new zealand flight instructor's guide
DESCRIPTION
ResourceTRANSCRIPT
-
Flight Instructors Guide
JenksCAvailable from 0800 GET RULES (0800 438 785)
JenksC Revised June 2003
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The Theory 1 Introduction 1
Information Processing 1 Definition of Learning 2 Characteristics of Learning 2
Chapter 1Learning theory 5 Learning components 5 How adults learn 6 Perception 6 Insights 8 Motivation 8 Levels of learning 9 Learning a skill 10 Transfer of learning 13 Forgetting and retention theories of forgetting 13
Chapter 2Human behaviour 15 Human needs 15 Defence mechanisms 17 The instructors role in human relations 17
Chapter 3Effective communication 19 Basic elements of the communication process 19 The source 19 Symbols 20 Receiver 20 Barriers to effective communication 20 Lack of a common core of experience 21 Confusion between the symbol and the thing symbolised 21 Use of abstractions 21
Chapter 4The teaching process 23 Preparation 23 Presentation 25 Application 25 Review and evaluation 25
Chapter 5Teaching methods 27 Organising material 27 Lecture method 29 Guided discussion method 32 Demonstration-performance method 36 Programmed instruction 37
Chapter 6Evaluation 39 Observations 39 Oral Questioning 40 Written Tests 42 Effective Question Writing 48 Principles of Effective Question Writing 48 Performance Tests 48
Chapter 7Instructional aids 51 Reasons for using them 51 Guidelines for their use 51 Types 52 Computer-based instruction 54 Future developments 54
Chapter 8Role modelling 55 Professionalism 55 Sincerity 55 Personal appearance and habits 55 Safety and accident prevention 56 Self improvement 56
-
The Lessons 59 Pre-Flight Briefings 61
Taxiing 69
Effects of Primary Controls 75
Effects of Ancillary Controls 83
Straight-and-Level 89
Climbing 97
Descending 109
Climbing and Descending 115
Medium Turns 123
Basic Stalling 131
Advanced Stalling 141
Circuit Introduction 149
Circuit Considerations 161
Engine Failure After Takeoff 169
Flapless Circuit 179
Crosswind Circuit 185
The Standard Overhead Join 193
Vacating and Joining the Circuit 199
Radio Failure 203
Forced Landing Without Power The Pattern 209
Forced Landing Without Power Considerations 221
Glide Approach 231
-
Steep Turns 237
Maximum Rate Turns 245
Wing-Drop Stalling 253
Compass Turns 259
Short-Field Takeoff 269
Short-Field Landing 277
Low Flying Introduction 285
Low Flying Consolidation 293
Precautionary Landing 301
Instrument Flying Introduction 307
Instrument Flying Limited Panel 315
Instrument Flying Unusual Attitudes 321
Map-Reading 327
Acknowledgments 335
References 337
-
JenksC
JenksCAcknowledgements
JenksCThis Flight Instructors Guide has been prepared for the Civil Aviation Authority of New Zealand by John Parker (Flight Testing Officer), with the assistance of CAA staff members Michael Tucker and Murray Fowler.
Input on behalf of the Royal New Zealand Aero Club Inc was provided by Robin Porter (Auckland Aero Club), Wayne Harrison (New Plymouth Aero Club), John Penno (Otago Aero Club), and Andrew Buttle (North Shore Aero Club).
On behalf of the Aviation Industry Association of New Zealand Inc Flight Training Division, input was provided by Gordon Vette and Mark Carter (Flightline Aeronautical College), Russell Jenkins (Associated Flying School), and Andy Smith (Nelson Aviation College).
Input from Aviation Services Limited was provided by Paul Collard-Scruby and Alan Daley (Auckland Examiners), Graham Leach (Wellington Examiner), and Peter Dixon (Christchurch Examiner).
Comments were received from Bruce Farquhar (author of a New Zealand student flight training manual, Airborne the Complete Pilot, 1995), and Harold Bennett (friend and consultant to the CAA of New Zealand).
Preparation of the draft copies was carried out by Ted Fletcher, and the pre-flight briefings were primarily drawn from the Ardmore Flying School, with the invaluable computer skills of Michael Berghan.
The total presentation has been overseen by Dr Lynn Hunt (Massey University, School of Aviation).
Where no other reference is cited, this document draws heavily on the information provided in the Australian Civil Aviation and US Federal Aviation Administration Flight Instructor Handbooks, and their permission to reproduce that information is gratefully acknowledged.
This guide is to be used, not in isolation, but in conjunction with the recommended texts and an appropriate course of flight instructor training.
Footnote, June 2003 edition: The above acknowledgements were omitted from the 1999 edition. They appear here substantially as drafted in 1999; persons places of employment will have since changed in many instances.
