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8

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9

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1. https://eiti.org/2. https://eiti.org/Myanmar3. https://myanmareiti.org

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10

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MEITI u wkdufqkdifppfaq;rIjyKvkyfcJhaomvkyfief;vkdifpif& ukrÜPD 30 cefY

1/ Great Genesis Gems Co.,Ltd

2/ Myanmar Imperial Jade

3/ Richest Gems Co.,Ltd

4/ Linn Lett Win Yadanar Gems

5/ Ever Winner Gems

6/ Aung Hein Min Gems

7/ Wai Aung Ka Bar

8/ &mZXmeD9/ a&T&GufvTm10/ ausmufpdrf;e*g;11/ &wema&mifjcnf12/ Jade Mountain Gems

13/ oda&mrPD14/ Kyaik International

15/ jrwf,rHk16/ 0if;vJh&wem17/ jrefrmpnfol18/ 111

19/ Sein Lone Taung Tan

20/ Shining Star Light Gems

21/ Khin Zaw Aung and Brother

22/ Xie Family

23/ {&mausmufpdrf;24/ Wai Family Gems

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12

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13

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14

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15

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16

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18

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21

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2, Jade Trade in Myanmar from Wikipedia3, Environmentalists Hope for Stronger Safe-

guard under NLD by Nyein Nyein, IrrawaddyMagazine, Nov 26, 2015

4, Junta Destroys Ecology of KachinState:Environmentalists Kachin News Group April21, 2009

5, Authorities Feed on Herion Epidemic inHpakant Kachin News Group

6, Burmese Jade: The Inscrutable Gem Part 1Palagems.com

7, ausmufpdrf;-jrefrmEdkifiH\BuD;rm;onfh EkdifiHawmfvQKdU0Sufcsuf Global Witness, October 2015.

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25

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26

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27

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28

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tpdk;&opfvufxufwGifqufvufusif;yrnfU nDvmcH

29

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30

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1. KNU2. DKBA3. KNU/KNLA(PC)4. ABSDF5. CNF6. PNLO7. RCSS/SSA8. ALP

1. WNO2. LDU3. ANC4. AA5. MNDAA

1. KIA2. KNPP3. NMSP4. SSPP/SSA5. TNLA6. NDAA7. NSCN-K8. UWSP/UWSA

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KNU - u&iftrsKd;om;tpnf;t½Hk;(Karen National Uion)

DKBA - 'Drkdua&pDtusKd;jyKu&ifwyfrawmf(Democratic Karen Benevolent Army)

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tion)

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Shan State Army-South)

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31

NCA rlMurf;a&;qGJpOfu wnf&SdcJUonfUtajctaersm;

2011 ckESpf Mo*kwfv 18 &ufaeYwGif EkdifiHawmfor®w OD;odef;pdefuwdkif;&if;om;vufeufudkiftzGJUtpnf;rsm;xH Nidrf;csrf;a&;azmfaqmif&ef w&m;0ifzdwfac:cJhygonf/ wpfEkdifiHvHk;ypfcwfwdkufcdkufrI&yfpJa&;oabmwlpmcsKyf (NCA)

vufrSwfa&;xkd;Ekdifa&;twGuf tpdk;&? vTwfawmfESihfwyfrawmfwdkY\ udk,fpm;vS,frsm;yg0ifonhf jynfaxmifpkNidrf;csrf;a&;azmfaqmifa&;vkyfief;aumfrwD(Union Peacemaking Work Committee - UPWC) ESihfwkdif;&if;om;vufeufudkiftzGJUtpnf;rsm;\ wpfEkdifiHvHk;typftcwf&yfpJa&;qkdif&mn§dEIdif;a&;tzGJU(Natiowide

Ceasefire Coordination Team - NCTT) wdkYonf 2013 ckESpf Edk0ifbmvqef;rSpí NCA rlMurf;&&Sd&ef pwifaqG;aEG;cJhMuonf/

17 vMum aqG;aEG;cJhMuNyD; 2015 ckESpf rwfv 31 &ufaeYwGif tcef;7 cef;ESihf tcsufBuD; 33 csufyg NCA twnfjyKrlMurf;NyD;pD;aMumif; vufrSwfa&;xkd;EkdifcJhMuonf/

odkYaomf twnfjyKrlMurf;a&;xkd;Ekdifa&;twGuf wdkif;&if;om;vufeufudkiftzGJUtpnf;rsm;\ acgif;aqmifrsm;u jyifqifjznhfpGufvdkaMumif; avmfcD;vmnDvmcHtNyD;wGif tqkdjyKcJhMuonf/ xkdYaMumihf xyfrHaqG;aEG;&efudk,fpm;vS,ftzGJUopfwpfckjzpfonfh tqihfjrihfn§dEIdif;a&;udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJU (Senior Delegation

-SD) ESihf jyefvnfaqG;aEG;n§dEIdif;cJh&m 2015 ckESpf Mo*kwfv 7 &ufaeYwGifpmcsKyfudk tNyD;owfoabmwlEdkifcJhMuNyD; 2015 ckESpf atmufwdkbmv 15&ufaeYwGif NCA udk wkdif;&if;om;vufeufudkiftzGJU 8 zGJUrS vufrSwfa&;xkd;cJhMuonf/

NCA twnfjyKrlMurf;a&;qGJ&mwGif yg0ifcJhaomfvnf;EdkifiHa&;aqG;aEG;rIqkdif&mrlabmifa&;qGJ&mwGifryg0ifcJhMuonhf wkdif;&if;om;vufeufudkifrsm;

