cau thiet ke khan ai co nen doc, khi to hp bo cuc mat bang ta con can chu y en cot cao o.

5-To hp kieu phong thong nhau: Loai nay khi s dung phai rat chu y, ch co cac khong gian khi s dung khong lam anh hng en nhau th mi to hp theo kieu nay, v du: Lien thong gia cac phong trng bay cua bao tang, trien lam; phong th ky va giam oc; phong kham benh; phong ngu va ve sinh.

Bao tang to chc mat bang thong nhau, xuyen phong

IV-Cac nguyen tac bo cuc mat bang kien truc: -e co c nhng tac pham kien truc co gia tr ma t no co sc truyen cam manh me, ngi kien truc s phai da vao nhng nguyen tac ve bo cuc e t nhng thc the vat chat a dang c to hp theo mot quy luat nao o co the gay cam xuc cho moi ngi.1) Cac nguyen tac bo cuc tao hnh:- Bo cuc tao hnh la mot to hp gom nhieu khoi c sap xep theo mot quy luat, hoac lien ket chat che vi nhau e tao thanh mot khoi mi the hien mot hnh tng nghe thuat.

Bo cuc tao hnh mat phang

*Mot bo cuc tao hnh tot: -To hp bo cuc phai trang thai can bang ( Trong tam ). Ngha la khong qua nang hoac qua nhe ve mot ben so vi truc to hp ( Truc can bang trong tam ) .

Truc can bang trong tam cua bo cuc mat bang (truc chnh)

Mot so bo cuc tao hnh lay chat lieu la cac khoi vuong van, cac dien gay khuc hoac ng cong

Bo cuc tao hnh khong gianBo cuc tao hnh phai tao s can bang th giac (ong hoac tnh), khong qua nang hoac qua nhe ve mot ben

-To hp bo cuc phai co s lien ket gia cac khoi vi nhau mot cach chat che: +Neu la hp khoi : Lay khoi giang khoi, ( cac khoi fai ngam chat vao nhau ) +Neu phan tan khoi : Lay khong gian giang khoi ( la khoang cach gia cac khoi vi nhau va vi ranh gii cua khuon vien bo cuc ).-Trong mot so the loai cong trnh kien truc, to hp bo cuc khoi con the hien mot hnh tng nghe thuat e gay cam xuc cho noi dung can bieu at cua cong trnh ( y tng mang tnh bieu tng).

Trng hp phan tan khoi, gia cac yeu to cua bo cuc van co s lien ket vi nhau. Khi nhn, mat se t noi lien nhng cho phan tach tao nen lien ket bo cuc.

Hp khoi ket hp phan tan khoiHp khoi

+To hp bo cuc hoan chnh se khong them vao, hoac bt i bat c mot n v khoi nay v se lam to hp mat can bang, hoac mat lien ket.-Trong mot so the loai cong trnh kien truc, to hp bo cuc khoi con the hien mot hnh tng nghe thuat e gay cam xuc cho noi dung can bieu at cua cong trnh ( y tng mang tnh bieu tng).

Bao tang Gugemheim cua KTS Frank Lloyd Wright

2) Bo cuc mat bang cong trnh kien truc phu thuoc vao cac yeu to:

- ac iem, tnh chat cua cong trnh ma ban nhiem vu thiet ke a yeu cau. - a hnh, a mao khu at ni xay dng cong trnh. - Cac quy nh cua quy hoach chi tiet, canh quan cua khu vc. - Cac he thong giao thong lien he khu vc ( Truc giao thong chnh, phu ) - Cac hng, tam nhn, goc nhn (chu yeu, th yeu ) - Cac ieu kien ve ky thuat xay dng. - Cac yeu cau ac biet khac.

3) Cac nguyen tac to hp bo cuc mat bang kien truc: 1 _ am bao cac nguyen tac ve bo cuc tao hnh. 2 Can chu y nghien cu ky cac yeu to anh hng e la chon giai phap bo cuc cho phu hp vi yeu cau cua cong trnh. 3 Can phan tch, xac nh ro vai tro nhiem vu cua cac khoi chc nang chnh, phu e co che o u tien trong viec sap xep to hp bo cuc. 4 Can phan biet ro ve the loai cong trnh thiet ke e la chon giai phap hnh the cua to hp bo cuc ( khoi, dang, tnh, ong ..) cho phu hp vi chc nang s dung cua cong trnh. 5 La chon v tr cua khoi chc nang chnh, no phai thc s la iem nhan quan trong, thu hut s tap trung, chu y t moi hng, cac khoi chc nang phu khong c che chan lam khuat lap cac khoi chc nang chnh.

V-Cac giai phap to hp bo cuc mat bang:

Ba dang c ban:1- Giai phap to hp bo cuc mat bang tap trung.2- Giai phap to hp bo cuc mat bang phan tan.3- Giai phap to hp bo cuc mat bang hon hp.Bo cuc mat bang tap trung: -Toan bo cac khu chc nang, cac khong gian s dung c sap xep trong mot khoi hoac mot to hp gom nhieu khoi lien ket vi nhau chat che, tao thanh mot khoi ln o so.

*u iem:Mat bang gon, giao thong ngan, chiem t at ai xay dng.Cac he thong ky thuat ( ien, nc, thong gio ) ngan gon, tiet kiem.-Hnh khoi, mat nha de bieu at hnh o so, hoanh trang, gay c cam xuc manh.-De quan ly, bao ve cong trnh.

*Nhc iem:-Nen mong, ket cau phc tap, nhat la cong trnh co nhieu loai khong gian, hnh dang kch thc khac nhau.-Che o anh sang, thong gio t nhien kem, de gay on bi cac khong gian gan nhau.-Thi cong xay dng kho, kho phan t xay dng.

*Pham vi ap dung: -Thng c dung cac o th cu ang phat trien, tai trung tam thanh pho v at ai xay dng quy hiem. -Dung khi thiet ke, xay dng xen cay vao ni co cac cong trnh cu c gi lai. -Dung cho cac loai cong trnh ac biet can hnh khoi o so, hoanh trang nham gay s chu y, nhan manh, nham ong gop cho tham my cua o th.

Bao tang Van hoa Canada

SV ita

2) Bo cuc mat bang phan tan: -To hp bo cuc mat bang phan tan la cac khoi chc nang c phan bo cach xa nhau va lien he vi nhau bang he thong giao thong (hanh lang, cau noi ).

Mat bang Benh vien Bexley bo cuc theo kieu phan tan

Mat bang bo cuc phan tan, tao thanh mot he iem

Mat bang lau ai Himeji Kyoto Nhat Ban(ban ve co)Lau ai HimejiCac lau ai co rat thng dung kieu bo cuc phan tan. Mat bang trai rong theo chieu ngang, cong trnh co tng cao hao sau bao quanh.

*u iem : - Cac khu vc hoat ong c phan chia khu vc ro rang, tng oi oc lap . - Giao thong lien he mach lac, n gian, de thoat hiem . - Nen mong, ket cau de x ly, de phan dt xay dng . - Chieu sang va thong gio t nhien tot, co the xen ke cay xanh, san vn vao cac khu chc nang s dung, tao canh quan quanh cong trnh ep.

