new smash 1 grammar supplementary

SmashGrammar_I.indd 1 6/24/08 11:42:29 AM

1Contents 1 Be(presentsimple) 3

2 A/An;Plurals;Some;This/these,that/those 5

3 Thereis/Thereare 8

4 Countable/uncountablenouns;Some/any/alotof/afew/alittle/much/many 10

5 Can(abilityandpermission) 13

6 Presentcontinuous 15

7 Presentsimple/adverbsoffrequency 18

8 Presentsimple/presentcontinuous 21

9 Havegot/haven’tgot 22

10 Be:pastsimple 24

11 Pastsimple(regular/irregularverbs) 26

12 Subjectandobjectpronouns;possessiveadjectivesandpronouns;possessive’s;whose 29

13 Must/mustn’t/haveto 31

14 Questionwords(who,what,where,which) 33

15 Begoingto 34

16 Will/won’t 36

17 Will/begoingto 38

18Comparative/superlative 39

19 Theimperative 41

20 Prepositionsofplace 43

21 Ordinalnumbersanddates 45

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1Be

Το ρήμα be σημαίνει είμαι και είναι ένα πολύ σημαντικό ρήμα. Στον απλό ενεστώτα (present simple) σχηματίζεται ως εξής:

Affirmative NegativeQuestion AnswerLong

formShort form Long form Short form

I am I’m I am not I’m not Am I ... ?Yes, I am.No, I’m not.

You are You’re You are not You aren’t Are you ... ?Yes, you are. No, you aren’t.

He is He’s He is not He isn’t Is he ... ?Yes, he is. No, he isn’t.

She is She’s She is not She isn’t Is she ... ?Yes, she is.No, she isn’t.

It is It’s It is not It isn’t Is it ... ?Yes, it is.No, it isn’t.

We are We’re We are not We aren’t Are we ... ?Yes, we are.No, we aren’t.

You are You’re You are not You aren’t Are you ... ?Yes, you are. No, you aren’t.

They are They’re They are not They aren’t Are they ... ?Yes, they are.No, they aren’t.

I’m hungry!I’mnot hungry!AmI hungry?Yes,Iam!

He’s tall.He’snot tall.Ishe tall? No,heisn’t.

We’re at school.We’renot at school. Arewe at school? Yes,weare.

• Οι σύντομοι τύποι χρησιμοποιούνται συνήθως όταν μιλάμε. Παρατήρησε πως οι απαντήσεις με Yes δεν έχουν σύντομο τύπο. ‘Areyou hungry?’ ‘Yes, Iam. / No, I’mnot.’ (not Yes, I’m.)

• Μπορούμε να χρησιμοποιήσουμε κύρια ονόματα ή ουσιαστικά αντί των αντωνυμιών He, She, It, We και They.

Paulis happy. Heis happy. Maryis tall. Sheis tall. Thebookis blue.Itis blue.

JasonandIare 14.Weare 14.MaryandJoanneare 12. Theyare 12.

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1 Write am, is or are.

1 Julia ............................ my friend.� You ............................ a teacher.� They ............................ twins.4 I ............................ hungry!5 The toy ............................ great!6 He ............................ a good boy.7 We ............................ friends.8 The bag ............................ heavy.

2 Write the short forms.

1 ............................ hungry. (He)� ............................ boring. (It / not)� ............................ my friend. (You)4 ............................ a pupil. (I / not)5 ............................ at school. (We)6 ............................ children. (They)7 ............................ 11. (She / not)8 ............................ tall. (He / not)

3 Complete the text with these words. They’re are isn’t I’m is aren’t

My name (1) ............................ Tony. I’m from Greece and (�) ............................ 1�. Sue and Victoria (�) ............................ my friends. (4) ............................ English – they (5) ............................ from Greece. Victoria (6) ............................ very happy today because she has a test at school.

4 Write Am, Is or Are.

1 ............................ he English?� ............................ you from Greece?� ............................ we happy?4 ............................ I hungry?5 ............................ it a machine?6 ............................ she your friend?

5 Make questions.

1 He is from England. ................................................................................................................................ ?

� She is my friend. ................................................................................................................................ ?

� You are from Greece. ................................................................................................................................ ?

4 I am 1�. ................................................................................................................................ ?

5 They are French. ................................................................................................................................ ?

6 It is a boat. ................................................................................................................................ ?

6 Put the words in the correct order.

1 a book / is / it ................................................................................................................................

� not / I / hungry / am ................................................................................................................................

� Sue / my / name is ................................................................................................................................

4 twins / they / aren’t ................................................................................................................................

5 we / not / teachers / are ................................................................................................................................

6 isn’t / happy / she ................................................................................................................................

7 Correct the mistakes.

1 They not at school. ................................................................................................................................

� She isn’t not my friend. ................................................................................................................................

� You Greek. ................................................................................................................................

4 It a dog! ................................................................................................................................

5 We isn’t hungry. ................................................................................................................................

6 He a teacher. ................................................................................................................................

1

4


2A/An

Το a/an είναι αόριστο άρθρο και σημαίνει ένας, μία, ένα.

• Χρησιμοποιούμε an μπροστά από λέξεις που αρχίζουν από φωνήεν, δηλ. a, e, i, o και u. an actor, anelephant, an idea, an old man, an umbrella

• Χρησιμοποιούμε a μπροστά από λέξεις που αρχίζουν από σύμφωνο. ateacher, abook, achair, κλπ.

Αλλά: an hour εδώ το γράμμα h δεν προφέρεται, επομένως η λέξη αρχίζει με ήχο φωνηέντου οπότε

παίρνει ana hair εδώ το γράμμα h προφέρεται, επομένως η λέξη αρχίζει με ήχο συμφώνου οπότε παίρνει

a

Plurals

• Σχηματίζουμε τον πληθυντικό των περισσoτέρων ουσιαστικών προσθέτοντας απλώς ένα -s στο τέλος της λέξης. ideas, oranges, books, apples, κλπ.

• Σχηματίζουμε τον πληθυντικό των ουσιαστικών που λήγουν σε -s, -ss, -sh, -ch, -x και -o, προσθέτοντας την κατάληξη -es.

bus – buses class – classes

brush – brushes sandwich – sandwiches

box – boxes potato - potatoes

Αλλά:piano – pianosradio – radios

• Σχηματίζουμε τον πληθυντικό των ουσιαστικών που λήγουν σε -y διαγράφοντας το -y και προσθέτοντας την κατάληξη -ies. baby – babies party – parties lorry – lorries

• Σχηματίζουμε τον πληθυντικό των ουσιαστικών που λήγουν σε -f/-fe διαγράφοντας το -f /-fe και προσθέτοντας την κατάληξη -ves. wolf – wolves knife – knives

Αλλά:giraffe – giraffes

Υπάρχουν όμως και κάποια ουσιαστικά που δεν ακολουθούν κανένα από αυτούς τους κανόνες αλλά σχηματίζουν τον πληθυντικό τους εντελώς διαφορετικά. Μερικά από αυτά είναι:

child – childrenman – men

woman – womentooth – teeth

foot – feetperson – people

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2SomeΧρησιμοποιούμε some (μερικοί, μερικές, μερικά) με τον πληθυντικό αριθμό ουσιαστικών όταν θέλουμε να αναφερθούμε σε παραπάνω από ένα πράγματα. some pens, some desks, some cars, some dogs

This/these,that/those• Χρησιμοποιούμε this για να μιλήσουμε για ένα πράγμα που βρίσκεται κοντά μας. This book is good. This car is expensive.

• Χρησιμοποιούμε these για να μιλήσουμε για πολλά πράγματα που βρίσκονται κοντά μας. These books are good. These cars are expensive.

• Χρησιμοποιούμε that για να μιλήσουμε για ένα πράγμα που βρίσκεται μακριά μας. That boy is nice. That girl is beautiful.

• Χρησιμοποιούμε those για να μιλήσουμε για πολλά πράγματα που βρίσκονται μακριά μας. Those boys are nice. Those girls are beautiful.

1 Put the words in the correct places.

umbrella tower animal car mobile phone forest igloo clock apple electronic toy

a an

2 Write a, an or some.

3 Find the plurals and write them under the words.

A S D T C N Y U B

P I Y R H F S C O

Y B A B I E S T X

E F H J L E R Y E

X W I N D O W S S

Y O L U R D S K B

B M H P E O P L E

H E Z X N N P E P

K N I V E S Τ M J

K H G R E B Ε O D

U E L R P L Ε N B

V B O Y S D Τ S A

Y T O T T Y Η U F

B U S E S D F A S

1 ............................. boys� ............................. colour� ............................. apple4 ............................. door

5 ............................. teachers6 ............................. friend 7 ............................. e-mail8 ............................. flowers

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21 woman............................

2 child............................

3 knife............................

4 igloo............................

5 window............................

6 lemon............................

7 person............................

8 baby............................

9 boy............................

10bus............................

11 tooth............................

12box............................

4 Write the plurals.

1 door ............................................

2 bus ............................................

3 church ............................................

4 party ............................................

5 shoe ............................................

6 life ............................................

7 man ............................................

8 toy ............................................

5 Complete with these words in the plural.piano leaf tooth city foot sandwich

1 Lookatthebig............................onthattree!2 Her............................arewhite!3 Ilovecheese.............................4 His............................areverybig!Lookathisshoes!5 AthensandLondonarebig.............................6 Therearetwo............................inourschool.

6 Rewrite as plurals. Make all changes necessary.

Thisisaball. These are balls. ........................................................................

1 Thisisabook. ........................................................................

2 That’smyfriend. ........................................................................

3 Thisisachild. ........................................................................

4 That’sanapple. ........................................................................

5 Thisisabus. ........................................................................

7 Complete with a, an or some.

Thisismyroom.Thereis(1)...............................televisionand(2)...............................DVDplayer.I’vealsogot(3)...............................electronicgamesand(4)...............................newstereo.Mysisterhasgot(5)...............................oldvideoplayer.She’salsogot(6)...............................CDs,butnotmany.SoshegoesinmyroomtoplayCDssometimes.


1 a/cupboard/is/that................................................................................................................................?

2 trees/at/look/those................................................................................................................................

3 pens/are/these/your................................................................................................................................?

4 books/my/those/are................................................................................................................................

5 my/that/brother/is................................................................................................................................


1Thosechildrenismyfriends.................................................................................................................................

2 She’sangirl.................................................................................................................................

3 Thischurchesareold.................................................................................................................................

4 I’vegotaflowers.................................................................................................................................

5 She’sanniceperson.................................................................................................................................

6 TheseboyisJames.................................................................................................................................

7 Thatwomenaretall.................................................................................................................................

8 Lookatthetwobaby!................................................................................................................................

9 Twopersonsareintheroom.................................................................................................................................

10 It’saorange.................................................................................................................................

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SmashGrammar_I.indd 7 6/27/08 12:47:56 PM

1 Circle the correct answer.

1 There is / are two museums.� There isn’t / aren’t a park here.� There is / are a palace in the city.4 ‘Is / Are there a swimming pool?’ ‘Yes, there is / are.’5 Is / Are there three bedrooms in the house?6 There is / are five hotels in the city.7 Is / Are there a window in the room?8 There isn’t / aren’t two CDs on the table.