-
The Theory
-
Introduction !!"What #$how $" "#$"$$#!$!"
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Information Processing $ "
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S en soryR eg is ter
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ENT
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TAXI
ING
OB
JEC
TIVE
:To
man
oeuv
re th
e ai
rcra
ft on
the
grou
nd a
t a c
onst
ant s
peed
(a
ppro
pria
te to
the
cond
ition
s), s
topp
ing
at a
nom
inat
ed p
oint
.
CO
NSI
DER
ATI
ON
S:Fa
ctor
s af
fect
ing
taxi
spe
ed a
nd s
topp
ing
dist
ance
-Ine
rtia
mor
e po
wer
to g
et s
tarte
d, le
ss a
s th
e A/
C b
egin
s to
mov
e
-S
lope
-Sur
face
(Gra
ss, l
ong,
sho
rt -w
et o
r dry
/ C
oncr
ete)
-Win
dta
ilwin
d, h
eadw
ind
-Pow
er
Bra
king
thro
ugh
diffe
rent
ial b
rake
s on
mai
n w
heel
s.
Park
bra
ke o
pera
tion
(as
appl
icab
le to
type
)
Dire
ctio
nal c
ontr
olR
udde
r ped
als
have
dua
l pur
pose
-T
o tu
rn th
e ai
rcra
ft th
roug
h no
sew
heel
ste
erin
g (n
atur
al
sens
e) &
bra
king
-Win
dw
eath
erco
ck te
nden
cy
Con
trol
pos
ition
ing
(use
dia
gram
from
A/C
fli
ght m
anua
l)
A/C
MA
NA
GEM
ENT:
HU
MA
N F
AC
TOR
S:Se
at a
djus
ted
and
secu
red
T
s an
d P
s -s
uita
ble
Avoi
d us
ing
carb
heat
Brak
e ch
eck
-spe
ed c
heck
Av
oid
usin
g po
wer
and
bra
ke to
geth
erW
ing
tip c
lear
ance
sSl
ipst
ream
-co
nsid
erat
ions
C
ross
roug
h gr
ound
at a
n an
gle
-cau
tion
grav
el
Inst
rum
ent c
heck
s
Stop
into
win
d (a
ids
cool
ing)
Dis
orie
ntat
ion
-VFG
& V
TC
-G
ive
way
rule
s -K
now
W/V
Visi
on
-Loo
kout
-C
lean
win
dscr
een
-Blin
dspo
ts
Info
Pro
cess
ing
-Che
cklis
ts
-R
ecor
d AT
IS a
nd c
lear
ance
s
-Situ
atio
nal a
war
enes
s, m
enta
l 3D
pi
ctur
e
EXER
CIS
E:
1. M
ovin
g of
f -Loo
kout
-ch
eck
win
gtip
cle
aran
ces
-C
lose
thro
ttle
-R
elea
se p
ark
brak
e
pow
er to
ove
rcom
e in
ertia
-Clo
se th
rottl
e Te
st B
rake
s
2. M
aint
aini
ng c
onst
ant s
peed
-A
ntic
ipat
e po
wer
requ
ired
-Tax
i at f
ast w
alki
ng p
ace
(max
imum
)-A
void
usi
ng p
ower
aga
inst
bra
ke
3. M
aint
aini
ng c
onst
ant d
irect
ion
-Loo
k w
ell a
head
, not
just
ove
r the
nos
e
4. T
urni
ng
-Lo
okou
t -R
udde
r ped
als
only
(wid
e ra
dius
)
-P
ower
as
requ
ired
5. T
urni
ng in
con
fined
spa
ces
-Loo
kout
-U
se fu
ll ru
dder
-T
hen
diffe
rent
ial b
raki
ng (r
adiu
s sm
alle
r)
-P
ower
as
requ
ired
6. S
topp
ing
-Lo
okou
t and
ant
icip
ate
(nom
inat
ed p
oint
) -C
lose
thro
ttle
-App
ly e
ven
pres
sure
on
brak
e pe
dals
-O
nce
stop
ped,
par
k br
ake
on-I
dle
at
rpm
7. B
rake
Fai
lure
-C
lose
thro
ttle
and
stee
r aw
ay fr
om o
bsta
cles
-C
ollis
ion
imm
inen
t FM
I and
Mas
ter O
FF
Stee
ring
Br
akin
gO
HP
Rec
omm
ende
d
-
EFFE
CTS
OF
PRIM
AR
Y C
ON
TRO
LS
HU
MA
N F
AC
TOR
S:
LOO
Kou
t-BL
IND
SPO
TS
Mem
ory
limits
-che
cklis
ts
Orie
ntat
ion
-Loc
al la
ndm
arks
I'm S
afe
AIR
EXE
RC
ISE:
1. B
efor
e ta
keof
fR
evis
e ta
xiin
g
2. E
ffect
s of
Prim
ary
Con
trol
s
3. A
irspe
edLo
w a
irspe
ed -
Con
trols
ligh
t & le
ss e
ffect
ive,
larg
e m
ovem
ents
requ
ired
Hig
h ai
rspe
ed -
Con
trols
firm
& e
ffect
ive,
sm
alle
r m
ovem
ents
requ
ired
4. A
fter L
andi
ngR
evis
e ta
xiin
g an
d Id
le C
ut O
ff (IC
O) o
n sh
utdo
wn
AIR
CR
AFT
MA
NA
GEM
ENT:
Thro
ttle
____
__ to
inc
reas
e Po
wer
____
__ to
dec
reas
e Po
wer
Mix
ture
Push
in to
enr
iche
nPu
ll fu
lly o
ut to
ICO
C
arb
heat
___
hot
___c
old
Ts
and
Ps
Ran
ge (g
reen
/red)
I/You
hav
e co
ntro
l -fo
llow
me
thro
ugh
Cle
ar o
f clo
ud
OB
JEC
TIVE
S:1.
