new zealand recent foraminifera of the families islandiellidae and cassidulinidae

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New Zealand recentForaminifera of thefamilies Islandiellidae andCassidulinidaeJ. V. Eade aa New Zealand Oceanographic Institute,Department of Scientific and Industrial Research ,WellingtonPublished online: 29 Mar 2010.

To cite this article: J. V. Eade (1967) New Zealand recent Foraminifera of thefamilies Islandiellidae and Cassidulinidae, New Zealand Journal of Marine andFreshwater Research, 1:4, 421-454, DOI: 10.1080/00288330.1967.9515217

To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00288330.1967.9515217

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1967] 421

NEW ZEALAND RECENT FORAMINIFERA OFTHE FAMILIES ISLANDIELLIDAE AND

CASSIDULINIDAEJ. V. EADE

New Zealand Oceanographic Institute, Department of Scientific andIndustrial Research, Wellington

(Received for publication 17 July 1967)

SUMMARY

Morphology and distribution of nineteen New Zealand Recent species ofForaminifera of the families Islandiellidae and Cassidulinidae are discussed.One new genus, Evolvocassidulina, and four new species, Favocassidulinaaustralis, Globocassidulina canalisuturata, Globocassidulina spherica, andEhrenbergina carinata, are described and figured. The use of radial and granularwall structure as a fundamental character in classification is supported by itsuniformity in individual genera and species.

INTRODUCTION

The benthonic families Islandiellidae and Cassidulinidae have manymorphological features in common including test shapes, chamberarrangements, and apertural structures. However, they differ fromeach other in wall structure. The Islandiellidae have a radial wallstructure and the Cassidulinidae a granular structure, but there areapparent anomalies in this simple arrangement, with records of radialspecies and genera belonging to the Cassidulinidae and granular speciesto the Islandiellidae. These and similar anomalies in other groups haveled many writers to be cautious in evaluating the taxonomic importanceof wall structure. However, these anomalies are probably forms thathave been placed in the wrong family because of lack of informationon detailed morphology. During a study of New Zealand Recentspecies of the Islandiellidae and Cassidulinidae, wall structure, test andchamber shape, chamber arrangement, and the structure of the apertureand tooth-plate were examined in detail to clarify their classificationand to resolve some of the probable anomalies.

Distribution of these species in the south-west Pacific is given inTable 1. Localities in this table and in the text are given in Fig. 1.

Family ISLANDIELLIDAE Loeblich and Tappan, 1964

Characteristic features are radial wall structure, coiled biserial chamberarrangement, and a well developed internal tooth-plate. The tooth-plate is formed by an infolding of the chamber wall on the proximalside of the aperture. It is attached at its base to the distal side of theseptal foramen.

N.Z. Jl mar. Freshwat. Res. 1: 421-454

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422 N.Z. JOURNAL OF MARINE & FRESHWATER RESEARCH [DEC.

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FIG. 1—Locality map. Depth in metres.

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1967] EADE—RECENT FORAMINIFERA 425

Genus Cassidulinoides Cushman, 1927

TYPE SPECIES by original designation: Cassidulina parkeriana Brady,1881.

REMARKS: Characteristic features of the genus Cassidulinoides areradial wall structure, thick shell wall, globular test with biseriallyarranged chambers initially coiled but uncoiled in adult, and sub-globular chamber shape which is retained in the uncoiled stage.

C. parkerianus has a tooth-plate formed by an infolding of theproximal side of the aperture (Fig. 2, No. 4). The plate is stronglyfolded, with the concave side facing outwards, and is attached at itsbase to the distal edge of the septal foramen.

Those species with a granular wall, compressed test, elongate cham-bers, and an external tooth-plate, previously placed in Cassidulinoides,are here placed in Evolvocassidulina new genus, family Cassidulinidae.

Genus Favocassidulina Loeblich and Tappan, 1957

TYPE SPECIES by original designation: Pulvinulina favus Brady, 1877.

LOCALITY OF TYPE SPECIES: From a soft pliable limestone found "onlyon the beach after an earthquake" in one district on the east side ofNew Ireland, Bismarck Archipelago.

Loeblich and Tappan incorrectly stated the type locality to beChallenger station 300, the locality from which the first figured speci-mens were taken.

REMARKS: The genus Favocassidulina is characterised by radial wallstructure, coiled biserial arrangement of chambers, the presence of awell developed internal tooth-plate, elongate chamber shape and anornamented surface to the test.

There is disagreement in the literature as to the nature of the wallstructure of the type species. Loeblich and Tappan (1957) record itto be granular on the basis of four specimens from Challenger localities.However Wood (1949) and Belford (1966) state that it is radial, thelatter record being based on several specimens. I have examinedeight specimens, four from off the western Admiralty Islands (N.Z.O.I.Sta. Z 2006*, POO'S, 143°52.5'E, 2,626-2,674 m) and four from offPalmyra Island, Central Pacific (N.Z.O.I. Sta. Z 1873, 8°43'N,164°29'W, 4,983 m), all of which are radial. Owing to the thicknessof the shell wall and the presence of an irregular secondary layer,specimens, when examined whole under polarized light, appear granular.When crushed or sectioned they are quite clearly radial.

* For recording purposes Z numbers are given to material donated to theN.Z.O.I. collections.

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The tooth-plate in Favocassidulina is formed by an expansion of thebasal part of the apertural margin on the proximal side (Fig. 2, No. 1).The upper part of the proximal side is infolded into the aperature toform a narrow lip. Both the tooth-plate and lip are tightly folded.The base of the tooth-plate is attached to the distal side of the septalforamen at its lower end. The apertural lip on the anterior side maybe slightly expanded and attached at its base to the penultimate chamberwall. In Islandiella the structure is similar except that the tooth-plateis larger, being formed by an expansion of the entire proximal side ofthe ap3rture. The anterior side is not expanded (see Norvang 1958).

Another characteristic feature of Favocassidulina is the shape of thechambers. Belford (1966) has pointed out that the chambers arenarrower, more elongate, and more strongly overlapping at the peripherythan those of Cassidulina. The overlapping peripheral portion of thechamber is a narrow, proximally directed extension of a more inflatedcentral portion.

In the type description the most characteristic feature was describedas a honeycomb-like secondary growth of the wall covering the outersurface of the test. An ornamented surface appears to be a constantfeature but the secondary layer appears to be characteristic of Favo-cassidulina java alone.

Favocassidulina is closely related to Islandiella as both are radialand have an internal tooth, and differs from Cassidulina which isgranular and has no internal tooth. Favocassidulina is thereforeconsidered to belong to the family Islandiellidae.

Favocassidulina australis sp. nov. (Fig. 2, Nos 2, 3; Fig. 3, Nos 1, 2)

DESCRIPTION OF HOLOTYPE: Test robust, lenticular, periphery rounded,lobate in outline, ornamented with finely developed, irregular reticulatepattern; wall radiate, thick, perforate; chambers comma-shaped withstrongly inflated head, less inflated tail, arranged biserially and coiled,head of chamber in central part of test, tail peripheral, pointingproximally, overlapping to opposite side of test, test with inflatedcentral portion and moderately compressed peripheral zone, four pairsof chambers in final whorl; sutures limbate, slightly compressed, especi-ally in adult; apertural face peripheral, slightly oblique to direction ofcoiling, tending to face side opposite that on which final chamber lies;aperture elongate, slightly curved, extending up apertural face frombasal margin parallel to periphery, lower part closed, opening sur-rounded by narrow, sunken lip, lip on side opposite to that of chamberexpanded at lower end of aperture to form internal tooth-plate, lipon same side as chamber slightly expanded at base, not folded; tooth-plate tightly folded, attached to penultimate chamber at base of septalforamen on side opposite to that of septal foramen tooth.