Viec bo cuc mat bang benh vien phan tan ngoai viec e phan khu chc nang, con tao cac khoang trong chen san vn

Mat bang ai hoc Vigo, Tay Ban Nha bo cuc phan tan, trai dai tren pham vi rong ln vi nhieu cap ng ong mc a hnh khac nhau

Mat bang cua mot khu du lch co bo cuc phan tan, tao s tach biet, yen tnh va tao canh quan

*Nhc iem- Mat bang b trai rong, chiem nhieu at xay dng .-Giao thong b keo dai, ton dien tch phu, kho bao ve cong trnh .Cac he thong ky thuat ( ien, nc, thong hi ..) b keo dai, gay ton kem -Hnh khoi, mat ng b keo dai, khong cho hnh khoi o so, hoanh trang

Dien tch at xay dng phai ln mi co the dung mat bang phan tan. Van e giao thong, oi khi ngi ta phai xay dng ng e xe lu thong qua lai gia cac khu.

*Pham vi ap dung : - Thng c dung nhng ni at ai rong rai nh vung ngoai o thanh pho, cac o th ang m rong, ni co quy hoach o th mi . - Loai bo cuc mat bang nay rat thch hp vi mot so loai cong trnh nh : Trng hoc, Benh ven , Nha ngh mat , Nha van hoa.

Mat bang mot trng hoc. Gia cac lp hoc va khu van phong, phong giao vien, th vien co s tach biet ve khoi, chung noi vi nhau nh hanh lang co mai che

- Loai bo cuc nay cung rat phu hp vi nhng vung co kh hau nhiet i nong am, cac vung co a hnh phc tap nh trung du, mien nui co ng ong mc, cao trnh khac nhau.

VD: mat bang mot benh vien vung cao:

3) To hp bo cuc mat bang hon hp:

-To hp bo cuc mat bang dang hon hp la dung giai phap hp khoi vi cac bo phan chc nang s dung gan bo chat che va thng xuyen, ket hp vi giai phap phan tan vi khoi chc nang co tnh oc lap tng oi hoac quan he khong thng xuyen vi cac khoi khac .

*u iem : - S dung at ai xay dng va phai, de ap dung cac ni . - Giao thong ro rang, mach lac, t ton den tch phu va ng ong ky thuat . - Giai quyet c mot phan chu yeu ve anh sang, thong gio t nhien, san trong cai tao vi kh hau tot, canh quan ep, phu hp vi kh hau nhiet i nong am nh VN. - Hnh khoi, mat ng de at c heu qua tham my v bo cuc the hien ro khoi chnh, phu.

* Nhc iem: - Giai quyet nen mong, ket cau cong trnh con phc tap, nhat la cho tiep giap gia cac khoi co khong gian kch thc ln nho khac nhau. - Phan t xay dng cong trnh phai tuy theo ac thu ve at ai xay dng, von au t, va s phat trien cua cong trnh trc mat va lau dai. - To hp hnh khoi, mat ng cong trnh phai chu y s thong nhat, hai hoa gia khoi chnh va khoi phu, tranh tnh trang chap va kien truc.

*Pham vi ap dung : - Do s phoi hp mot cach linh hoat gia kieu bo cuc tap trung va kieu bo cuc phan tan nen ap dung c rong rai moi loai a hnh va cac vung kh hau. - Thng c van dung e thiet ke cac cong trnh cong cong nh : Nha van hoa, Cau lac bo, cac cong trnh the duc the thao .

CHNG 6: CAC NGUYEN TAC TO CHC GIAO THONG BEN TRONG VA BEN NGOAI CONG TRNH KIEN TRUC

I-Y nghaII-To chc khong gian giao thong ben trong cong trnh kien trucII-To chc khong gian giao thong ben ngoai cong trnh kien truc

I-Y ngha: -Trong cac cong trnh kien truc, he thong giao thong la mot trong nhng nhan to quyet nh chat lng cua cong trnh. He thong giao thong trong cong trnh ngan gon, hp ly th day chuyen s dung mi tao cho con ngi s thoai mai, thuan ten. -Viec giai quyet giao thong cho cac cong trnh kien truc tr mot so trng hp i lai trc tiep theo kieu xuyen phong, con phan ln i lai eu to chc khong gian giao thong.

Hanh lang gia trong mat bang mot khach sanHANH LANG GIA

Hanh lang gia trong mat bang mot nha cao tang

Cau noi cong cong noi gia hai cong trnh,bang ngang pha tren ng lo

II-To chc khong gian giao thong ben trong cong trnh kien truc:Co 3 loai khong gian giao thong:1-Giao thong theo hng ngang2-Giao thong theo hng ng3-Cac au moi, nut giao thong

Hanh lang giao thong theo phng ngang va thang bo giao thong theo phng ng trong cung mot cong trnh

Giao thong theo hng ngang:

a - To chc giao thong kieu hanh lang, cau noi ..-Dung lien he gia cac phong, cac bo phan trong cung mot khu chc nang, hoac e lien he cac khu chc nang vi nhau.

- Kieu hanh lang ben : Khong gian s dung c bo tr ve mot ben cua hanh lang ( Trng hoc, benh ven, nha van hoa, nha tro)

- Kieu hanh lang gia : Khong gian s dung c bo tr ve hai ben cua hanh lang ( Khach san, benh ven, tru s van phong lam viec)

- Cau noi : Hanh lang co mai che, tuynel khac cot dung lien he cac khu chc nang

Mot so kieu hanh lang oc aoHanh lang ben uon congHanh lang gia co cac ng hoi tu tao cam giac xoay

Hanh lang ben cua mot cong trnh bang go

Hanh lang gia toa nha Kanematsu Nhat Ban

Cau noi trong mot cao oc ln Lisbon Bo ao Nha

Cau noi co mai che noi cac cong trnhCau noi co mai che trong kien truc co

Cau noi co mai che trong mot benh vien, hai ben la san vn

Cau thang noi khu Trung tam thng mai Osaka Nhat Ban

Cau noi trong cac cong trnh nha cao tang, khong ch e giao thong, ay con la cach e lien ket khoi cong trnh vi nhau

b - Kieu tan xa (Kieu tia) : -Cac khong gian s dung c bo tr xung quanh mot khong gian chnh trung tam hoac mot khong gian em la au moi giao thong. (thng co Biet th, bao tang, khach san, ngan hang ..)

Mat bang mot khach san

C-Kieu xuyen phong:-Kieu phong thong nhau, muon vao phong nay phai i qua mot phong khac . Loai nay khi s dung phai rat chu y, ch co cac khong gian thong nhau khi s dung khong lam anh hng en nhau th mi dung kieu giao thong nay.-VD: Lien thong gia cac phong trng bay cua bao tang, trien lam ; Gia phong th ky va giam oc ; Gia phong ngu va phong ve sinh...

2) Khong gian theo chieu ng:-Tao s lien he gia cac tang cao trong cong trnh.

-Gom co: Thang bo, Thang may, Thang cuon, ng doc thoai (ramp doc)

1) Thang bo:- Thang bo la phng ten giao thong chu yeu trong cac cong trnh kien truc co so tang cao t 5 tang tr xuong. Thng c s dung cho tat ca cac loai cong trnh. ac iem: De dang bo tr moi v tr trong cong trnh, hoac ngoai cong trnh, lo thien hay ban lo thien, de thiet ke, de thi cong, tien s dung .- Phan loai thang bo va pham vi s dung :- Co rat nhieu kieu dang thang bo khac nhau, song co the phan thanh cac nhom chnh nh sau: Thang 2 ve, thang 3 ve ch U, ch T, thang tron, thang xoay tron oc.