2 Write is or are.

1 There .................................... a book.� There .................................... two chairs.� There .................................... n’t two doors.4 .................................... there a boy in the room?5 .................................... there four windows in the room? 6 ‘ .................................... there a cinema in your town?’

‘Yes, there .................................... .’

7 There .................................... two apples on the table. 8 There .................................... one child in the classroom. 9 .................................... there computers at the school?10 .................................... there a tree in the garden?

3 Make negative sentences using isn’t or aren’t.

1 There .................................... a cinema in my town. � There .................................... three boys. There are four. � There .................................... a hospital here. 4 There .................................... a TV in my room. 5 There .................................... five elephants in the zoo. 6 There .................................... two pens on the desk. 7 There .................................... a baby in the room. 8 There .................................... three children in the garden. 9 There .................................... two glasses on the table. 10 There .................................... a theatre here.

3Τhereis/ΤhereareΧρησιμοποιούμε there is (υπάρχει) για να μιλήσουμε για έναν άνθρωπο ή ένα ζώο ή πράγμα που βρίσκεται κάπου. Thereis a boy in the room. Thereis a cat in the garden. Thereis a school in the picture.

Χρησιμοποιούμε there are (υπάρχουν) για να μιλήσουμε για πολλούς ανθρώπους ή πολλά ζώα ή πράγματα που υπάρχουν κάπου.Thereare two men in the shop. Thereare two horses in the field. Thereare two beds in the room.

• Σχηματίζουμε την άρνηση με τη λέξη not. Thereisn’t a cat in the garden. Therearen’t two horses in the field.

• Σχηματίζουμε ερωτήσεις αντιστρέφοντας το ρήμα (is/are) με το there, ως εξής: Isthere a cat in the garden? Arethere two beds in the room?

• Σχηματίζουμε σύντομες απαντήσεις, ως εξής: Yes, there is. / No, there isn’t. Yes, there are. / No, there aren’t.

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34 Make questions.

1 there / a zoo / in your town / is ................................................................................................................................ ?

� two boys / there / are / in your class ................................................................................................................................ ?

� a clock / is / in this room / there ................................................................................................................................ ?

4 monkeys / there / in the forest / are ................................................................................................................................ ?

5 food / there / in the fridge / is ................................................................................................................................ ?

6 a computer / in / there / your room / is ................................................................................................................................ ?

7 two cats / are / in the garden / there ................................................................................................................................ ?

8 is / a book / on the shelf / there ................................................................................................................................ ?

9 in the classroom / there / a teacher / is ................................................................................................................................ ?

10 there / five kittens / are / in the box ................................................................................................................................ ?

5 Write short answers.

1 Is there a pen on your desk? ................................................................................................................................

� Are there two books in your bag? ................................................................................................................................

� Is there a teacher in the room? ................................................................................................................................

4 Are there two schools in your street? ................................................................................................................................

5 Is there a supermarket near your house? ................................................................................................................................

6 Are there toys in your bedroom? ................................................................................................................................

7 Is there a cinema near your school? ................................................................................................................................

8 Are there mice in your garden? ................................................................................................................................

9 Is there a blue pen in your pencil case? ................................................................................................................................

10 Are there two glasses on your desk? ................................................................................................................................

6 Write whatthere is/are in your room.

There is ................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................

There are ................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................


1 There is red buses in London. ................................................................................................................................

� There aren’t a swimming pool in my town. ................................................................................................................................

� There isn’t not a test today. ................................................................................................................................

4 There are a lion in the zoo. ................................................................................................................................

5 Are there a television in your room? ................................................................................................................................

6 Is there two chairs? ................................................................................................................................

7 There aren’t a monkey in the tree. ................................................................................................................................

8 Is there two books on the bed? ................................................................................................................................

9 There isn’t two cats under the table. ................................................................................................................................

10 Are there a bike outside the house? ................................................................................................................................

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4Countable/uncountablenouns

Υπάρχουν δύο είδη ουσιαστικών στα αγγλικά, τα μετρήσιμα (countable) και τα μη μετρήσιμα (uncountable) ουσιαστικά.

• Τα μετρήσιμα ουσιαστικά είναι αυτά που μπορούν να μετρηθούν και έχουν πληθυντικό αριθμό. one chair – two chairs, one cat – three cats, κλπ. The cats are grey. There is one chair in the room.

• Χρησιμοποιούμε a/an με μετρήσιμα ουσιαστικά ενικού αριθμού. a dog, an elephant There is a mouse in the garden.

• Τα μη μετρήσιμα ουσιαστικά είναι αυτά που δεν μπορούν να μετρηθούν (1, �, �, κλπ.) και δεν έχουν πληθυντικό αριθμό. Το ρήμα που τα συνοδεύει είναι πάντα ενικού αριθμού. Μερικά μη μετρήσιμα ουσιαστικά είναι:

φαγητά: food, sugar, chocolate, butter, salt, pepper, spaghetti, cheese, rice, bread, fruit, κλπ.

υγρά: oil, water, milk, juice, κλπ.διάφορα: furniture, money, time, hair, weather, information

The furniture is modern. The money is in the bag.

Some/any/alotof/afew/alittle/many/much

• Χρησιμοποιούμε some σε καταφατικές προτάσεις με μετρήσιμα ουσιαστικά πληθυντικού αριθμού και με μη μετρήσιμα ουσιαστικά. I have got some pencils. There is some milk in the glass.

• Χρησιμοποιούμε any σε αρνητικές και ερωτηματικές προτάσεις με μετρήσιμα ουσιαστικά πληθυντικού αριθμού και με μη μετρήσιμα ουσιαστικά. Have you got any pencils? I haven’t got any pencils. Is there any milk in the glass? There isn’t any milk in the glass.

some any a lot of a few a little many much

Countable (plural) P P P P P

Uncountable P P P P P

QuantifiersNouns

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1 Cross out the wrong word(s).

1 a / some / one boy� two / some / an girls� lot / some / a few pens4 some / a little / a few cheese5 a / many / some spaghetti

2 Write a, an, or – .

1 Do you like ............................... chocolate?� There is ............................... egg in the fridge.� I’ve got ............................... new hat.4 Do you eat ............................... pizza?5 Have you got ............................... rabbit

or ............................... hamster?


1 Your hair is / are nice.� The furniture is / are old.� These photos is / are very good.4 Is / Are there a lot of people?5 The rice is / are tasty!6 There is / are not much bread.

4 Tick (P) the correct sentence.

1 a) There is a lot of money. .................... b) There are a lot of money. ....................

� a) I’ve got any pens. ....................

b) I’ve got some pens. ....................

� a) There isn’t any cheese. ....................

b) There isn’t some cheese. ....................

4 a) Do you have an information? ....................

b) Do you have any information? ....................

5 a) My hair is black. ....................

b) My hair are black. ....................

• Χρησιμοποιούμε a lot of σε καταφατικές προτάσεις με μετρήσιμα ουσιαστικά πληθυντικού αριθμού και με μη μετρήσιμα ουσιαστικά. There are alotof cars in the street. He eats alotof fruit every day.

• Χρησιμοποιούμε a few σε καταφατικές προτάσεις με μετρήσιμα ουσιαστικά πληθυντικού αριθμού. I have got afew apples.

• Χρησιμοποιούμε a little σε καταφατικές προτάσεις με μη μετρήσιμα ουσιαστικά. There is alittle orange juice in the fridge.

• Χρησιμοποιούμε many σε αρνητικές κυρίως προτάσεις με μετρήσιμα ουσιαστικά πληθυντικού αριθμού. There aren’t many children in the playground.

• Χρησιμοποιούμε much σε αρνητικές κυρίως προτάσεις με μη μετρήσιμα ουσιαστικά. There isn’t much money in the bank.

• Μπορούμε επίσης να σχηματίσουμε ερωτήσεις με How much/How many. Howmany books are there on the table? Howmuch money have you got?

4

11



1 is/lot/of/a/food/there..................................................................................................................................

2 a/money/little/I’ve/got..................................................................................................................................

3 there/is/juice/any................................................................................................................................?

4 aren’t/any/there/desks..................................................................................................................................

5 how/is/there/money/much.............................................................................................................................?

6 got/much/I/milk/haven’t..................................................................................................................................

7 aren’t/many/there/people..................................................................................................................................

8 how/are/there/girls/many.............................................................................................................................?

6 What’s in your house?

Thereisa/an....................................................................................................Therearetwo/three/four.....................................................................Therearesome............................................................................................Thereisn’ta....................................................................................................Therearen’tmany.....................................................................................


1 Thereis......................................elephantinthezoo. a)a b)an c)– d)some

2 Idrink......................................water. a)lot b)alot c)alotof d)lotof

3 Isthere......................................bread? a)many b)anyc)a d)an

4 Ilike......................................rice.a)afew b)a c)– d)any

5 ......................................lionsinyourcountry?a)Arethereanyb)Isthereanyc)Istheresomed)Aretheresome

6There......................................somebooksonthedesk.a)is b)– c)be d)are

7How......................................boysarethereinyourclass?a)much b)some c)many d)lot

8......................................bearsinmycity.a)Thereisn’tany b)Thereisn’tsome c)Therearen’tsomed)Therearen’tany

9 Mumneeds......................................cheesefortheomelette.a)much b)some c)many d)alot

10 There......................................inmyroom.a)isn’tmuchfurniture b)aren’tmanyfurniturec)isn’tmanyfurnitured)aren’tmuchfurniture

11 ......................................applesarethere?a)How b)Howmuchc)Howmany d)Howlot

12 Thereare......................................mistakesinmyhomework.a)lot b)many c)some d)afew

4 5

12


5Can (ability and permission)

AffirmativeNegative

Question AnswerLongform Shortform

Ican Icannot Ican’t CanI...?Yes,Ican.No,Ican’t.

Youcan Youcannot Youcan’t Canyou...?Yes,youcan.No,youcan’t.

Hecan Hecannot Hecan’t Canhe...?Yes,hecan.No,hecan’t.

Shecan Shecannot Shecan’t Canshe...?Yes,shecan.No,shecan’t.

Itcan Itcannot Itcan’t Canit...?Yes,itcan.No,itcan’t.

Wecan Wecannot Wecan’t Canwe...?Yes,wecan.No,wecan’t.

Youcan Youcannot Youcan’t Canyou...?Yes,youcan.No,youcan’t.

Theycan Theycannot Theycan’t Canthey...?Yes,theycan.No,theycan’t.

• Χρησιμοποιούμετορήμαcanότανθέλουμεναμιλήσουμεγιαικανότητα,δηλ.τιμπορείήδεμπορείκάποιοςνακάνει.I can speak English. I can’t speak French. ‘Can you ride a bike?’ ‘No, I can’t.’

• Επίσηςχρησιμοποιούμετορήμαcanότανθέλουμεναζητήσουμετηνάδειαγιανακάνουμεκάτι.Can I go out tonight? Can we have some ice cream, please?

Θυμήσουότιτορήμαcanποτέ:• δενακολουθείταιαπόto.• δενπαίρνει-sστοτρίτοενικόπρόσωπο.