VARIATION : There is moderate variation in the degree of irregularity ofthe test outline. In a few small specimens the tail of each chamber

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FIG. 2—Some Recent species of the families Islandiellidae and Cassidulinidae.1: Favocassidulina[• fava (Brady). Internal view of last chamber showing tooth-

plate and septa!al foramen, x 150. NZOI Cat. No. PM 3. From NZOISta. Z 2006.

2, 3 : Favocassidulina australis Eade, n.sp.2: Holotype. x 50. NZOI Cat. No. TM 2/1. NZOT Sta. F 47.3 : Paratype. Internal view of last chamber showing tooth-plate, x 225.NZOI Cat. No. TM 2/2. From NZOI Sta. F -16.

4: Cassidulinoides parkerianus (Brady). Internal view of last chamber showingtooth-plate, x 225. NZOI Cat. No. PM 4. From NZOI Sta. A 463.

5—9: Cassid-ulina carinata Silvestri5. 6: x 145. NZOI Cat. No. PM 5. From NZOI Sta. F 39.7: x 145. NZOI Cat. No. PM 6. From NZOI Sta. F 58.8, 9: Diagrammatic sketches.

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points outward from the test as well as to the posterior, giving anirregular outline. In larger specimens the tail lies closer to the testgiving a more regular and only slightly lobate outline. There is littlevariation in the shape and arrangement of the aperture and tooth.However, in some specimens the aperture is open immediately abovethe basal margin.

Dimensions of holotype (mm):Length: 0.80Width: 0.70Thickness: 0.51

Size range of paratypes (mm): (smallest specimen has proloculus andtwo chambers)

Length: 0.41-0.91Width: 0.36-0.79Thickness: 0.29-0.52

TYPE MATERIAL:

1. Deposited in the New Zealand Oceanographic Institute. NZOI Cat.No. TM2, holotype (Fig. 2, No. 2; Fig. 3, Nos 1, 2), one figuredparatype (Fig. 2, No. 3), and 53 unfigured paratypes.

2. Deposited in the New Zealand Geological Survey. NZGS Reg.No. TF1562, 2 unfigured paratypes.

3. Deposited in the United States National Museum. USNM No.687200, 2 unfigured paratypes.

4. Deposited in the British Museum (Natural History). B.M.(N.H.) Reg. No. 1967. 7.1.1., 2 unfigured paratypes.

TYPE LOCALITY: Off Great Barrier Island, New Zealand. NZOI Sta.F 47, 34°59'S, 176°00'E, depth 2,041 m.

DISTRIBUTION: F. australis occurs off Great Barrier Island and NorthCape in the New Zealand region and off Kermadec Islands and Fiji.* Itis a deep water species occurring at depths between 1,500 and 2,400 m.

REMARKS: F. australis differs from F. fava in having a much finersurface ornamentation, a lobate periphery, the sutures visible externally,and in having no secondary outer shell layer.

The name australis (Latin australis southern), is given to this speciesbecause it occurs in the south-west Pacific to the south of F. fava. Inthe western Pacific F. fava has been recorded only from localitiesbetween about 8°N and 16°S latitude whereas I have F. australis fromlocalities between 19°S and 36°S.

* For the precise positions of these and subsequent localities see Table 1.

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Family CASSIDULINIDAE d'Orbigny, 1839

All species in this family have a granular wall structure. Theapertural shape, position, and internal structures are all basically thesame. The aperture is loop-shaped, arising from the margin with thepenultimate chamber into the centre of the apertural face. The chamberwall is folded into the aperture to form an internal, narrow, borderinglip, all or part of which is expanded on the proximal side into a broadtooth-plate or flap. This plate is commonly folded with the concaveside always facing outwards. It may be flat to slightly curved as inCassidulina and Evolvocassidulina or may be tightly folded as inGlobocassidulina and Ehrenbergina. In those genera with relativelyflat tooth-plates the plate is clearly visible from the exterior as it fillsmost of the aperture leaving only a narrow elongate opening along thedistal side and around the top of the aperture. It is attached at itsbase at or very near to the margin with the penultimate chamber.

In genera with a tightly folded tooth-plate the plate lies well withinthe aperture and usually cannot be seen from the exterior. In thesegenera it is attached at its base to the penultimate chamber at or nearthe distal side of the septal foramen.

Genus Cassidulina d'Orbigny, 1826

TYPE SPECIES by original designation: Cassidulina laevigata d'Orbigny,1826.

LOCALITY OF TYPE SPECIES: Ballast sand of unknown origin.

REMARKS: The characteristic features of this genus are its compressedshape, tightly coiled nature, and the structure of the tooth-plate. Thetooth-plate consists of a flat plate formed by an expansion of theproximal margin of the aperture. It is not infolded into the aperturebut lies slightly externally and is attached to the basal margin. Insome forms (e.g. Cassidulina delicata Cushman and sometimes inCassidulina carinata Silvestri) the aperture may lie so close to thebasal margin that the proximal border lies along the basal margin andthe tooth-plate is represented by a ridge of shell material or thickeningalong the basal margin.

Cassidulina carinata Silvestri, 1896 (Fig. 2, Nos 5-9)

Cassidulina laevigata d'Orbigny. Brady 1884, p. 428, pi. 54, figs 2, 3. Chapman1906, p. 90. Chapman 1909, p. 332, pi. 15, fig. 1. Mestayer 1916, p. 129.Heron-Allen and Earland 1922, p. 137 (part). Hornibrook 1952a, p. 82.

Cassidulina laevigata var. carinata Silvestri, 1896, p. 104, pi. 2, fig. 10.Cassidulina carinata Silvestri. Todd 1965, p. 40, pi. 17, fig. 4.Cassidulina laevigata var. carinata Cushman, 1922, p. 124, pi. 25, figs 6, 7.Cassidulina carinata Cushman. Vella 1957, p. 10.Cassidulina neocarinata Thalmann, 1950, p. 44. Hedley, Hurdle, and Burdett

1967, p. 51, pi. 12, fig. 6.

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TYPE LOCALITY: Pliocene of Italy.

MATERIAL: Approximately 550 specimens.

DISTRIBUTION : As a Recent species, C. carinata has been recorded frommany localities in most oceans and from the intertidal zone to the deepsea. It is widespread off New Zealand occurring off both east andwest coasts from North Cape to Stewart Island, and off the subantarcticislands on the Campbell Plateau. Off Great Barrier Island it is presentfrom 0 to over 2,000 m, being most abundant at 100-600 m.

REMARKS: New Zealand specimens are identical with a topotypespecimen of Cassidulina laevigata var. carinata Cushman ( = Cassidulinaneocarinata Thalmann). Todd (1965) points out that C. carinataSilvestri and C. laevigata var. carinata Cushman cannot be separatedspecifically and therefore the latter is a junior synonym of the former.

There is considerable variation within this species including avariation of those characters used to distinguish Cushman's varietyfrom that of Silvestri. The most prominent variable features are thewidth of the peripheral keel and the external appearance of the aperture.The width of the peripheral keel varies from a slight thickening of theangular periphery to a keel about 35 p. wide or about one-fifth of theradius of the test. When at its widest the keel often has a serratededge. The aperture is an elongate narrow slit in the apertural facetouching the basal margin where the basal suture of the penultimatechamber meets the apertural face. The opening lies parallel to theperiphery and varies in shape with variations in shape of the aperturalface. In specimens with a long, low apertural face, the aperture isonly slightly curved and lies very close to the basal margin (Fig. 2,No. 8). Where the apertural face is shorter and higher the aperturetoo is shorter, more curved, with a distnct "hook" at the areal end,and lies higher in the apertural face (Fig. 2, No. 9). Every gradationbetween the two extremes exists in the New Zealand population. Thesize of the keel and shape of the aperture are related to each other andbroadly related to depth. Specimens with the maximum sized keeland the longest, least curved aperture are found in greatest numbersat depths between about 120 and 500 m. Above and below thesedepths specimens with a less prominent keel and a more curvedaperture form a greater percentage of the population. Specimens witha minimum sized keel and with a most curved aperture comprisealmost all of the population at depths shallower than about 60 m anddeeper than about 1,000 m.