UPWC ESihf NCCT wdkYyl;aygif;í aqG;aEG;n§dEIdif;cJhMuNyD; NCA twnfjyKrlMurf;&&Sdonftxd wpfqufwpfpyfwnf;yg0ifcJhMuaom wkdif;&if;om;vufeufudkiftzGJUtpnf;tcsKdUonf NCA vufrSwfa&;xkd;&mwGif tpdk;&owfrSwfaomwdkif;&if;om;vufeufudkiftzGJU 16 zGJUomrubJ tjcm;wdkif;&if;om;vufeufudkiftm;vHk; wpfpkwpfpnf;wnf;yg0ifrSom vufrSwfa&;xkd;rnhfoabmxm;&SdaomaMumihf EkdifiHa&;aqG;aEG;rIqkdif&mrlabmifa&;qGJ&mwGif yg0ifcJhjcif;r&Sday/

NCCT wGif rlvyxryg0ifcJhMuaom wdkif;&if;om;vufeufudkiftzGJUtpnf;rsm;rSm-

(1) KNU , (2) DKBA, (3) KIO, (4) CNF, (5) NMSP, (6) KNPP, (7) PNLO,(8) SSPP/SSA, (9) KNU/KNLA-PC, (10) TNLA, (11) ALP, (12) ANC, (13) WNO,

(14) LDU, (15) AA, (16) MNDAA

wdkYjzpfMuonf/rSwfcsuf/ / wcsKdUtzGJUtpnf;rsm;udk tpdk;&u avhvmoltjzpfom wufa&muf

cGihfjyKcJhjcif;jzpfonf/

KIA - ucsifvGwfajrmufa&;wyfrawmf(Kachin Independence Army)

KNPP - u&ifeDtrsKd;om;wkd;wufa&;ygwD(Karenni National Progressive Party)

NMSP - rGefjynfopfygwD(New Mon Stae Party)

SSPP/SSA - &Srf;jynfwkd;wufa&;ygwD^&Srf; jynfwyfrawmf (Shan State Progressive Party/ Shan State Army)

TNLA - wtmif;trsKd;om;vGwfajrmufa&;wyf (Ta'ang National Liberation Army)

NDAA - &Srf;jynfe,fta&SUydkif;trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDr[mrdwfwyfzGJU-rdkif;vm;(National Democratic Alliance Army)

NSCN-K - em*trsKd;om;qkd&S,fvpfaumifpD (Nationalist Socialist Council of

Nagaland)

UWSP/UWSA - ]0}jynfaoG;pnf;nDñGwfa&;ygwD^wyfrawmf

(United Wa State Party/Army)

NCA vufrSwfa&;xkd;jcif;r&Sdonhf 8 zGJU

WNO - ]0}trsKd;om;tzGJUcsKyf(Wa National Organization)

LDU - vm;[l'Drkdu&ufwpftpnf;t½Hk;(Lahu Democratic Union)

ANC - &cdkiftrsKd;om;aumifpD(Arakan National Council)

AA - &u©dKifhwyfrawmf (Arakan Army)

MNDAA - jrefrmEkdifiHtrsKd;om;'Drdku&ufwpf r[mrdwfwyfrawmf

(Myanmar National Democratic

Alliance Army)

tpdk;&u todtrSwfrjyKonfh 5 zGJU

32

NCA pmcsKyf tydk'fcGJ 21 (c)t& yg0ifvufrSwfa&;xkd;olrsm;onf EkdifiHa&;aqG;aEG;yGJvkyfief;pOfrsm;? aqG;aEG;&rnhftaMumif;t&mrsm;?aqG;aEG;rnhfyHkpHrsm;ESihfpyfvsOf;í aqG;aEG;yGJrlabmifwpf&yfudk vufrSwfa&;xkd;NyD;onhftcsdefrSpí &ufaygif; 60 twGif; yg0ifoihfyg0ifxdkufolrsm;ESihf yl;wGJa&;om;azmfaqmif&ef? tydk'fcGJ(*)t&EkdifiHa&; awGUqHkaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;udk þoabmwlpmcsKyf vufrSwfa&;xkd;tNyD; &ufaygif; 90twGif; pwifvkyfaqmif&ef/

NCA pmcsKyfyg EkdifiHa&;rlabmifa&;qGJjcif;?EkdifiHa&;aqG;aEG;yGJrsm; usif;yjcif;vkyfief;pOf

nDñGwfaomwdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;zuf'&,faumifpD (UNFC)

UNFC onf wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkrsm;\ wyfaygif;pkjzpfonf/ zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpkay:aygufa&;aumfrwD (CEFAU) udk jyefvnfzGJUpnf;ítrnfajymif;vJum jyefvnfay:aygufvmjcif;jzpfonf/wnfaxmifonhfaeYpGJ - 2011 ckESpf?

azazmf0g&D 16XmecsKyf - csif;rkdif? xkdif;EkdifiHacgif;aqmif - AkdvfcsKyfBuD; tifbefv

(KIO)

jynffaxmifpkNidrf;csrf;a&;azmfaqmifa&;vkyfief;aumfrwD (UPWC)

UPWC udk 'kwd,or®w a'gufwmpdkif;armufcrf;u Ouú|tjzpf OD;aqmifí 'k-Ouú| OD;odef;aZmf(jynfolYvTwfawmfwkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;a&;&mESihf jynfwGif;Nidrf;csrf;a&;aumfrwDOuú|) 'k-Ouú|'k-umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf 'k-AkdvfcsKyfrSL;BuD; pdk;0if;?'k-Ouú| or®w½Hk;0efBuD; OD;atmifrif;? wkdif;&if;om;vTwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f 18 OD;? 0efBuD; 8OD; jynfe,fESihfwkdif;0efBuD;csKyf 10 OD;? ppfwdkif;rSL;11 OD;ESihftwGif;a&;rSL; 1 OD; pojzihf pkpkaygif;udk,fpm;vS,f 52 OD;jzihf zGJUpnf;cJhonf/

u&iftrsKd;om;tpnf;t½Hk; (KNU)

vufrSwfa&;xkd;cJUaom tzGJY 8 zGJY\ tcsuftvuftcsKdY

wnfaxmifonhf&ufpGJ - 1947 ckESpfXmecsKyf - a&TUajymif;XmecsKyfacgif;aqmif - AdkvfcsKyf apmrlwl;ap;zkd;vIyf&Sm;a'o - oHawmif? awmifil? anmifav;yif? vIdif;bGJU?