To
obse
rve
and
expe
rienc
e th
e fir
st e
ffect
s of
mov
ing
the
airc
raft
prim
ary
cont
rol s
urfa
ces
in fl
ight
.2.
To
obse
rve
the
furth
er (o
r sec
onda
ry) e
ffect
s of
mov
ing
the
airc
raft
prim
ary
cont
rols
on
thei
r ow
n, in
flig
ht.
PRIN
CIP
LES
OF
FLIG
HT:
Ber
noul
lis
Theo
rem
V
P
-Cam
ber (
shap
e)
-Ang
le o
f Atta
ck-A
irspe
ed
Con
trol F
unct
ioni
ng
Ele
vato
r
Aile
ron
Rud
der
LIFT
Con
trol
Inpu
t1s
t Effe
ct2n
d Effe
ctU
se
Ele
vato
rC
/C b
ack
C/C
forw
ard
Pitc
h up
Pitc
h do
wn
Nil
Attit
ude
A/S
Aile
ron
C/C
left
C/C
righ
tR
oll l
eft
Rol
l rig
htSl
ip
Yaw
Dire
ctio
n
Rud
der
Ped
al le
ftPe
dal r
ight
Yaw
left
Yaw
righ
tSk
id
Rol
lBa
lanc
e
RA
F
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-
EFFE
CTS
OF
AN
CIL
LAR
Y C
ON
TRO
LS
HU
MA
N F
AC
TOR
S:
Clo
ck c
ode
-hig
h-l
evel
-low
Situ
atio
nal A
war
enes
s -
re V
FR &
Tra
inin
g ar
eaIm
Saf
e
AIR
EXE
RC
ISE:
1. O
bser
ve tr
aini
ng a
rea
boun
darie
s
2. S
lipst
ream
Hig
h po
wer
-E
leva
tor &
Rud
derm
ore
effe
ctiv
eLo
w p
ower
-E
leva
tor &
Rud
derl
ess
effe
ctiv
eA
ilero
ns u
naffe
cted
by
slip
stre
am
3. P
ower
Incr
ease
pow
er -
Nos
e pi
tche
s up
, yaw
s le
ftD
ecre
ase
pow
er -
Nos
e pi
tche
s do
wn,
yaw
s rig
ht
4. F
laps
Low
erin
g fla
ps -
Nos
e pi
tche
s __
____
Rai
sing
flap
s
-Nos
e pi
tche
s __
____
Not
e: T
he c
hang
e in
pitc
h is
rela
tive
to A
/C ty
pe
5. E
leva
tor t
rim
6. R
udde
r and
aile
ron
trim
(if a
pplic
able
)
7. C
abin
hea
ter,
dem
iste
r and
fres
h ai
r ven
ts.
AIR
CR
AFT
MA
NA
GEM
ENT:
Thro
ttle
-Sm
ooth
ope
ratio
nM
ixtu
re -
fuel
/air
mix
,whe
n tra
inin
g -f
ull r
ich
Car
bhe
at -
why
ice
form
s, s
ympt
oms,
cur
e
& p
reve
ntio
n at
low
rpm
(OH
P)T
s an
d P
sN
OR
MA
L (g
reen
rang
e)Fl
ap li
mits
(whi
te a
rc)
Cab
in h
eat &
air
oper
atio
n.
Trai
ning
are
a bo
unda
ries
VFR
bel
ow 3
000
am
slor
100
0 a
glC
lear
of c
loud
, in
sigh
t of g
roun
d/w
ater
, with
50
00m
vis
ibili
tyP
re-fl
ight
insp
ectio
n
OB
JEC
TIVE
:To
exp
erie
nce
the
effe
cts
of o
pera
ting
the
A/C
s a
ncill
ary
cont
rols
in fl
ight
.