And / But

• Χρησιμοποιούμεandγιανασυνδέσουμεδύοκαταφατικέςήδύοαρνητικέςπροτάσεις.I can ride a bike and I can drive a car. I can’t dance and I can’t sing.

• Χρησιμοποιούμεbutγιανασυνδέσουμεμίακαταφατικήκαιμίααρνητικήπρόταση.I can sing but I can’t dance. I can ride a bike but I can’t drive a car.

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1 Write can or can’t.

1 Fish .................................... swim. � Cats .................................... climb trees. � My dad .................................... lift a bus. 4 Spiderman .................................... fly. 5 Horses .................................... run fast. 6 Birds .................................... fly. 7 Animals .................................... speak. 8 Dolphins .................................... swim. 9 Babies .................................... ride a bike.10 My mum .................................... fly a plane.


1 I can swim / swimming.� Harry can’t to go / go out tonight. � We can’t sing and / but we can’t dance.4 Can you to help / help me? 5 Fred can speak French and / but he can’t speak German.


1 speak / Italian / can / I ...................................................................................................................................

� this / Peter / understand / can’t ...................................................................................................................................

� we / to the party / go / can ................................................................................................................................. ?

4 you / can’t / see / I ...................................................................................................................................

5 can’t / football / Fiona / play ...................................................................................................................................

6 you / a bike / can / ride ...................................................................................................................................

7 a kite / Jason / fly / can’t ...................................................................................................................................

8 can / a DVD / watch / they / tonight ...................................................................................................................................

4 Complete the dialogue with these phrases.I can can I Can you you can you can’t

Tony: Mum, (1) .................................... go to Billy’s party tonight?

Mum: No, (�) .................................... . You have homework for school tomorrow.

Tony: But Mum, (�) .................................... do it first and then (4) .................................... take me to the party.

Mum: (5) .................................... finish all your homework now?Tony: Yes, Mum.Mum: OK, then. Do your homework and I’ll take you to

the party.

5 What do you say when you want ...

1 to have a sandwich? ...................................................................................................................................

� to go to the cinema? ...................................................................................................................................

� to go to the park with a friend? ...................................................................................................................................

4 a friend to tell you the answer? ...................................................................................................................................

5 to ask your friend a question? ...................................................................................................................................

6 to have something to drink? ...................................................................................................................................

7 to tell your friend a secret? ...................................................................................................................................

8 to call your friend later? ...................................................................................................................................


1 Can you ride a horse? ...................................................................................................................................

� Can your dad jump three metres? ...................................................................................................................................

� Can your mum drive a car? ...................................................................................................................................

4 Can you play the piano? ...................................................................................................................................

5 Can your friends speak English? ...................................................................................................................................

6 Can you fly a plane? ...................................................................................................................................

7 Can your friend play basketball? ...................................................................................................................................

8 Can you speak Russian? ...................................................................................................................................

5 6

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6Presentcontinuous

Σχηματίζουμε τον present continuous με το ρήμα be (am/is/are) + ρήμα + την κατάληξη -ing.

Affirmative Negative

Long form Short form Long form Short formI am eating I’m eating I am not eating I’m not eating

You are eating You’re eating You are not eating You aren’t eating

He is eating He’s eating He is not eating He isn’t eating

She is eating She’s eating She is not eating She isn’t eating

It is eating It’s eating It is not eating It isn’t eating

We are eating We’re eating We are not eating We aren’t eating

You are eating You’re eating You are not eating You aren’t eating

They are eating They’re eating They are not eating They aren’t eating

Question Answer

Am I eating? Yes, I am.No, I’m not.

Are you eating? Yes, you are.No, you aren’t.

Is he eating? Yes, he is.No, he isn’t.

Is she eating? Yes, she is.No, she isn’t.

Is it eating? Yes, it is.No, it isn’t.

Are we eating? Yes, we are.No, we aren’t.

Are you eating? Yes, you are.No, you aren’t.

Are they eating? Yes, they are.No, they aren’t.

I ameating a sandwich.He isn’tdrinking milk.

Are they watching TV? Yes,theyare.Are you reading a book? No,I’mnot.

Χρησιμοποιούμε τον present continuous για να:

• μιλήσουμε για κάτι που συμβαίνει τώρα, αυτή τη στιγμή που μιλάμε. I amwriting a letter now. Peter ishaving lunch at the moment.

• μιλήσουμε για κάτι που συμβαίνει προσωρινά, αυτόν τον καιρό. I amstaying at my aunt’s house these days.

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• περιγράψουμε φωτογραφίες, να μιλήσουμε για το τι συμβαίνει σε αυτές. The two boys areplaying a game. That’s my mum. She’ssittingon the beach.

Χρονικές εκφράσεις με present continuousΣυνήθως χρησιμοποιούμε τις παρακάτω χρονικές εκφράσεις με τον present continuous: now, at the moment, these days

Κανόνες ορθογραφίας• Στα περισσότερα ρήματα προσθέτουμε απλώς την κατάληξη -ing.

walk – walkingstart – starting climb – climbing

• Τα μονοσύλλαβα ρήματα που λήγουν σε ένα μόνο σύμφωνο και πριν από αυτό υπάρχει ένα μόνο φωνήεν, διπλασιάζουν το τελευταίο σύμφωνο πριν πάρουν την κατάληξη -ing. sit – sittingrun – running swim - swimming

• Τα ρήματα που λήγουν σε -e, χάνουν το -e και μετά παίρνουν την κατάληξη -ing. ride – ridinghide – hiding make – making

• Τα ρήματα που λήγουν σε –ie, μετατρέπουν το -ie σε -y και μετά παίρνουν την κατάληξη -ing. lie – lyingdie – dying

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1 Write the continuous form.

1 write – .................................... � say – .................................... � lie – .................................... 4 sit – .................................... 5 look – .................................... 6 rehearse – .................................... 7 die – .................................... 9 hold – .................................... 10 win – .................................... 11 try – ....................................

1� drive – ....................................

1� run – ....................................

14 swim – ....................................

15 die – ....................................


1 Your friends .................................... waiting. � Fantastic! We .................................... winning! � I .................................... watching TV. 4 David .................................... playing chess. 5 The boys .................................... wearing jeans. 6 The teacher .................................... talking. 7 My brother .................................... playing football, but

I .................................... reading. 8 My mum .................................... making dinner. 9 John and Mary .................................... playing in the garden.10 Sarah .................................... listening to a CD.11 Dad .................................... lying on the sofa.1� Jim and Jill .................................... watching TV.

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63 Complete with the present

continuous form of the verbs in brackets.

We (1) .................................... (have) an English lesson. In today’s lesson, the students (�) .................................... (learn) the present continuous. Mr Smith, our teacher, (�) .................................... (look) at our homework. I (4) .................................... (try) to do a grammar exercise but I can’t do it because my friends, Marianna and Christine, (5) .................................... (talk)!

4 Make negative sentences using isn’t or aren’t.

1 My friends .................................... listening to music. � He .................................... having a nice time. � We .................................... making a cake. 4 My sister .................................... eating a sandwich. 5 Tom and Fred .................................... playing football now. 6 Joy .................................... sleeping now. 7 Harry and Mike .................................... playing volleyball. 8 My dad .................................... driving a car now. 9 Diane .................................... working a lot these days.10 The children .................................... drinking milk at the

moment.

5 Write questions and short answers.

1 the students / play

............................................................................................................................... ? Yes, ....................................

� you and your friends / run ................................................................................................................................ ? No, ....................................

� you / sleep ................................................................................................................................ ? No, ....................................

4 the dog / swim ................................................................................................................................ ? Yes, ....................................

5 Fiona / watch TV ................................................................................................................................ ? Yes, ....................................

6 Christina / drink a glass of milk ................................................................................................................................ ? Yes, ....................................

7 Stuart / do his homework.

............................................................................................................................... ? No, ....................................

8 James and Helen / play a computer game ................................................................................................................................ ? No, ....................................

9 John / eat a sandwich ................................................................................................................................ ? Yes, ....................................

10 Tom and Nick / read a comic ................................................................................................................................ ? No, ....................................

6 What are these people doing now?

1 I ............................................................................................................................. � My mum ......................................................................................................... � My dad ............................................................................................................ 4 My teacher ................................................................................................... 5 My brother/sister ................................................................................... 6 My best friend ........................................................................................... 7 My grandma ................................................................................................ 8 My grandpa .................................................................................................. 9 The children in my class ...................................................................

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18

7Presentsimple/adverbsoffrequency

Σχηματίζουμε τον present simple ως εξής:

Affirmative Negative Question AnswerLong form Short form

I like I do not like I don’t like Do I like ... ?Yes, I do.No, I don’t.

You like You do not like You don’t like Do you like ... ?Yes, you do.No, you don’t.

He likesHe does not like

He doesn’t like Does he like ... ?Yes, he does.No, he doesn’t.

She likes She does not like She doesn’t like Does she like ... ?Yes, she does.No, she doesn’t.

It likes It does not like It doesn’t like Does it like ... ?Yes, it does.No, it doesn’t.

We like We do not like We don’t like Do we like ... ?Yes, we do.No, we don’t.

You like You do not like You don’t like Do you like ... ?Yes, you do.No, you don’t.

They likeThey do not like

They don’t like Do they like ... ?Yes, they do.No, they don’t.

Χρησιμοποιούμε τον present simple για να μιλήσουμε για:

• μόνιμες καταστάσεις. We live in a big house.

• επαναλαμβανόμενες πράξεις. I go to school every day.

• γενικές αλήθειες. The sun rises in the east.

• Με τον present simple χρησιμοποιούμε συνήθως τις παρακάτω χρονικές φράσεις: in the morning(s) / in the afternoon(s) / in the evening(s) at night on Sunday(s) / on Monday(s) every day / every evening / every Sunday, κλπ. I do my homework everyevening. I don’tgo to school onSaturdays.

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1 I like / likes English! � Dan play / plays football. � The boys live / lives in Athens. 4 The dog eat / eats a lot. 5 Tom trys / tries hard. 6 Jen washes / washies her hair. 7 Sam dos / does English with me. 8 Mum go / goes to work by bus. 9 The children watch / watches TV every evening.10 I take / takes a walk in the forest every morning.11 The baby cry / cries all the time!1� He wash / washes his hair every day.

2 Make negative sentences using don’t or doesn’t.

1 The boys .................................... like French. � I .................................... walk to school. � My cat .................................... eat fish! 4 Jim .................................... live here. 5 The television .................................... work. 6 My friend .................................... eat pizza

and I .................................... eat hamburgers. 7 James .................................... speak German. 8 Sue ....................................play computer games. 9 Tom .................................... read comics.10 Michael and Mary .................................... drink milk.

Για να σχηματίσουμε το τρίτο ενικό πρόσωπο (he, she, it) του present simple, προσθέτουμε ένα -s στο τέλος του ρήματος. walk – He walksstart – She startssnow – It snows

Κανόνες ορθογραφίαςΣτα ρήματα που τελειώνουν σε σύμφωνο + -y, διαγράφουμε το -y και προσθέτουμε την κατάληξη -ies.try –triescry – criesΑλλά: play – plays

Τα ρήματα που λήγουν σε -ss, -sh, -ch, -x και -o, παίρνουν την κατάληξη -es. wash – washeswatch – watchesgo – goes

Adverbsoffrequency–Επιρρήματασυχνότητας

• Χρησιμοποιούμε always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom ή never για να μιλήσουμε για πράγματα που συμβαίνουν πάντα, συνήθως, συχνά, μερικές φορές, σπάνια ή ποτέ. I always do my homework. My brother sometimes watches television. My parents often visit my grandmother.

