next generation online catalogs
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CS3255Information Organization
Lecture 5:Library Catalogues:
From Traditional to Next-Generation
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References Breeding, Marshall, “Next-Generation Library
Catalogs,” Library Technology Reports, v.43, n.4 (Jul/Aug 2007), available online at http://www.techsource.ala.org/ltr/ (accessed 11 Sep 2007)
Taylor, Arlene G., Introduction to Cataloging and Classification, 10th ed. Westport, Conn. : Libraries Unlimited, 2006.
Furrie, Betty, Understanding MARC Bibliographic: Machine-Readable Catalogs, 7th ed. Washington, D.C. : Cataloging Distribution Services, Library of Congress, in conjunction with The Follett Software Co., c2003, available online at http://www.loc.gov/marc/umb/ (accessed 11 Sep 2007)
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Traditional Library Catalog Scope of the Library Catalogue Purpose of the Library Catalogue Underlying Standards Problems with TLC
Next-Generation Library Catalog Federated Search or Metasearch Delivering Content to the User Enriched Content Faceted Navigation Web 2.0: Enabling User Contributions Other Features Putting Them All Together
Q&A
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TraditionalLibrary Catalogue
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Scope of the Library Catalogue Books – includes print and electronic books Multimedia materials – CDs, DVDs, etc. Newspapers, magazines, and professional
& scholarly journals – described at title level, not individual issues/articles
Others – such as musical scores, microfilms, etc.
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Purpose of the Library Catalogue 4 user tasks:
To find entities that correspond to the user’s stated search criteria …
To identify an entity … To select an entity that is appropriate to the
user’s needs … To acquire or obtain access to the entity
described …
Extracted from: Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records, Final Report, IFLA Study Group on the Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (Munchen: K.G. Saur, 1998); also available: http://www.ifla.org/VII/s13/frbr/frbr.htm (accessed 6 Sep 2007).
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Underlying Standards Descriptive Cataloguing:
AACR2 (Anglo-American Cataloging Rules, version 2)
Subject Cataloguing: Library of Congress Subject Headings Library of Congress Classification Scheme
Encoding: MARC21 (MAchine Readable Cataloging) –
Bibliographic, Authority, Holdings, Classification & Community
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Underlying Standards:Descriptive Cataloguing AACR2
Part I – Description Chapter 1 – covers description in
general and is applicable to all types of materials
Chapters 2-12 – cover in detail various types of materials
Chapter 13 – covers a special topic: analysis
Part II – Headings, Uniform Titles, and References
Chapter 21 – covers how access points are selected
Chapters 22-25 – cover how headings & uniform titles are formed
Chapter 26 – covers how and when references are to be created to link headings
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Underlying Standards:Subject Cataloguing Subject Headings
Controlled list of subject concept term or phrase used in catalogue records to:
Identify pertinent material on a given subject Enable user to find material on related subjects
E.g., Library of Congress Subject Headings Classification
Provides orderly access to the shelves by bringing related items together in a helpful sequence from the general to the specific
E.g., Library of Congress Classification Scheme
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Underlying Standards:Encoding (1)
Extracted from MARC21 Formats - http://www.loc.gov/marc/marcdocz.html (accessed 6 Sep 2007)
MARC = MAchine Readable Catalog
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Underlying Standards:Encoding (2) Understanding MARC Bibliographic
http://www.loc.gov/marc/umb/ (accessed 6 Sep 2007)
Part III: MARC Terms and Their Definitions (http://www.loc.gov/marc/umb/um01to06.html#part3)
Part VII: A Summary of Commonly Used MARC21 Fields (http://www.loc.gov/marc/umb/um07to10.html#part7)
Part XI: A Sample Record in Various Formats (http://www.loc.gov/marc/umb/um11to12.html#part11)
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Problems with TLC Complex search interface
Not consistent with user interface conventions Unable to rank results by relevancy
Limited in scope Tied more to print materials Unable to deliver online content
Lack social network features
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Next-Generation Library Catalog
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Federated Search (1) or Metasearch Before – search
individual information resources separately
Now – one interface to search multiple information resources simultaneously
Taken from NISO’s website. Presentation by Andrew Pace: http://www.niso.org/news/events_workshops/OpenURL-05-ppts/2-1-pace.ppt (date: 21 Mar 2007)
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Federated Search (2) How it works?
Back-end communication through search protocols to send query and receive results
ANSI/NISO Z39.50 (http://www.loc.gov/z3950/agency/) XML Others
Front-end processing and presentation of result sets Presenting results in a standard format and structure De-duplication – i.e. consolidation of identical entries from
multiple targets Sorting and display
Sample Site
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Federated Search (3) Issues
Speed of performance limited by slowest responding target
Time-outs Minimal no. of targets Limiting no. of items requested
Sorting & ranking Based on initial set of records retrieved
Separate from the Library Catalogue
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Delivering Content to the User Using a link resolver
based on the OpenURL standard (ANSI/NISO Z39.88) (http://openurl.info/registry)
Provide users with contents that they can actually access
Sample Site Taken from Serials Solutions’ website: http://www.serialssolutions.com/alOURL04.asp
(date: 21 Mar 2007)
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Enriched Content Contents include:
Cover art images, such as book jackets, movie cases, etc.
Table of contents MARC or Non-MARC Searchable or Not
Summaries Reviews
Sources: Syndetic Solutions (http://www.syndetics.com)
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Faceted Navigation Using facets to narrow down results Facets derived from bibliographic
information in the Library Catalog Visual appeal Sample Sites
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Web 2.0: Enabling User Contributions User ratings & reviews
Expressing opinions regarding works in the catalog
User tagging Assigning informal terms to items of interest “Folksonomy” as a supplement to traditional
subject headings provided by libraries Blogs & RSS
Means to deliver information to users
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Other Features Keyword Searching
Google-like simple search box Relevancy
Most important items appear first followed by those of diminishing relevancy
“Did you mean …?” Detect common spelling errors Suggest a term that will work
Recommendations “Users that borrowed X also borrowed Y”
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Putting Them All Together New discovery & delivery interface providing
access to all of the content and services offered by a Library Through harvesting additional contents into local index Through incorporating federated-search into interface
Interface characteristics Simple search box AJAX technology to dynamically request and present
additional information without having to redisplay the entire page
Incorporate features such as Relevancy ranking, Popular choices, Faceted navigation, Tag cloud, “Did you mean …?”, User-contributed content, Enriched content, etc.
Sample Site
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Q & A
Thank you!
Alex FraserDoctoral Student
Graduate School of Library and Information ScienceDominican UniversityRiver Forest, Illinois