PRIN
CIP
LES
OF
FLIG
HT:
Sl
ipst
ream
Flap
s-c
hang
e w
ing
shap
e an
d an
gle
of a
ttack
Lift
& D
rag
incr
ease
Trim
-is
a de
vice
to re
lieve
flig
ht c
ontro
l pre
ssur
esH
oldi
ng fo
rwar
d -
Trim
forw
ard
Hol
ding
bac
k
-Tr
im b
ack
OH
P R
ecom
men
ded
Whi
te a
rc -
flap
oper
atin
g ra
nge
-
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-
STR
AIG
HT-
AN
D-L
EVEL
OB
JEC
TIVE
S:
1. T
o en
ter S
& L
from
the
clim
b an
d de
scen
t.2.
To fl
y th
e A/
C a
t a c
onst
ant s
peed
in a
con
stan
t dire
ctio
n, a
t aco
nsta
nt a
ltitu
de
and
in b
alan
ce.
3.To
dev
elop
a s
can
tech
niqu
e an
d an
aw
aren
ess
of th
e pi
lots
vis
ual l
imits
.
AIR
CR
AFT
MA
NA
GEM
ENT:
Th
rottl
e:-R
ecom
men
ded
crui
se rp
mSm
ooth
, pos
itive
mov
emen
tsM
ixtu
re:-
Full
rich
for t
rain
ing
Car
bhe
at :-
Hot
bel
ow _
____
_rpm
Fuel
Man
agem
ent
Tem
ps &
pre
ssur
es -
norm
alS.
A.D
.I.E.
VFR
In s
ight
of l
and
/ wat
erC
lear
of c
loud
with
500
0 m
etre
s vi
s.O
rient
atio
n -l
ocal
land
mar
ks
HU
MA
N F
AC
TOR
S:
Situ
atio
nal a
war
enes
s-f
uel
-tra
inin
g ar
ea
Look
out-
blin
dspo
ts-s
ecto
red
scan
2 se
c pe
r 20
degr
ees
Im S
afe
AIR
EXE
RC
ISE:
Atta
in
Leve
l-fro
m c
limb
-ref
poi
nt (a
ltitu
de,a
ntic
ipat
e)
A-w
ith e
leva
tor,
set &
hol
d le
vel a
ttitu
de,
mai
ntai
n w
ings
leve
l with
aile
ron
& ke
ep s
traig
ht w
ith ru
dder
P-p
ower
, thr
u __
_kts
pwr_
____
rpm
(bal
ance
)
T-t
rim to
relie
ve c
/c p
ress
ure
(fwd)
Mai
ntai
nPo
wer
+ A
ttitu
de =
Per
form
ance
-loo
kout
sca
n, tr
affic
, ref
poi
nt, c
loud
-atti
tude
hol
d -i
nstru
men
ts, c
onfir
m p
erfo
rman
ce-t
rim a
s re
quire
d.
Atta
inLe
vel-
from
des
cent
-ref
poi
nt (a
ltitu
de, a
ntic
ipat
e)
P-C
arb
Ht c
old,
Pw
r___
___r
pmm
aint
ain
win
gs le
vel w
ith a
ilero
n ba
lanc
e w
ith ru
dder
A-A
ttitu
de, w
ith e
leva
tor s
et &
hol
d le
vel a
ttitu
de
T-T
rim to
relie
ve c
/c p
ress
ure
(fwd)
clim
b
S &
LA
PT
2300
rpm
As s
how
n
PRIN
CIP
LES
OF
FLIG
HT:
S+L
at 9
0 kt
s
Equi
libriu
m-c
onst
ant d
irect
ion,
con
stan
t airs
peed
. L=W
T=D
L
W
D
T
T+D
L+W
C o
f PC
of G
Larg
e m
omen
t arm
bal
ance
s co
uple
s
Tailp
lane
& e
leva
tor
(OH
P us
e re
com
men
ded)
Pow
er +
Atti
tude
= P
erfo
rman
ce
If ba
lanc
e ba
ll ou
t to
one
side
-St
and
on
the
Bal
l
Des
cent
PA
T
S &
L
TD
L W+
=
-
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PRIN
CIP
LES
OF
FLIG
HT:
Clim
b pe
rform
ance
dep
ends
on
pow
er a
vaila
ble
Fact
ors
affe
ctin
g th
e cl
imb
-Pow
er &
Alti
tude
-Wei
ght
-
RC
W
R
OC
& a
ngle
-Fla
ps d
own
-Dra
g
R
OC
& a
ngle
-Win
d af
fect
s an
gle
& ra
nge
only
OB
JEC
TIVE
S:
1. T
o en
ter t
he c
limb
from
stra
ight
and
leve
l.