The relationship between C. carinata and Cassidulina laevigatad'Orbigny has been discussed by several writers. As pointed out byTodd (1965) and Hedley et al. (1967), d'Orbigny's type figure has noperipheral keel whereas C. carinata has a definite peripheral keel whichat its narrowest is nevertheless distinctly present. D'Orbigny's typefigure also shows a specimen with five pairs of chambers in the finalwhorl. Of several hundred New Zealand specimens examined mosthad four pairs of chambers and a few, three pairs per whorl.

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Genus Evolvocassidulina gen. nov.

TYPE SPECIES: Cassidulina orientalis Cushman, 1922.

DERIVATION : Latin evolvo to unroll, and cassid helmet.

TYPE DESCRIPTION: Test free, lenticular to subglobular, elongate,chambers biserially arranged, in early stages enrolled as inCassidulina later uncoiling but continuing biserial development, laterchambers more elongate than earlier chambers, chambers in uncoiledpart reaching down towards coiled part, sutures becoming moreoblique to direction of growth; periphery rounded to acute, with orwithout keel; wall thin, calcareous, perforate, granular in structure;aperture elongate, loop-shaped, opening toward side opposite that onwhich chamber lies, bordered by narrow lip, lip on proximal sideexpanded into broad tooth-plate; tooth-plate slightly curved concaveoutwards, fills most of aperture leaving narrow, curved opening arounddistal side and top of plate, attached at base to wall of penultimatechamber at or very near basal margin.

REMARKS: Many species previously placed in Cassidulinoides belongin Evolvocassidulina. Both these genera have a similar chamberarrangement but differ distinctly in wall structure, test shape, andinternal apertural structure. Cassidulinoides has squat, globose orsubglobose chambers, a radial wall structure and a tightly curved internaltooth, often not visible externally, attached at its base to the penultimatechamber at the distal edge of the septal foramen. Evolvocassidulinahas elongate, compressed to subglobular chambers, a granular wallstructure and a slightly curved tooth, clearly visible externally, attachedat its base to the wall of the penultimate chamber at or very near thebasal margin. Evolvocassidulina is most closely related to Cassidulina,having a similar apertural structure and the same wall structure, butdiffering from Cassidulina in having the later chambers uncoiled.

Apart from the type species the following are placed in this genus:

Cassidulina bradyi Norman, 1881Cassidulinoides tenuis Phleger and Parker, 1951Cassidulina inflata LeRoy, 1944Cassidulinoides seranensis Germeraad, 1946

Other species previously included in Cassidulinoides almost certainlybelong in Evolvocassidulina but the detailed structure of their apertureand their wall structure must first be established.

Evolvocassidulina orientalis (Cushman, 1922) (Fig. 4, Nos 1, 2)

Cassidulina orientalis Cushman, 1922, p. 129.Cassidulina bradyi Norman. Brady 1884, p. 431, pi. 54, fig. 10 (part). Chap-

man 1906. p. 90. Mestayer 1916, p. 129. Cushman 1919, p. 606. Heron-Allen and Earland 1922, p. 139.

Cassidulinoides orientalis (Cushman). Hornibrook 1952b, p. 185. Vella 1957,p. 10. Hornibrook 1961, p. 86, pi. 10, fig. 201. Hulme 1964, p 331.Kustanowich 1965, p. 53. Kennett 1966, p. 50, pi. 4, fig. 68. Gibson 1967,p. 43, pi. 10, fig. 162. Hedley, Hurdle and Burdett 1967, p. 32, pi. 12, fig. 5.

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TYPE LOCALITY: Off Poor Knights Islands, New Zealand, 35°30'S,174°43'E, depth 110 m.

MATERIAL: 23 topotypes, approximately 200 other specimens.

DISTRIBUTION : E. orientalis is found only in the South Pacific. It hasbeen recorded from many localities in the New Zealand region and alsofrom one locality off the west coast of South America at 47°48'S(Challenger station 305). I have specimens from many New ZealandRecent localities ranging from as far south as Auckland Islands(50°30'S) north to Kermadec Islands (32°30'S). Off New ZealandE. orientalis has been recorded from the intertidal zone to 402 m.I have it from several localities in the Great Barrier Island-Poor Knightsarea at 50 to 400 m, most commonly at about 80 m.

REMARKS: In describing this species Cushman stated that "it differsfrom Cassidulina bradyi in the more compressed, broader form, lesselongate test, and in the wall which . . . is rather distinctly punctate"and "not polished and shining white" as C. bradyi. The compressedappearance of E. orientalis is accentuated by the presence of a narrowperipheral keel in the coiled stage. The periphery of the uncoiledstage, though lacking a keel, is more acute than in C. bradyi. E. orientalisalso differs in having the chambers coiled into more than a completewhorl whereas in C. bradyi they form less than a whorl.

The aperture is loop-shaped and lies oblique to the basal marginso that the outline of the aperture is approximately parallel to theperiphery of the last chamber. The tooth-plate is an extension of theapertural lip at the lower part of the proximal side of the aperture.It extends across most of the aperture and upwards usually to justabove the tip of the aperture. The actual opening therefore consistsof a narrow slit rising obliquely from the basal margin on the distalside of the aperture, passing behind the tooth-plate at the top of theaperture and extending part way down the proximal side. In somespecimens the opening almost reaches the basal margin on the proximalside.

In the region of the Poor Knights there is a size difference relatedto depth. In the shallowest localities specimens show very littletendency to uncoil. At about 110 m uncoiling begins to becomeprominent with the resulting elongation of the test. The longest andlargest specimens that I have found are from 180 m and deeper.

Cassidulina orientate Cushman, 1925 (p. 37, pi. 7, fig. 6), describedfrom 2,080 fm off southern Japan, is not the same as E. orientalis andrequires a new name.

Evolvocassidulina aff. E. inflata (Le Roy, 1944) (Fig. 4, No. 3)

Cassidulina inflata LeRoy, 1944, p. 37, pi. 4, figs 30, 31.Cassidulinoides inflatus (LeRoy). Belford 1966, p. 54, pi. 26, figs 14-17, text-

fig. 17: 13-14.

TYPE LOCALITY: Miocene, east coast of Central Sumatra, Indonesia.

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MATERIAL: Seven specimens.

DISTRIBUTION : This is the first record of this species from the Recent.Off New Zealand it occurs off Great Barrier Island (388 and 514 m)and on the Challenger Plateau (337 m).

REMARKS: AS pointed out by LeRoy, E. injlata is very similar toGlobocassidulina minuta (Cushman) but differs in being more inflated.Also both differ radically in the structure of the aperture and tooth-plate, each being characteristic of the genus in which it is placed.

The New Zealand specimens agree well with LeRoy's description,figures, and measurements, but have a slightly higher apertural faceand a slightly less lobate periphery. They are closer to specimensfigured by Belford (1966) from the Miocene of Papua-New Guineaas Cassidulinoides injlatus but are only half the size.

Evolvocassidulina tenuis (Phleger and Parker, 1951) (Fig. 3, Nos 3, 4)

Cassidulinoides tenuis Phleger and Parker, 1951, p. 27, pi. 14, figs 14-17. Todd1965, p. 46, pi. 17, fig. 9.

TYPE LOCALITY: North-west Gulf of Mexico, 26°09.2'N, 89°42.7'W.3,109 m.

MATERIAL: 24 specimens.

DISTRIBUTION: E. tenuis has been recorded from the Gulf of Mexico,the Mediterranean (Sub-Recent, 2,025^,270 m), and the South Pacific(2,899 m, 4,067 m). I have several specimens from three localities(514-922 m) off Great Barrier Island, New Zealand.

REMARKS: The New Zealand specimens match the type descriptionand figures in every respect except size. The maximum length forGulf of Mexico specimens is 0.65 mm whereas I have no specimenslonger than 0.25 mm. A specimen figured by Todd (1965) from theTuamotu Archipelago is 0.3 mm long.