Τα επιρρήματα συχνότητας μπαίνουν πριν το κυρίως ρήμα.

• Μπορούμε να χρησιμοποιήσουμε τα always, usually, often και σε αρνητικές προτάσεις. I don’talways do my homework. My brother doesn’tusually listen to me.

We don’toften eat fish. He isn’talways late for school.

Τα επιρρήματα συχνότητας μπαίνουν μετά το ρήμα be και το βοηθητικό ρήμα do.

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3 Find the adverbs of frequency and use them in the sentences about you.

Across� You do this a lot. � You don’t do this – ever!4 You do this quite a lot. Down1 You don’t do this all the time.5 You do this all the time.

O F T E N

V

U

W

1 I .................................... do my homework.� I .................................... go swimming.� I .................................... write letters.4 I .................................... eat fish.5 I .................................... go to school on Saturdays.


1 usually / do / I / in the mornings / my homework ...............................................................................................................................

� never / we / on holiday / go / in the winter ...............................................................................................................................

� win / doesn’t / that football team / often ...............................................................................................................................

4 sometimes / my parents / me / money / give ...............................................................................................................................

5 always / play football / you / at weekends / do ............................................................................................................................... ?


1 she / live / with her sister ................................................................................................................................ ? No, ...........................................

� you / enjoy / English lessons ................................................................................................................................ ? Yes, ...........................................

� they / usually / eat meat ................................................................................................................................ ? No, ...........................................

4 you / know / the answer ................................................................................................................................ ? Yes, ...........................................

7 8

1

�

�

4 5

�0


8Presentsimple/presentcontinuousI go to school every day. (present simple)Iamgoing to school now. (present continuous)

• Θυμήσου ότι τον present simple τον χρησιμοποιούμε για μόνιμες καταστάσεις, επαναλαμβανόμενες πράξεις και γενικές αλήθειες I like sport. We go on holiday every year. Tigers run fast.

• Χρησιμοποιούμε τον present continuous για πράξεις που συμβαίνουν τώρα, τη στιγμή που μιλάμε ή αυτό τον καιρό. I’mdoing my homework at the moment. Why are you shouting? John isworking late this week.

• Υπάρχουν κάποια ρήματα που τα ονομάζουμε state verbs και τα οποία δεν τα χρησιμοποιούμε στον present continuous. Μερικά από αυτά είναι: like, love, hate, know, κλπ. John likes ice cream a lot. I love pizza! She hates football! I know the answer to this question.

1 Underline the correct tense.

1 I don’t buy / am not buying a magazine every month.� I am hating / hate this food.� Do you know / Are you knowing Kate?4 Most days, my dad reads / is reading the newspaper.5 What’s funny? Why do you laugh / are you laughing?6 I usually sleep / am sleeping at home but today I sleep

/ am sleeping at my friend’s house.

2 Complete with the present continuous or present simple form of the words in brackets.

Hi John,How are you? I’m in my room and I (1) ........................................... (write) this on my new computer. It’s great! I (�) ........................................... (use) it every day. All this week, we (�) ........................................... (have) tests at school and these days, I (4) ........................................... (use) the computer to learn more things about my lessons. The best thing is that it plays DVDs and I sometimes (5) ........................................... (watch) films on it. Of course, it also (6) ........................................... (play) CDs. At the moment, I (7) ........................................... (listen) to a CD by a group called My Chemical Romance. (8) ........................................... (you / know) them? Write soon,Bill

3 Write about something that you ...

1 do every day. ...................................................................................................� do on Sundays. ..............................................................................................� are doing now. ................................................................................................4 usually do. .......................................................................................................... 5 never do at the weekend. ......................................................................


1 I’m not liking tests. ...............................................................................................................................

� Bill is playing music every day. ...............................................................................................................................

� Are you playing football often? ...............................................................................................................................

4 Do you drinking coffee? ...............................................................................................................................

5 Does he go to bed late always? ...............................................................................................................................

6 They aren’t eat out every day. ................................................................................................................................

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6 Ben hasn’t / haven’t got any money. 7 Jessica and I has / have got green bikes. 8 Nick and Mary has / have got a small car. 9 You hasn’t / haven’t got a car.10 Has / Have you all got a computer?

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I havegot a red bicycle.He hasgot a green car.

Havegot/haven’tgot

Το ρήμα have got που σημαίνει έχω, κλίνεται ως εξής:

Affirmative NegativeQuestion Short

answersLong form Short form

Long form

Short form

I have got I’ve got I have not got I haven’t got Have I got ... ? Yes, I have.

No, I haven’t.

You have got You’ve got You have not got

You haven’t got Have you got ... ? Yes, you have.

No, you haven’t.

He has got He’s got He has not got He hasn’t got Has he got ... ? Yes, he has.

No, he hasn’t.

She has got She’s got She has not got

She hasn’t got Has she got ... ? Yes, she has.

No, she hasn’t.

It has got It’s got It has not got

It hasn’t got Has it got ... ? Yes, it has.

No, it hasn’t.

We have got We’ve got We have not got

We haven’t got Have we got ... ? Yes, we have.

No, we haven’t.

You have got You’ve got You have not got

You haven’t got Have you got ... ? Yes, you have.

No, you haven’t.

They have got They’ve got They have not got

They haven’t got Have they got ...? Yes, they have.

No, they haven’t.

2 Look at the table and complete the sentences.

bike computer DVD player MP� player digital camera mobile phoneLuke P P PChristina P P PPedro P P P PMat P P P PHelen P PNick P P P P P


1 I has / have got blue eyes.� What have / has you got there?� Have / Has John got my CD?4 They has / have got long hair.5 The robot has / have got wheels.

Jane hasgot a big house.They havegot two computers in their room.

Have you got a pen? No,Ihaven’t.Has Jane got a blue coat? Yes,shehas.

��


91 Luke .................................... a bike but he ....................................

a computer. He .................................... a DVD player and a digital camera but he .................................... an MP� player or a mobile phone.

� Christina .................................... a computer. She .................................... an MP� player and a digital camera but she .................................... a DVD player or a mobile phone.

� Pedro .................................... a DVD player and he .................................... an MP� player. He .................................... a bike and a computer. Also, he .................................... a digital camera and a mobile phone.

4 Mat .................................... a computer, a DVD player and an MP� player. Also he .................................... a mobile phone but he .................................... a bike or a digital camera.

5 Helen .................................... a computer, a DVD player or a digital camera. She .................................... a bike and she .................................... an MP� player, too.

6 Nick .................................... a digital camera. He .................................... a bike and a computer. He .................................... a DVD player and an MP� player. He .................................... a mobile phone, too.


1 the twins / brown hair ................................................................................................................................ ? Yes, ...........................................

� we / any cheese.

................................................................................................................................ ? No, ...........................................

� Peter / a pen ................................................................................................................................ ? No, ...........................................

4 your computer / a DVD player ................................................................................................................................ ? Yes, ...........................................

4 What have you got? What haven’t you got?

I’ve got .........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................

I haven’t got ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................


1 .................................... Mary got my bike? a) Has b) Have c) Does d) Can

� A cat .................................... a tail. a) have got b) haven’t got c) hasn’t got d) has got

� ‘Have we got all the books?’ ‘Yes, .................................... .’ a) we do b) we have c) we’ve d) have we

4 Steve and Jane are happy because .................................... lots of money. a) they are got b) they have got c) have they got d) have got they

5 .................................... got brothers or sisters. a) I don’t b) I don’t have c) I’ve haven’t d) I haven’t

6 ‘Have I got a red nose ?’ ‘No, .................................... .’ a) haven’t got b) haven’t you c) you haven’t d) you haven’t got

7 .................................... a French book? a) Has got he b) Have got he c) Has he got d) Have he got

8 You .................................... a red bike. a) hasn’t got b) haven’t got c) have not d) has got not

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10Be:pastsimple

Ο αόριστος του ρήματος be σχηματίζεται ως εξής:

Affirmative Negative Question AnswerLong form Short formI was I was not I wasn’t Was I ... ? Yes, I was.

No, I wasn’t.

You were You were not You weren’t Were you ... ? Yes, you were.No, you weren’t.

He was He was not He wasn’t Was he ... ? Yes, he was.No, he wasn’t.

She was She was not She wasn’t Was she ... ? Yes, she was.No, she wasn’t.

It was It was not It wasn’t Was it ... ? Yes, it was.No, it wasn’t.

We were We were not We weren’t Were we ... ? Yes, we were.No, we weren’t.

You were You were not You weren’t Were you ... ? Yes, you were.No, you weren’t.

They were They were not They weren’t Were they ... ? Yes, they were.No, they weren’t.

He wasn’t happy.Fiona wasn’t tired yesterday.

When I was 4, I wasn’t very tall.Were your friends here yesterday? No, they weren’t.

Χρησιμοποιούμε τον simple past του ρήματος be για να μιλήσουμε για πράγματα που ίσχυαν ή που συνέβησαν στο παρελθόν αλλά τώρα πια έχουν τελειώσει.I was at a party last Saturday.When Georgia was a baby, her hair was blonde. (Her hair isn’t blonde anymore.)

Χρονικές εκφράσεις που χρησιμοποιούμε με τον past simple:yesterday, last night/Saturday/week/year, in 2005, κλπ.

1 Complete with was or were.

1 My dad .................................... good at football. � The girls .................................... happy. � Our test .................................... very difficult yesterday. 4 He .................................... strong and clever. 5 How many people .................................... there last night? 6 Her hair .................................... not long. 7 Faye .................................... ten in �005. 8 Jim and Mike .................................... sad yesterday. 9 The dog .................................... on the sofa.10 The boys .................................... at school.11 The girls .................................... in the garden.1� She .................................... in the classroom.

2 Complete the text with these words.was (x3) were (x2) wasn’t weren’t

I had a fantastic time yesterday. It (1) .................................... a really good day. We (�) .................................... at school because it (�) .................................... Sunday. My mum and dad (4) .................................... out, and my sister (5) .................................... in the house. My best friend and I (6) .................................... at home alone and we played all day. It (7) .................................... great!


1 test / that / easy / was ............................................................................................................................... ?

�4


� Rob / at home / yesterday / wasn’t ...............................................................................................................................

� you / at school / were / in the morning ...............................................................................................................................

4 here / wasn’t / Ann / on Monday ...............................................................................................................................

5 weren’t / we / at sport / good ...............................................................................................................................

6 tall / wasn’t / when I was young / I ...............................................................................................................................

4 Correct the sentences.

James Bond was ugly. (handsome) James Bond wasn’t ugly. He was handsome. ...............................................................................................................................

1 The test was difficult. (easy) ...............................................................................................................................

� The city was big. (small) ...............................................................................................................................