2.To
clim
b at
a c
onst
ant A
/S a
nd c
onst
ant r
ate,
in a
con
stan
t di
rect
ion
and
in b
alan
ce.
3.To
revi
se S
&L b
y le
vellin
g of
f at a
pre
-sel
ecte
d al
titud
e.
AIR
CR
AFT
MA
NA
GEM
ENT:
Thro
ttle
-Ful
l Pow
er o
r max
con
tinuo
usM
ixtu
re -
Ric
h ab
ove
75%
pow
er, c
oolin
gC
arb
Hea
t -C
old
(as
hot
p
erfo
rman
ce)
Tem
ps &
Pre
ss -
Nor
mal
(for c
oolin
g lo
wer
nos
e to
incr
ease
A/S
as
req.
)C
limb
rest
rictio
ns:o
xyge
n, a
irspa
ce,
5-1-
1
HU
MA
N F
AC
TOR
S:A
ltitu
de-s
inus
es, d
ivin
gVi
sion
-Em
pty
sky
myo
pia
Look
out-
Low
er n
ose
500
(S tu
rn)
Noi
se-h
earin
g lo
ss, p
rote
ctio
nSi
tuat
iona
l Aw
aren
ess
-Tra
inin
g ar
ea-V
FRIm
Saf
e
AIR
EXE
RC
ISE:
Entr
yLo
okou
t, R
ef P
oint
, Ref
alti
tude
(clo
ud, a
irspa
ce)
Pow
er
-m
ixtu
re ri
ch, f
ull p
ower
, kee
p st
raig
htA
ttitu
de
-with
ele
vato
r, se
t and
hol
d cl
imb
attit
ude
-with
aile
ron
mai
ntai
n w
ings
leve
l-u
se ru
dder
to b
alan
ce (s
tand
on
ball)
Trim
-r
elie
ve c
ontro
l col
umn
pres
sure
(bac
k)
Mai
ntai
ning P
ower
+ A
ttitu
de =
Per
form
ance
____
rpm
+
___
_kts
=
___
_ft/m
in (R
OC
)
L-l
ooko
ut -
Low
er n
ose
ever
y 50
0 ft
A-a
ttitu
de -
Hol
d (c
hang
e, c
heck
, hol
d, tr
im)
I-i
nstru
men
ts -
Con
firm
per
form
ance
Exit
Antic
ipat
e by
10%
RO
CA
ttitu
de
-sm
ooth
ly s
elec
t stra
ight
& le
vel
Pow
er
-th
roug
h __
_ kt
spo
wer
to _
___
rpm
Trim
-as
requ
ired
to re
lieve
c/c
pre
ssur
e
Bes
t rat
e, b
est a
ngle
and
cru
ise
(as
appl
icab
le)
-N
ote:
atti
tude
and
RO
C
Effe
ct o
f fla
p on
clim
b pe
rfor
man
ce-N
ote:
Low
er n
ose
attit
ude
and
decr
ease
d R
OC
CLI
MB
ING
B C
AA
Best
ang
le -
____
_kts
, ful
l pow
er, n
o fla
pB
Best
rate
-_
____
kts,
full
pow
er, n
o fla
pC
Cru
ise
-___
__kt
s, _
____
rpm
, no
flap
Rec
omm
ende
d -_
____
kts,
___
___r
pm, n
o fla
p(if
app
licab
le)
P A TR
evis
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T
W
L
Do
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W
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W
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RC
W
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L<
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RO
C is
the
sam
e
Ran
ge
G
/S
Ran
ge
G/S
Clim
b pa
th a
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min
-ht
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00
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DES
CEN
DIN
GO
BJE
CTI
VES:
1.
To e
nter
the
desc
ent f
rom
stra
ight
and
leve
l.
2.
To d
esce
nd a
t a c
onst
ant a
irspe
ed a
nd c
onst
ant r
ate,
in a
con
stan
t dire
ctio
n,
and
in b
alan
ce.
3.To
leve
l off
at a
pre
-sel
ecte
d al
titud
e.
PRIN
CIP
LES
OF
FLIG
HT:
Forc
es in
a g
lide
desc
ent
AIR
CR
AFT
MA
NA
GEM
ENT:
Pow
er: D
isav
anta
ges
of p
ower
off,
ad
vant
ages
of p
ower
on
Mix
ture
:Ful
l ric
h
Car
bH
eat:
corre
ct u
se o
f (se
e ai
r exe
rcis
e)
Ts
& P
s:N
orm
al
HU
MA
N F
AC
TOR
S:
Im S
afe
Min
imum
Hei
ghts
: not
less
than
500
AG
L ov
er
unpo
pula
ted
area
s. N
ot le
ss th
an 1
000
AG
L ov
er p
opul
ated
are
a A
ND
suf
ficie
nt to
glid
e cl
ear.