The structure of the aperture is typical of Evolvocassidulina.

Genus Globocassidulina Voloshinova, 1960

TYPE SPECIES by original designation: Cassidulina globosa Hantken,1875.

REMARKS: The characteristic features of Globocassidulina are theglobular, non-keeled test, the trifid aperture, and the internal structureof the aperture. The trifid aperture is approximately the shape of aninverted "T", consisting of a narrow opening along the basal marginof the apertural face and a narrow branch, at right angles, extendingup the apertural face; one or two of these branches are usually reducedin the adult, or may even be absent.

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FIG. 3—Some Recent species of the families Islandiellidae and Cassidulinidae.1, 2: FavocasfiUluliiw aust ralis Eade, n.sp.

Holotype. x 63. NZOI Cat. No. TM 2/1. NZOI Sta. F 47.3, 4: Evolvocassiduluia tennis (Phleger and Parker).

x 180. NZOI Cat. No. PM 7. Prom NZOI Sta. F 58.5-7: Globoc.ossidulina canolisuturata Kade, n.fip.

Holotype. x 145. NZOI Cat. No. TM 3/1. NZOI Sta. F 31.

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This type of aperture is apparently found only in Globocassidulinabut is not present in all species. In some species the opening alongthe basal margin is reduced and the aperture consists only of an elongateslit extending up the face of the final chamber from the basal margin.Species with this type of aperture may have a closer affinity withBurseolina than Globocassidulina. Globocassidulina usually has cham-bers arranged in a tight coil as in Cassidulina, but there may often bea tendency for later chambers to become uncoiled giving an elongatetest shape. In extreme examples the last few chambers may becometruly uncoiled with their inner margins not reaching the peripheryat the beginning of the last whorl.

Globocassidulina crassa (d'Orbigny, 1839) (Fig. 4, No. 4)

Cassidulina crassa d'Orbigny, 1839, p. 56, pi. 7, figs 18-20.Cassidulina oblonga Reuss. Chapman 1909, p. 332.

TYPE LOCALITY: TWO localities given: Falkland Islands, and CapeHorn, 160 m.


DISTRIBUTION : Specimens referred to this species usually fall within oneof two groups which apparently differ only in size. The larger form,which matches the dimensions given in the type description, is restrictedto higher latitudes both north and south whereas the smaller form,about one-fifth the size of the other, is universally distributed. OffNew Zealand only one type was recognised, about half the size of thelarger form. This occurs abundantly as far north as 49°20'S and lesscommonly to about 46°S.

REMARKS: In G. crassa the internal tooth-plate is attached to theprevious chamber wall about half-way between the septal foramenand the basal margin at the opening. Most other members of thisgenus have the attachment directly beside the septal foramen.

Globocassidulina decorata (Sidebottom, 1910) (Fig. 5, No. 1)

Cassidulina decorata Sidebottom, 1910, p. 107, pi. 4, fig. 2.

TYPE LOCALITY: Off southern Fiji, 19°04'S, 179°43'E, 1,920 m.


DISTRIBUTION: I have a single specimen from off southern Fiji (2,414m) and several from eight localities off Great Barrier Island, NewZealand (1,176-2,041 m). G. decorata is apparently restricted to thesouth-western Pacific.

Globocassidulina elegans (Sidebottom, 1910) (Fig. 4, Nos 6, 7)

Cassidulina elegans Sidebottom, 1910, p. 106, pi. 4, fig. 1. Cushman 1911, p. 99.Chapman and Parr 1937, p. 81. Cushman, Todd and Post 1954, p. 366, pi. 90,tig. 23.

TYPE LOCALITY: Off southern Fiji, 19°04'S, 179°43'E, 1,920 m.

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FIG. 4—-Some Recent species of the family Cassidulinidac.1, 2 : Evolvocassidulina orientalis (Cushman).

1 : x 225. NZOI Cat. No. PM 8. From NZOI Sta. F 31.2: Internal view of last chamber showing tooth-plate and septal foramen,x 225. NZOI Cat. No. PM9. From NZOI Sta. F 31.

3: Evolvocassidulina aff. E. inflata (LcRoy).x 145. NZOI Cat. No. PM 10. From NZOI Sta. D 220

4: Globocassidulina cransa (d'Orbigny).Internal view of last chamber showingtooth-plate and septal foramen.Diagrammatic sketch.

5: Globocassidulina producta (Chapman and Parr).x 145. NZOI Cat. No. PM 11. From NZOT Sta. F 61.

6, 7: Globocassidulina elegans (Sidebottom).x 145. NZOI Cat. No. PM 12. From NZOI Sta. F 65.

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MATERIAL: Eight specimens.

DISTRIBUTION: G. elegans has been recorded from off Fiji, betweenGuam and Japan (1,630-1,990 m), east of Tasmania (2,158, 2,414 m),and off Bikini Atoll, Marshall Islands (750-1,317 m). A singlefigured specimen has been recorded from Drake Strait, south of CapeHorn (Earland 1934, p. 137, pi. 6, figs 15, 16), but from the figurethis appears to be a different species. I have specimens from fivelocalities off Great Barrier Island, New Zealand (1,587-2,041 m).

Globocassidulina gemma (Todd, 1954) (Fig. 5, No. 4)

Cassidulina gemma Todd, in Cushman, Todd and Post 1954, p. 366, pi. 90,figs 26, 27.

Globocassidulina gemma (Todd). Belford 1966, p. 147, pi. 24, figs 22-25, text-fig. 16: 11, 12.

Cassidulina subglobosa Brady. Brady 1884, p. 430 (part).

TYPE LOCALITY: Sylvania guyot, Marshall Islands, 11°47'35"N,164°59'20"E, 835 fm (1,527 m).


DISTRIBUTION : G. gemma has been recorded from two localities in theMarshall Islands (1,083, 1,527 m) and from the upper Miocene ofNew Guinea. I have specimens from off Juan Fernandez Islands(Challenger station 300, 2,515 m) and from eight localities off GreatBarrier Island, New Zealand (1,587-2,041 m). This species is probablyrestricted to the Pacific.

REMARKS: The Juan Fernandez Islands and New Zealand specimensare identical with specimens figured by Cushman, Todd, and Post(1954) and Belford (1966). The numerous striations around andleading into the aperture are present in all specimens and are char-acteristic of this species.

G. gemma has been confused with Globocassidulina subglobosa(Brady) and many of the records of the latter species from the Pacificare probably of G. gemma.

Globocassidulina minuta (Cushman, 1933) (Fig. 5, Nos 2, 3)

Cassidulina minuta Cushman, 1933, p. 92, pi. 10, fig. 3. Cushman, Todd andPost 1954, p. 366, pi. 90, fig. 35. Todd 1965, p. 43, pi. 17, fig. 3.

TYPE LOCALITY: Off the northern Tuamotu Islands, south Pacific,14°58'35"S, 148°35'W, 1,543 m.


DISTRIBUTION : G. minuta has been recorded from localities in boththe north and south Pacific from shallow and deep water. I havespecimens from off Manuae, Cook Islands (940 m), and from off NewZealand, on the west coast to as far south as 43°30'S and on the eastcoast to 40°30'S (84-1,781 m). At no locality is this species verycommon.

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II ( T i l ) .I\ZOI ( it N PM 1 From NZOI Sta. F 02.

II t I (H -All™ and Eaiiand).NZOI Cat I s PM 15. From NZOI Sta. E 293.

/I I t Eadc, n.sp.it l I t 1 >f last chamber showingtooth-plate and septal

x 1 0 1S/OT ( t No. TM 3/3. From NZOI Sta. F 31.i i P t t \i chamber removed to show tooth-plate x 150.