bm;tH? zmyGef? aumhu&dwf? Mumtif;qdyfBuD;?usKdufxdkNrdKUe,frsm;ESihf weoFm&Dwdkif;a'oBuD;ajrmufydkif;a'orsm;/

'Drkdua&pDtusKd;jyKu&ifwyfrawmf (DKBA)

wnfaxmifonhf&ufpGJ - 2010 ckESpf? Ekd0ifbm 8 &ufXmecsKyf - qHkqnf;NrdKif? jr0wDNrdKUe,f? u&ifjynfe,f?acgif;aqmif - AkdvfcsKyf apmvm;yG,f(ac:) EIwfcrf;arG;

(ppfOD;pD;csKyf)tjcm;trnf - u&ifuvdkxl;abmtzGJU (KKO)

vIyf&Sm;a'o - bk&m;oHk;qla'o? NrdKifBuD;il? vIdif;bGJUESihfMumtif;qdyfBuD;? aumhu&dwfNrdKUe,frsm;? rme,fyavm(,cif KNU XmecsKyfa[mif;)/

autJef,l autJeft,fvfat Nidrf;csrf;a&;aumifpDKNU/KNLA(PC)

wnfaxmifonhf&ufpGJ - 2007 ckESpf? Zefe0g&D 31 &ufXmecsKyf - xkd;aumhudk;? aumhu&dwfNrdKUe,f?

u&ifjynfe,facgif;aqmif - AkdvfcsKyfaX;armif(AkdvfcsKyfxdefarmif)vIyf&Sm;a'o - xkd;aumhudk;aus;&Gm aumhu&dwfNrdKUe,fESihf

rJvxaus;&Gm? vdIif;bGJUNrdKUe,f/

jrefrmEkdifiHvHk;qkdif&mausmif;om;rsm;'Drkdu&ufwpfwyfOD; (ABSDF)

wnfaxmifonhf&ufpGJ - 1988 ckESpf? Ekd0ifbm 1 &ufXmecsKyf - KNU xdef;csKyfa'owGifxm;&Sdonf/acgif;aqmif - OD;oHcJvIyf&Sm;a'o - ucsifvGwfajrmufa&;wyfrawmf (KIA) ESihf

u&iftrsKd;om;tpnf;t½Hk; (KNU) xdef;csKyf&ma'o/

33

csif;trsKd;om;wyfOD; (CNF)

wnfaxmifonhf&ufpGJ - 1988 ckESpf? rwfv 20 &ufXmecsKyf - xefwvef? csif;jynfe,f? Apfwdk&d,pcef;acgif;aqmif - ylZifusHK;vIyf&Sm;a'o - xefwvefNrdKUe,f? wvefydaus;&Gmtkyfpk? Dawn

aus;&GmtkyfpkESihf Zefwvefaus;&Gmtkyfpk/

ytkd0fUtrsKd;om;vGwfajrmufa&;tzGJY csKyf (PNLO)

wnfaxmifonhf&ufpGJ - 2009 ckESpfXmecsKyf - &Srf;jynfe,fawmifydkif;?[dkrkef;&SdavAGm;pcef;acgif;aqmif - cGefjrihfxGef;vIyf&Sm;a'o - &Srf;jynfe,f&Sd qDqkdif? [dkykef;? erhfqrf? vif;ac;?

armufr,fa'orsm;/

wnfaxmifonhf&ufpGJ - 1964^ 1996 ckESpfXmecsKyf - &Srf;jynfe,fawmifydkif;? vG,fwkdif;vef;a'oacgif;aqmif - 'kAdkvfcsKyfBuD; &GufppfvIyf&Sm;a'o - &Srf;jynfe,fta&SUydkif;&Sd rkdif;wHk? rkdif;qwf? &Srf;

jynfe,fawmifydkif;&Sd rkdif;yef? rkd;eJ? vJcsm;?uGef[def;? &yfapmuf? armufr,f? rkd;aumif;?erfhqrfa'orsm;? &Srf;jynfe,fajrmufydkif;&SdausmufrJ? erfhcrf;a'orsm;

&Srf;jynfjyefvnfxlaxmifa&;aumifpD^&Srf;jynfwyfrawmf(awmifydkif;)(RCSS/SSA)

wnfaxmifonhf&ufpGJ - 1967^1973^1981 ckESpfXmecsKyf - tdEd,e,fpyfwGif xm;&Sdonf/acgif;aqmif - OD;ckdif&Jcdkif(Ouú|)vIyf&Sm;a'o - &cdkifjynfe,fajrmufydkif;ESihf u&ifjynfe,f

twGif;

&cdkifjynfvGwfajrmufa&;ygwD (ALP)

udk;um; - jrefrmhNidrf;csrf;a&;vkyfief;pOfudk yHkazmfjcif;vrf;ñTeftudk;tum;2014 pmtkyfrS

NCCT udk 2013 ck atmufwdkbmvukefydkif;wGif ucsifjynfe,f vdkifZmNrdKUwGif yxrtBudrfnDvmcHusif;yí zGJUpnf;cJhonf/ 'kwd,tBudrfnDvmcHudk KNU XmecsKyf&Sd&m u&ifjynfe,f?bm;tHc½dkif? avmfcD;vmwGif 2014 Zefe0g&DvwGifusif;ycJhonf/ 2014 ck ZlvdkifvwGif KIO XmecsKyf&Sd&m ucsifjynfe,f vdkifZmNrdKUwGif wwd,tBudrfajrmufnDvmcHudk usif;ycJhonf/

pwkw¬tBudrfnDvmcHudk KNU xdef;csKyfe,fajr avmfcD;vmwGif 2015 ckESpf ZGefv 2 &ufrS9 &ufaeYtxd jyKvkyfcJhNyD; NCCT tzGJU0if 16zGJU wufa&mufcJhaomfvnf; jrefrmhwyfrawmfESihfwdkufyGJrsm;jzpfyGm;aeonhf udk;uefYtzGJU? &u©dKihfwyfrawmf? wtmif;vufeufudkiftzGJUrsm;rS xdyfoD;acgif;aqmifrsm; rwufa&mufcJhbJ udk,fpm;vS,frsm;om wufa&mufcJhonf/

