new role of rail in great cities
DESCRIPTION
Presentation by Marcelo E. Lascano Kežic of the University of San Martin, Buenos Aires and the University of Buenos Aires. Delivered on 6 March 2014 to an audience at the Institute for Transport Studies (ITS) University of Leeds . www.its.leeds.ac.uk/research/themesTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: New role of rail in great cities](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022110119/555eb0ddd8b42a08408b4f43/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The new role of rail in great citiesg
MarceloLascanoKežić, M. Sc.
Universidad de Buenos Aires/Universidad Nacional de San Martín
March 2014March 2014
Institute for Transport Studies – University of Leeds – United Kingdom
![Page 2: New role of rail in great cities](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022110119/555eb0ddd8b42a08408b4f43/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Summary:There is a growing contrast between the travel times by surface rail or metro, and those by vehicles moving along the street grid and highways. Rail axes have thus gained new importance, all the more those surface systems spanning longer di t N t l h il i b tt ti Th i l distances. Not only has rail service become more attractive. There is also an increased number of potential users. As long as metropolitan growth continues and congestion stabilizes or increases, it is possible that rail axes may act again as shapers of metropolitan spatial features The recent evolution of global cities with shapers of metropolitan spatial features. The recent evolution of global cities, with their increased size, acute congestion and tendency to strengthen their central areas, convey a new utilization of rail transport. To test this hypothesis, we analyze the recent evolution of rail transport in three cities of similar entity: Buenos Aires tie
s
the recent evolution of rail transport in three cities of similar entity: Buenos Aires, Chicago and Sao Paulo. The cases selected represent distinctive combinations of land‐use, infrastructure and recent policy evolution. Analysis is centered on accessibility to downtown areas, where transportation processes assemble with a gr
eat c
it
accessibility to downtown areas, where transportation processes assemble with a context where space is scarce. In all three cases the use of railways, as a set of inherited infrastructures, has seen an increase whose magnitude suggests a link to modal reassignment due to increasing congestion. Scarcity of space in old of
rail
in
g g g y pdowntown areas is being counteracted through more intense use, or through the expansion of vertical space for transportation operations.
ew ro
le o
Marcelo E. Lascano Kežić, M. Sc.
The
ne
![Page 3: New role of rail in great cities](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022110119/555eb0ddd8b42a08408b4f43/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
City size and transportation issues
J. Michael Thompson (1977):1) Transportation challenges of cities are related to their size;
2) Conversely, independent of location, cities of similar size face similar transportation
ties
challenges; and that
3) Comparisons between cities of similar size, albeit located in different parts of the ld l d i i h i f i i f diff i
grea
t cit world, are more relevant and interesting than comparisons of cities of different sizes
in the same country/region.
of ra
il in
“The quality of private transport tends to equal that of public transport”
ew ro
le o
The
ne
![Page 4: New role of rail in great cities](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022110119/555eb0ddd8b42a08408b4f43/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Why rail matters again in great cities?
Rail as an inherited equipment within the city structure:‐ insertion downtown. capacity‐metropolitan coverage‐ inherited attribute: reliability‐ evolving inherited attribute: travel time savings
Downtown areas of large citiesties
‐ Are relevant even if they grow at a slower rate than suburban areas‐ Most importantly: concentrates access to rail from all or most residential areas. No other city area has this advantagegr
eat c
it
y g‐ Keep their simbolic value. ‐ tendency to recovery
of ra
il in
Large cities
‐ Continue to grow. Size not a deterrent. Increasing importance of capacity of trunk linesew ro
le o
g g p p y‐ Have entered into a stage of all‐day congestion, no longer exclusive to downtown areas and main transport links.
The
ne
![Page 5: New role of rail in great cities](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022110119/555eb0ddd8b42a08408b4f43/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
ties
grea
t cit
of ra
il in
ew
role
oTh
e ne
![Page 6: New role of rail in great cities](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022110119/555eb0ddd8b42a08408b4f43/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Why rail matters again in great cities?
Objectives:‐ Explicit the positive feedback between rail infrastructure capacity and large cities
‐Document recent ridership increases that have been fast (less than 5 years) in large cities that have old rail networks
Hypothesis:‐ There is a relationship between the spatial structure of a city and the transportation tie
s
technology ‐increased ridership is becoming heterogeneous, socially, spatially.