Thang 2 ve trong nha

Thang go

Cau thang trong mot nha bao tang

Cau thang ch T trong mot phong trng bay nghe thuat

Thang bo trong cong trnh nha lech tang

Thang xoan tron oc

Thang bo cong cong tai sanh cua mot cong trnh bao tang ln

254

2) Thang may:- Cac cong trnh kien truc co tang cao t 6 tang tr len eu phai bo tr thang may.-Ch co mot so t cong trnh thap tang co bo tr thang may: Benh vien, Khach san. -Do viec tang o cao, phai s dung thang may lam phng ten giao thong thang ng ben trong cong trnh la chu yeu, cho ten li, an toan va kinh te .-ac iem: do cau tao cua thang may oi hoi khong gian hoat ong (gieng thang) can co o chnh xac cao va on nh, nen gieng thang thng c thiet ke bang be tong cot thep, ong thi e tang o on nh cho cac cong trnh cao tang, nen gieng thang ong vai tro nh mot loi cng .-He thong thang may co anh hng to ln trong vec to hp khong gian va bo cuc mat bang kien truc cua cac cong trnh cao tang .

Cau tao thang may

Phan loai va pham vi s dung : Theo cach s dung co the chia lam nhieu loai:1 -Thang may ch ngi .2 -Thang may ch ngi nhng co hang hoa mang theo ngi .3 -Thang may ch hang hoa .(ieu khien ngoai cabin)4 -Thang may va ch hang nhng thng co ngi i kem5 -Thang may chuyen dung trong y te (ch bang ca, xe lan).. Tuy theo quy mo cua cong trnh se tnh toan so lng thang may can thiet ke . - Xuat phat t kha canh an toan, thang may thng c bo tr thanh cum thang, toi thieu moi cum co t nhat 2 thang may . - Khi thiet ke can la chon loai thang va tm hieu ky cau tao va nguyen tac van hanh, cua moi loai thang eu khac nhau ve: Kch thc, Tai trong, Toc o, may thang,

Thang van chuyen thc an

Thang may trong benh vien: ch nhan vien y te, bang ca mang ngi benhBuong thang may

3) Thang cuon (thang t chuyen): Thang cuon co hnh thc gan giong mot ve thang bo, nhng bac thang co cau tao hnh rang lc, c gan vi he thong dan ong dung moter en, hoat ong nh mot si sen chay lien tuc.

- Do hoat ong lien tuc nen thang cuon co lu lng van chuyen ln va khong mat thi gian ch i nen rat thch hp cho cac cong trnh cong cong co ong ngi di chuyen nh : Sieu th, ch, nha ga, cac trung tam van hoa, thng mai, TDTT ..

- Van toc nh mc cua thang cuon :0,75 m/s cho thang co goc nghieng 30*0,50 m/s cho thang co goc nghieng 35*

Tai trong at len moi bac thang 0,6m 1,1m : T 60kg 120kg

- Thang cuon co cau tao rat ac biet, v vay khi thiet ke bo tr thang cuon can tm hieu ky cac tnh nang ky thuat e co s la chon bo tr cho phu hp vi yeu cau s dung

Thang may khach san

Thang cuon trung tam mua sam

Bac thang cuon co cau tao hnh rang lc

Cau tao thang cuon

Thang cuon trong mot nha ga tau ien ngam

Bo tr thang cuon len xuong gia cac tang trong mot sieu th

- La cac mat phang doc nghieng c bo tr trong cong trnh dung cho xe co co the len xuong cac o cao khac nhau trong cong trnh .- ng doc cho xe c gii len xuong tang e xe , co o doc : 12 15%- ng doc cho bang ca trong benh ven, co o doc : 10 12%- ng doc cho ngi tang tat i xe lan, co o doc : < 10%4) ng doc thoai (ramp doc):

Ramp doc bnh thng co dang khoi tam giac

ng doc thoai xoan tron oc t tren xuong trong bao tang Solomon Gugemheim New York cua KTS Frank_Lloyd_Wright

3) Cac au moi, nut giao thong Sanh:a- au moi giao thong :-Trong cong trnh kien truc au moi giao thong co tac dung rat quan trong trong viec phan phoi luong ngi ra cac hng khac nhau. Cho nen au moi giao thong thng gan lien vi luong giao thong theo chieu ngang va truc giao thong chieu ng.

b - Sanh :Vi cong trnh kien truc, sanh la au moi giao thong quan trong nhat. Ngoai chc nang chu yeu la phan luong, dan hng no con co vai tro ve tham my kien truc rat cao.

- V vay ngi thiet ke can nghien cu giai quyet viec dan hng i lai mot cach ro rang. Can de thay ro hng giao thong chnh, phu ong thi thoa man nhu cau tham my cao : That trang trong, long lay.

ai sanh mot cao oc van phong

Sanh chnh : (ai sanh) loi vao chnh cua cong trnh . Sanh phu : (tieu sanh) loi vao cua cac khu chc nang, loi thoat hiem . Sanh tang : Co the tren moi tang, au moi giao thong se la mot tieu sanh. Kch thc sanh tuy theo sc cha cua ngoi nha: +Vi cong trnh co ngi ra vao o at tieu chuan: 0,25 - 0.35 m2 /ngi.+Vi cong trnh co ngi ra vao ieu hoa : 0,15 - 0,20 m2 /ngi +Chieu cao thiet ke sao cho t le gia ba chieu khong gian c ep, can oi va khong gay cam giac kho chu cho con ngi. Thng th t 3,5 - 5m, co the co trng hp cao hn th s dung khong gian thong tang (phi ty le)

4) Cac nguyen tac to chc khong gian ben trong cong trnh:- He thong giao thong trong cong trnh kien truc phai co nh hng mach lac, ro rang.- Cac tuyen hanh lang giao thong can n gian, tranh phc tap gay kho khan khi i lai.- He thong giao thong can tnh toan, xac nh kch thc hp ly am bao nhu cau s dung, (can c vao lu lng ngi di chuyen trong cong trnh).- He thong giao thong can am bao u anh sang, thong thoang tot (T nhien, nhan tao)- Cac cong trnh kien truc co quy mo ln, sc cha ong ngi, ngoai he thong giao thong chnh can bo tr he thong giao thong thoat hiem, (cau thang, ca thoat hiem).- Tuy moi the loai cong trnh kien truc, dien tch giao thong chiem khoang 20 25% dien tch s dung toan cong trnh.

III-To chc khong gian giao thong ben ngoai cong trnh kien truc

- Giao thong ben ngoai cong trnh la moi lien he oi ngoai gia cong trnh vi he thong giao thong o th, va lien he vung.- Cac cong trnh co den tch khuon vien khu at xay dng han che : Loi vao chnh, sanh chnh thng lien he trc tiep vi truc ng chnh khu vc.- Cac cong trnh co quy mo ln, den tch khuon vien rong eu phai bo tr ng xe chay vong quanh cong trnh e thuan ten lien he cac khu vc, ong thi e xe cu hoa, cu nan co the tiep can cong trnh de dang .(R xe cu hoa hoat ong < 40m).- Khi tong chieu dai cua kien truc vt qua 200m, nen bo tr ng xe cu hoa xuyen qua cong trnh, be rong ng > 3,5m.

