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Management Information Systems Management Information Systems for the Information Agefor the Information Age

Second Canadian EditionSecond Canadian Edition

Copyright 2004 Copyright 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

All rights reservedAll rights reserved

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Extended Learning Module CExtended Learning Module C

Computer Hardware and Computer Hardware and SoftwareSoftware

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Main MapMain Map

What is computer hardware and software What is computer hardware and software all about?all about?

I would like to take a quick tour of I would like to take a quick tour of technology.technology.

What are the categories of computers by What are the categories of computers by size?size?

Software: My Intellectual Interface.Software: My Intellectual Interface. Hardware: My Physical Interface.Hardware: My Physical Interface. I would like to see my computer at work.I would like to see my computer at work. Go →

Go →Go →Go →

Go →

Go →

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What is computer hardware What is computer hardware and software all about?and software all about?

(Introduction)(Introduction)

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IntroductionIntroduction

You need to have a good understanding of You need to have a good understanding of the basics of computer hardware and the basics of computer hardware and software includingsoftware including TerminologyTerminology Characteristics of various devices andCharacteristics of various devices and How everything works together to create a complete How everything works together to create a complete

and usable computer systemand usable computer system

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IntroductionIntroduction

Information technology (IT)Information technology (IT) – computer-based tool that people – computer-based tool that people use to work with information and support the information and use to work with information and support the information and information-processing needs of an organization.information-processing needs of an organization.

HardwareHardware – the physical devices that make up a computer. – the physical devices that make up a computer.

SoftwareSoftware – the set of instructions that your hardware executes to – the set of instructions that your hardware executes to carry out a specific task for you.carry out a specific task for you.

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I would like to take a quick tour I would like to take a quick tour of technologyof technology

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A Quick Tour of TechnologyA Quick Tour of Technology

Six categories of hardwareSix categories of hardware

1.1. Input deviceInput device - a tool you use to capture information - a tool you use to capture information and commands.and commands.

Mouse, keyboardMouse, keyboard

2.2. Output deviceOutput device - a tool you use to see, hear, or - a tool you use to see, hear, or otherwise accept the results of information-processing otherwise accept the results of information-processing requests.requests.

Monitor, printerMonitor, printer

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3.3. Storage deviceStorage device - a tool you use to store - a tool you use to store information for use at a later time.information for use at a later time.

Primary storagePrimary storage• RAMRAM, or , or random access memoryrandom access memory, - temporary storage., - temporary storage.

Secondary storageSecondary storage• Floppy disksFloppy disks

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4.4. Central processing unitCentral processing unit ( (CPUCPU) – the actual ) – the actual hardware that interprets and executes software hardware that interprets and executes software instructions and coordinates how all the other instructions and coordinates how all the other hardware devices work together. hardware devices work together.

Intel Pentium 4 chipIntel Pentium 4 chip

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5.5. Telecommunications deviceTelecommunications device – tool you use to send – tool you use to send information to and receive it from another person or information to and receive it from another person or location.location.

ModemModem

6.6. Connecting device – includes such things as parallel Connecting device – includes such things as parallel ports into which you connect a printer and connector ports into which you connect a printer and connector cords to connect your printer to the parallel port. cords to connect your printer to the parallel port.

Video cardVideo card

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Figure C.1Figure C.1Six Categories Six Categories of Computer of Computer HardwareHardwarepage 399page 399


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Software types include:Software types include: Application softwareApplication software - solves specific problems or - solves specific problems or

perform specific tasks.perform specific tasks. System softwareSystem software - handles tasks specific to - handles tasks specific to

technology management.technology management. • Operating system softwareOperating system software - controls application software - controls application software

and manages hardware devices. and manages hardware devices. • Utility softwareUtility software - provides additional functionality to the - provides additional functionality to the

operating system.operating system.

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Figure C.2Figure C.2Quicken and Quicken and Excel Are Excel Are Application Application Software ToolsSoftware Toolspage 400page 400


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What are the categories of What are the categories of computers by size?computers by size?

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Categories of Computers By SizeCategories of Computers By SizePersonal Digital Assistants, Notebook Computers, and Desktop ComputersPersonal Digital Assistants, Notebook Computers, and Desktop Computers

Personal digital assistantPersonal digital assistant ( (PDAPDA) – a small hand-held computer ) – a small hand-held computer that helps you surf the Web and perform simple tasks such as note that helps you surf the Web and perform simple tasks such as note taking, calendaring, appointment scheduling, and maintaining an taking, calendaring, appointment scheduling, and maintaining an address book.address book.