M h d l
grea
t cit
Methodology:‐Harness operational ridership datasets, as the most comprehensive source of information illustrating use of rail in large cities, backed up with survey data, if
il blof ra
il in
available.‐ distinguish, at least preliminary, two sections in a line: mainly residential, and mainly downtown or non residential with prevalence of alightnings during morning peaks
ew ro
le o
The
ne
![Page 7: New role of rail in great cities](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022110119/555eb0ddd8b42a08408b4f43/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
The search for a principle prior to rail
Place all attention on scale of demand as a variable prior to h ltechnology.
Old il i f t t t diti d Old rail infrastructure, tradition and new use:‐ Visibility of historians, collectors, modelers, nostalgia
‐ Separate nostalgia from policyties
‐ Separate nostalgia from policyChange the subject:‐ Demand is… turns attention to causalitygr
eat c
it
y‐ Rail is….keeps the focus on effects
Spatial structure as a main causal basis for the scale of transportation of ra
il in
p pdemand to downtown areas‐ Size‐ Density
Residential areas
ew ro
le o
Density‐ Functional prevalence of downtown
The
ne
![Page 8: New role of rail in great cities](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022110119/555eb0ddd8b42a08408b4f43/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Density and sizetie
sgr
eat c
itof
rail
in
ew ro
le o
The
ne
![Page 9: New role of rail in great cities](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022110119/555eb0ddd8b42a08408b4f43/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Spatial structure and demand scale
density/sq hectare
ties
grea
t cit
of ra
il in
ew
role
oTh
e ne
![Page 10: New role of rail in great cities](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022110119/555eb0ddd8b42a08408b4f43/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Spatial structure and demand scale
NN‐1
12
34
5
1
ties
grea
t cit
of ra
il in
ew
role
oTh
e ne
![Page 11: New role of rail in great cities](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022110119/555eb0ddd8b42a08408b4f43/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Spatial structure and demand scale
entriesentries
ties
grea
t cit
exits
of ra
il in
ew
role
o
N 1N‐1 2 D D D D D
The
ne
![Page 12: New role of rail in great cities](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022110119/555eb0ddd8b42a08408b4f43/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Linear aggregation of demand and demand scale
entries–Boardings
exits–AlightningsBoardings
predominantAlightningspredominant
ties
Linear aggregationIn a specific corridor
grea
t cit
of ra
il in
ew
role
o
N 1N‐1 2 D D D D D
The
ne
![Page 13: New role of rail in great cities](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022110119/555eb0ddd8b42a08408b4f43/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Spatial structure and Linear aggregation of demand
díashábil
Linear aggregation of demand = vehicle load
zonas residenciales: origen centro: destinomañanas ►hábiles
ties
grea
t cit
of ra
il in
ew
role
oTh
e ne
![Page 14: New role of rail in great cities](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022110119/555eb0ddd8b42a08408b4f43/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Spatial structure and Linear aggregation of demand
díashábiles
Linear aggregation of demand = vehicle load
zonas residenciales: origen centro: destinomañanas ►hábiles
ties
grea
t cit
of ra
il in
ew
role
oTh
e ne
![Page 15: New role of rail in great cities](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022110119/555eb0ddd8b42a08408b4f43/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Linear aggregation of demand and transportation technologytie
sgr
eat c
itof
rail
in
ew ro
le o
TCRP 100 Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual – 2nd Edition, 2003, page 1-21
The
ne
![Page 16: New role of rail in great cities](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022110119/555eb0ddd8b42a08408b4f43/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Linear aggregation of demand and transportation technologytie
sgr
eat c
itof
rail
in
ew ro
le o
Vuchic, 1999.