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REMARKS: The New Zealand specimens differ from the type in havingnoticeably more globose chambers and, consequently, a more globosetest. Specimens from off Great Barrier Island, New Zealand, from offManuae, Cook Islands, and from the Tuamotu Archipelago weremeasured and the height divided by the maximum thickness. Theseratios were then plotted against number of specimens and frequencypolygons for the two areas were constructed (Fig. 6). The values for22 New Zealand specimens range from 1.33 to 1.67 with an arithmeticmean of 1.52. Twenty Cook Island and Tuamotu Archipelago speci-mens range from 1.41 to 1.82 with a mean of 1.64. The differencesbetween the New Zealand population and those to the north reflectgeographic variation within the species.

1-325 1-375 1-425 1475 1-525 1-575 1-625 1-675 1-725 1-775 1-825

Height /Thickness

FIG. 6—Frequency polygons showing relationship of height/thickness ratiosbetween New Zealand specimens (A) and Cook Islands and TuamotuArchipelago specimens (B). Solid line is total of A and B.

The size range of New Zealand specimens: Maximum diameter0.14-0.30 mm; maximum thickness 0.09-0.19 mm.

Globocassidulina producta (Chapman and Parr, 1937) (Fig. 4, No. 5)

Cassidulina subglobosa Brady var. producta Chapman and Parr, 1937, p. 82,pi. 8, fig. 12. Chapman 1941, p. 168.

TYPE LOCALITY: East of Tasmania, 42°38.5'S, 148°37'E, 1,180 fm(2,158 m).

MATERIAL: TWO topotypes, nine other specimens.

DISTRIBUTION : As well as off eastern Tasmania G. producta has beenrecorded from off the south-eastern corner of Australia (860 m) and

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from the lower Miocene of Victoria. I have a few specimens from offGreat Barrier Island, New Zealand (1,686-1,931 m).

REMARKS: The New Zealand specimens are identical with topotypespecimens of G. producta. Characteristic features are its elongate testand almost terminal aperture.

Globocassidulina tumida (Heron-Allen and Earland, 1922)

(Fig. 5, Nos 5, 6)

Cassidulina laevigata d'Orbigny var. tumida Heron-Allen and Earland, 1922,p. 137, pi. 5, figs 8-10.

TYPE LOCALITY: Not given. Recorded from three localities, all offthe Three Kings Islands, New Zealand, 34°10'S, 172°5'E. Depths:165-220 m, 183 m, 549 m.


DISTRIBUTION : G. tumida has not been recorded from beyond theThree Kings Islands. I have specimens from off these islands whereit occurs quite abundantly in depths of about 160 to 500 m. I havenot found it in similar depths off North Cape or Cape Maria vanDiem en.

REMARKS: The granular wall structure, non-keeled test, trifid aperture,and internal, apertural tooth place this species in Globocassidulina.

The sutures are often difficult to see but when the test is wet theyappear as strongly curved limbate lines.

Globocassidulina canalisuturata sp. nov.

(Fig. 3, Nos 5-7; Fig. 5, Nos 7, 8)

Cassidulina subglobosa Brady. Chapman 1906, p. 90. Chapman 1909, p. 332.Mestayer 1916, p. 129. Cushman 1919, p. 606. Heron-Allen and Earland1922, p. 138 (part). Hornibrook 1951, p. 43. Vella 1957, p. 10.

DESCRIPTION OF HOLOTYPE: Test subglobular, slightly compressedlaterally, slightly depressed umbilici; wall granular, of moderate thick-ness, smooth, distinctly perforate; five pairs of chambers in last whorl,early chambers not inflated, slightly inflated in adult; sutures verydistinct, limbate, undulating, with central, narrow, slot-like depressionwith non-perforate rim on either side; apertural face in juvenile almostfaces direction of coiling, in adult faces more towards alternate sidesof test; aperture L-shaped, lower part lies along margin with previouschamber, upper part extends into apertural face, distal edge and topof aperture bordered by narrow lip, upper part of proximal edge foldedinto aperture to form tooth-plate, lower part of proximal edge formedpartly by penultimate chamber and partly by chambers of previouswhorl; tooth-plate well developed, tightly folded, attached at upperpart to proximal side of aperture and, at base, to penultimate chamberon distal side of septal foramen.

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Dimensions of holotype (mm):Height 0.43Width 0.32Thickness 0.31

Size range of paratypes (mm):Height 0.13-0.50Width 0.12-0.42Thickness 0.13-0.37

TYPE MATERIAL:

1. Deposited in the New Zealand Oceanographic Institute. NZOICat. No. TM3, holotype (Fig. 3, Nos 5-7), 2 figured paratypes(Fig. 5, Nos. 7, 8), and 82 unfigured paratypes.

2. Deposited in the New Zealand Geological Survey. NZGS Reg-No. TF 1559, 3 unfigured paratypes.


4. Deposited in the British Museum (Natural History). B.M.(N.H.)Reg. No. 1967 7.1.3., 3 unfigured paratypes.

TYPE LOCALITY: East of Great Barrier Island, New Zealand. NZOISta. F 31, 36°7.5'S, 175°55'E, depth 179 m.

DISTRIBUTION: G. canalisuturata has been recorded as Cassidulinasubglobosa Brady from several localities around New Zealand from asfar north as North Cape south to Auckland Island. I have specimensfrom many localities off the southern islands of the Kermadec group(32°30'S), on the New Zealand continental shelf and on the CampbellPlateau south to Campbell Island (52°30'S). In the vicinity of thetype locality, off Great Barrier Island, it occurs at depths of 22-406 mbeing most abundant from 150-200 m.

REMARKS: G. canalisuturata has repeatedly been confused withGlobocassidulina subglobosa but differs in having a narrow depressionalong each suture and in having an L-shaped aperture. G. subglobosahas moderately depressed sutures but does not have the sutural depres-sions as G. canalisuturata. The aperture in G. subglobosa consists ofa narrow elongate opening extending from the basal margin obliquelyinto the apertural face. There is no opening along the basal marginas in G. canalisuturata.

The specific name is from the Latin canalis channel, and suturasuture, referring to the structure of the sutures.

Globocassidulina spherica sp. nov. (Fig. 7, Nos 1-3)

DESCRIPTION OF HOLOTYPE: Test robust, almost spherical, slightlycompressed laterally in adult; wall thick, opaque, smooth; chambersnot inflated, increasing in size very slightly in direction of growth;all sutures flush with surface of test, those of last two chambers appearas dark limbate lines, other sutures obscure but often seen when testis wet; apertural face low, faces the direction of growth, occupied almost

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Fia. 7—Some Recent species of tho family Oassidulinidae.1—3: Gtoboeatssidulitta spherica Bade, n.sp.

1, 2: Holotypo. x 83. NZOI Cat. No. TM 4/1. NZOI Sta. F 42.3: Paratype. Internal view of last chamber showing tooth-plate and sepalforamen, x 187. NZOI Cat. No. TM 4/2. From NZOI Sta. F 42.

4—0 : Ehrenbergina aspinosa Parr.x 124. NZOI Cat. No. PM 17. From Challenger Sta. 192.

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entirely by aperture; aperture narrow, loop-shaped slit, lying obliquelyacross apertural face, lower side of aperture bordered by lip, wide atinner end, narrowing at outer end, upper part of aperture folded intochamber to form well-developed tooth-plate; tooth-plate attached topenultimate chamber wall at base of upper side of septal foramen.

Dimensions of holotype (mm):Height: 0.62Width: 0.52Thickness: 0.56

Size range of other specimens (mm):Height: 0.17-0.81Width: 0.15-0.66Thickness: 0.16-0.70

TYPE MATERIAL:1. Deposited in the New Zealand Oceanographic Institute. NZOI

Cat. No. TM4, holotype (Fig. 7, Nos 1, 2), 1 figured paratype(Fig. 7, No. 3), and 62 unfigured paratypes.

2. Deposited in the New Zealand Geological Survey. NZGS Reg.No. TF 1560, 2 unfigured paratypes.



TYPE LOCALITY: North of Great Barrier Island, New Zealand. NZOISta. F 42, 35°29.3'S, 175°29'E, depth 695 m.