Notebook computerNotebook computer - a fully functional computer designed to be - a fully functional computer designed to be carried around and run on battery power. carried around and run on battery power.

Desktop computerDesktop computer - the most popular choice for personal - the most popular choice for personal computing needs. computing needs.

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Categories of Computers By SizeCategories of Computers By SizePersonal Digital Assistants, Notebook Computers, and Desktop ComputersPersonal Digital Assistants, Notebook Computers, and Desktop Computers

Figure C.3Figure C.3PDAs, Notebooks, and DesktopsPDAs, Notebooks, and Desktopspage 401page 401

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Categories of Computers By SizeCategories of Computers By SizeMinicomputers, Mainframe Computers, and SupercomputersMinicomputers, Mainframe Computers, and Supercomputers

MinicomputerMinicomputer - designed to meet the computing needs of several - designed to meet the computing needs of several people simultaneously in a small to medium-size business people simultaneously in a small to medium-size business environment.environment.

Mainframe computerMainframe computer - designed to meet the computing needs of - designed to meet the computing needs of hundreds of people in a large business environment.hundreds of people in a large business environment.

SupercomputersSupercomputers - the fastest, most powerful, and most expensive - the fastest, most powerful, and most expensive type of computer. type of computer.

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Categories of Computers By SizeCategories of Computers By SizeMinicomputers, Mainframe, and SupercomputersMinicomputers, Mainframe, and Supercomputers

Figure C.4Figure C.4Minicomputers, Mainframes, and Minicomputers, Mainframes, and SupercomputersSupercomputerspage 204page 204

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Software:Software:My intellectual interface.My intellectual interface.

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Software: Your Intellectual InterfaceSoftware: Your Intellectual InterfaceApplication SoftwareApplication Software

There are two categories of softwareThere are two categories of software Application software andApplication software and System softwareSystem software

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Application software is used to meet specific Application software is used to meet specific information-processing needs, including such information-processing needs, including such things as:things as: PayrollPayroll Customer relationship managementCustomer relationship management Project managementProject management TrainingTraining Word processing and many others.Word processing and many others.

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Personal productivity Personal productivity softwaresoftware - performs personal - performs personal tasks, including such things as tasks, including such things as creating:creating: MemosMemos GraphsGraphs Slide presentationsSlide presentations

Team Work

Buying Personal Productivity

Software Suites

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Word processingWord processing – helps you create papers, letters, – helps you create papers, letters, memos, and other basic documents.memos, and other basic documents.

SpreadsheetSpreadsheet – helps you work primarily with numbers, – helps you work primarily with numbers, including performing calculations and creating graphs.including performing calculations and creating graphs.

PresentationPresentation – helps you create and edit information – helps you create and edit information that will appear in electronic slides.that will appear in electronic slides.

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Desktop publishing Desktop publishing – extends word processing software by – extends word processing software by including design and formatting techniques to enhance the layout including design and formatting techniques to enhance the layout and appearance of a document.and appearance of a document.

Personal information management (PIM)Personal information management (PIM) – helps you create and – helps you create and maintain to-do lists, appointments, calendars, and points of contact.maintain to-do lists, appointments, calendars, and points of contact.

Personal financePersonal finance – helps you maintain your checkbook, prepare a – helps you maintain your checkbook, prepare a budget, track investments, monitor your credit card balances, and budget, track investments, monitor your credit card balances, and pay bills electronically.pay bills electronically.

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Web authoringWeb authoring – helps you design and develop Web sites and – helps you design and develop Web sites and pages that you publish on the Web.pages that you publish on the Web.

GraphicsGraphics – helps you create and edit photos and art. – helps you create and edit photos and art.

Communications –Communications – helps you communicate with other people. helps you communicate with other people.

Database management system (DBMS) Database management system (DBMS) – helps you specify the – helps you specify the logical organization for a database and access and use the logical organization for a database and access and use the information within a database.information within a database.