The
ne
![Page 17: New role of rail in great cities](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022110119/555eb0ddd8b42a08408b4f43/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Linear aggregation of demand and transportation technologytie
sgr
eat c
itof
rail
in
ew ro
le o
The
ne
Inter American Development Bank, 2008
![Page 18: New role of rail in great cities](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022110119/555eb0ddd8b42a08408b4f43/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
demand level and transportation technology
metro
pax/h/direction ▲D2
metro
D1ties
Dedicated lanes
ó il
D1
grea
t cit
automóviles
of ra
il in
+◄distance to downtown
ew ro
le o
The
ne
![Page 19: New role of rail in great cities](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022110119/555eb0ddd8b42a08408b4f43/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
demand level and transportation technology
Differential impact of bus supply aggregation according to the base scenario
pax/h/direction ▲
dedicated lanes+i l d btie
s
articulated busesregular buses
grea
t cit
mini vans
of ra
il in
+◄distance to downtown
ew ro
le o
The
ne
![Page 20: New role of rail in great cities](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022110119/555eb0ddd8b42a08408b4f43/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Linear aggregation of demand and transportation technology
30.000 pax/h
ties
grea
t cit
40.000 pax/h
of ra
il in
40.000 pax/h Or “0” trasversal space?
ew ro
le o
Source: Vuchick, 1978The
ne
![Page 21: New role of rail in great cities](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022110119/555eb0ddd8b42a08408b4f43/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Study area – SHAPE AND SIZEtie
sgr
eat c
itof
rail
in
ew ro
le o
The
ne
![Page 22: New role of rail in great cities](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022110119/555eb0ddd8b42a08408b4f43/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
ties
grea
t cit
of ra
il in
ew
role
oTh
e ne
![Page 23: New role of rail in great cities](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022110119/555eb0ddd8b42a08408b4f43/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
ties
grea
t cit
l f ll fiof ra
il in
Study area SHAPE AND SIZE
same scale for all figures
ew ro
le o
Study area – SHAPE AND SIZE
The
ne
![Page 24: New role of rail in great cities](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022110119/555eb0ddd8b42a08408b4f43/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
ties
grea
t cit
of ra
il in
ew
role
oTh
e ne
![Page 25: New role of rail in great cities](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022110119/555eb0ddd8b42a08408b4f43/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Commuter rail – Ridershiptie
sgr
eat c
itof
rail
in
ew ro
le o
The
ne
![Page 26: New role of rail in great cities](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022110119/555eb0ddd8b42a08408b4f43/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Buenos Aires – modelling of monthly ticket sales per station
Preliminary results
EXTERNAL TERMINUSDIST. TO DWNTWNELECTRIFIEDNO. OF BUS LINESSERV. FREQ.POP. THYSSEN P.TRAVEL TIMEHEALTH COVERAGEHEALTH COVERAGELOG (% OCCUPIED)
![Page 27: New role of rail in great cities](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022110119/555eb0ddd8b42a08408b4f43/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Buenos Aires - Diesel line with moderate frequency increase
170.00
h
Evol. of main line op. indicators - Constitución Berazategui
car-km
140 00
150.00
160.00
mon
th s
moo
t
ticket sales (monthly total - no adj)
density of use
120.00
130.00
140.00
pril
1995
)-5 m
smoo
thhh
h
ties
100.00
110.00
e 10
0 in
dex
ap s
grea
t cit
80.00
90.00
Apr
/94
Oct
/94
Apr
/95
Oct
/95
Apr
/96
Oct
/96
Apr
/97
Oct
/97
Apr
/98
Oct
/98
Apr
/99
Oct
/99
Apr
/00
Oct
/00
bas e
of ra
il in
A O A O A O A O A O A O A O
month
ew ro
le o
© dausThe
ne
![Page 28: New role of rail in great cities](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022110119/555eb0ddd8b42a08408b4f43/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Urban rail – Ridershiptie
sgr
eat c
itof
rail
in
ew ro
le o
The
ne
![Page 29: New role of rail in great cities](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022110119/555eb0ddd8b42a08408b4f43/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Urban rail – Ridership – Chicago – station change, 00/08tie
sgr
eat c
itof
rail
in
ew ro
le o
The
ne
![Page 30: New role of rail in great cities](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022110119/555eb0ddd8b42a08408b4f43/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Urban rail – Ridership – Chicago – absl. change, by dist.tie
sgr
eat c
itof
rail
in
ew ro
le o
The
ne
![Page 31: New role of rail in great cities](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022110119/555eb0ddd8b42a08408b4f43/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Chicago – 2000/2010 demographic changetie
sgr
eat c
itof
rail
in
ew ro
le o
The
ne
![Page 32: New role of rail in great cities](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022110119/555eb0ddd8b42a08408b4f43/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Diverging tendencies – bus and railtie
sgr
eat c
itof
rail
in
ew ro
le o
The
ne