(Clu
b m
inim
um, i
f app
licab
le)
AIR
EXE
RC
ISE:
Entr
y -L
ooko
ut, R
ef p
oint
, Ref
alti
tude
(not
bel
ow m
inim
ums)
Atti
tude
-w
ith e
leva
tor s
elec
t and
hol
d de
scen
t atti
tude
-with
aile
ron
mai
ntai
n w
ings
leve
l -w
ith ru
dder
mai
ntai
n ba
lanc
eTr
im
-
Rel
ieve
C/C
pre
ssur
e
Mai
ntai
ning
Pow
er+
Atti
tude
= Pe
rfor
man
ce__
__ rp
m
____
kts
____
__ ft
/min
(RO
D)
Exit
-Ant
icip
ate
by 1
00 fe
et, C
arb
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t Col
d an
d at
10%
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Effe
ct o
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p on
Des
cent
Per
form
ance
At c
onst
ant A
/S fl
ap a
ffect
s R
OD
, ang
le a
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nge
Effe
ct o
f Pow
er o
n D
esce
nt P
erfo
rman
ceAt
con
stan
t A/S
(70
kts)
pow
er a
ffect
s R
OD
, ang
le a
nd ra
nge
Win
d
Fact
ors
affe
ctin
g th
e de
scen
t
G/S
G/S
Ran
geR
ange
500
Glid
e-P
rope
ller w
indm
illing
, no
flap,
___
___k
ts.
Pow
ered
-1
500
rpm
, fla
p as
requ
ired,
___
___k
ts.
Cru
ise
-___
__ rp
m (w
ithin
gre
en ra
nge)
, no
flap,
___
__kt
s.
-Pow
er-R
OD
R
ange
A
ngle
-Wei
ght
-FC
W
A/S
RO
D
Ang
le/R
ange
una
ffect
ed
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p do
wn
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g
requ
ires
F
CW
to m
aint
ain
A/S
R
OD
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ange
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d-R
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ffect
ed
Alti
tude
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pped
gas
es-A
ppro
pria
te R
OD
-val
salv
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isor
ient
atio
n-S
ituat
iona
l Aw
aren
ess
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boun
darie
s, V
FR)
Visi
on-C
ontra
st-C
lean
win
dscr
een
-Sec
tore
d sc
an-G
entle
S tu
rns
(as
req.
)
1. R
evis
e S
& L
from
the
clim
b
2. T
he P
ower
ed D
esce
nt
Pow
er-m
ixtu
re ri
ch,C
arb
heat
Hot
, p
wrt
o __
___
rpm
-k
eep
stra
ight
& h
old
leve
l -as
A/S
app
roac
hes
____
kts
.
P A
TS
& L
S &
L
Look
out -
gent
le S
turn
s (p
rolo
nged
des
cent
)A
ttitu
de -
hold
(cha
nge,
che
ck, h
old,
trim
)In
stru
men
ts -
conf
irm p
erfo
rman
ce
Pow
er
-pw
rto
____
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ruis
e rp
m, b
alan
ce)
Atti
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ooth
ly s
elec
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L a
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tude
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ck, h
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ts -
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form
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ture
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l ric
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arb
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t: Pr
ior t
o de
scen
t rpm
bel
ow _
____
Ts
& P
s N
orm
alM
inim
um H
eigh
ts: 5
00 A
GL
or 1
000
AG
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er p
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rea.
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elow
300
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or w
ithin
100
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ING
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o en
ter t
he c
limb
and
desc
ent f
rom
stra
ight
and
leve
l. 2.
To c
limb
and
desc
end
at a
con
stan
t A/S
and
con
stan
t rat
e, in
a c
onst
ant d
irect
ion
and
in b
alan
ce.
3.To
revi
se S
&L b
y le
vellin
g of
f at a
pre
-sel
ecte
d al
titud
e.R2
T
W
L
Do
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W
RC
W
T>
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T=
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RC
W
RA
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L<
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R1
Clim
b pe
rform
ance
dep
ends
on
pow
er a
vaila
ble
Rec
omm
ende
d or
nor
mal
clim
b__
____
rpm
, ___
__kt
s, n
o fla
p
Alti
tude
-div
ing.
Vis
ion
-Em
pty
sky
myo
pia,
Lo
okou
t-Lo
wer
nos
e 50
0. N
oise
-pr
otec
tion.