TONG QUAN

CHNG 7: CAC NGUYEN TAC TO HP HNH KHOI KHONG GIAN VA MAT NG CONG TRNH KIEN TRUC

I-Ngon ng nghe thuat va c s tao hnh kien trucII-Cac nguyen tac thiet ke hnh khoi khong gian

I-NGON NG NGHE THUAT VA C S TAO HNH KIEN TRUC:Tat ca nhng hnh thc o hoa tao hnh bat au t mot iem chuyen ong iem chuyen dch th tuyen se ra i. Chieu th nhat cua tuyen trt theo mot hng, dien se xuat hien, chung ta at c mot thanh phan hai chieu. Trong s chuyen ong cua dien trong khong gian, s phoi ket cac dien se tao nen mot khoi 3 chieu. Mot s tong hoa cac nang lng ong hoc se a en cho chung ta: t iem en tuyen, t tuyen en dien va t dien en mot kch thc khong gianPaul Klee

Xem giao trnh: C s tao hnh kien truc (Nguyen Ngoc Gia, Vo nh Diep)

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MBTT en Tong Tha Pho aKien truc cac khu danh lam thang canh, thong thng cac iem c thiet lap bi s phan tan trong t nhien.

Nha bao tang thieu nhi Himeji c xay khu vc thuoc mot ngon oi tran ngap cay xanh va mot ben co ho nc rong ln. Ba bo phan chnh (toa nha chnh, quang trng trung gian va cong trng san xuat) khi hng ra mat ho phan chia thanh 3 iem. Con ng mot ben da vao nui thiet ke mot bc tng dien at y tng ta nui nhn ra pha mat nc.

Pha trung tam mat bang dung hnh tron, khien cho no rat de noi bat trong hnh dang dai cua MBTT va tr thanh iem nhan, no cung ong thi tr thanh trung tam bo cuc

Toa nha Team Disney

iem trong bo cuc mat bang thng la nhan to lam song ong khong gian hnh khoi, tr thanh iem trung tam hap dan loi cuon rat thu v

Bao tang My thuat Yokohama KTS Kenzo Tangeiem trong mat bang kien truc bieu th o la mot khong gian ac biet khac vi cac khong gian kia

Bao tang My thuat Yokohama KTS Kenzo Tange, co rat nhieu v tr trang tr iem

Hnh tng oi oc lap tren be mat kien truc co hieu qua iem

iem-cac o ca tren be mat cong trnh Mexi co

Ca so co hnh thc iem cau thanh trang tr mat ng. Trang tr iem tren mat tng pha tren cua ca rao lam tang them sc hap dan cua loi vao

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Hnh thc iem tren mat ng noi tiep gay cam giac bay nhay, co li cho viec tao khong kh kien truc sinh ongTen nhng bnh dien ong nhat cua mat ng bo tr nhng iem nho ra lom vao co the tao thanh nhieu loai yeu to hnh thc tng phan ve hnh dang, kch thc, khong gian, t o tang them cam giac phong phu cua hnh tng kien truc

Thap Hong Ngoc TP a Nang (ang xay dng)

Trang tr iem c tao thanh bi cac hnh thc loi ra lom vao cua mat ngTren cau thang, ca thang may, mat tng ve cac hnh tam giac, hnh tron mang tnh chat gi y va co tac dung nhan manh, iem xuyen

Men theo ng nam ngang bo tr lo ca so se mang tnh phng hng cua tuyen va mang cam giac nhp ieu hnh thanh do cac iem c at gian cachMen theo hng cua lu tuyen bo tr ben tren ai sanh bo tr cac iem gian cach lam tang manh qua trnh hnh thanh cam giac tiet tau, nhp ieu

Tuyen hanh lang vong cung khien cho ngi trong qua trnh i phai phan oan iem ket thuc va oan cuoi tr thanh tieu iem cua moi quan tamKhoi co tuyen thang ng bieu at cam giac vn len nh cao. Va se con thu v la mat hn khi tuyen xoan oc

Cac tuyen gay khuc khu khep lai hnh thanh s ong khung canh quan va tang cng cam giac ve tang lp khong gianTrang tr lam mat tng tang them cam giac mem maiDung cac tuyen gay khuc e dien ta dau vet cua s pha hoai trc ay va dau vet cua s h hai

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Kien truc co hnh dang uyen chuyenTao hnh ket hp ng cong va ng thang mang cai ep ghep oi cua manh me va du dangMot khu ngh ngi Nhat BanNhng tuyen cong mt ma dien at chu e van ong va t do

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Tao hnh cac tuyen do cac cau kien ket cau hnh thanh

Cac bac cap, khoan o ca tren cao va bong o tao thanh nhieu tuyenThanh lan can va ng vien tao thanh nhng tuyen congKet cau tao hnh tuyen, cam giac manh va khang nhCac ng net noi that, ng net mat ngCach tao hnh tuyen khac nhau do ca so bach diep va mach va cua gach a cau thanh cac ng net kieu tuyen tnh

I-CAC NGUYEN TAC THIET KE HNH KHOI KHONG GIAN CUA CONG TRNH KIEN TRUC1) KHAI NIEM:- Thiet ke hnh khoi khong gian cua cong trnh kien truc la thiet ke hnh thc ben ngoai cua no, nham ap ng yeu cau tham my trong khi phai thoa man c cac yeu cau thch dung, vng ben va kinh te.- Chnh hnh thc ben ngoai t khoi, dang, mat ng, en cac chi tiet cua cong trnh kien truc la nhng yeu to au tien gay cam xuc, gay an tng hay truyen cam ti moi ngi du la mc o nao, du bang cam tnh hay ly tnh .2) CAC YEU CAU THAM MY KIEN TRUC:- Hnh khoi va mat ng cong trnh phai bieu hen c ac iem, tnh chat, cung nh gay c an tng, cam xuc ma y o sang tac a nh trc.Thiet ke mot cong trnh kien truc la mot s tm toi toan den va tong hp cac yeu to ky thuat, my thuat, vat leu, phng phap xay dng tren c s noi dung, yeu cau s dung cua tac pham kien truc

Hnh khoi va mat ng cua cong trnh phai hoa nhap c vi khung canh thien nhien va moi trng kien truc xung quanh, ong thi phai chu y en nhng ieu kien khac nh : ac thu kien truc, phong tuc tap quan, quan nem tham my cua tng dan toc, tng vung, tng a phng, ni xay dng cong trnh. - Hnh khoi va mat ng cua cong trnh phai the hen trung thc c c cau mat bang, to hp khong gian ben trong cua cong trnh, tranh pho trng, hnh thc gia doi ..

3) CAC NGUYEN TAC TO HP HNH KHOI KHONG GIAN KIEN TRUC:Nam vng ngon ng cua cac khoi c ban.

2. La chon cac khoi c ban oc lap, hay to hp cac khoi theo luat bo cuc : Dung cac khoi cung mot loai khoi c ban co kch thc khac nhau hoac giong nhau, sap xep theo cac quy luat . Dung cac khoi thuoc nhieu loai khoi c ban sap xep theo v tr, chieu hng khac nhau .

3. Nam c quy luat phan chia khoi kien truc neu khoi co kch thc ln : Phan chia theo dang n gian hay phc tap tren cac khoi . Phan chia e ho tr ve chieu hng cua khoi kien truc .