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Vertical market softwareVertical market software - unique to a particular - unique to a particular industry. Examples include:industry. Examples include: Patient-scheduling softwarePatient-scheduling software Nursing allocation softwareNursing allocation software

Horizontal market softwareHorizontal market software - general enough to be - general enough to be suitable for use in a variety of industries. Examples suitable for use in a variety of industries. Examples include:include: Inventory management softwareInventory management software Payroll softwarePayroll software

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Software: Your Intellectual InterfaceSoftware: Your Intellectual InterfaceSystem SoftwareSystem Software

Operating system softwareOperating system software - - controls application software and controls application software and manages how hardware devices work together. manages how hardware devices work together. MultitaskingMultitasking - allows you to work with more than one piece of software - allows you to work with more than one piece of software

at a time.at a time.

Utility softwareUtility software - adds additional functionality to the operating - adds additional functionality to the operating system.system.

Anti-virus softwareAnti-virus software - utility software that scans for and often - utility software that scans for and often eliminates viruses in RAM and storage devices. eliminates viruses in RAM and storage devices.

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Crash-proof Crash-proof softwaresoftware – – utility utility softwaresoftware that saves that saves information if your information if your system crashes.system crashes.

Team Work

Evaluating Utility Software Suites

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Uninstaller softwareUninstaller software – – utility softwareutility software that that removes software from your hard disk.removes software from your hard disk.

Disk optimization softwareDisk optimization software – – utility softwareutility software that organizes information on your hard disk.that organizes information on your hard disk.

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Software: Your Intellectual InterfaceSoftware: Your Intellectual InterfacePersonal Operating SystemsPersonal Operating Systems

Microsoft Windows 2000 ProMicrosoft Windows 2000 Pro – for personal computers – for personal computers connected to a network.connected to a network.

Microsoft Windows 2000 MeMicrosoft Windows 2000 Me – for home computer – for home computer users.users.

Microsoft Windows XP HomeMicrosoft Windows XP Home – upgrade to Windows – upgrade to Windows 2000 Me.2000 Me.

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Software: Your Intellectual InterfaceSoftware: Your Intellectual Interface

Personal Operating SystemsPersonal Operating Systems

Microsoft Windows XP ProMicrosoft Windows XP Pro – upgrade to – upgrade to Windows 2000 Pro.Windows 2000 Pro.

Mac OSMac OS – for today’s Apple computers. – for today’s Apple computers.

LinuxLinux – open-source operating system for high- – open-source operating system for high-end workstations and network servers.end workstations and network servers.

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Hardware:Hardware:My physical interface.My physical interface.

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Hardware: Your Physical InterfaceHardware: Your Physical Interface

From a hardware perspective, computers From a hardware perspective, computers work with bits and byteswork with bits and bytes

Computers use electricity to functionComputers use electricity to function Computers use electrical pulses to have two Computers use electrical pulses to have two

states: on and off.states: on and off.

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Binary digitBinary digit ( (bitbit) - the smallest unit of information. ) - the smallest unit of information. Either a 1 or 0.Either a 1 or 0.

ASCIIASCII ( (American Standard Code for Information American Standard Code for Information InterchangeInterchange) - the coding system that most personal ) - the coding system that most personal computers use to represent, process, and store computers use to represent, process, and store information. information.

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Byte Byte - a group of eight bits represents one - a group of eight bits represents one natural language character.natural language character. C – 01100011C – 01100011 O – 01001111O – 01001111 O – 01001111O – 01001111 L – 01001100L – 01001100

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Figure C.7Figure C.7Representations of Information as it Moves Through Your Representations of Information as it Moves Through Your ComputerComputerpage 408page 408

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Hardware: Your Physical InterfaceHardware: Your Physical InterfaceCommon Input DevicesCommon Input Devices

Input deviceInput device - a tool you use to capture - a tool you use to capture information and commands. Examples include:information and commands. Examples include: KeyboardKeyboard – today’s most popular input technology. – today’s most popular input technology. Trackball Trackball – an upside-down, stationary mouse in – an upside-down, stationary mouse in

which you move the ball instead of the device (mainly which you move the ball instead of the device (mainly for notebooks).for notebooks).

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Point-of-sale (POS) Point-of-sale (POS) -- for capturing information at the for capturing information at the point of a transaction, typically in a retail environment.point of a transaction, typically in a retail environment.