,if;nDvmcHwGif jynfaxmifpkNidrf;csrf;a&;azmfaqmifa&;vkyfief;aumfrwD (UPWC) ESihfNCCT wdkY wpfESpfcGJausmfMum n§dEdIif;aqG;aEG;cJhNyD;aemuf &&Sdvmonhf wpfEkdifiHvHk;qkdif&mypfcwfwdkufcdkufrI&yfpJa&;pmcsKyf(rlMurf;)udk&&SdcJhNyD; ,ckpwkw¬tBudrfnDvmcHodkY wifoGif;cJhNyD;aemufNCCT \ vkyfief;wm0efrsm;NyD; qHk;oGm;NyDjzpfaMumif; od&onf/

NCCT \ vkyfief;wm0efrsm; NyD;qHk;oGm;cJhaomfvnf; tpdk;&ESihftypf&yfpmcsKyfrlMurf;udkqufvufaqG;aEG;oGm;&ef tzGJU0if 15 OD;yg0ifonhf wkdif;&if;om;vufeufudkiftzGJUtpnf;rsm;\ wpfEkdifiHvHk;qdkif&mypfcwfwdkufckdufrI&yfpJa&;qkdif&m tqihfjrihfn§dEIdif;a&;udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJU(SD)udk tpm;xkd;zGJUpnf;cJhonf/

NCCT \ ordkif;tusOf;

34

1993-2007 ckESpftxd usif;ycJUaom trsKd;om;nDvmcH1993 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv 9 &ufwGif pwifusif;yí 2007 ckESpfwGif NyD;qHk;cJhaom trsKd;om;nDvmcHonf 1996 ckESpfwGif

&yfem;cJhonf/ xkdYaemuf 2004 ckESpfrS jyefvnfpwifusif;yí 2007 ckESpfwGif NyD;qHk;cJhonf/ trsKd;om;nDvmcHonf ppftpdk;&uOD;aqmifí zGJUpnf;yHktajccHOya'opfwpf&yf ay:aygufvm&ef usif;ycJhaom nDvmcHjzpfNyD; jynfaxmifpkNidrf;csrf;a&;nDvmcHurltrsKd;om;nDvmcHu a&;qGJcJhaom zGJUpnf;yHkESihftnDay:aygufvmonhf tajccHrlrsm;t& jynfaxmifpkwpf&yfvHk; Nidrf;csrf;a&;&&Sd&ef&nf&G,fusif;yjcif;jzpfonf/

1993 rS 1996 ckESpftxd trsKd;om;nDvmcHudk 6 Budrf usif;ycJhonf/ 1993 ckESpfwGif 3 Budrf? 1994 ckESpfwGif 2 BudrfESihf1995-96 ckESpfwGif 1 Budrf toD;oD;usif;ycJhonf/ nDvmcHwufa&mufaom udk,fpm;vS,fOD;a&onf trsm;tm;jzihf 700 eD;yg;&SdcJhonf/ 1994 ckESpfrS 1995 ckESpftxd usif;ycJhaom yÍörtBudrftpnf;ta0;wGif tcsdefumvtm;jzihf 7 vausmf MumjrihfcJhNyD;q|rtBudrf 1995-96 wGifrl 5 vcefY MumjrihfcJhonf/ 6 Budrfajrmuf tpnf;ta0;usif;yNyD;aemuf trsKd;om;nDvmcHonf 1996ckESpf rwfv 31 &ufaeYwGif ,m,D&yfem;oGm;cJhonf/

1996 ckESpf Ekd0ifbmwGif trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzGJUcsKyfonf nDvmcHwufa&mufjcif;udk &yfqkdif;cJhonf/ 2003 ckESpf Mo*kwf30 wGif EkdifiHawmfat;csrf;om,ma&;ESihfzGHUNzdK;a&;aumifpDtpkd;&\ 0efBuD;csKyf AdkvfcsKyfcifñGefYu tqihf 7 qifhyg vrf;jyajryHkwpf&yfudkjy|mef;cJhonf/

1/ 1996 ckESpfu pwifí ,m,Dtm;jzihf qkdif;iHhxm;vsuf&Sdaom trsKd;om;nDvmcHudk jyefvnfusif;y&ef?2/ trsKd;om;nDvmcHjyefvnfusif;yonfhtcg ppfrSefonfh pnf;urf;jynfh0aom 'Drkdua&pDjzpfxGef;a&;twGuf vkdtyfaom

aqmif&GufzG,f vkyfief;pOfrsm;udk wpfqihfNyD;wpfqifh qufvufaqmif&Guf&ef?3/ trsKd;om;nDvmcHBuD;u csrSwfay;aom tajccH&rnfhrlrsm;ESihf tao;pdwftajccH&rnfhrlrsm;ESihftnD zGJUpnf;yHktajccHOya'

rlMurf;udk a&;qGJ&ef?4/ jzpfay:vmrnhf zGJUpnf;yHktajccHOya'rlMurf;udk jynfvHk;uRwfqE´cH,lyGJ usif;yí twnfjyK&ef?5/ zGJUpnf;yHktajccHOya'opft& vTwfawmfrsm; zGJUpnf;a&;twGuf w&m;rQwaom a&G;aumufyGJrsm; usif;y&ef?6/ zGJUpnf;yHktajccHOya'opfESihftnD vTwfawmfukd,fpm;vS,frsm;jzihf vTwfawmfrsm; usif;y&ef?7/ vTwfawmfrS a&G;aumufwifajr§mufaom EkdifiHawmftBuD;tuJrsm;ESihf vTwfawmfrS zGJUpnf;ay;aom tpkd;&tzGJUESihf tmPmykdif

tzGJUtpnf;rsm;jzihf acwfrDzGHUNzdK;wkd;wufaom 'Drkdua&pDEkdifiHawmfopf wnfaqmuf&ef wkdY jzpfonf/rSwfcsuf/ / 2004 ckESpf arv 17 &ufwGif trsKd;om;nDvmcH jyefvnfpwifcJhonf/ xkdYaMumihf ,ckjy|mef;NyD;jzpfaom