4) CAC NGUYEN TAC THIET KE MAT NG CONG TRNH KIEN TRUC:1.Phan chia, sap xep cac mang ac, rong, sang, toi,2.La chon ng net, chi tiet tren mat nha3.La chon chat cam, vat lieu, mau sac4-Thiet ke mat ng cong trnh kien truc, phan anh trung thc cong nang

CHNG 8: NGUYEN TAC THIET KE NEN DOC CHO KHAN PHONG VA KHAN AI

I-Thu cam th giac va o nhn roII-Phng phap thiet ke nen doc

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I-Thu cam th giac va o nhn ro: -Thu cam th giac la s nhan biet cua mat ngi oi vi oi tng quan sat .No phu thuoc vao cac yeu to : + Khoang cach t ngi ngoi nhn en oi tng quan sat . + o ln chi tiet cua oi tng quan sat . +Mau sac va anh sang c chieu cua oi tng quan sat -o nhn ro la kha nang mat quan sat c oi tng can quan sat. ieu kien e nhn ro c xac nh bi cac tham so hnh hoc (chieu dai, chieu rong chieu cao) va hnh dang cua khong gian e bo tr ngi ngoi xem, va ngi trnh dien.1) Khai niem:

Thu cam th giac va o nhn ro c xac nh bi nhng ac iem sinh ly cua mat.- Trong nhng tham so hnh hoc cua s lam viec cua c quan th giac, quan trong nhat la kha nang co the nhn thay 2 iem gan nhau:

Khi keo AB ra xa hoac xch lai gan mat th en mot v tr nao o, A va B trung thanh mot iem, khong con phan biet c khoang cach

- Goc tng ng vi trang thai gii han o goi la goc phan giai ( W ) - Goc phan giai chnh la gii han dung e xac nh khoang cach toi a t khan gia en oi tng can quan sat.2) Nhng ieu kien hnh hoc cua s cam thu th giac: - Khoang cach t ngi nhn en oi tng quan sat phai nam trong gii han mat co the phan biet ro cac chi tiet can thiet e cam thu sac net oi tng quan sat, hnh thu, mau sac, chat lieu, ke ca khi vat the di chuyen . - Mc o phan biet cac chi tiet ma yeu cau oi hoi phu thuoc vao nhng ac iem cua quang canh dien va tnh chat cua oi tng quan sat.

3) Cac quy nh ve tham so hnh hoc cua mot so khong gian khan phong hay khan ai:* RAP CHIEU PHIM :- oi tng quan sat trong rap chieu phim la man anh, rap chieu phim bnh thng man anh la mat phang, con man anh c ln, man anh rong va man anh toan canh la mat cong (mot phan cua mat tru)- OI VI MAN ANH PHANG : Ngi ngoi xa nhat khong c qua 5 lan chieu rong cua man anh ; Nhng khong qua 40 m .

- Con ngi ngoi gan nhat khong xa hn 1,5 lan man anh. OI VI MAN ANH RONG : Khoang cach toi a cua ngi ngoi hang ghe sau cung en man anh khong qua 2 lan chieu rong man anh, va co the at ti 50 60 m. Con ngi ngoi hang ghe au, khoang cach khong nen xa hn 0,6 lan chieu rong man anh.

* NHA HAT :- oi tng quan sat cua nha hat la san khau ( t phan trc cua san khau en toan bo o sau vao trong cua san khau, ta thng lay bang ng knh san quay cua san khau ).- Nh vay oi tng quan sat cua nha hat khong phai la mat phang nh cua man anh cua rap chieu phim ; ma la khong gian 3 chieu .Viec bo tr khan gia trong nha hat cung b han che bi goc nhn theo phng nam ngang va phng thang ng . Khoang cach xa nhat cua khan gia ngoi hang ghe cuoi cung en mieng san khau : - Nha hat kch < 30 m . - Nha hat ca kch 40 45 m . - Phong hoa nhac 40 45 m, san khau co o m ln hn = 90 120*

* SAN VAN ONG - oi tng quan sat la trai banh co kch thc d = 22,8 cm .- Khoang cach toi a t khan gia en goc oi dien cua san bong theo ng cheo c lay bang 190 215 m .

190-215 m

*NHA THI AU CO MAI :- Thi au bong ban, trai banh co d = 3 cm . C ly toi a < 45 m .- Thi au quan vt , trai banh co d = 6 cm . C ly toi a < 60 65 m .

*RAP XIEC:-oi tng quan sat la ngi dien vien xiec (oi vi xiec ngi) hoac cac con thu: voi, ho, cho, nga,

II-Phng phap thiet ke nen doc:1) C s thiet ke:*iem quan sat thiet ke La iem nhn bat li nhat neu moi v tr quan sat cua khan gia nhn thay no th co the quan sat c toan canh san khau, man anh, ..- Rap chieu phim : iem quan sat thiet ke la iem gia, mep di cua man anh .- Nha hat : iem quan sat thiet ke la iem gia, mep di rem keo man +50 cm- Nha hat kch, bale, la iem gia mep di remkeo man nho ra 1.5 2 m .-Nha thi au TDTT : la mep bien san thi au gan khan gia nhat .-Ho bi : la tim ng bi au tien gan khan gia nhat .

* Tia nhn : La ng thang noi t iem quan sat thiet ke vi mat ngi quan sat .* o chenh cao tia nhn : ( c ) la khoang cach chenh lech phng thang ng gia tia nhn ngi ngoi sau so vi tia nhn ngi ngoi hang ghe trc lien ke . (chnh la khoang cach t nh au en mat)

- Neu bo tr ghe ngoi thang hang : c =12 cm, c = 15 cm (neu oi non) .- Neu bo tr ghe ngoi so le : c = 6 cm, c = 8 cm (neu oi non) .

Bo tr ghe ngoi thang hang : c =12 cm, c = 15 cm (neu oi non)

Bo tr ghe ngoi so le : c = 6 cm, c = 8 cm (neu oi non) .

2) Phng phap thiet ke nen doc:- Phng phap o th Phng phap giai tchPhng phap ve thc te

CHNG 9: NGUYEN TAC THIET KE AN TOAN VA THOAT NGI CHO CONG TRNH KIEN TRUC

I-Thoat ngi khoi phongI-Thoat ngi khoi cong trnh

Cong trnh cong cong la ni tap trung rat ong ngi, hang tram (lp hoc), hang nghn (phong trng bay) co ni len en hang chuc nghn (SV)

Moi khi cong trnh bat au en gi m ca hoac khi tan tam eu de xay ra un tac, gay bat tien, mat thi gian

Nhng s co chay no khong ai mong muon van co khi xay ra, va mang ngi phai c at len hang au

Trong tnh huong co s co, tam ly chung ai cung muon thoat ra that nhanh, dan en un tac rat nguy hiem, nen khi thiet ke, KTS phai tnh en tat ca cac tnh huong co the xay ra va giai quyet no triet e