Im
Saf
e(p
rior t
o le
avin
g ho
me)
Alti
tude
:-Tr
appe
d ga
ses,
val
salv
a
Dis
orie
ntat
ion:
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atio
nal A
war
enes
s (T
A bo
unda
ries,
VFR
) Vi
sion
:-C
ontra
st, C
lean
win
dscr
een,
Sec
tore
d sc
an (S
-turn
s as
requ
ired)
Atti
tude
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ith e
leva
tor s
elec
t and
hol
d de
scen
t atti
tude
-with
aile
ron
mai
ntai
n w
ings
leve
l -w
ith ru
dder
mai
ntai
n ba
lanc
eTr
im
-
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ieve
C/C
pre
ssur
e
Entr
y-L
ooko
ut, R
ef p
oint
, Ref
alti
tude
(not
bel
ow m
inim
ums)
Mai
ntai
ning
Loo
kout
Atti
tude
-H
old
(cha
nge,
che
ck, h
old,
trim
)
In
stru
men
ts -
Con
firm
per
form
ance
Pow
er-m
ixtu
re ri
ch,C
arb
heat
Hot
, p
wrt
o __
___
rpm
-kee
p st
raig
ht &
hol
d le
vel -
as A
/S a
ppro
ache
s __
__ k
ts.
Full
Pow
er o
r max
con
tinuo
usM
ixtu
re -
Ric
h ab
ove
75%
pow
er. C
arb
Hea
t -O
ffTe
mps
& P
ress
Nor
mal
(for c
oolin
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wer
nos
e to
incr
ease
A\S
as
req.
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ce (T
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le),
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Pow
ered
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____
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d.
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F
L
W
D
R
FCW
PRIN
CIP
LES
OF
FLIG
HT:
HU
MA
N F
AC
TOR
S :
AIR
EXE
RC
ISE :
AIR
CR
AFT
MA
NA
GEM
ENT :
OB
JEC
TIVE
S:
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er
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ttitu
de
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ts=
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CTI
VES:
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o tu
rn th
e ai
rcra
ft th
roug
h 36
0 de
gree
s at
a c
onst
ant r
ate
at 3
0 de
gree
s an
gle
of
bank
whi
le m
aint
aini
ng c
onst
ant a
ltitu
de a
nd in
bal
ance
.
2.
To e
nter
a m
ediu
m tu
rn fr
om th
e cl
imb
and
the
desc
ent.
PRIN
CIP
LES
OF
FLIG
HT:
In a
turn
we
mus
t
Lift
, so
we
A
/A u
ntil
VCL
=W
Adv
erse
Yaw
:
Upg
oing
Bal
ance
with
rudd
erO
verb
anki
ng:O
uter
win
g tra
vels
fast
er,
L
ift. A
ircra
ft w
ants
to c
ontin
uero
lling
into
turn
.Mai
ntai
n A
of B
with
aile
ron
(Hol
d of
f)
AIR
CR
AFT
MA
NA
GEM
ENT:
HU
MA
N F
AC
TOR
S:D
isor
ient
atio
n-L
arge
ref.p
oint
.
Situ
atio
nal A
war
enes
s-l
ook,
list
en
Vi
sion
-Loo
kout
prio
r and
dur
ing
Cle
ar o
ppos
ite, a
head
and
into
turn
.
Stre
ss-d
isco
mfo
rt -r
esis
ting
bank
AIR
EXE
RC
ISE:
Dem
onst
rate
:Adv
erse
yaw
(ref
er C
FI)
Med
ium
Lev
el T
urns
:
Entr
y -R
ef A
lt, R
ef p
oint
, Loo
kout
-Rol
l in
with
A
ilero
n(s
moo
thly
)-B
alan
ce w
ith R
udde
r-S
et A
ttitu
de w
ith E
leva
tor(
B
P)-
Che
ck a
t 30
degr
ee A
of B
Mai
ntai
n-L
ooko
ut-A
ttitu
de-I
nstru
men
ts
Exit:
-A
ntic
ipat
e R
ef p
oint
by
1/2
bank
ang
le-R
oll o
ut w
ith A
ilero
n(s
moo
thly
)-B
alan
ce w
ith R
udde
r-
BP w
ith E
leva
tor
}Coo
rdin
ate
}Coo
rdin
ate
L/H
R/H
Rol
l
Yaw
L
L
DD
SA
DIE
TA b
ound
arie
s -v
ertic
al &
late
ral -
drift
Pax.
Saf
ety
brie
fTa
xi -
inst
rum
ent c
heck
sTa
keof
f brie
fVF
R -
cont
rolle
d ai
rspa
ce 5
-1-1
Dow
ngoi
ngA
of A
Don
t tr
im in
a m
anoe
uvre
Con
side
ratio
ns:
Clim
bing
turn
-mai
ntai
n at
titud
e fo
r ___
___
kts
-lim
it ba
nk a
ngle
to 2
0 de
gree
s m
ax.