2008 ckESpf zGJUpnf;yHktajccHOya'ay:aygufvmcJhonf/

trsKd;om;nDvmcHwufa&muf&ef pkpkaygif;ukd,fpm;vS,f 702 OD; owfrSwfcJhNyD; atmufygtwkdif; a&G;cs,fcJhonf/

EkdifiHawmfNidrf0yfydjym;rIwnfaqmufa&;tzGJU vlxkudk,fpm;jyK (wkduf½dkufa&G;cs,f)wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;udk,fpm;vS,f 212 OD; EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;rS udk,fpm;vS,f 48 OD;awmifolv,form;udk,fpm;vS,f 93 OD; a&G;aumufcHukd,fpm;vS,f 99 OD;tvkyform;udk,fpm;vS,f 44 OD;todynm&Sif? twwfynm&Sif udk,fpm;vS,f 35 OD;EkdifihH0efxrf;udk,fpm;vS,f 90 OD;tjcm;zdwfMum;oihfonfhyk*d¾Kvfrsm; 81 OD; pkpkaygif;- 555 OD;? 79 % pkpkaygif;- 147 OD;? 21 %

,ck jynfaxmifpkNidrf;csrf;a&;nDvmcH wufa&mufvmaom tpktzGJUwGif wkdif;&if;om;vufeufudkiftzGJUtpnf;rsm;rS udk,fpm;vS,f150 yg0ifvmjcif;onf xl;jcm;rIjzpfonf/

35

tkyfcsKyfa&;,Eå&m;\ tajccHjzpfaom

&yf aus;tkyfcsKyfa&;rSL; a&G;cs,fjcif;

&yf^aus;tkyfcsKyfa&;rSL; a&G;cs,fyGJwGif ,SOfNydKifolrsm;\ qE´rJta&twGufudk BuD;Muyfa&;tzGJU0ifwpfOD;u a&;rSwfaejcif;jzpfonf/

36

2015 ckESpf Edk0ifbmv 8 &ufwGif tpdk;&opfwpf&yfudk jrefrmEkdifiH&Sdjynfolrsm;u a&G;cs,fcJhMuNyD;aemuf tkyfcsKyfa&;,EÅ&m;\ tajccHjzpfaom&yfuGuf odkYr[kwf aus;&GmtkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;rsm; cefYtyfwm0efay;Ekdifa&;onfta&;BuD;aomu@wpfckjzpfonf/ ,cktcg vTwfawmfoufwrf;rsm;ukefqHk;rnfjzpfouJhodkY ,ciftpdk;&vufxufrS 2012 ckESpfOya't& a&G;cs,fcJhaom&yfuGuf odkYr[kwf aus;&GmtkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;rsm;\ oufwrf;vnf; ukefqHk;awmhrnfjzpfaomaMumihf ,ckwpfzef jyefvnfa&G;cs,f&eftwGuf &yfuGuf?aus;&Gmtrsm;pkwGif pwifaqmif&GufaeNyDjzpfonf/ odkYaomf &yfuGuf odkYr[kwf aus;&GmtkyfpktkyfcsKyfa&; Oya'udk jynfaxmifpkvTwfawmfü 'kwd,tBudrf jyifqif&mwGif &yf aus;tkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;wdkY\oufwrf;udk EkdifiHawmfor®woufwrf;twdkif; jyifqifcJhí ,cktkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;wdkY\oufwrf;rSm rwfv 30 &ufaeYwGif ukefqHk;rnfjzpfonf/

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37

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38

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39

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42

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aemufqHk;aumuf,lxm;onhf ppfwrf;rsm;t& tar&duefjynfaxmifpkwGifudk,fydkifvkyfief;wnfaxmifvkyfudkifol 30 &mcdkifEIef;&SdNyD; 4if;wdkYxHwGif 0efxrf;tjzpf vkyfudkifol 70 &mcdkifEIef; &Sdonf[kqkdonf/ vlwdkif; vlwkdif;uawmharG;uwnf;u yxrwef;pm;tvkyfawGudkom vkyfudkifvdkMuonf/ b,folrS'kwd,wef;pm;? wwd,wef;pm;tvkyftudkifawGudk vkyfudkifvkdMuonfr[kwf/odkYaomf yxrwef;pm;tvkyftudkifawGudk vkyfief;cGifp0ifuwnf;u vkyfudkif&olta&twGufu tvGefrSenf;yg;vSonf/ uHw&m;taMumif;aMumif;aMumihf'kwd,wef;pm;? wwd,wef;pm;tvkyftudkifawGudk vkyfudkifMu&onfhtcgyxrwef;pm;pdwf"mwfawG rxm;EkdifMuawmhay/ trSefu 'kwd,wef;pm;?wwd,wef;pm;tvkyftudkifawGudk vkyfudkifMu&vihfupm;/ yxrwef;pm;pdwf"mwf arG;jrLxm;&SdEkdifMuygu rMumrDwGif yxrwef;pm;ae&modkY a&muf&SdEkdifMu

0efxrf;rsm;

30%udk,fydkifvkyfief;vkyfudkifolrsm;70%

49

wdrf;rl;zG,ftvkyf (Dream Job)

azmfjyygtcsufoHk;csufESihf udkufnDonhftvkyftudkifudk rdrdtwGuf wdrf;rl;zG,ftvkyftudkif[k ac:qdkEkdifygonf/