Van e thoat ngi:-Viec thiet ke kien truc, ngoai nhng yeu cau chung ve quy hoach, ve cac giai phap kien truc cong trnh, ky thuat cong trnh. Mot van e rat quan trong at ra cho ngi thiet ke la phai am bao an toan thoat ngi ra khoi cong trnh kien truc khi co s co xay ra, hoac khi ket thuc cac buoi trnh dien, het gi lam viec cua cac cong s, trng hoc, - cac cong trnh kien truc cong cong thng co ong ngi s dung, khi ket thuc hoat ong thng gay ra hien tng roi loan hoac un tac giao thong, nhat la khi xay ra s co nh chay no, .. -Do o can phai tnh toan kha nang thoat ngi ra khoi cong trnh mot cach de dang va an toan trong cac trng hp sau :+Thoat ngi bnh thng .+Thoat ngi khi co s co .-Khi thiet ke an toan thoat ngi ra khoi cong trnh cong cong, ta phan ra thanh hai giai oan :1 Thoat ngi ra khoi phong 2 Thoat ngi ra khoi cong trnh

I- Thoat ngi khoi phong: -Trong cac cong trnh kien truc cong cong, do chc nang s dung ma co nhng khong gian, nhng phong tap trung ong ngi .Nhng khong gian, phong nay can phai tnh toan, bo tr he thong ca thoat hiem: Phong hp, lp hoc, giang ng, nha thi au,

Giang ng loai trung bnh (khoang 100 SV) bo tr t nhat 2 ca ra vao va ca m ra pha ngoai

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1) Cac nguyen tac thoat ngi khoi phong:1 Cac phong co so lng ngi > 100 ngi, phai co t nhat 2 ca thoat ra, va cac ca phai co canh m ra pha ngoai2 Ngi v tr xa nhat en ca thoat phai < 25 m .3 Neu la cac khan phong, phai am bao khoang cach gia cac day ghe > 0.9 m4 Cac loi thoat ve pha ca, cau thang, hanh lang phai ro rang, khong chong cheo ; phai co tn heu, en bao, chi tiet ky heu bang mau ch hng .5 Hanh lang thoat phai am bao u rong (theo tnh toan) .6 Khoang cach gia cac cau thang phai < 50 m .7 Neu la cac khan phong, hoac cac khan ai TDTT phai phan chia thanh cac lo:+ Moi lo khan phong : < 200 cho .+ Moi lo khan ai : < 300 cho .8 Cac hanh lang, cau thang, phai co ket cau vat lieu ben chac, co o chong chay cao hn cac khu vc khac .9 Trong cac cong trnh hien ai ngay nay, thng thiet ke, bo tr cac he thong bao ong t ong, hoac he thong t ong cha chay: hop gen, bnh CO2, voi cha chay t ong,

Cac lo khan ai cua nha thi au, c khoang 300 ghe lai co mot khoang rong e ngi di chuyen. Ghe ngoi trong moi lo eu sn cung mau, lai co tac dung phan nhom khan gia co vu cho oi nao va tao ve phong phu ve mau sac cho san

Bnh CO2 cha chay cac thiet b bao chay trong cong trnh

He thong bao chay t ong-Khi phat hien sm am chay chng nao th co them thi gian thoat ngi chng ay

Ca vao buong thang thoat hiem, lam bang vat lieu chu la, khong thong kh vi khu vc ben ngoai, ben trong co hop gen ieu ap. ng dan en ca thoat hiem phai ro rang, khong b chng ngai

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Phai co loi cho xe cu hoa tiep can thuan li e khi co s co, co the lay nc t cot cu hoa, cha chay cho cong trnh

2) Tnh toan thoat ngi: a Yeu cau tnh toan :- Xac nh thi gian thoat ngi tong cong t luc bat au thoat, ti luc thoat het ngi ra khoi cong trnh .Xac nh thi gian dng chan tam thi, ch i trong khi thoat ngi.

b C s tnh toan :- So ngi thoat c loi i hanh lang tnh cho mot dong : 25 ngi/ dong/ phut- Chieu rong cho mot dong ngi thoat : 0,60 m/ 1 dong- Van toc di chuyen cua dong ngi :- Di chuyen tren mat phang ngang : 16 m/ phut .- Len cau thang & mat phang doc : 8 m/ phut .Xuong cau thang & mat phang doc : 10 m/ phut .Thi gian yeu cau e toan bo ngi thoat ra khoi cong trnh : 6 7 phut Trong o :Thi gian e toan bo ngi thoat ra khoi phong : 2 3 phut- Dien tch dng chan (un tac ngi) tieu chuan : 0,25 0,30 m2/ ngi

3 Cac bc tnh toan : A Tnh thi gian thoat ngi ra khoi phong cua ngi ngoi v tr xa nhat .

To min = S max / V ( phut )

Trong o : To min la thi gian toi thieu thoat ngi, S max la khoang cach xa nhat .

B Tnh chieu rong cua ca can thiet e thoat ngi trong thi gian T o min .

B yeu cau = N / 25 To min = ( so dong ngi )

Trong o : B yeu cau : Chieu rong ca tnh theo so dong ngi ( 0,6 m/ dong ) . N Tnh toan : Tong so ngi trong pham vi can tnh toanT o min : Thi gian thoat ngi toi thieu .

* Sau khi tnh c chieu rong ca theo so dong ngi, (se la mot so le) . Can la chon kch thc ca se thiet ke sao cho co ty le ep vi khong gian phong .

C Kiem tra lai kha nang thoat ngi thc te :

T Thc te = N / 25 B Thc te = ( phut ) .

Trong o : B Thc te : Chieu rong ca thc te quy ra kch thc so dong ngi .T Thc te : Thi gian thoat ngi qua B Thc teN Tnh toan : Tong so ngi trong pham vi can tnh toan .

II-Thoat ngi ra khoi cong trnh:- Cac cong trnh kien truc cong cong tuy theo tng the loai ma co yeu cau khac nhau ve at ai xay dng, dien tch, so tang cao, va so ngi hoat ong trong cong trnh.- No con phu thuoc vao v tr quy hoach cac tuyen giao thong, cap cua cong trnh e thiet ke an toan thoat ngi ra khoi cong trnh.

Khi tnh toan, phai tnh trong trng hp co ong ngi trong cong trnh nhat

1) Thoat ngi bnh thng:*e thoat ngi ra khoi cong trnh c thuan ten, khi thiet ke can chu y :- Phan bo cac ca thoat ngi phu hp vi khong gian, sc cha, cong suat s dung.- To chc giao thong trong cong trnh n gian, thuan ten di chuyen, u kch thc .- Phan bo v tr cau thang phu hp vi ban knh phuc vu .Tai cac nut giao thong phai tnh toan, bo tr den tch ch i, un ngi, can bo tr quang trng trc ca cong trnh .

Tieu chuan : 0,15 0,25 m2/ ngi .

- Cac tuyen thoat ngi phai co bao hieu (he thong en ve ban em ), khong co vat can, va phai bang vat leu an toan .- Co vanh ai thoat ngi khi cong trnh co sc cha > 5000 ngi .Vanh ai thoat ngi gop phan ieu hoa thoat ngi trc khi thoat ngi ra he thong giao thong chnh cua khu vc, (thng ket hp bo tr bai xe ) .

