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Next Generation Energy Storage for Integration with Sensors and Power Generation
Rich Winslow Jay Keist Joe Wang Dr. Christine Orme Dr. Chun Hsing Wu Bernard Kim Prof. Paul Wright Prof. James Evans Prof. Malcom Keif Prof. Xiaoying Rong
UC Berkeley UC Berkeley UC Berkeley LLNL ITRI UC Berkeley UC Berkeley UC Berkeley Cal Poly Cal Poly
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• Energy storage essen,al for a) Everyday devices
b) Extensive deployment of renewables
• Ba:eries and supercapacitors have a major role in suppor,ng such applica,ons
• Zinc is cheap, non-‐toxic, abundant; yielding a poten,al high energy density ba:ery
• Hitherto zinc ba:eries have not been rechargeable
• Prior work at UC Berkeley shows that zinc rechargeable ba5eries possible using ionic liquid electrolytes.
Background on Zinc Ba5eries
Zinc
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• Background on manufacturing ba:eries and supercapacitors by prin,ng
• Recent basic work on zinc deposi,on • Integra,on with thermoelectric genera,on and supercapacitors
• Need for large scale energy storage • First successes in flexographic prin,ng
Outline
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• Electrochemical reac,ons require surfaces (heterogeneous reac,ons)
• Manufacturing ba:eries (or supercapacitors) requires the crea,on of large surface area per cm3
• Prin,ng creates large surface area per cm3 (even more if “ink” produces porous electrodes)
The Prin@ng Concept
100 µm
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Importance of Morphology in Zinc Ba5ery Cycling
• Deposi,on from aqueous electrolyte – repeated cycling impossible
• Gel polymer ionic liquid electrolyte permits recycling – why?
• Answer from surface characteriza,on techniques: • Op,cal microscopy • Electrochemical AFM • USAXS
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What is a Capacitor?
Energy storage device for high-‐power, low-‐energy applica,ons
tradi,onal capacitor electric double-‐layer capacitor (supercapacitor)
parallel plates
dielectric
electric field
C. Ho, R. Winslow, P. Wright, J. Evans
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Ho et al. (2010)
Current electrochemical capacitor performance
Capacitance Max. Power Energy Density Opera,ng Voltage
100 mF/cm2 600 μW/cm2 60 mW/cm3 50 W/kg
10 μW-‐hr/cm2 1 mW-‐hr/cm3 1 W-‐hr/kg
0-‐2 V
Current microba5ery performance
Capacity Energy Density Opera,ng Voltage
1 mAh/cm2
1.5 mWh/cm2 150 mWh/cm3 130 Wh/kg
1-‐2 V
Printed Microbatteries and Supercapacitors
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Nickel Current Collector
Ac,vated Carbon Electrode
Gel Electrolyte
Component Inks
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Printed Supercapacitor Performance Ac,vated carbon (cast)
Current collector
Electrode
Electrolyte
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Integrated Device Concept
Thermoelectric Voltage (V)
Thermoelectric Power (mW)
1.6 0.35
Target prototype specifications
Current draw from Texas Instruments MSP430 radio
Sleep mode draw: 0.6 mA
Ba5ery Capacity (mAh)
Capacitor Power (mW)
0.80 51
Cur
rent
(mA
)
Time (ms)
Hot Side
Cold Side
Sensors
Printed Carbon/
Ionic Liquid Capacitor
Printed Zn/MnO2 Ba5ery
Printed Thermoelectric Generator
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Sb2Te3 Sb Te
1. Ball Mill 3. Mix Thoroughly
4. Print Thermoelectric Inks
N-‐type Bi2Te3+Epoxy Polymer P-‐type Sb2Te3+Epoxy
2. Add Powders to Epoxy
Epoxy
Chen et al. (2011)
Printable Thermoelectric Slurries
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Printable Power Source: Thermoelectric (L); Microbatteries (M); Supercapacitors (R)
Integrated printed thermoelectric prototype featured on the cover of the Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering
Printed Energy Generation and Storage
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Figure from Laurent Pilon, Transport Phenomena in Electrochemical Energy Storage Systems (seas.ucla.edu/~pilon/EDLCs.htm)
Comparison of Power Sources
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Flexographic Printing
Drying Substrate/Webbing
Cathode Printing Electrolyte Printing
Drying Drying
Anode Printing
Mul,-‐sta,on commercial flexographic printer at Cal Poly, SLO Flexographically Printed Cathode
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Yield Stress Determines Ink Structural Properties
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15 µm
Three Layer Flexographic Print MnO2 Cathode
0.5 cm
Printed and Cast Battery Components
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Cycle Life: Over 100 cycles Printed Cell: 50-‐100 mAh/cm3 Rechargeable AA: 120-‐250 mAh/cm3
Electrochemical Characterizations
Zn Foil
Printed MnO2
Dispenser Printed Gel Electrolyte
SS Foil
One Cycle
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Conclusions
• We have a be:er understanding of why zinc ba:eries can be made rechargeable
• We are revisi,ng printed supercapacitors
• We have printed TEGs and integrated them with a printed ba:ery
• We have collaborated with Cal Poly-‐SLO on flexographic prin,ng of cathodes as first step in prin,ng grid scale ba:eries.