� The man was tall. (short) ...............................................................................................................................

4 Alexander was English. (American) ...............................................................................................................................

5 The bags were heavy. (light) ...............................................................................................................................

6 The street was busy. (quiet) ...............................................................................................................................


1 the weather / nice / yesterday ............................................................................................................................... ? No, ....................................

� Alexander / strong and clever ............................................................................................................................... ? Yes, ....................................

� Zorro and Popeye / heroes ............................................................................................................................... ? Yes, ....................................

4 you / at school / last Wednesday ............................................................................................................................... ? No, ....................................

5 Mat and Tom / at a party / last Saturday ............................................................................................................................... ? No, ....................................

6 Natalie / in England / last year ............................................................................................................................... ? Yes, ....................................

7 Mat / at work / last Sunday ............................................................................................................................... ? No, ....................................

6 Look at the table and complete the sentences with was/wasn’t, were/weren’t.

actor actress painter writer

Marilyn Monroe PPablo Picasso PJames Joyce PCary Grant PJames Dean POscar Wilde PVincent van Gogh PNatalie Wood P

1 Marilyn Monroe and Natalie Wood .................................... writers. They .................................... actresses.

� .................................... James Dean a painter? No, he .................................... . He .................................... an actor.

� Vincent van Gogh .................................... a painter.4 James Joyce .................................... a writer.

He .................................... an actor.5 Cary Grant .................................... a painter.

He .................................... an actor.7 Oscar Wilde .................................... an actor.

He .................................... a writer.8 Pablo Picasso .................................... a painter.

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�5


11Pastsimple(regular/irregularverbs)Χρησιμοποιούμε τον past simple για να μιλήσουμε για:

• πράξεις που συνέβησαν σε συγκεκριμένη στιγμή στο παρελθόν. I walked to school yesterday morning.

• επαναλαμβανόμενες πράξεις στο παρελθόν. When Tom was fifteen, he walked to school every day.

• Σχηματίζουμε τον αρνητικό τύπο ως εξής: didnot/didn’t+ρήμα Ididnot/didn’twalk to school this morning.

• Σχηματίζουμε τον ερωτηματικό τύπο ως εξής: Did+you/he/she/κλπ. +ρήμα Did you go? (not Did you went?) Did he finish his homework? (not Did he finished?)

• Σχηματίζουμε τις σύντομες απαντήσεις ως εξής: Yes, I/she/he/ κλπ. did. No, I/she/he/ κλπ. did not / didn’t.

Κανόνες ορθογραφίας• Στα περισσότερα ρήματα

προσθέτουμε την κατάληξη -ed στο τέλος. walk – walked start – started climb – climbed

• Τα ρήματα τα οποία λήγουν σε ένα σύμφωνο και πριν από αυτό υπάρχει ένα μόνο φωνήεν, διπλασιάζουν το σύμφωνο και μετά παίρνουν την κατάληξη -ed. stop – stopped clap – clapped

• Στα ρήματα που ήδη λήγουν σε -e, προσθέτουμε -d στο τέλος. love – loved change – changed like – liked

• Στα ρήματα που λήγουν σε -y, διαγράφουμε το -y και προσθέτουμε -ied στο τέλος. try – tried cry – criedcarry – carried

Υπάρχουν κάποια ρήματα που δεν ακολουθούν κανέναν από αυτούς τους κανόνες αλλά σχηματίζουν τον past simple εντελώς διαφορετικά. Αυτά είναι τα ανώμαλα ρήματα. Μερικά από αυτά είναι: eat – atedrink – drankthink – thought go – went

Μελέτησε τα ανώμαλα ρήματα και μάθε όσα περισσότερα μπορείς!

1 Write the past simple of these regular verbs.

laugh ..........................................

finish ..........................................

want ..........................................

like ..........................................

walk ..........................................

wave ..........................................

clap ..........................................

play ..........................................

talk ..........................................

change ..........................................


1 He pointted / pointed at me. � We stopped / stoped for lunch.� Bill looked / lookked at the book.4 They visitted / visited their aunt.5 Mary cried / cryed at the film.6 I studied / studyed for the test.7 Mum shouted / shoutted at him.8 We all loved / lovved the story.

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3 Write the negatives.

1 I looked at my homework. ...............................................................................................................................

� I phoned you last night. ...............................................................................................................................

� They wanted to eat. ...............................................................................................................................

4 The boys liked the film. ...............................................................................................................................

5 You worked hard. ...............................................................................................................................

6 It rained on Monday. ...............................................................................................................................

7 I believed the story. ...............................................................................................................................

8 Sam walked to school. ...............................................................................................................................

9 Terry climbed up the mountain. ...............................................................................................................................

10 Jane changed her clothes. ...............................................................................................................................


1 he / take / the money ............................................................................................................................... ? Yes, ....................................

� you / cycle / to school ............................................................................................................................... ? No, ....................................

� he / finish / his homework ............................................................................................................................... ? Yes, ....................................

4 Mark / believe / you ............................................................................................................................... ? No, ....................................

5 you / stop and look ............................................................................................................................... ? Yes, ....................................

6 they / watch TV ............................................................................................................................... ? No, ....................................

7 Mike / post the letter ............................................................................................................................... ? Yes, ....................................

8 Juliette / laugh at the joke ............................................................................................................................... ? No, ....................................

5 How many irregular verbs can you fill in?

ABC

become – ..............................

begin – ..............................

break – ..............................

bring – ..............................

buy – ..............................

can – ..............................

choose – ..............................

come – ..............................

cut – ..............................

DEF

do – ..............................

draw – ..............................

drink – ..............................

drive – ..............................

eat – ..............................

fall – ..............................

find – ..............................

fly – ..............................

forget – ..............................

GHIJKL

get – ..............................

give – ..............................

go – ..............................

have – ..............................

hold – ..............................

know – ..............................

learn – ..............................

leave – ..............................

lose – ..............................

MNOPQR

make – ..............................

mean – ..............................

meet – ..............................

put – ..............................

read – ..............................

rewrite – ..............................

ride – ..............................

ring – ..............................

run – ..............................

S

say – ..............................

see – ..............................

sing – .............................. sit – ..............................

shake – ..............................

sleep – .............................. speak – ..............................

stand – ..............................

swim – ..............................

TUVWXYZ

take – ..............................

teach – ..............................

tell – ..............................

think – ..............................

understand – ...........................

wake – ..............................

wear – ..............................

win – ..............................

write – ..............................

11

�7


116 Match the present to the past.

1 wear a taught � tell b woke � say c ran 4 wake d saw 5 see e went 6 ring f told 7 teach g wore 8 get h rang 9 run i said10 go j got

7 Find the past verbs and use them in the sentences.

L O S T A L I O P

B F R W A D O P Q

E D G V S O P K U

J N B E G A N S N

T U Y G C F U X D

A T P E F G T N E

B U L M O H E M R

O J O I R J R I S

U S P N G K W Y T

G X Y X O E O R O

H K E R T E P C O

T R S T G S F S D

I Q D Y D D C N S

D P E F E L L G S

1 We won. You .................................... !� They .................................... a new car.� You .................................... my birthday!4 Penny .................................... in the river!5 The lesson .................................... at 9 am.6 Pete .................................... the question but I didn’t.

128 Tick the correct sentences.

Rewrite the incorrect ones.

1 I didn’t knew the answer. .................... ...............................................................................................................................

� She learnt to drive a car. .................... ...............................................................................................................................

� Did you drank all the milk? .................... ...............................................................................................................................

4 We flew to London. .................... ...............................................................................................................................

5 What time did they left? .................... ...............................................................................................................................

6 After the lesson, we sang a song. .................... ...............................................................................................................................

7 The girls didn’t understood me. .................... ...............................................................................................................................

8 I throwed the ball to him. .................... ...............................................................................................................................

9 I sayed ‘Happy Birthday’ to my friend this morning. .................... ...............................................................................................................................

10 We were late and we ran into the classroom. .................... ...............................................................................................................................

11 They stayed at home last night. .................... ...............................................................................................................................

1� Where did she went? .................... ...............................................................................................................................

1� What did she bought? .................... ...............................................................................................................................

14 What time did you call me? .................... ...............................................................................................................................

15 When did they buy the new car? .................... ...............................................................................................................................

�8


1112Subject and object pronouns; possessive adjectives and pronouns; possessive ’s; whose

Subject and object pronouns

Τιςπροσωπικές αντωνυμίες (personal pronouns) τιςχρησιμοποιούμεέτσιώστεναμηχρειάζεταισυνέχειαναεπαναλαμβάνουμετακύριαονόματαήταουσιαστικά.Υπάρχουνοιπροσωπικέςαντωνυμίεςπουχρησιμοποιούνταισεθέσηυποκειμένου(subject pronouns) καιοιπροσωπικέςαντωνυμίεςπουχρησιμοποιούνταισεθέσηαντικειμένου (object pronouns).

• Οιπροσωπικέςαντωνυμίεςσεθέσηυποκειμένουείναι:I, you, he, she, it, weκαιthey.Angela and Jennifer are my friends. They are sisters. (Αντίναπούμε:Angela and Jennifer are my friends. Angela and Jennifer are sisters.)

• Οιπροσωπικέςαντωνυμίεςσεθέσηαντικειμένουείναι:me, you, him, her, it, us καιthem.

Αντί να πούμε: These exercises are hard – I can’t do these exercises.Who is Helen? I don’t know Helen.

Μπορούμε να πούμε:These exercises are hard – I can’t do them. Who is Helen? I don’t know her.

They all looked at me. They invited us to the party.

Possessive adjectives and pronouns

Χρησιμοποιούμετακτητικάεπίθετα(possessive adjectives)καιτιςκτητικέςαντωνυμίες(possessive pronouns)γιαναπούμεότικάτιανήκεισεκάποιον.

• Τακτητικάεπίθεταείναι:my, your, his, her, its, ourκαιtheir.Τοκτητικόεπίθετομπαίνειπριναπότοουσιαστικό.It’s my bike. Is this your homework? Our mum and their mum are friends.

• Οικτητικέςαντωνυμίεςείναι:mine,yours,his,hers,oursκαιtheirs.Οικτητικέςαντωνυμίεςχρησιμοποιούνταιαντίτωνουσιαστικών.It’s not your bike – it’s mine. This is my homework – yours is over there.

29

Possessive ’s

Χρησιμοποιούμε ’sγιαναπούμεότικάτιανήκεισεκάποιονάνθρωποήσεκάποιοζώο.Δενχρησιμοποιούμε ’sμεπράγματα.Ανηλέξητελειώνειήδησε-s,τότεχρησιμοποιούμεμόνοτηναπόστροφο.This is Harry’s book.It is our teacher’s pen.

That’s the dog’s bed.Our parents’ bedroom.

Whose

Χρησιμοποιούμετηνερωτηματικήλέξηwhose(ποιανού,ποιου)γιαναρωτήσουμεσεποιονανήκεικάτι.Whose is this book? Whose friend is he?