Pointing stick Pointing stick - small rubber-like pointing device that - small rubber-like pointing device that causes the pointer to move on the screen as you causes the pointer to move on the screen as you apply directional pressure (popular on notebooks). apply directional pressure (popular on notebooks).

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Microphone Microphone - for capturing live sounds such as a dog - for capturing live sounds such as a dog barking or your voice (for automatic speech barking or your voice (for automatic speech recognition).recognition).

Touchpad Touchpad - another form of a stationary mouse on - another form of a stationary mouse on which you move your finger to cause the pointer on which you move your finger to cause the pointer on the screen to move (popular also on notebooks). the screen to move (popular also on notebooks).

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Mouse Mouse - today’s most popular “pointing” input - today’s most popular “pointing” input device. device.

Bar code reader Bar code reader - captures information that - captures information that exists in the form of vertical bars whose width exists in the form of vertical bars whose width and distance apart determine a number.and distance apart determine a number.

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Touch screen Touch screen - special screen that lets you - special screen that lets you use your finger to point at and touch a use your finger to point at and touch a particular function you want to perform.particular function you want to perform.

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Optical mark recognition (OMR) Optical mark recognition (OMR) -- detects detects the presence or absence of a mark in a the presence or absence of a mark in a predetermined place (popular for multiple predetermined place (popular for multiple choice exams).choice exams).

Scanner Scanner - captures images, photos, and - captures images, photos, and artwork that already exist on paper.artwork that already exist on paper.

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Hardware: Your Physical InterfaceHardware: Your Physical InterfaceCommon Output DevicesCommon Output Devices

Output device Output device -- a tool you use to see, a tool you use to see, hear, or otherwise accept the results of hear, or otherwise accept the results of your information-processing requests.your information-processing requests.

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CRT monitors CRT monitors – look like television sets.– look like television sets.

Flat-panel displays Flat-panel displays – thin, lightweight monitors that take up much – thin, lightweight monitors that take up much less space than CRTs.less space than CRTs.

Resolution of a screen Resolution of a screen – number of pixels it has (given by row and – number of pixels it has (given by row and column.)column.)

Dot pitchDot pitch – the distance between the centers of a pair of like- – the distance between the centers of a pair of like-colored pixels.colored pixels.

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Resolution of a printerResolution of a printer - the number of - the number of dots per inch (dpi) it produces, which is the dots per inch (dpi) it produces, which is the same principle as the resolution in same principle as the resolution in monitors. monitors.

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Inkjet printersInkjet printers – make images by – make images by forcing ink droplets through nozzles. forcing ink droplets through nozzles.

Laser printersLaser printers – form images using an – form images using an electrostatic process. electrostatic process.

Multifunction printersMultifunction printers – scan, copy, – scan, copy, and fax, as well as print.and fax, as well as print.

On Your Own

Finding a Printer to Meet Your Needs

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Hardware: Your Physical InterfaceHardware: Your Physical InterfaceCharacteristics of CPUs and RAMCharacteristics of CPUs and RAM

Central processing unitCentral processing unit ( (CPUCPU) - the actual hardware ) - the actual hardware that interprets and executes the software instructions that interprets and executes the software instructions and coordinates how all the other hardware devices work and coordinates how all the other hardware devices work together. together.

RAMRAM, or , or random access memoryrandom access memory, - temporary storage , - temporary storage that holds the information, the application software, and that holds the information, the application software, and the operating system software.the operating system software.

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CPU speeds CPU speeds

CPU cycles determine how fast a CPU executes software CPU cycles determine how fast a CPU executes software instructions.instructions.

More cycles means faster processing (and more cost.)More cycles means faster processing (and more cost.) MegahertzMegahertz ( (MHzMHz) - the number of millions of CPU cycles per second. ) - the number of millions of CPU cycles per second. GigahertzGigahertz ( (GHzGHz) - the number of billions of CPU cycles per second. ) - the number of billions of CPU cycles per second.

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CPU contains two primary parts including:CPU contains two primary parts including: Control unitControl unit - interprets software instructions and - interprets software instructions and

literally tells the other hardware devices what to do, literally tells the other hardware devices what to do, based on the software instructions. based on the software instructions.

Arithmetic/logic unitArithmetic/logic unit ( (A/L unitA/L unit) - performs all ) - performs all arithmetic operations (for example, addition and arithmetic operations (for example, addition and subtraction) and all logic operations (such as sorting subtraction) and all logic operations (such as sorting and comparing numbers).and comparing numbers).