-ten
denc
y to
ove
rban
k
Des
cend
ing
turn
-mai
ntai
n at
titud
e fo
r ___
___
kts
-ten
denc
y to
und
erba
nk
30
60
1020
Use
Atti
tude
Win
dow
or O
HP
A o
f B =
0 D
egA
of B
= 3
0 D
eg
L= W
VCL=
W
LL
WW
HC
L
VCL
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BA
SIC
STA
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GO
BJE
CTI
VES:
AIR
CR
AFT
MA
NA
GEM
ENT:
Has
ell/
Hel
l che
cks
(OH
P)Th
rottl
e-s
moo
th b
ut p
ositi
veC
arb
Hea
t:H
ot b
elow
___
__ rp
mC
old
at
____
kts
(or s
tall
war
ning
)Pr
e-fli
ght-
loos
e ar
ticle
s ch
eck
No
Pax.
HU
MA
N F
AC
TOR
S:Si
tuat
iona
l aw
aren
ess
-Rec
ogni
se s
ympt
oms
-H
azar
dous
thou
ghts
-D
ecis
ion
mak
ing
Stre
ss-O
verle
arni
ng-I
nitia
l rec
over
y
-D
esen
sitis
e -d
isco
mfo
rt
To u
nsta
llth
e A/
C w
e m
ust
decr
ease
ang
le o
f atta
ck, s
ow
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ard
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ntra
lly fo
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d th
e A/
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inks
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cen
tre
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es ra
pidl
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arw
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sing
the
nose
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n
AIR
EXE
RC
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/ HEL
L ch
ecks
com
plet
e-
Ref
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ooth
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ht a
nd m
aint
ain
altit
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kt
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r sta
ll w
arni
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uret
tor h
eat o
ff
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ptom
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ecre
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Hig
h no
se a
ttitu
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ess
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ctiv
e C
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olQ
uiet
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l war
ning
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tall
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ks a
nd th
e no
se p
itche
s do
wn
Rec
over
y-
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ll -Con
trol
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rally
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ard
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ight
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rizon
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L
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opp
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tral)
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reve
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adve
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ll -I
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ame
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ta
king
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Info
rmat
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Proc
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, Vis
ualis
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CIR
CU
IT IN
TRO
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AIR
EXE
RC
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Land
ing:
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ound
Out
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old
Off
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ff
Dur
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djus
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t to
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ently
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ref.
poin
t
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aint
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cent
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rake
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OB
JEC
TIVE
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fly
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ly p
atte
rn a
roun
d th
e ae
rodr
ome
circ
uit i
n ac
cord
ance
with
N
ZAIP
pro
cedu
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usin
g th
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uita
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ay.
500
ft AG
L
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inim
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1000
ft A
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ind
Bas
e
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l
App
rox
45 d
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4
2
5 6 7
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p C
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ter t
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ATI
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tude
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proc
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m th
e n
orm
al c
ircui
t.2.
To re
vise
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usi
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and
go p
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pplic
able
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To re
vise
circ
uits
and
car
ry o
ut th
e go
-aro
und
proc
edur
e.
CO
NSI
DER
ATI
ON
S:1.
Tou
ch a
nd G
o-r
unw
ays
of m
ore
than
ade
quat
e le
ngth
2.
Go-
Aro
und
Rea
sons
for a
go
arou
nd-R
unw
ay le
ngth
inad
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te-B
ounc
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ndin
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ath
bloc
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o hi
gh o
r too
fast
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inst
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dire
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clo
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A/C
ahe
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Orb
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60 d
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e m
ediu
m le
vel t
urn
4. E
xten
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ownw
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-to
impr
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sepa
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n, a
djus
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rn a
nd p
ower
as
need
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Dum
b-B
ell T
urn
-use
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repo
sitio
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on
runw
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f T/O
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VOID
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epos
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ferr
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etho
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runw
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hang
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Low
Lev
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GL
circ
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8. W
ind
Gra
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spee
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fric
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Shea
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appr
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thre
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ink
with
pos
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pow
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crea
se
-mai
ntai
n ai
rspe
ed w
ith (l
ower
) atti
tude
10. W
ake
Turb
ulen
ce-s
lipst
ream
and
vor
tices
HU
MA
N F
AC
TOR
S:
AIR
EXE
RC
ISE:
1. T
ouch
& G
o(if
app
licab
le)
Afte
r tou
chdo
wn
(low
er n
ose
whe
el)
-Rai
se fl
aps
to ta
keof
f set
ting
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ly fu
ll po
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p st
raig
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mal
take
-off
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old
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l pow
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E PI
TCH
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light
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appr
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___
kts
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im
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