DISTRIBUTION: G. spherica occurs in deep water off northern NewZealand (514-2,041 m), Norfolk Island (approx. 2,700 m), KermadecIslands (approx. 1,500 m), Fiji (2,399 m), and Tonga (1,088 m). OffGreat Barrier Island it occurs most abundantly at depths of 514-700 m.

REMARKS: G. spherica differs from topotype specimens of Globocassi-dulina pacifica (Cushman) in its more spherical, non-compressed test,and in having a narrower lip on the lower side of the aperture. InG. spherica this lip is expanded at the inner end of the aperture andcovers the lower part of the aperture. In G. pacifica the lip is consider-ably larger, almost entirely covering the aperture so that the openingremains as a slit around the margin of the expanded lip (Parr 1950,pi. 12, figs 23, 24). G. spherica also differs from topotype specimensof Globocassidulina subglobosa (Brady) in test shape and aperturalfeatures. The last few chambers in G. subglobosa become slightlyelongate, increasing the height of the test and reducing its sphericity;the sutures between these chambers are slightly depressed. The apertureof G. subglobosa tends to be longer than in G. spherica and does nothave an expanded lip covering or partially covering it.

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One specimen of G. spherica has a secondary opening in the aperturalface above the primary aperture like that in Globocassidulina oribundaBelford, but this feature is not considered to be normal in G. spherica.

The specific name is from the Greek sphaira sphere, referring to theshape of the test.

Genus Ehrenbergina Reuss, 1850

TYPE SPECIES by original designation: Ehrenbergina serrata Reuss,1858.

Ehrenbergina aspinosa Parr, 1950 (Fig. 7, Nos 4-6; Fig. 8, Nos 1, 2)

Ehrenbergina serrata Reuss. Brady 1884, p. 434, pi. 55, figs 5, 6 (part).Ehrenbergina pacifica Cushman (part). Cushman 1927, p. 5, pi. 2, fig. 2a.

Todd 1965, p. 47, pi. 20, fig. 1.Ehrenbergina pacifica, var. aspinosa Parr, 1950, p. 345, pi. 12, figs 1, 2.

TYPE LOCALITY: East of Tasmania, 41°03'S, 148°42'E, depth 128 m.

MATERIAL: One topotype, 136 other specimens.

TAXONOMIC NOTES: Confusion between E. aspinosa and E. pacificaCushman led the writer to examine both these species to clarify theirrespective identities.

In his description of E. pacifica, Cushman (1927) nominated neithera holotype nor a type locality. The only locality mentioned wasChallenger station 192 near the Ki Islands, in the eastern Banda Sea.Cushman reproduced three of Brady's Challenger Report figures (Brady1884, pi. 55, figs 4, 6, 7) with the description, all three specimenscoming from this Challenger locality. He apparently consideredChallenger station 192 to be the type locality and one of the threefigured specimens to be the holotype. Dr R. H. Hedley of the BritishMuseum (Natural History) kindly checked the relevant slide in theChallenger Collection and found that it is one of the few that has beenpartly or wholly destroyed by damp which makes it impossible tomatch the figures with specimens. In a subsample of sediment fromChallenger station 192, 105 specimens of Ehrenbergina were foundmatching the three figures given by Cushman. A close examinationof these specimens showed that three species were present correspondingto the three figures. The most common species (82 specimens) is asmall, delicate form with raised sutures dorsally, and small, delicateperipheral spines—maximum length: 0.35 mm; proloculus diameter:microspheric 15 /x, megalospheric 40-45 fi (Brady 1884, pi. 55, fig. 6).Less common (17 specimens) is a larger, more robust form with asmoother test and long, robust, peripheral spines—maximum length:0.54 mm; proloculus diameter: microspheric 25-30 /X, megalospheric80-100 n (Brady 1884, pi. 55, fig. 7). Six specimens of the thirdspecies were present and these are characterised by a raised ventralridge with no central furrow (Brady 1884, pi. 55, fig. 4).

Cushman, in describing E. pacifica as having "sutures distinct, onthe dorsal side flush with the surface" and a "periphery with long

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spinose processes", was apparently describing the largest specimen(Brady, fig. 7) and this may be considered to be the holotype.

E. pacifica (Fig. 8, Nos 3-5) is characterised by its large size, robustform, moderately raised central ventral area, moderately smooth dorsaland ventral surfaces, and robust peripheral spines. Specimens of thedelicate, most common species (Brady, fig. 6) have been comparedwith and are identical to the type figure and to a topotype specimenof Ehrenbergina pacifica var. aspinosa Parr.

To summarise, the three figures from Brady's Challenger Report(1884), reproduced by Cushman (1927) in his type description ofE. pacifica, represent three different species. These are:

Ehrenbergina aspinosa Parr. Brady, pi. 55, fig. 6 = Cushman,pi. 2, fig. 2a.

Ehrenbergina pacifica Cushman. Brady, pi. 55, fig. 7 = Cushman,pi. 2, fig. 2b.

Ehrenbergina sp. Brady, pi. 55, fig. 4 = Cushman,pi. 2, fig. 2c.

DISTRIBUTION: E. aspinosa has been recorded, as E. pacifica, from KiIslands (236 m), Marshall Islands (1,364 m), and Tuamotu Archi-pelago (1,459 m). I have specimens from off Suva, Fiji (444 m), offKermadec Islands (508 m), several North Island, New Zealand local-ities off the east coast south to about 38°S, and several off the westcoast, south to about 40°30'S. New Zealand specimens occur at212-870 m, and off Great Barrier Island are most abundant at212-281 m.

E. aspinosa is the "common Pacific species" Cushman mentions inthe type description of E. pacifica, the latter species occurring only atthe type area.

REMARKS: E. aspinosa is characterised by its small size, small delicatespines at the periphery, raised sutures dorsally, especially in the earlystages of growth, strongly raised central ventral area with a centralgroove, and chambers on the ventral side raised into a sharp ridgewhich extends from the spine at the central raised area to the peripheralspine. The overall width of the test, including spines, is generallyslightly more than the overall length but may vary from slightly lessto significantly more. The peripheral spines are quite delicate and arebroken on many specimens.

Ehrenbergina glabra Heron-Allen and Earland, 1922

Ehrenbergina hystrix Brady var. glabra. Heron-Allen and Earland 1922, p. 140,pi. 5, figs 1-6, 11. Wiesner 1931, p. 132, pi. 22, fig. 262. Heron-Allen andEarland 1932, p. 360. Earland 1934, p. 139.

Ehrenbergina glabra Heron-Allen and Earland. Chapman and Parr 1937, p. 84.Parr 1950, p. 344.

TYPE LOCALITY: Not given. Recorded from 15 localities, three offNew Zealand, and 12 off Antarctica south of New Zealand.

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DISTRIBUTION : E. glabra occurs quite commonly in the Antarcticregion. Off New Zealand Heron-Allen and Earland (1922) recordedsingle specimens from three localities. I have a single specimen fromoif Great Barrier Island (1,781 m) and 18 specimens from off AucklandIsland (896 m).

Ehrenbcrgina mestayeri Cushman, 1922 (Fig. 8, Nos 6, 7)

Ehrenbergina serrata Reuss. Mestayer 1916, p. 129. Cushman 1919, p. 607.Heron-Allen and'Earland 1922, p. 140 (part).

Ehrenbergina mestayeri Cushman, 1922, p. 135. Cushman 1927, p. 4, pi. 1, fig. 9.

TYPE LOCALITY: Off Poor Knights Islands, New Zealand, 35°3O'S,174°43'E, depth 110 m.

MATERIAL: 71 topotypes, approximately 100 other specimens.

DISTRIBUTION: Recorded from several localities off North Cape andthe north-eastern coast of the North Island. E. mestayeri occurs quitecommonly off the northernmost part of New Zealand, south to 38°Soff the east coast, and south to 35°S off the west. In the vicinityof the type locality E. mestayeri occurs at depths of 84-190 m.