121 Complete the table.

Personal subject

pronouns

Personal object

pronouns

Possessive adjectives

Possessive pronouns

I me my ....................

you .................... .................... yours

he him .................... his

she .................... her ....................

it it .................... –

we us our ....................

they .................... .................... theirs

2 Circle the correct word.

1 Please help I / me with the exercise.� Whose / Who’s bag is this?� This is Bill’s / Bills’ bag.4 Can you come with we / us?5 It’s my parents / parents’ room.6 Where are my CDs? I can’t find they / them!

3 Write the personal pronouns.

1 Jeff is my brother. ....................................

� Mary is very tall. ....................................

� My brother and I like it! ....................................

4 The test is difficult. ....................................

5 The boys play football. ....................................

4 Complete with a possessive adjective.

1 Maria’s clothes are nice. I like .................................... clothes.� The dog isn’t eating. .................................... food is here.� The boys want to play. They’ve got ....................................

football with them.4 We need to correct all .................................... mistakes.5 Good children are always nice to .................................... parents.6 No, that’s my bag, not yours! .................................... bag is

over there.


1 is / my / bag / this ...............................................................................................................................

� their / she / mum / is ...............................................................................................................................

� books / are / those / mine ...............................................................................................................................

4 them / like / don’t / I ...............................................................................................................................

5 to be quiet / us / tells / our teacher ...............................................................................................................................

6 Write the apostrophes (’).

1 She is my mothers sister.� That is Gregorys book.� Here is the childrens room.4 I know all my teachers names.5 That boys name is Ryan.

7 Write answers to the questions. Use the words in brackets to help you.

Whose bag is this? (me) It’s mine................................................................................................................................

1 Whose sister is she? (my mum) ...............................................................................................................................

� Whose books are they? (you) ...............................................................................................................................

� Whose car is it? (Tommy) ...............................................................................................................................

4 Whose toy is this? (Maria) ...............................................................................................................................

8 Fill in the gaps with one word.

1 That CD is not .................................... . It’s mine. Give .................................... back, please!

� You have a classroom and .................................... have a classroom. Ours is here. .................................... is over there.

� Those books are Simon’s. Give .................................... to the teacher, please.

4 I’ve got a good computer game. Come and play with .................................... .

13

�0


13Must/mustn’t/haveto

Χρησιμοποιούμε συνήθως must και mustn’t για να μιλήσουμε για κανόνες.

• Χρησιμοποιούμε must για να πούμε τι πρέπει να κάνει κάποιος. You mustlisten to your teacher. You mustdo your homework.

• Χρησιμοποιούμε mustn’t για να πούμε τι δεν πρέπει να κάνει κάποιος. We mustn’t (must not) talk in the lesson. You mustn’t (must not) touch the ball with your hands.

Πρόσεξε ότι δεν βάζουμε to μετά το must/mustn’t.

• Μερικές φορές μπορούμε να χρησιμοποιήσουμε have to αντί για must (όχι όμως αντί για mustn’t). You haveto do your homework.

1 Circle the correct phrase.

1 They must to go / must go now.� You must not / have not shout.� Jo mustn’t / must to not do that.4 We have to / must to get a goal.

2 Look at the list of activities and complete the table with the school rules. Use must or mustn’t.

• talk in the lesson• have long hair (boys)• eat in the classroom• remember your books• run in the school• use your mobile phone• listen to music• do all your homework• talk politely to your teacher• ride your bike in the school• be quiet during the lesson• wear make-up (girls) • listen to the teacher

SCHOOL RULES

P O...............................................................

...............................................................

...............................................................

...............................................................

...............................................................

...............................................................

...............................................................

...............................................................

...............................................................

...............................................................

...............................................................

...............................................................

...............................................................

...............................................................

...............................................................

...............................................................

...............................................................

...............................................................

...............................................................

...............................................................

...............................................................

...............................................................

...............................................................

...............................................................

...............................................................

...............................................................

...............................................................

...............................................................

...............................................................

...............................................................

...............................................................

...............................................................

�1


3 What do you say if you see someone who is ...

1 writing on the desk? You mustn’t .....................................................................................................

� walking in the road? You mustn’t .....................................................................................................

� eating with dirty hands? You mustn’t .....................................................................................................

4 throwing a mobile phone? You mustn’t .....................................................................................................

5 playing tennis with a broken arm? You mustn’t .....................................................................................................

6 swimming in a dirty river? You mustn’t .....................................................................................................

7 dropping litter in the street? You mustn’t .....................................................................................................

8 rude to their teacher? You mustn’t .....................................................................................................

9 feeding the animals in the zoo? You mustn’t .....................................................................................................

10 playing very loud music late at night? You mustn’t .....................................................................................................

4 What do you have to do ...

1 today? ...............................................................................................................................

� tonight? ...............................................................................................................................

� tomorrow? ...............................................................................................................................

4 at the weekend? ...............................................................................................................................

5 every day? ...............................................................................................................................

5 Complete the dialogue using must /mustn’t and a verb in the list.

hit (x2) have go be try

Freddy: Harry, can you teach me how to play tennis?Harry: It’s easy, but if you want to play tennis, you

(1) ...................................................... fit! And you (�) ...................................................... two or four players.

Freddy: How do you start?Harry: First, you (�) ...................................................... the ball

over the net to the other side, but the ball (4) ...................................................... outside the white lines.

Freddy: Can the ball touch the ground?Harry: Yes, but you (5) ...................................................... it before

it touches the ground a second time.Freddy: How do you win?Harry: Well, you (6) ...................................................... to hit the

ball where the other player can’t hit it back.Freddy: Sounds fun. Do you want a game?

6 Help protect the environment. What must/mustn’tyoudo? Write sentences.

• recycle paper P• use the car every day O• switch off the lights when not in the room P• ride your bike more often P• use plastic shopping bags O• keep the beaches clean P...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

13 14

��


14Questionwords(who,what,where,which)

Χρησιμοποιούμε τις ερωτηματικές λέξεις για να κάνουμε ερωτήσεις και να μάθουμε διάφορα πράγματα. Χρησιμοποιούμε:

• Who Ποιος (για ανθρώπους) Who is that man? Who is going to come to the party?

• What Τι (για ζώα και πράγματα) What is his name? What colour is your bike?

• Where Πού Where is the party? Where are you going?

• Which Ποιο (όταν υπάρχει περιορισμένη επιλογή μεταξύ π.χ. δύο ανθρώπων, ζώων ή πραγμάτων)

Which car is his, the blue car or the red car? Which animal do you like more, a cat or a dog?

1 Write who, what, where or which.

1 ............................ is your car – the blue one?� ............................ do you go to school?� ............................ is your teacher’s name?4 ............................ bought you that present?5 ............................ did you get your dog?6 ............................ do you want for dinner?

2 Match the questions to the answers.

1 Who is that? a It’s at home.� What is that? b It’s my mum.� Where is your mum’s car? c It’s this one.4 Which car is your mum’s? d It’s my mum’s car.


1 CD / which / you / buy / did ............................................................................................................................... ?

� my / mobile / broke / who ............................................................................................................................... ?

� go / where / on holiday / you / did ............................................................................................................................... ?

4 song / like / you / do / which ............................................................................................................................... ?


1 Which time is it? ...............................................................................................................................

� What did you put my keys? ...............................................................................................................................

� Where is your favourite singer? ...............................................................................................................................

4 Who boy found all the answers? ...............................................................................................................................

5 Where house do you live in? ...............................................................................................................................

6 Who is that man’s name? ...............................................................................................................................

5 Write the question words who, what, where or which.

Tina: (1) .................................... buys your clothes? Do you buy them or does your mum buy them for you?

Sarah: Sometimes my mum buys me things, but I usually buy my own clothes.

Tina: (�) .................................... do you usually go shopping?Sarah: In town. There are lots of good clothes shops there. Tina: (�) .................................... shop is your favourite?Sarah: There’s a shop called Top Girl. I love their

clothes, but they are a bit expensive.Tina: (4) .................................... was the last thing you bought

there?Sarah: This jacket. Do you like it?

��


15begoingto

Χρησιμοποιούμε be (am, is, are) going to για να αναφερθούμε στο μέλλον.I’mgoing to meet my friends tomorrow.The weatherisgoingtobe very hot tomorrow.

Οι τύποι του be going to είναι οι εξής:


formShort form Long form Short

form

I am going to

I’m going to

I am not going to

I’m not going to

Am I going to ... ?

Yes, I am.No, I’m not.

You are going to

You’re going to

You are not going to

You aren’t going to

Are you going to...?

Yes, you are.No, you aren’t.

He is going to

He’s going to

He is not going to

He isn’t going to

Is he going to ... ?

Yes, he is.No, he isn’t.

She is going to

She’s going to

She is not going to

She isn’t going to

Is she going to ... ?

Yes, she is.No, she isn’t.

It is going to

It’s going to

It is not going to

It isn’t going to

Is it going to ... ?

Yes, it is.No, it isn’t.

We are going to

We’re going to

We are not going to

We aren’t going to

Are we going to ... ?

Yes, we are.No, we aren’t.

You are going to

You’re going to

You are not going to

You aren’t going to

Are you going to...?

Yes, you are.No, you aren’t.

They are going to

They’re going to

They are not going to

They aren’t going to

Are they going to ... ?

Yes, they are.No, they aren’t.

I’mgoingto win! I’mnotgoingto win! AmIgoingto win?

It’sgoingto rain. It isn’tgoingto rain. Isitgoingto rain?

Χρησιμοποιούμε (am, is, are) going to για να μιλήσουμε για πράγματα που σχεδιάζουμε να κάνουμε στο μέλλον ή για πράγματα που είναι σίγουρο ότι θα συμβούν. I’mgoingto visit my grandma on Sunday.George isgoingto be doctor.

�4



1 Nigel .................................... going to win.� You .................................... going to lose.� They .................................... going to eat.4 It .................................... not going to rain.5 The dog .................................... going to bite you!6 .................................... we going to play football?7 Where .................................... she going to go?8 I .................................... going to learn the guitar.


1 I am going to buy a car. ...............................................................................................................

� It is not going to snow. ...............................................................................................................

� We are not going to have a test. ...............................................................................................................

4 You are going to fall! ...............................................................................................................

5 She is not going to have a party. ...............................................................................................................

6 ‘We are going to fail the test!’ ............................................................................................................... ‘No, we are not!’ ...............................................................................................................

3 Complete the text with these words and the correct form of begoingto.

buy (not) cook have invite (not) listen make watch

Tom and Crissy (1) .................................... a party. They (�) .................................... all their friends. Tom (�) .................................. balloons. Crissy (4) .................................... hamburgers, she (5) .................................... lots of salads. Tom and Crissy’s parents (6) .................................... to the music! They (7) .................................... a DVD.

4 What are Sally and Ben going to do on holiday? Write sentences.

Sally Ben

go to the beach P Ogo to the mountains O P

ride a bike P Psleep a lot P Pbuild a sandcastle P O

build a tree house O P

go to school O O

1 Sally is ............................................................................................................. ...............................................................................................................................

� She isn’t ........................................................................................................ ...............................................................................................................................

� Ben is ............................................................................................................. ...............................................................................................................................

4 Ben isn’t ........................................................................................................ ...............................................................................................................................

5 They are ....................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................

6 They aren’t ................................................................................................. ...............................................................................................................................