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RAM capacity is expressed in bytes.RAM capacity is expressed in bytes.

Figure C.7Figure C.7Your CPU and Your CPU and RAM at WorkRAM at Workpage 412page 412

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Hardware: Your Physical InterfaceHardware: Your Physical InterfaceCommon Storage DevicesCommon Storage Devices

Storage device capacities are measured in Storage device capacities are measured in terms of bytes.terms of bytes. Megabyte (MB or M or Meg)Megabyte (MB or M or Meg) – is roughly 1 million – is roughly 1 million

bytes.bytes. GigabyteGigabyte ( (GBGB or or GigGig) - roughly 1 billion characters. ) - roughly 1 billion characters. TerabyteTerabyte ( (TBTB) - roughly 1 trillion bytes. ) - roughly 1 trillion bytes.

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Floppy diskFloppy disk – great for portability of information and – great for portability of information and ease of updating but holds only 1.44MB of information.ease of updating but holds only 1.44MB of information.

High-capacity floppy disk High-capacity floppy disk – – great for portability and great for portability and ease of updating and holds between 100MB and 250MB ease of updating and holds between 100MB and 250MB of information.of information.

Hard diskHard disk – rests within your system box and offers both – rests within your system box and offers both ease of updating and great storage capacity.ease of updating and great storage capacity.

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Figure C.12Figure C.12Common Storage DevicesCommon Storage Devicespage 413page 413

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CD-ROMCD-ROM – optical or laser disc that offers no updating – optical or laser disc that offers no updating capabilities with about 800MB of storage capacity.capabilities with about 800MB of storage capacity.

CD-RCD-R ( (compact disc – recordablecompact disc – recordable) – optical or laser ) – optical or laser disc that offers one-time writing capability with about disc that offers one-time writing capability with about 800MB of storage capacity.800MB of storage capacity.

CD-RWCD-RW ( (compact disc – rewritablecompact disc – rewritable) – offers unlimited ) – offers unlimited writing and updating capabilities on the CD.writing and updating capabilities on the CD.

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DVD-ROMDVD-ROM – optical or laser disc that offers no updating – optical or laser disc that offers no updating capabilities with upward of 17GB of storage capacity.capabilities with upward of 17GB of storage capacity.

DVD-RDVD-R – optical or laser disc that offers one-time writing – optical or laser disc that offers one-time writing capability with upward of 17GB of storage capacity.capability with upward of 17GB of storage capacity.

DVD-RW, DVD-RW, oror DVD-RAM DVD-RAM, or , or DVD+RWDVD+RW – optical or laser – optical or laser disc that offers unlimited writing and updating capabilities disc that offers unlimited writing and updating capabilities on the DVD.on the DVD.

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Hardware: Your Physical InterfaceHardware: Your Physical InterfaceTelecommunications DevicesTelecommunications Devices

NetworkNetwork - two or more computers connected so that - two or more computers connected so that they can communicate with each other and possibly they can communicate with each other and possibly share information, software, peripheral devices, and/or share information, software, peripheral devices, and/or processing power. processing power.

Telephone modemTelephone modem - a device that connects your - a device that connects your computer to your phone line so that you can access computer to your phone line so that you can access another computer or network another computer or network

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Figure C.13Figure C.13The Role of a Telephone ModemThe Role of a Telephone Modempage 414page 414

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Types of modems include:Types of modems include: Telephone modemTelephone modem Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) modemDigital Subscriber Line (DSL) modem Cable modemCable modem Satellite modemSatellite modem

Module D covers these in more detail.Module D covers these in more detail.

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Communication software includes:Communication software includes: Connectivity softwareConnectivity software – enables you to use your – enables you to use your

computer to “dial up” or connect to another computer.computer to “dial up” or connect to another computer. Web browser softwareWeb browser software – enables you to surf the – enables you to surf the

Web.Web. E-mail softwareE-mail software – enables you to electronically – enables you to electronically

communicate with other people by sending and communicate with other people by sending and receiving e-mail.receiving e-mail.