REMARKS: E. mestayeri is characterised by its broad, moderately com-pressed test, the almost flat, smooth surface of the raised central ventralside, the sharp angle along each chamber from the peripheral spineto the raised ventral area, and the sharp angle on either side of theraised ventral area.

The aperture and tooth-plate are typical of the genus. The tooth-plate is formed by an infolding of the chamber wall on the dorsal sideof the aperture and is folded tightly back on itself so that the freeedge lies immediately below the ventral edge of the aperture. Thebase of the tooth-plate is attached to the entire ventral edge of theseptal foramen.

The juvenile of E. mestayeri is very similar to Ehrenbergina aspinosaParr but the former has a smooth dorsal surface whereas the latter hasraised sutures dorsally.

Ehrenbergina trigona Goes, 1896 (Fig. 8, No. 8)

Ehrenbergina serrata Reuss var. trigona Goes, 1896, p. 49.Ehrenbergina serrata Reuss. Heron-Allen and Earland 1922, p. 140 (part).

TYPE LOCALITY: Not given. Recorded by Goes from one locality inthe Caribbean Sea (300 fm) and two localities in the Pacific Oceanoff Central America (1,201, 1,322 fm).


DISTRIBUTION : E. trigona has been recorded from the deep sea of mostoceans. In the south-west Pacific I have specimens from off KermadecIslands (about 1,500 m) and from several localities off New Zealand(922-1,917 m).

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FLO. 8—Some Recent species of the family Cassidulinidae.1, 2: Ehrenbergina axpinosa Parr.

1: x 95. NZOI Cat. No. PM 18. Prom Challenger Sta. 192.2: x 95. NZOI Cat. No. PM 19. From Challenger Sta. 192.

3—5: Ehrenbergina pacifica Cushman.3: Juvenile, x 95. NZOI Cat. No. PM 20. Prom Challenger Sta. 192.4, 5 : x 75. NZOI Cat. No. PM 21. Prom Challenger Sta. 192.

6—7: Ehrenhergina mestayeri Cushman.Topotype. x 95. NZOI Cat. No. PM 22. From NZOI Sta. 75.

8: Hhrenbergina trigoiia Goes.x 75. NZOI Cat. No. PM 23. From NZOI Sta. F 60.

9: Ehrenbergina carinata, Kade, ji.sp.Paratype. Internal view of last chamber showing tooth-plate and septalforamen, x 95. NZOI Cat. No. TM 5/2. From NZOI Sta. Z 1769.

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REMARKS: New Zealand specimens have been compared with, and areidentical with, a specimen from Challenger station 300, off JuanFernandez Islands, 1,375 fm.

Ehrenbergina carinata sp. nov. (Fig. 8, No. 9; Fig. 9, Nos 1-4)

DESCRIPTION OF HOLOTYPE (microspheric form): Test triangularviewed dorsally and in cross section; wall moderately thin, perforate,granular; chambers not inflated in early stages of growth, later slightlyinflated, up to about 21 in number; peripheral keel well developed, non-perforate, with large spine at each chamber extending backward injuvenile, straight out from test in adult; dorsal side almost flat, slightlyconcave across test, slightly convex along direction of growth especiallyin juvenile, sutures limbate in juvenile, flush with surface of test, inadult slightly raised near periphery; ventral side of test raised intocentral keel with spines, usually one per chamber, test between centraland peripheral keel flat to slightly concave with sutures flush in juvenile,later slightly depressed; apertural face, broad, flat with fewer perfor-ations than rest of test, non-perforate around aperture; aperture narrow,elongate slit extending from margin with previous chamber intoapertural face, at lower end gently curved and parallel to dorsal margin,at upper end strongly curved towards ventral side, ventral side ofaperture bordered by narrow lip partially covering aperture, dorsalside folded into chamber to form tooth-plate; tooth-plate broad, slightlyfolded, concave side facing outwards, fixed edge attached to dorsalside of aperture, free edge lying directly beneath ventral side of/aperture, attached at base to upper end of ventral edge of septalforamen.

VARIATION: In the microspheric form the only variation is in thedegree of convexity of the dorsal side in the direction of growth. Itranges from flat to moderately convex but is most commonly slightlyconvex. The megalospheric form is similar to the microspheric butis smaller, has less prominent peripheral spines and has a narrowerkeel, especially between the peripheral spines (Fig. 8, No. 4).

Dimensions of holotype (mm):Length: 0.59Height: 0.34Width: 0.68

Size range of other specimens (mm):Microspheric Megalospheric

Length: 0.38-0.72 0.21-0.49Height: 0.21-0.39 0.16-0.26Width: 0.45-0.81 0.27-0.55

Size range of proloculus (microns):Microspheric: 10-20Megalospheric: 55-90

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FIG. 9—Ehrenbergina carinata Eade, n.sp., of the family Cassidulinidae.1—4 : Ehrenbergina carinata Eade, n.sp.

1-3: Holotype. Microspheric form. 1 3: x 90; 2: x 100. NZOI Cat.No. TM 5/1. NZOI Sta. Z 1769.4: Paratype. Megalospheric form. x 100. NZOI Cat No TM 5/5.Prom NZOI Sta. Z 1769.

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TYPE MATERIAL:

1. Deposited in the New Zealand Oceanographic Institute. NZOICat. No. TM 5, holotype (Fig. 9, Nos 1-3), 2 figured paratypes(Fig. 8, No. 9; Fig. 9, No. 4), and 46 unfigured paratypes.

2. Deposited in the New Zealand Geological Survey. NZGS Reg.No. TF 1561, 2 unfigured paratypes.



TYPE LOCALITY: West of Curtis Island, Kermadec Islands. NZOI Sta.Z 1769, 30°17'S, 180°00', depth approximately 1,500 m.

DISTRIBUTION: E. carinata has not been recorded previously. I havespecimens from off Fiji, Tonga, Kermadec Islands, Norfolk Island,and northern New Zealand. It occurs at depths of 914 to approximately2,700 m.

REMARKS: The only species with which E. carinata may be confusedare the deep-water species Ehrenbergina trigona Goes and Ehrenberginaundulata Parker. E. trigona differs in having a prominent furrow alongthe centre of the raised ventral portion, smaller peripheral spines, anda much narrower peripheral keel which may be absent. The juvenileE. undulata is very similar to E. carinata in being triangular in cross-section but differs in the adult in being ventrally compressed, with theraised ventral portion much lower and rounded.

The specific name is from the Latin carina keel, referring to thepresence of a peripheral keel.

REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION

Most of the New Zealand Recent species belonging to the familiesIslandiellidae and Cassidulinidae lie within one of three faunal groupswhich differ in latitudinal distribution.

The most northern group includes at least six species and possiblyanother six. Two sub-groups with different southern limits are dis-tinguishable: (a) three continental slope species, Globocassidulinaminuta, Ehrenbergina aspinosa, and E. trigona, occur south to about40°S (Challenger Plateau); (b) three deeper-water species, Globo-cassidulina decorata, G. spherica, and Ehrenbergina carinata, occursouth to about 37°S (Kaipara Harbour). The differences between thetwo sub-groups may, however, be due to the limited amount of deep-water material examined. From data available, Favocassidulinaaustralis, Globocassidulina elegans, G. gemma, and G. producta occurbetween 1,500 and 2,500 m south to 35°S. All the above species arefound off Fiji and Tonga and most occur off other subtropical and

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tropical Pacific islands. Recorded occurrences of Evolvocassidulinaaff. E. injlata, and E. tenuis off New Zealand lie within the limits ofthe northern group.

A mid-latitudinal group includes two shelf species, Evolvocassidulinaorientalis and Globocassidulina canalisuturata. These occur north toabout 32°S (southern Kermadec Islands) and south to about 53°S(Campbell Island). They do not occur on the Norfolk or MacquarieRidges which lie, in part, within these latitudes. G. canalisuturata ispossibly endemic but E. orientalis has been recorded from similarlatitudes off the west coast of South America.