15

�5


�6

16Will/Won’t

Χρησιμοποιούμε will για να αναφερθούμε στο μέλλον.


formShort form Long form Short

form

I will go I’ll go I will not go I won’t go Will I go? Yes, I will.No, I won’t.

You will go You’ll go You will not go You won’t go Will you go? Yes, you will.

No, you won’t.

He will go He’ll go He will not go He won’t go Will he go? Yes, he will.

No, he won’t.

She will go She’ll go She will not go She won’t go Will she go? Yes, she will.

No, she won’t.

It will go It’ll go It will not go It won’t go Will it go? Yes, it will.No, it won’t.

We will go We’ll go We will not go We won’t go Will we go? Yes, we will.

No, we won’t.

You will go You’ll go You will not go You won’t go Will you go? Yes, you will.

No, you won’t.They will go They’ll go They will

not goThey won’t go Will they go? Yes, they will.

No, they won’t.

I’ll see you next week.We’llgo to a party tomorrow.

Χρησιμοποιούμε will/won’t + verb:• για να μιλήσουμε για πράγματα που θα συμβούν ή

όχι στο μέλλον. I’llsee you next week. Kate willbe at home at 12 o’ clock.

• για να μιλήσουμε για κάτι που νομίζουμε εμείς ότι θα συμβεί ή όχι στο μέλλον. I think Jason willpasshis test. ‘Will Liverpool win the football match again?’ ‘ Yes, I think theywill. / No, I don’t think theywill.’ People willhavemore free time in the future.

• για να προσφερθούμε ή να αρνηθούμε να κάνουμε κάτι. I’llhelp you with your homework. No, I won’ttell you the answers to the test!

• όταν δίνουμε μια υπόσχεση. I’llcallyou tonight at home. I’llstudy very hard for the test.

• όταν αποφασίζουμε αυθόρμητα να κάνουμε κάτι. I’m hungry. I’llmake a sandwich. The phone is ringing. I’llanswer it.

Θυμήσου ότι δεν χρησιμοποιούμε ποτέ to μετά το will. You willfindthe answers at the back of the book. (not You will to find ...)

Χρονικές εκφράσεις με το will: tomorrow, next week, next year

�6



1 I will ...................................................................................................................... � She will ..............................................................................................................� They will ..........................................................................................................4 We will ..............................................................................................................5 I will not ...........................................................................................................6 We will not ....................................................................................................

2 Put will in the correct place.

1 In 50 years, people travel to work by helicopter. ................................................................................................................................

� You help me with this exercise? ................................................................................................................................

� Children not go to school in the future. ................................................................................................................................

4 One day, I be rich. ................................................................................................................................

5 We ever live on the Moon? ................................................................................................................................

6 I send you a postcard! ................................................................................................................................

7 I go to bed. ................................................................................................................................

8 We go to the beach on Saturday! ................................................................................................................................


1 carry / I’ll / books / your ...............................................................................................................................

� won’t / Margaret / this test / pass ...............................................................................................................................

� we / new computers / have / will ............................................................................................................................... ?

4 you / will / me / help / please ............................................................................................................................... ?

5 ‘the boys / win / will’ ............................................................................................................................... ?

6 ‘won’t / they / no’ ...............................................................................................................................


1 Will your favourite team win its next match? ...............................................................................................................................

� Will we have robots to do our homework? ...............................................................................................................................

� Will you leave school at 16? ...............................................................................................................................

4 Will you pass your next test? ...............................................................................................................................

5 Will the weather be nice tomorrow? ...............................................................................................................................

6 Will someone give you lots of money soon? ...............................................................................................................................

5 Write about you. What will/won’t you do ...

1 later today? ...............................................................................................................................

� when you get some money? ...............................................................................................................................

� when you leave school? ...............................................................................................................................

4 when you see your best friend? ...............................................................................................................................

5 when you’re �0? ...............................................................................................................................

16

�7


17Will/begoingto

will be going to

για πράγματα που θα συμβούν στο μέλλον

Lukewillgo to England next month.

για πράγματα που σχεδιάζουμε να κάνουμε στο μέλλον

I’mgoingtovisit my grandma on Sunday.

για πράγματα που νομίζουμε εμείς ότι θα συμβούν στο μέλλον

I think we willhave robots in our homes in 50 years.

για πράγματα που είναι σίγουρο ότι θα συμβούν

Look! It’sgoingtorain soon.

για να προσφερθούμε ή να αρνηθούμε να κάνουμε κάτι

I’llhelp you carry these heavy bags.

όταν δίνουμε μια υπόσχεση

I’llgiveyou the money back next week.

όταν αποφασίζουμε αυθόρμητα να κάνουμε κάτι

There’s someone at the door. I’llgo and see.

1 Complete the sentences with the correct form of begoingto or will and the verb in brackets.

1 a) Sara is sleeping at her grandparents’ house this evening.

b) Yes, her parents .......................................................... (paint) her bedroom at the weekend.

� a) It’s Saturday, tomorrow! Great! b) Yes, I think I .......................................................... (get up) late

tomorrow.

� a) You can read my comic if you like. b) Thanks very much! I .......................................................... (give)

it to you on Monday.

4 a) Why are all those people buying tickets? b) They .......................................................... (watch) a football

match.

18

5 a) What’s wrong with Jamie? b) He .......................................................... (not tidy) his room

because he’s very tired!

6 a) Thanks for the money. I .......................................................... (give) it back to you next week.

b) No problem. What .......................................................... (you/do) with it?

7 a) I’m a little hungry. I .......................................................... (make) a sandwich.

b) Mum .......................................................... (order) pizza for everybody soon. Be patient!

8 a) I think I .......................................................... (fail) the maths test. I don’t understand anything.

b) Don’t say that. I .......................................................... (help) you study and you ..........................................................(be) fine.

�8


18Comparative/superlative

Χρησιμοποιούμετονσυγκριτικό (comparative) καιυπερθετικό(superlative)βαθμότωνεπιθέτωνγιανασυγκρίνουμεδιάφοραπρόσωπαήπράγματαμεταξύτους.Χρησιμοποιούμετονσυγκριτικόβαθμόότανθέλουμενασυγκρίνουμεδύοπρόσωπαήπράγματαμεταξύτουςκαιτονυπερθετικόβαθμόότανθέλουμενασυγκρίνουμεπολλάπρόσωπαήπράγματαμεταξύτους. • Σχηματίζουμετονσυγκριτικόβαθμότωνμονοσύλλαβωνκαιδισύλλαβωνεπιθέτωνπροσθέτονταςτηνκατάληξη-er.Ακολουθείπάνταηλέξηthan.high – higher than low – lower than old – older than

• Σχηματίζουμετονυπερθετικόβαθμότωνμονοσύλλαβωνκαιδισύλλαβωνεπιθέτωνπροσθέτονταςτηνκατάληξη-est.Προηγείταιπάνταηλέξηthe.high – the highest low – the lowest old – the oldest

Κανόνες ορθογραφίας

comparative superlativeΤαεπίθεταπουλήγουνσε-e,παίρνουναπλώςτηνκατάληξη-r.nice – nicer thansafe – safer than

Ταεπίθεταπουλήγουνσε-e,παίρνουναπλώςτηνκατάληξη-st.eg nice – the nicest

safe – the safestΣταεπίθεταπουλήγουνσε-y,διαγράφουμετο-y καιπροσθέτουμετηνκατάληξη-ier.lazy – lazier thantasty – tastier than

Σταεπίθεταπουλήγουνσε-y,διαγράφουμετο-yκαιπροσθέτουμετηνκατάληξη-iest.lazy – the laziesttasty – the tastiest

Ταεπίθεταπουλήγουνσεένασύμφωνοκαιπριναπόαυτόυπάρχειέναμόνοφωνήεν,διπλασιάζουντοσύμφωνοπρινπάρουντηνκατάληξη-er.hot – hotter than big – bigger than

Ταεπίθεταπουλήγουνσεένασύμφωνοκαιπριναπόαυτόυπάρχειέναμόνοφωνήεν,διπλασιάζουντοσύμφωνοπρινπάρουντηνκατάληξη-est.hot – the hottest big – the biggest

Ταεπίθεταμεπερισσότερεςαπόδύοσυλλαβέςσχηματίζουντονσυγκριτικόβαθμόπεριφραστικάμετηλέξηmore.interesting – more interestingdifficult – more difficult

Ταεπίθεταμεπερισσότερεςαπόδύοσυλλαβέςσχηματίζουντονσυγκριτικόβαθμόπεριφραστικάμετιςλέξειςthe most.interesting – the most interesting difficult – the most difficult

Μερικάεπίθεταέχουνανώμαλαπαραθετικάκαισχηματίζουντονσυγκριτικόβαθμόεντελώςδιαφορετικά.good – better thanbad – worse than

Μερικάεπίθεταέχουνανώμαλαπαραθετικάκαισχηματίζουντονυπερθετικόβαθμόεντελώςδιαφορετικά.good – the best bad – the worst

Μετονσυγκριτικόβαθμόχρησιμοποιούμεπάντατηλέξηthan.He is taller than me.

Μετονυπερθετικόβαθμόχρησιμοποιούμεπάντατηλέξηthe.He is the tallest boy in our class.He is the tallest boy of all.

39


181 Write the comparatives and

superlatives.

cold ............................................... ...............................................

hot ............................................... ...............................................

small ............................................... ...............................................

big ............................................... ...............................................

interesting ............................................... ...............................................

good ............................................... ...............................................

hungry ............................................... ...............................................

bad ............................................... ...............................................

nice ............................................... ...............................................

2 Make comparative sentences.

1 Geography / hard / English ...............................................................................................................................

� MP�s / new / CDs ...............................................................................................................................

� My sister / intelligent / her friends ...............................................................................................................................

4 The blue bag / expensive / the green bag ...............................................................................................................................

5 Her test results / bad / mine ...............................................................................................................................

6 John’s homework / good / yours ...............................................................................................................................

3 Complete with the comparative or superlative of the words in brackets.

1 Greece is ............................................... England. (warm) � English lessons are ............................................... Italian lessons.

(interesting)� Which was ............................................... dinosaur of all? (big)4 Your cat is ............................................... my cat. (fat)5 The food at Jim’s Restaurant is ...............................................

the food here. (tasty)6 I think History is ............................................... subject of all.

(difficult) 7 Life is ............................................... for us now than it was

before. (easy)

8 These shoes are ............................................... than my old shoes. (comfortable)

9 What do you think is ............................................... subject of all? (useful)

10 I’m good at English but I’m not ............................................... (good) in my class – Stefanos is ............................................... than me. (good)

4 Complete the text with these words.bad good worse better worst best

My sister and I work very hard and we both get (1) .................................... marks at school. But she says that she is (�) .................................... than me at English because she studies more. I asked my teacher to give us a test so we could find out who is the (�) .................................... ! Well, we did the test yesterday but we were both ill – and guess what? Our marks were very (4) .................................... ! She got 10 out of �0 and I only got 8 – my marks were (5) .................................... than hers! Now she’s telling people at school that I’m the (6) .................................... student in the world!


1 That animal is the more dangerous in the world. ...............................................................................................................................

� Who is the better student in the class? ...............................................................................................................................