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Hardware: Your Physical InterfaceHardware: Your Physical InterfaceConnecting DevicesConnecting Devices

Connecting devices enable your hardware to Connecting devices enable your hardware to communicate with each other. Types include:communicate with each other. Types include:

BusesBuses Expansion SlotsExpansion Slots Expansion CardsExpansion Cards Ports and ConnectorsPorts and Connectors

System busSystem bus - consists of the electronic pathways which - consists of the electronic pathways which move information between basic components on the move information between basic components on the motherboard, including between your CPU and RAM.motherboard, including between your CPU and RAM.

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Figure C.14Figure C.14Connecting with Connectivity Connecting with Connectivity SoftwareSoftwarepage 415page 415

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Expansion bus - Expansion bus - moves information from your CPU and moves information from your CPU and RAM to all of your other hardware devices such as your RAM to all of your other hardware devices such as your microphone and printer. microphone and printer.

Expansion slotExpansion slot - a long skinny socket on the - a long skinny socket on the motherboard into which you insert an expansion card. motherboard into which you insert an expansion card.

Expansion cardExpansion card - a circuit board that you insert into an - a circuit board that you insert into an expansion slot.expansion slot.

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Figure C.16Figure C.16Buses, Expansion Buses, Expansion Slots, and Expansion Slots, and Expansion CardsCardspage 417page 417

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Different hardware devices require Different hardware devices require different kinds of ports and connectors.different kinds of ports and connectors.

PortsPorts - the plug-ins found on the outside - the plug-ins found on the outside of your system box (usually in the back) of your system box (usually in the back) into which you plug a connector. into which you plug a connector.

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Hardware: Your Physical InterfaceHardware: Your Physical InterfacePortsPorts

Figure C.17Figure C.17Ports and Ports and ConnectorsConnectorspage 418page 418

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Popular connectors include:Popular connectors include: USBUSB ( (universal serial busuniversal serial bus) – becoming the most ) – becoming the most

popular means of connecting devices to a computer. popular means of connecting devices to a computer. Serial connectorSerial connector – usually has 9 holes but may have – usually has 9 holes but may have

25, which fit into the corresponding number of pins in 25, which fit into the corresponding number of pins in the port. the port.

Parallel connectorParallel connector – has 25 pins, which fit into the – has 25 pins, which fit into the corresponding holes in the port.corresponding holes in the port.

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IrDAIrDA ( (infrared data associationinfrared data association) ) portsports –are for –are for wireless devices that work in essentially the wireless devices that work in essentially the same way as the remote control on your TV same way as the remote control on your TV does. does.

Insert only the three connector photos in Figure Insert only the three connector photos in Figure A.18A.18

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I would like to see myI would like to see mycomputer at work.computer at work.

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The Complete Computer at WorkThe Complete Computer at Work

Assume the following simple case of you Assume the following simple case of you using a program that adds two numbers. using a program that adds two numbers. This is what happens when you use the This is what happens when you use the program – DOUBLE CLICK ON ICONprogram – DOUBLE CLICK ON ICON

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Mouse sends command to CPUMouse sends command to CPU OS instructs control unit (CU) in CPU that you want to OS instructs control unit (CU) in CPU that you want to

launch and use a programlaunch and use a program The CU sends a message to hard driveThe CU sends a message to hard drive

Where the program is locatedWhere the program is located Please send a copy to RAMPlease send a copy to RAM

CU instructs RAM to hold it until further instructionsCU instructs RAM to hold it until further instructions

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Figure C.18Figure C.18Software Program for Software Program for Adding Two NumbersAdding Two Numberspage 419page 419

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Figure C.19Figure C.19What Appears on Your ScreenWhat Appears on Your Screenpage 419page 419

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Summary Summary Student Learning OutcomesStudent Learning Outcomes

1.1. Define information technology (IT) and its two Define information technology (IT) and its two basic categories: hardware and software.basic categories: hardware and software.

2.2. Describe categories of computers by size.Describe categories of computers by size.3.3. Compare the roles of personal productivity, Compare the roles of personal productivity,

vertical market, and horizontal market vertical market, and horizontal market software.software.

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Summary Summary Assignments and ExercisesAssignments and Exercises

1.1. Customizing a computer purchaseCustomizing a computer purchase

2.2. Web-enabled cell phones and web Web-enabled cell phones and web computerscomputers

3.3. Operating system software for PDAsOperating system software for PDAs

4.4. Types of monitors and their qualityTypes of monitors and their quality

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