0efxrf;awGtaeeJY wdrf;rl;zG,ftvkyftukdif (Dream Job)

uae bmawGvkdcsifovJ

. olwdkY&JUtcef;u@ (Role) wpf&yftaeeJY 34 &mcdkifEIef; vdkcsifygw,f/

. vkyfief;cGifqkdif&m aysmf&TifrIudk 40 &mcdkifEIef;vdkcsifygw,f/

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vdkuf&Smaeí awGUrnfr[kwf/ vuf&Sdrdrdvkyfudkifaeonhf tvkyftudkifudkyJwdrf;rl;zG,ftvkyftudkifjzpfvmatmif zefwD;Mu&rnf[lí../

rSefygonf/ pma&;olwdkYtaejzihf rdrdwdkYrSm r&Sdwm? rdrdwdkY rvkyfEkdifwmawGudk awG;awmNyD; pdwf"mwfusaeír&/ rdrdwdkY vkyfEkdifwm? rdrdwdkYrSm&SdwmawGESihfpwifNyD; rdrdwdkY\wdrf;rl;zG,ftvkyftudkif (Dream Job) awGudk zefwD;Mu&rnf/taumif;qHk;tajctaeudk apmihfqkdif;aeír&/ ,ckyJpwifum taumif;qHk;jzpfatmif tm;xkwfBudK;pm;NyD; tdyfrufqefaomatmifjrifrIawGudk &,lMu&rnfjzpfygonf/

We must work together!We must build our nation!

vif;odkufñGefY(jrefrmhajr)(www.lynnthaiknyunt.com)

vdrhfrnfjzpfygonf/

Passion

(rdrdcspfcifpGmvkyfcsifonhftvkyf)

Talent

(yifudk,fADZxl;cReftm;omrI)

Career

(wpfpHkwpfa,mufuay;onhftvkyftudkif)(odkY)rdrdudk,fwdkifzefwD;onhftvkyftudkif

wdrf;rl;zG,ftvkyf(Dream Job)

50

*sme,faps;EIef;ESifh aMumfjimcEIef;xm;

Info Digest *sme,fjrefrmEdkifiH\ ajymif;vJaeaom tajctaersm;ESifhtnD EdkifiHa&;? pD;yGm;a&;? ynma&; tp&Sdonfh EdkifiHom;wdkif; odoifhodxdkufaom

owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk pmzwfolrsm; tcsdefwdktwGif;od&SdEdkif&ef owif;tcsuftvuftESpfcsKyf*sme,ftjzpf Info Digest *sme,fudkpDpOfwnf;jzwfxkwfa0ygonf/

*sme,f\ aps;EIef;

*sme,fwpfapmif\ cefYrSef;wefzdk;rSm 600 usyf jzpfygonf/ wpfvvQif ESpfapmifEIef;jzifh xkwfa0rnfjzpfygaomaMumifh wpfvvQifESpfapmiftwGuf 1200 usyf usoifhygrnf/ vtvdkuf? ESpftvdkuf usoifhrnfh aps;EIef;rSmatmufygtwdkif; jzpfygonf/

vtvdkuf? ESpftvdkuf aps;EIef;1/ (1)v - 2 apmif _ 600 usyf = 1200 usyf2/ (3)v - 6 apmif _ 600 usyf = 3600 usyf3/ (6)v - 12 apmif _ 600 usyf = 7200 usyf4/ (12)v - 24 apmif _ 600 usyf = 14400 usyf

(*sme,fudk pmwdkufrS ay;ydkY&rnfqdkygu pmwdkuf\ ay;ydkYcEIef;xm;rsm;udk oD;jcm;ay;oGif;&rnfjzpfygonf/)

*sme,fwGif aMumfjimEdkifrnfh aps;EIef;

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aMumfjimcEIef;xm;(wpfBudrfEIef;)1/ *sme,f\ a&SUtwGif;tzHk; - 600000 usyf(ajcmufodef;)2/ *sme,f\ aemuftwGif;tzHk; - 600000 usyf(ajcmufodef;)3/ *sme,f\ aemuftzHk; - 800000 usyf(&Spfodef;)

rSwfcsuf/ / aMumfjimxnfhoGif;onfh aMumfjim&SifudkaMumfjimxnfhoGif;xm;onfh umvtwGif;*sme,fapmifa& 100 udk arwÅmvufaqmifay;tyfrnfjzpfNyD; aMumfjim&Sif\ vkyfief;cGiftwGif;&Sd XmecGJrsm;? ½Hk;cGJrsm;ESifhay;ydkYapvdkonfh ae&mXmetoD;oD;odkY wdkuf½dkufay;ydkY ay;ygrnf/

Info Digest *sme,f jzefYcsdonfhyHkpHInfo Digest *sme,fudk ESpfywfvQif wpfBudrfxkwfa0&mwGif pmtkyfta&mif;qdkifrsm;wGif wifoGif;a&mif;cs rnfr[kwfbJ? Xmeqdkif&mrsm;?

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Info Digest Media House

Info Digest Media House udk 2015 ckESpf arvwGif pwifzGJUpnf;cJhygonf/ Info Digest Media House taejzifh 2 ywf wpfBudrfxkwf*sme,fwpfapmifudk Info Digest *sme,ftrnfjzifh xkwfa0Edkif&ef jyifqifvsuf&Sdygonf/

tao;pdwftcsuftvufrsm;udkInfo Digest Media House

awmf0ifpifwm(wwd,vTm)? jynfvrf;? '*kHNrdKUe,f? &efukefNrdKU? zkef;-09975556048odkY qufoG,far;jref;Edkifygonf/

51

urÇmausmfaorif;wrefrD;&xm;vrf;ESifU

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2016 ckESpf Zefe0g&D 4 &ufwGif zGifhvSpfcJhaom aorif;wrefrD;&xm;vrf;jywdkufzGifhyGJtcrf;tem;ukd*kPfjyKaomtm;jzihf rD;&xm;wpfpif;tm; þokdY prf;oyfarmif;ESifcJhonf/