2) Thoat ngi khi co s co:-Trong trng hp co s co nh chay, no xay ra, tam ly chung cua moi ngi la eu muon thoat mot cach nhanh nhat ra khoi cong trnh . Luc o thng xay ra tnh trang hoang loan, chen lan, xo ay, lon xon, nhat la tai cac ca, au nut giao thong, hanh lang, cau thang, cau thang cu nan, va cac bo phan thoat hiem d phong,

*Khi thiet ke phai chu y cac van e sau ay :- Phai tnh toan lu lng ngi thoat, va to chc cac tuyen thoat ngi ra khoi cong trnh.- Phai to chc cac tuyen ngi va phng ten, xe cu hoa, cu nan vao cong trnh.- Can bo tr san cac phng ten cap cu trong cong trnh nh cac hong cap nc cu hoa, cau thang cu nan, ..

*Cac cong trnh cao tang :

Ngoai he thong giao thong thong thng, can nghien cu bo tr cac cau thang thoat hiem (xem cau tao thang ac biet), co the len mai, hoac xuong ham .

- Neu bo tr thang may thoat hiem phai s dung thang ac biet .(ong c thang khong dung ong c en, ma dung ong c Diezell, bnh Acquy 36v,

Thang bo thoat hiem ben ngoai cong trnh

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CHNG 10: CAC HE THONG KY THUAT TRONG CONG TRNH KIEN TRUC

I-He thong ket cauII-He thong ienIII-He thong ncIV-He thong ieu hoa khong khV-He thong thong tin lien lacVI-He thong an ninhVII-He thong gaVIII-He thong thong gioIX-He thong ien thanhX-He thong thang mayXI-He thong bao chay va cha chay t ong

I-He thong ket cau:1) Y ngha, vai tro, v tr cua he thong ket cau:*Y ngha:-nh hnh khong gian-Chu lc chnh cho cong trnh-Trong thc te cho thay tam quan trong cua ket cau trong viec giai quyet cac nhiem vu cong nang s dung va tham my cong trnh kien truc.

Cong trnh nha trng bay nay co khoang vt rat ln, nh he mai bang vat lieu nhe ETFE

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-He thong ket cau anh hng mot cach tch cc en hnh thc, dang dap, khuynh hng va phong cach kien truc.

Kien truc phi ket cau, cot chu lc cong trnh a c giau hoan toan, cong trnh phi ket cau tao cam giac bat on nh nhng that ra th rat chac chan

Farrer-court KTS Zaha Hadid

-He thong ket cau phan anh cac thanh tu Khoa hoc Ky thuat xay dng, trnh o san xuat va yeu cau kinh te cua cong trnh.

Nha hat Opera Sydney

*Vai tro:-He thong ket cau nh hng cho chung ta ve khong gian kien truc, thong tin ve cau truc, chc nang kien truc, t o nh hng en y o nghe thuat. ieu nay co ngha ta phai hieu ro ket cau e s dung cho hp ly, hai hoa trong tham my kien truc, cong nang va hieu qua kinh te.

*V tr:-He thong ket cau chiem mot v tr rat quan trong trong viec tao nen thc the kien truc, bi chung co moi quan he hu c, hai hoa vi hnh thc kien truc.-Ket cau la mot trong bon yeu to tao nen cong trnh kien truc. Neu khong co no th khong co cong trnh kien truc.

San bay Dulles Virginia, Hoa Ky

Cac san van ong, nha thi au Olympic 2008a dang ve ket cau (thep, nha ETFE, be tong,)

a) Ket cau tng chu lc:-La dang ket cau n gian va co ien nhat. Trong phan ln lch s kien truc cua nhan loai tat ca cac nen van minh, ket cau tng chu lc la chu yeu. Ngay nay rat t cong trnh s dung loai ket cau nay c xay dng-Vat lieu: chu yeu la a va gach.*ac iem chung:-Khau o va khong gian nho, thng khong qua 4m-Thi cong bang phng phap thu cong, toc o xay dng cham-Khong xay dng c cac cong trnh cao tang, thng so tang < 5 tang. V vay cong trnh trai rong theo chieu ngang, o so, be the.

Thanh Dien Khanh Ket cau tng chu lc, o day tng rat cao, nang ne

Ket cau tng chu lc, nen cac cong trnh co buoc phai han che m o ca. Ca so nho va rat t, ca i va ca so thng hnh vom e d ng lc

b) Ket cau khung chu lc-La he ket cau gom cot, a, dam, ban san chu lc-S o chu lc: San nhan tai trong cong trnh, sau o phan bo eu tai trong truyen xuong cot, xuong mong va cuoi cung at nhan tai trong nay. Vai tro cua mong va he cot rat quan trong.*Phan loai he ket cau khung theo vat lieu-Khung a-Khung go-Khung be tong cot thep-Khung kim loai (thep, hoac hp kim cua thep, cac kim loai khac,)-Khung hon hp

Khung chu lc bang a trong kien truc co Hy Lap La Ma

Cac thc cot Doric, Ionic

Khung go, moc mac, gan gui vi t nhien nhng khong ben vng bang khung thep va be tong cot thep

Cong trnh cua KTS Vo Trong NghaHe khung c an t vat lieu go, gan gui vi thien nhien

Khung be tong ket hp vi knh cng lc gi on nh cho cong trnh

Khung be tong cot thep

Khung be tong cot thep

Khung be tong cot thep

Ket cau thep an nhau theo nhieu phng tao thanh he khung

Khung thep

*Phan loai he ket cau khung theo dang cau truc:-Khung phang: cot, a, san chu lc trong mat phang c gi bang cac lien ket ngang (s o lam viec theo 1 phng)-Khung khong gian: chu lc theo 2 hoac nhieu phng khac nhau. o on nh, chu lc vng ben hn, vt khau o va khong gian ln, so tang nhieu hn

Khung phang(chu lc theo 1 phng)Khung khong gian(loai chu lc theo 2 phng)

Khung khong gian(chu lc theo nhieu phng)

-Khung khong gian chu lc, khoang vt tot hn do phan tan lc theo nhieu phng. Thng khung khong gian ap dung trong cac cong trnh yeu cau khau o cao

*ac iem chung cua he ket cau khung:-Co khau o va vt khong gian ln, so tang nhieu-Thi cong bang phng phap cong nghiep hoa toc o thi cong nhanh-Kch thc ket cau nho, nhe, thanh thoat, de tao hnh thc kien truc phong phu, a dang

Mot he khung khong gian bang thep

3) He ket cau vom, vo:-He ket cau vom cuon ra i t thi ky co Hy Lap, La Ma (vom cuon bang gach, vom cuon bang a)

Vm v bn cuV hnh nmV c miV c gn (sn)Vm v hnh tr

V yn nga

Mai vom trong kien truc phng Tay

Mai vom trong kien truc An o

-Khi phat minh ra BTCT, bang nhng li the ve chu lc, o ben, s linh hoat, ngi ta a nghien cu ra nhieu loai ket cau vom vo a dang vi nhng khong gian rat ln.

Vom vo ban cau, mat bang hnh tron

Mai vom

*Phan loai:-Vom vo loai ban cau: che phu mat bang hnh tron hoac a giac eu-Vom vo loai tru: che phu mat bang hnh ch nhat, hnh vuong hay con goi la vom 1 chieu-Vo co mui: che phu mat bang hnh tron hoac a giac eu-Vo hnh nem, vo yen nga, vo co mui 3 chieu: che phu cac loai mat bang hnh nem, hnh vuong, hnh thoi, hnh tam giac-Cac loai vo co gan (sn) hoac cac loai vom vo hon hp rat phong phu e che phu cac loai mat bang va khong gian phc tap. Chung tao ra rat nhieu kieu dang kien truc mi la.