� My dad is the older than your dad. ...............................................................................................................................

4 She’s more beautiful her sister. ...............................................................................................................................

5 She’s oldest girl in the class. ...............................................................................................................................

6 TV is more good than radio. ...............................................................................................................................

19

40


19Theimperative

Χρησιμοποιούμε την προστακτική (imperative) όταν θέλουμε να πούμε σε κάποιον να κάνει κάτι ή όταν θέλουμε να δώσουμε μια διαταγή, ή όταν εξηγούμε σε κάποιον πώς να κάνει κάτι, δηλαδή όταν δίνουμε οδηγίες.

• Σχηματίζουμε την προστακτική πάρα πολύ απλά χρησιμοποιώντας μόνο το ρήμα στη βασική του μορφή. Ο τύπος είναι ο ίδιος είτε απευθυνόμαστε σε έναν άνθρωπο είτε σε πολλούς. Open your books. Be quiet! Give me the money.

Stand up! Say something!

• Σχηματίζουμε τον αρνητικό τύπο της προστακτικής με το Don’t πριν από το ρήμα. Έτσι λέμε σε κάποιον να μην κάνει κάτι. Don’ttalk in the lesson! Don’tshout! I can hear you!

Don’tmove! Don’twrite on the desk.

Προσθέτοντας τη λέξη please στο τέλος της πρότασης ακουγόμαστε πιο ευγενικοί όταν ζητάμε από κάποιον να κάνει κάτι. Help me with these boxes, please.

2 Complete the dialogue with these words.

tell answer come speak sit open say

Teacher: Billy, (1) .................................... your book and (�) .................................... us the answer to question one.

Billy: Question one, sir?Teacher: Yes, Billy. (�) .................................... it quickly, please.

We’re waiting. Billy: Um ... question one ... question one ...Teacher: OK, (4) .................................... down, Billy. George –

do you know the answer?George: Um, I think it was ...Teacher: What are you saying, George?

(5) .................................... more clearly, please! George: The name of the goddess was Athena.Teacher: Excellent, George. Now Billy, (6) ....................................

the answer to question two, please.Billy: Question two, sir? Um ...Teacher: (7) .................................... and see me at the end

of the lesson, Billy.


1 Open / Don’t open the window – it’s very cold outside!

� That’s mine! Give / Don’t give it to me! � Shout / Don’t shout in the lesson! 4 Open / Don’t open your books and look at page 57. 5 Be / Don’t be quiet – I’m trying to work. 6 If there’s a fire, use / don’t use the lift. 7 Put / Don’t put your hand up if you know the

answer. 8 Look / Don’t look at the answers yet. 9 Sit / Don’t sit down – and talk / don’t talk!10 Do / Don’t do your homework first and then

watch / don’t watch TV.

41


3 What do you say when ... Use these verbs.

eat tell close go be sit ride give call(x2)

1 it’s noisy and you can’t sleep? ‘ .................................... quiet, please.’

� someone is standing up and you can’t see? ‘ .................................... down, please.’

� someone takes your pen? ‘ .................................... me my pen, please.’

4 you don’t want your friend to call you after 11? ‘ .................................... .................................... me after 11.’

5 you don’t want to know the answer? ‘ .................................... .................................... me the answer.’

6 you don’t want someone to eat your pizza? ‘ .................................... .................................... my pizza!’

7 you don’t want someone to ride your bike? ‘ .................................... .................................... my bike!’

8 you see a thief in your neighbour’s house? ‘ .................................... the police!’

9 someone is very tired? ‘ .................................... to bed!’

10 someone has a headache? ‘ .................................... your eyes for a while!’

4 Prepare breakfast for the whole family on Sunday morning! Use these verbs to complete the sentences.

cut P open P pour Play P forget O put P

wait P wake P make Ogo P take P fill P

1 ............................................... up earlier than all the others.� ............................................... to the kitchen

............................................... any noise!� ............................................... the table.

............................................... the best cups and plates out.4 ............................................... the bread.

.............................................. the bread basket!5 ............................................... the fridge.

............................................... out the jam, butter and milk.6 ............................................... the coffee pot with

5 spoons of coffee.7 ............................................... hot water on the coffee.8 Now ............................................... for everybody to wake up.

19 20

4�


20PrepositionsofplaceΧρησιμοποιούμε τα prepositions of place για να περιγράψουμε πού βρίσκεται κάτι.

Οι prepositions of place είναι οι εξής:

in μέσαon πάνωbehind πίσω απόnext tο δίπλα σεunder κάτω απόin front of μπροστά απόbetween ανάμεσαnear κοντά σε

The dog is in the living room.The glass is on the table.The ball is behind the television.The desk is next to the window.The toys are under the bed.The car is infrontof the house.The pen is between the book and the notebook.The supermarket is near my house.


1 My house is under / between the school and the shops.

� The board is on / in the wall near / in the door.� Let’s sit between / under this tree.4 The car is in front of / in the house.

5 Do you want to sit under / next to me? 6 Jake sits for hours in front of / on the computer. 7 The pen is on / between the book. 8 Ian is standing between / in Fiona and Mary. 9 There is a park in / near my house.10 The birds are in / between the tree.

2 Find the prepositions of place and use them in the sentences.

1 My cat sleeps u.................................... my bed.� There’s a park n.................................... our school.� The bear is b.................................... two igloos.4 Your bag is b.................................... the door.5 Jane sits n.................................... .................................... me.6 The teacher stands ....................................

f.................................... .................................... the board.

U N D E R A D R I

W S A R E D J L N

S A G I B F A P F

T N S L E V S O R

U E A K H C Q R O

O X C H I R Y T N

L T Z G N U I F T

H T B D D I G E O

W O Y S B K J S F

C S D R O L X C S

V F O B L E L J V

H B E T W E E N Y

T A Z Y E R H K Q

E N E A R G O M N

4�


3 Answer for you now.

1 Who/What is behind you? ...............................................................................................................................

� Who/What is in front of you? ...............................................................................................................................

� Who/What is next to you? ...............................................................................................................................

4 Who/What is near you? ...............................................................................................................................

5 Who/What is between you and the door? ...............................................................................................................................

6 What is in your bag? ...............................................................................................................................

7 What is on your desk? ...............................................................................................................................

8 What is under your desk? ...............................................................................................................................

4 Complete the text with these words.behind in (x2) near next under

My house is a small cottage (1) .................................... the town. There’s a garage (�) .................................... to the house. We keep our car and caravan (�) .................................... there. (4) .................................... the house, there is a big garden. The kitchen is (5) .................................... my bedroom, so I can hear my brother when he looks (6) .................................... the fridge for something to eat!


1 There’s a tree in front the house. ...............................................................................................................................

� The cat is behind from the garage. ...............................................................................................................................

� She sits between of John and Nancy. ...............................................................................................................................

4 There’s a shop next of the school. ...............................................................................................................................

5 He lives on a nice house. ...............................................................................................................................

6 Near of my house there is a park. ...............................................................................................................................

7 Your book is on to the table. ...............................................................................................................................

8 The ball is under to the car.

...............................................................................................................................

2120

44


1121Ordinalnumbersanddates

Ordinalnumbers

Τα τακτικά αριθμητικά επίθετα (ordinal numbers) είναι οι λέξεις που μας φανερώνουν τη σειρά των ανθρώπων ή των πραγμάτων. Π.χ.:the first classroomthe second day of the monththe third child, κλπ.

Για να γράψουμε τα τακτικά αριθμητικά, προσθέτουμε th δίπλα στον αριθμό. Μόνο τα τακτικά αριθμητικά του 1, �, � γράφονται διαφορετικά, ως εξής:1st, 2nd, 3rd 4th, 5th, κλπ.

Χρησιμοποιούμε τα τακτικά αριθμητικά ως εξής:He was the first person there.She came in second and won a prize.

Τα τακτικά αριθμητικά μέχρι το 100 έχουν ως εξής:

Numbers Ordinal numbers Numbers Ordinal

numbers Numbers Ordinal numbers

1 first 11 eleventh �1 twenty-first

� second 1� twelfth �� thirty-second

� third 1� thirteenth 4� forty-third

4 fourth 14 fourteenth 54 fifty-fourth

5 fifth 15 fifteenth 65 sixty-fifth

6 sixth 16 sixteenth 76 seventy-sixth

7 seventh 17 seventeenth 87 eighty-seventh

8 eighth 18 eighteenth 98 ninety-eighth

9 ninth 19 nineteenth100 one-hundredth

10 tenth �0 twentieth

DatesΥπάρχουν τέσσερις διαφορετικοί τρόποι για να γράφουμε τις ημερομηνίες στα αγγλικά. Αυτοί είναι οι εξής:17th October, 2007October 17th, 200717/10/0717.10.2007

Έτσι λέμε την ημερομηνία:The seventeenth of October, two thousand and seven.October the seventeenth, two thousand and seven.

45



1 The party is on one / the first of May. � Tomorrow is twentieth / the twentieth of

September. � His birthday is on the twenty-third / twenty-three

of March. 4 My favourite month is the two / second month of

the year. 5 He came three / third in the competition. 6 My friend was the two / second person to finish. 7 There were seventeen / seventeenth people in the

room. 8 What’s the date today? Is it the twelve / twelfth of

March? 9 She came here in two thousand and seven / seventh.10 Christmas Day is on the twenty-fifth / twenty-fifth

of December.

2 Fill in the gaps with one word.

1 Today is .................................... fifth .................................... June.� Bill came first, Susan came .................................... , and I came

third. � My sister is 16. Her .................................... birthday was last week.4 When you are �1, you can have

a .................................... -.................................... birthday party. 5 The little boy was born in two thousand ....................................

four.6 His birthday is .................................... November the eighteenth.7 We write 1999 like this – nineteen .................................... - nine.8 We don’t have school on January .................................... first.

3 Write the ordinal numbers in words.

Number Ordinal number In words

1 1st � �nd � �rd 4 4th 5 5th 6 6th 7 7th 8 8th 9 9th 10 10th

4 Write the dates in words.

JULY

M T W T F S S

1 � � 4 5 6 7

8 9 10 11 1� 1� 1415 16 17 18 19 �0 �1�� 4 �5 �6 �7 �8

�9 �0 �1AUGUST

M T W T F S S

1 � � 4

5 6 7 8 9 10 111� 1� 14 15 16 17 1819 �0 �1 �� 4 �5

�6 �7 �8 �9 �0 �1

1 1st July is a Monday. ...............................................................................................................................

� Mum’s birthday is on 1�th July. ...............................................................................................................................

� Our holiday starts on ��nd July. ...............................................................................................................................

4 We come home on 1�th August. ...............................................................................................................................

5 15th August is a holiday. ...............................................................................................................................

6 �1st August is a Saturday. ...............................................................................................................................

5 Complete for you. Write the numbers and the words.

1 When is your birthday? .......... ...............................................................................................................................

� What year were you born? .......... ...............................................................................................................................

� When is your friend’s birthday? .......... ...............................................................................................................................

4 What’s the date today? .......... ...............................................................................................................................

5 What year is it? .......... ...............................................................................................................................

6 When will you be 16? .......... ...............................................................................................................................

46


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