A southern group includes two species, Globocassidulina crassa andEhrenbergina glabra. Both are quite common south of 48°S (northernedge of Campbell Plateau) but occur sporadically to the north.G. crassa occurs in small numbers north to about 46°S (OtagoPeninsula) and E. glabra occurs very rarely at about latitude 34°3O'S(North Cape).

Species which do not lie within one of these three faunal groupsinclude the cosmopolitan species Cassidulina carinata and the endemicspecies Globocassidulina tumida and Ehrenbergina mestayeri. G. tumidaoccurs only off the Three Kings Islands (34°S) where it is quite com-mon. E. mestayeri occurs abundantly off the east coast, North Island,between 34°S (Three Kings Islands) and 36°30'S (Great BarrierIsland) and sporadically in the Bay of Plenty and off East Cape(37°30'S).

WALL STRUCTURE AND CLASSIFICATION

The majority of the hyaline calcareous perforate species of Fora-minifera have a radial or granular wall structure. Of these, almostall are either exclusively radial or exclusively granular, regardless ofage, environment, or any factor which may influence the growth ofthe shell (Wood 1949). There are, however, a few records of specieswith both radial and granular structure in different areas of the wallin the same specimen (Cifelli 1962; Glaessner 1963). One species hasalso been recorded as having a wall structure which is neither distinctlyradial nor distinctly granular (Belford 1966). Structure in this speciesis intermediate in character with radially arranged grains separated byrandomly arranged smaller grains. These few exceptions are of minorimportance as most hyaline calcareous perforate species have eitherone type of wall structure or the other. None of these anomalousfeatures was seen in the species studied here, all being either radialor granular.

There is a similar uniformity in wall structure within most foramini-feral genera. There are some exceptions but most are species genericallymisplaced because of lack of information on detailed morphologye.g. Cassidulinoides. The type species of Cassidulinoides is radial andtherefore belongs to the family Islandiellidae. Several species withgranular wall structure have previously been placed in Cassidulinoides

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452 N.Z. JOUPNAL OF MARINE & FRESHWATER RESEARCH [DEC.

because of a similar chamber arrangement. A detailed study of theaperture and tooth-plate shows that they are more closely related toCassidulina and should be included in a new genus, Evolvocassidulina,family Cassidulinidae.

The belief that certain genera are more closely related to genera ofdiffering wall structure but with similar general shape than to generawith the same wall structure, has led many writers to doubt the valueof wall structure classification at family level. Favocassidulina (radial)has been closely identified with Cassidulina (granular). However, theapertural structures show that Favocassidulina is more closely relatedto Islandiella (radial). Detailed examination of other genera may alsoshow a more natural morphological arrangement of genera into groupswhich are all radial or all granular.

In defining the family Islandiellidae, Loeblich and Tappan (1964)state that it differs from the Cassidulinidae in having both a radialwall structure and an apertural tooth. However the apertural toothis common to both families and the only character by which they differsignificantly is wall structure.

The uniformity of wall structure in individual genera and speciessupports the conclusion that wall structure is a basic genetic characterand is of primary importance in classification, but this conclusion isweakened by the existence of species with mixed wall structure.Detailed information on the morphology of other families and a betterunderstanding of their phylogeny are needed before the full taxonomicimportance of wall structure can be established.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I am grateful to the following: Miss R. Todd, U.S. National Museum, forspecimens of Cassidulina minuta Cushman and a topotype specimen of Cassidulinalaevigata var. carinata Cushman; Dr R. H. Hedley, British Museum (NaturalHistory), for a sediment sample from Challenger Station 192 and for topotypespecimens of Cassidulina bradyi Norman and Cassidulina pacifica Cushman;Mr N. de B. Hornibrook, N.Z. Geological Survey, for topotype specimens ofCassidulina subglobosa Brady; Professor H. W. Wellman, Victoria Universityof Wellington, for a sediment sample from a core taken off Suva (Z 2087);Mr K. B. Lewis and Dr D. E. Hurley for valuable criticism of the manuscript;Mr K. Burns, Process Department, Government Printing Office, for valuableadvice in preparing the figures.

Other material donated to the N.Z. Oceanographic Institute was collected asfollows: Z 217, HMNZS Lachlan; Z 1766, Z1769, RNZAF Tui; Z 1873, c.s.Retriever; Z 2006, c.s. Mercury.

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BRADY, H. B. 1884: Report on the Foraminifera dredged by HMS Challengerduring the years 1873-1876. Rep. scient. Results Challenger Exped.Zool. 9: 1-814.

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1909: Report on the Foraminifera from the Subantarctic Islands of NewZealand. In Chilton, C. (Ed.): "The Subantarctic Islands of NewZealand". Vol. 1: 312-71. Philosophical Institute of Canterbury,Christchurch, N.Z.

1941: Report on Foraminiferal soundings and dredgings of the FISEndeavour along the Continental shelf of the south-east coast ofAustralia. Trans. R. Soc. S. Aust. 65 (2): 145-211.

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1922: The Foraminifera of the Atlantic Ocean. Part III—Textulariidae.Bull. U.S. natn Mus. 104 (3): 1-149.

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1933: Some new Recent Foraminifera from the tropical Pacific. Contr.Cushman Lab. foramin. Res. 9 (4): 77-95.

CUSHMAN, J. A., TODD, R., and POST, R. J. 1954: Recent Foraminifera from theMarshall Islands. Prof. Pap. U.S. geol. Surv. 260-H: 319-84.

EARLAND, A. 1934: Foraminifera Part 3—The Falklands sector of the Antarctic(excluding South Georgia). 'Discovery' Rep. 10: 1-208.

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GLAESSNER, M. F. 1963: Major trends in the evolution of Foraminifera. InKoeningswald, G. H. R., Emeis, J. D., Buning, W. L., and Wagner,C. W. (Eds), "Evolutionary Trends in Foraminifera", 9-24. Else-vier, Amsterdam.

GOES, A. 1896: Report on the dredging operations off the west coast of CentralAmerica, etc., carried on by the U.S. Fish Commission SteamerAlbatross, etc. Part 20—Foraminifera. Bull. Mus. comp. Zool.Harv. 29, No. 1.

HEDLEY, R. H., HURDLE, C. M., and BURDETT, I. D. J. 1967: The marine faunaof New Zealand: Intertidal Foraminifera of the Corallina officinaliszone. Bull. N.Z. Dep. scient. ind. Res. 180: 1-88.

HERON-ALLEN, E., and EARLAND, A. 1922: Protozoa, Part II—Foraminifera.Br. Antarct. Terra Nova Exped. 1910, Zool. 6, No. 2: 25-268.

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1961: Tertiary Foraminifera from Oamaru District (N.Z.). Part I.Systematics and Distribution. Palaeont. Bull., Wellington, 34 (1):1-192.

HULME, S. G. 1964: Recent Foraminifera from Manukau Harbour, Auckland,New Zealand. N.Z. Jl Sci. 7 (3): 305^0.

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1964: Protista 2: Sarcodina, chiefly "Thecamoebians" and Foramini-ferida. "Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology", part C (2 vols.),1-900. Geol. Soc. Amer. and Univ. Kansas Press.

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SIDEBOTTOM, H. 1910: Two new species of Cassidulina. J. Quekett microsc.Club, ser. 2, 11: 105-8.

SILVESTRI, A. 1896: Foraminiferi pliocenici della provincia di Siena, Part I.Memorie Accad. pont. Nuovi Lfncei, 12: 1-204.

THALMANN, H. E. 1950: New names and homonyms in Foraminifera. Contr.Cushman Fdn foramin. Res.. 1: 41-5.

TODD, R. 1965: The Foraminifera of the tropical Pacific collections of theAlbatross, 1899-1900. Part 4—Rotaliform families and planktonicfamilies. Bull. U.S. natn Mus., 161 (4): 1-139.

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new zealand recent foraminifera of the families islandiellidae and cassidulinidae

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