4) He ket cau vom 3 khp:*He ket cau vom 3 khp da tren nguyen ly ve s on nh:-Neu co 3 vat (3 mieng cng) c noi vi nhau bang ba khp se tao ra mot to hp rat vng chac va on nh (vng nh kieng 3 chan)-C s toan hoc: ba iem luon tao nen mot mat phang. Do ket cau ong phang nen chu lc rat tot va rat on nh.-Vom 3 khp quy tu vao tam tao nen mat bang hnh tron va a giac eu

-Vom ba khp oi xng tng cap tao thanh he xng ket cau rat vng chac cho cac loai mat bang hnh vuong, hnh ch nhat.

-Vom 3 khp lech hoac ket hp a dang e giai quyet cac mat bang khong gian phc tap

SV Oita Nhat Ban

5) He ket cau day vang:-o la s ket hp gia cac he ket cau gom: cot hoac ai chu lc chnh vi he day (thng la cac bo cap) dung e treo cac he ket cau nh mai, a san, cau noi.-Hien nay he ket cau day treo rat c phat trien va s dung cho nhieu cong trnh co khau o khong gian ln: nha ga, san bay, san the thao,

Cong trnh cua KTS Renzo Piano, s dung ket cau day cang

*Phan loai cac he ket cau day treo:-He day n (mot he day): Dung cho mat bang n gian, khau o nho-He day kep (he gian day): Dung cho cong trnh phc tap, khau o ln-He gian day khong gian: Rat phc tap, khau o rat ln, o on nh cao-He day hoi tu: Dung cho cac mat bang tron-He day tren sn cng

414

Nha thi au TDDC Quoc gia Nhat KTS Kenzo Tange Mai cong d ng lc

6) He ket cau tam gap:-Co tam co sn cng, vi hnh gap khuc, hnh long mang, tao nen he mai, hoac ket hp ca tng va mai, co the san xuat cong nghiep nha may, sau o mang ra cong trng lap rap.-Cac tam co hnh ch V: co sn cng bang be tong d ng lc c at tren he dam co khau o >20m.-Cac tam gap co tng, mai lien khoi cung co rat nhieu loai khac nhau c s dung pho bien.

Nha th nep gap Axis Mundi

7) He ket cau khung gian khong gian va hon hp ac biet: -Do nhu cau cua xa hoi -> xay dng cong trnh co khong gian s dung rong ln, c ong, xay dng nhanh, thoa man c yeu cau cua moi trng t nhien, kh hau va tham my. -Do tien bo ve phng phap tnh ket cau, ve cong nghe vat lieu, hoa hoc, tien bo ve phng phap thi cong, cau tao, lien ket.

Toa nha World Trade Center-New York Hoa KyNha choc tri cao hn tram tang, va chu lc xo ngang cua gio lai va chu chnh tai trong nhng ket cau ma tran thep vng chac giup khong gian ben trong khong can bat c cot chong nao

Vat lieu tong hp mi, trong lng rat nhe, gop phan giai phong ket cau

Ket cau thep khong gian nha ga Kyoto

II-He thong ienIII-He thong ncIV-He thong ieu hoa khong khV-He thong thong tin lien lac

VI-He thong thiet b an ninh, thiet b kiem traVII-He thong bao chay va cha chay t ongVIII-He thong gaIX-He thong thong gioX-He thong ien thanhXI-He thong thang may

NGUYEN LY THIET KECONG TRNH CONG CONGGVHD: Thay Nguyen Xuan PhucSV: Lng Thuy KheLp: KT10_CTMSSV: 105101 05374

TRNG AI HOC KIEN TRUC TP.HO CH MINH

PHAN B: NHA HAT OPERA SYDNEY CUA KTS JORN UTZON

NGUYEN LY THIET KE NHA HAT*Cac phong chnh: Cac khong gian nay mang tnh chat quyet nh chc nang ac iem s dung cua cong trnh. Trong nha hat, phong chnh la phong tap trung ong ngi nh khan phong.Trong bo cuc mat bang nha hat, ta de dang nhan ra phong chnh cua nha hat, v no chiem dien tch khong gian ln nhat, va c thiet ke rat ac trng kieu cong trnh bieu dien, co giat cap, co khan ai, san dien,

Khan phong

*Cac phong phu:o la cac khong gian mang tnh chat th dung phuc vu cho cac phong chnh nh phong hoa trang cho dien vien, kho ao cu trong cac cong trnh bieu dien, cho gi mu ao, khu ve sinh, tien sanh,.Cac phng tien lien he giao thong theo chieu ngang va thang ng nh cac hanh lang, cau thang, ng doc thoai, nut giao thong, thang may.

Sanh on tiep cua mot nha hat

Cac bo phan tren cua nha hat ve cau tao kien truc va yeu cau s dung tuy co nhieu mat tng t nh trong kien truc nha va nha cong nghiep. Song co nhieu bo phan neu i sau se thay ro tnh chat va yeu cau khac han kha canh quy mo, oi tng phuc vu, hnh khoi kien truc ket cau va vat lieu xay dng, nham ap ng tnh chat cua loai cong trnh phuc vu am ong

Mai nha hat Opera Sydney, c cau tao t rat nhieu vien ngoi ben chac

*Thiet ke cac phong tap trung ong ngi

-Loai phong co sc cha tren 300 cho ngoi.-Khi thiet ke can thoa man cac yeu cau:

+Kch thc phong phai thoa man yeu cau s dung, vi cac ch tieu ve dien tch va khoi tch lien quan.+am bao yeu cau nhn ro cho moi v tr, du la bat li nhat, chat lng am thanh, thong hi thoang gio tot.+am bao viec ra vao phong, i lai ti cho ngoi thuan tien, nhanh chong an toan.+am bao yeu cau ve tien nghi chieu sang, ve nghe thuat kien truc thch hp cua khong gian nha hat von rong ln.

Khi thiet ke, phai co th t u tien khac nhau cho cac yeu cau tren.

*Thiet ke khan phong:

-Kch thc khan phong c la chon tren c s sc cha, ch tieu dien tch, khoi tch rieng, yeu cau nhn ro, am thanh, kinh te, cung nh ky thuat ket cau va thi cong-Ch tieu dien tch cho mot khan gia ke ca loi i, ho nhac la 0.6 en 0.85 m2. Khoi tch 6 en 8 m3-Dien tch loi i ben trong phong thng chiem 29 en 34% toan bo dien tch phong.-Yeu cau am thanh se quyet nh hnh dang phong, tran va vat lieu op tng.Cac hnh thc mat bang thng gap

*Mat bang hnh ch nhat

+u iem: ket cau thi cong n gian, de phoi hp vi khong gian nho bao quanh.

+Nhc iem: sc cha co li thng han che, thng nho hn hoac bang 600, neu tren 600 cho se lam tang kch thc rieng cua phong, lang ph dien tch hai goc pha san khau, chat lng san pham am thanh kem. Khac phuc: them he tng cheo.

-Quan he ty le ba chieu khan phong (rong, dai, cao) anh hng en chat lng am. oi vi nha hat: Ty le H : B : L = 1 : 1,5 : (2-2,5)

-Chieu dai L cua khan phong phu thuoc vao tnh chat bieu dien va kha nang khuyech ai am thanh.+Khong co he thong