52

NAdwdoQwdkY jrefrmEdkifiHrS qkwfcGmoGm;onhf 1940-41 ckESpfwGif oHvrf;rdkifpkpkaygif; 2852 rdkif &Sdonhfteuf *syefwdkYu oHvrf;rdkif 300 cefYudk jzKwf,líjrefrm-,dk;',m; rD;&xm;vrf;azmufvkyf&mwGif toHk;jyKcJhygonf/ oHvrf;

wnfaqmufa&; ypönf;rsm;

'kwd,urÇmppfumvtwGif; *syefwkdY ppfatmifEkdifa&;twGuf ,kd;',m;(xdkif;)EkdifiH befaygif(Bang Pong)rS jrefrmEdkifiH oHjzLZ&yfNrdKUtxd acR;wyfom;aygif;rsm;pGmwkdY\ toufaoG;acR;rsm; paw;í azmufvkyfcJhonfh orkdif;0ifaorif;wref rD;&xm;vrf; txdrf;trSwfjywkdufudk 2016 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv4 &uf (jrefrmEdkifiH\ 68 ESpfajrmuf vGwfvyfa&;aeY)wGif pwifzGihfvSpfcJhonf/

tqkdyg aorif;wref rD;&xm;vrf;jywdkufudk jynfwGif;jynfyc&D;oGm;{nfhonfrsm;avhvmEkdif&ef &nf&G,fí jynfe,ftpkd;&tzGJU\ cGifhjyKcsufjzifhwvrGefaqmufvkyfa&;ukrÜPDrS wnfaqmufcJhonf/ jywkdufajrae&monfoHjzLZ&yfNrdKUe,fpnfyifom,ma&;aumfrwD ykdifqkdifonfh ajrae&mjzpfNyD; NrdKUe,fpnfyifom,ma&;aumfrwDESihf wvrGefukrÜPDMum; tusKd;wlyl;aygif;onfhpDrHudef;jzpfonf/ &xm;vrf;azmufvkyfpOfu rSwfwrf;"mwfyHkrsm;? &xm;vrf;azmufvkyf&mwGif toHk;jyKcJhMuonfh ypönf;ud&d,mrsm;? &xm;oHvrf;a[mif;rsm;?r[mrdwfacR;wyfom;rsm;\ yef;csDyef;yk½kyfwkrsm;? &xm;vrf;wGif armif;ESifcJhaom &xm;pufacgif;ESihf trsKd;tpm;wlpufacgif;? trSwfw&ypönf;ta&mif;qkdifrsm; ponfwdkY yg0ifjyoxm;rnf jzpfonf/ ,if;odkUjrefrmhorkdif;wGifomruurÇmhorkdif;wGifyg emrnfqkd;jzihf ausmfMum;aom aorif;wrefrD;&xm;vrf;ESifhoufqkdifonfh odrSwfzG,f&m orkdif;aMumif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk Info Digest

Journal rS wifjytyfygonf/

emrnfqkd;jziUf ausmfMum;cJUaomaorif;wrefrD;&xm;vrf;

*syefacwf ,dk;',m; - jrefrm qufoG,fa&;vrf;aMumif; (odkh)aorif;wrefrD;&xm;vrf; oHjzLZ&yfrS befaygifodkh

aorif;wref&xm;vrf;onf jrefrmjynfbufjcrf;wGif oHjzLZ&yfNrdKUrS pwifcJhonf/ bk&m;oHk;qlawmifMum;udkjzwfvsuf ,dk;',m;EdkifiH befaygif(Ban

Pong) NrdKUodkY azmufvkyfcJhonf/ befaygif&Sd befaumuf-pifumylrD;&xm;vrf;ESihf qufoG,f&efjzpfonf/ rdkif 250 ausmf&Snfvsm;NyD; vrf;ckvwfauG;jrpfay:ü wHwm;wpfpif;udkvnf; wnfaqmufcJhonf/ wHwm;aqmufvkyf&mwGifjrefrmwdkif;&if;om;rsm;omru ppfoHkYyef;tjzpf zrf;qD;xm;aom r[mrdwfwyfom;trsm;tjym;vnf; yg0ifcJhonf/

rD;&xm;azmufvkyfpOfu wnf&SdcJhaom tajctaersm;ukdjywkdufwpfae&mü þodkY o½kyfazmfjyoxm;onf/

53

,dk;',m;-jrefrm rD;&xm;vrf;azmufvkyfa&;twGuf t"du&nf&G,fcsuf4 &yf&Sdygonf/ ,if;wdkYrSm vuf&Sdwdkufcdkufaeaom r[mtm&SppfyGJBuD;wGif*syefwdkY atmifEdkifa&;twGuf txl;ta&;BuD;aom vufeufcJ,rf;rD;ausmufrsm;udk tjrefqHk;o,f,lydkYaqmifEdkifa&;? jrefrmhxGufukef0ifukefrsm;udk tjrefqHk;o,f,lydkYaqmifa&mif;0,fedkifa&;? jrefrmEkdifiHESihf tjcm;EdkifiHrsm; vG,fulpGmr[mrdwfcspfMunfrIjyKvkyfEdkifa&;? ppf'PfaMumihf jrefrmvlrsKd;rsm; qif;&Jusyfwnf;vsuf&Sd&m rD;&xm;vrf;azmufvkyfNyD;pD;ygu jrefrmjynfcsrf;omvmapa&;wdkY jzpfMuonf/

,if;&nf&G,fcsufrsm;twdkif; taumiftxnfazmfaqmif&GufEdkif&eftwGuf0efBuD;csKyf\ twGif;0ef OD;bapm Ouú|tjzpf yg0ifaom ,dk;',m;-jrefrmrD;&xm;vrf;azmufvkyfa&;twGuf tvkyform; pkaqmif;apmihfa&Smufa&;tzGJUudkzGJUpnf;cJhonf/

&nf&G,fcsufrsm;

tvkyform;pkaqmif;jcif;

&xm;vrf;azmufvkyfa&;twGuf vdktyfonhf tvkyform;rsm;udk &xm;vrf;azmufvkyfa&;tzGJUu wdkuf½dkufac:,liSm;&rf;cJh\/ a&S;OD;pGm teD;0ef;usifa'orsm;ü &SmazGpkaqmif;cJhaomfvnf; rvHkavmufojzihf 1942 ck 'DZifbmvv,fcefYwGif ,m,Djrefrmtpdk;&tkyfcsKyfa&;½Hk;odkY tultnDawmif;cH&awmhonf/odkYjzihf jrefrmtpdk;&jyefMum;a&;0ef½Hk;rS 18 'DZifbm 1942 wGif ,dk;',m;jrefrmrD;&xm;vrf;azmufvkyf&ef acR;ESihf&if;&onhf tvkyform;wyfBuD; wnfaxmifrnfjzpfaMumif; aMunmcJhonf/ ,if;aMunmcsufwGif tvkyform;tiftm; 20ç000 cefY vdktyfrnfjzpfaMumif;? tvkyform;rsm; &&Sdrnhfvpm?aetdrf? aq;0g; ponhf tcGihfta&;rsm;udk azmfjyxm;NyD; tvkyform;wyfodkY0ifa&mufMu&ef EId;aqmfxm;ygonf/

&xm;vrf;azmufvkyfpOfu acR;wyfom;trsm;tjym; yg0ifcJhonf/

oHjzLZ&yf r[mrdwfppfocsKØif;oHjzLZ&yfNrdKUteD;wGif aorif;wrefrD;&xm;

vrf; azmufvkyfcJhjcif;txdrf;trSwftjzpf r[mrdwfppfocsKØif;wnf&Sdygonf/ ppfocsKØif;rSm 'kwd,urÇmppftwGif;u usqHk;cJhonfh t*Fvdyf? uae'g?MopaMw;vs? e,l;ZDvef? tdEd,? jrefrm? rav;&Sm;ESihf e,fomvef ponfEdkifiHrsm;rS ppfonfwdkY\t½dk;jymrsm;udk jr§KyfESHxm;jcif;jzpfonf/

'kwd,urÇmppfBuD;NyD;qHk;aomf atmifyGJ&r[mrdwfwdkYonf ppftwGif; usqHk;cJhaom rdrdwdkY&Jabmf?bufawmfom;rsm;udk trSwfw&ppfocsKØif;rsm;jyKvkyfí *kPfjyKcJhMu&m jrefrmEkdifiHwGifvnf;r[mrdwfppfocsKØif; 3 ck ay:xGef;cJhonf/ ,if;wkdYrSm axmufMuefY"eo[m,ppfocsKØif;? &efukef"eo[m,ppfocsKØif;ESihf oHjzLZ&yf"eo[m,ppfocsKØif;wkdYjzpfonf/ oHjzLZ&yfppfocsKØif;onfoHjzLZ&yf-usKdu©rDoGm; um;vrf;0J,mESpfzufwGifwnf&Sdí 28 {u us,f0ef;onf/ jyKjyifxm;aom{urSm 8 {u&Sdí um;vrf;\ vuf0Jbufjcrf;wGif&Sdonf/ ,if;ppfocsKØif;udk 1946 ck 'DZifbm18 wGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESihf bk&ifcH qm[l;b&efYwdk Y zGifhvSpfcJhonf/ ,aeYppfocsKØif;\yHkoP²mefrSm cHhnm;aomrkcf0BuD;ESihf ,if;\wpfzufwpfcsuf ausmufjym;ay:wGif t*Fvdyfbmomjzihf 1943-1945 oHjzL(pmrsufESm 54 odkY...)

rdkif 150 cefYudk &efukefESihf awmifiltMum; a'G;vrf;rSvnf;aumif;? usefoHvrf; rdkif 150 cefYudk wHwm;OD; -jrif;jcHvrf;ydkif;ESihf tjcm;vrf;ydkif;rsm;rSvnf;aumif; jzKwf,ltoHk;jyKcJhonf/

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tcuftcJrsm;

54

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(pmrsufESm 53 rStquf...) Z&yfppfocsKØif;qkdonfh pmwef;udk a&;xkd;xm;onf/ ppftwGif;jrefrmjynfü usqHk;cJholwkdYudk *kPfjyKjcif;jzpfaomoabmaqmifonfhpmwef;rsm;udk t*Fvdyf-jrefrmESpfbmomjzihf a&;xkd;xm;onf/ ocsKØif;twGif;üvuf0g;uyfwkdifrsm;ae&mwGif tkwf*lav;rsm;udktpm;xkd;xm;NyD; tkwf*lwpfckESifhwpfckMum;wGifyef;yifrsm; pdkufxm;onf/ ,if;tkwf*lrsm;ay:üaMu;jym;wGif usqHk;olwdkY\trnf ukd,fydkiftrSwf&mxl;tqihftwef; toufESihfusqHk;olwkdYtwGuf*kPfjyKpmwrf;rsm; a&;xkd;xm;onf/ ,if;ppfocsKØif;wGif tkwf*laygif; 3771 ck&Sdí oN*ØK[fxm;olrSm 2761 OD;om&SdNyD; tkwf*lESihfusqHk;olOD;a&uGmjcm;aejcif;rSm 2 vHk;wGJtkwf*l 10 vHk; yg0ifaomaMumifh jzpfonf/ 2 vHk;wGJtkwf*lay:wGiftrnfESpfckyg&SdNyD; ,if; trnfESpfckteufwpfckrSmtrSefjzpfrnf[k ,lqí a&;xkd;xm;jcif; jzpfonf/

,if;ppfocsKØif;wGif oN*ØK[fxm;aom vlOD;a&ESihf vlrsKd;pkrsm;rSm-

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vkyftm;ay;tzGJY zGJYpnf;jcif;

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