new risk factor for coronary artery disease and their importance

67
New risk factor for Coronary Artery Disease and their importance Faktoret e rinj te rrezikut per SAK dhe rendesia e tyre 15-th Medico-surgical Conference Leonard Simoni, MD Albana Bufi, MD Martina Heba, Professor Associated Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular surgery Tirana, October 2007

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Oral presentation in the 15-th Medico-surgical Conference, Session of Internal Medicine, Tirana, Albania, October 2007

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Page 1: New risk factor for Coronary Artery Disease and their importance

New risk factor for Coronary Artery Disease and their importance

Faktoret e rinj te rrezikut per SAK dhe rendesia e tyre

15-th Medico-surgical Conference

Leonard Simoni, MD Albana Bufi, MD Martina Heba, Professor Associated

Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular surgery

Tirana, October 2007

Page 2: New risk factor for Coronary Artery Disease and their importance

Faktoret tradicionale te rrezikut

• Duhanpirja

• Hipertensioni

• Diabeti Mellitus

• Dislipidemia

• Herediteti

Page 3: New risk factor for Coronary Artery Disease and their importance

15%

38%33%

1%13%

Prevalence of risk factor in CAD

0

12

34

Page 4: New risk factor for Coronary Artery Disease and their importance

Biomarkuesit e rinj te perzgjedhur

Adapted from Stampfer MJ et al. Circulation. 2004;109(suppl):IV3-IV5.

Lipidet Lp(a) apoA/apoB Permasat / densiteti I pjesezave

Inflamacioni CRP SAA IL-6 IL-18 TNF Mol.Adezionit

Lp-PLA2

CD40L CSF

Hemostaza/Tromboza Homocisteina tPA/PAI-1 TAFI Fibrinogjeni D-dimeri

CSF = colony-stimulating factor

Oksidimi Ox-LDL MPO

Glutationi

Polimorfizmi Asp299Gly ne gjenin TLR4

Aleli MCP-1 2578G

Polimorfizmi V249I i receptoreve te kemokines CX3CR1

Varianiti 16Gly i 2-receptoreve adrenergike

Aleli 260T/T CD14

Varianti 117 Thr/Thr i CSF

LIGHT

Gjenetike

MPO = myeloperoxidaseTAFI = thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor

Page 5: New risk factor for Coronary Artery Disease and their importance

New risk factor for Coronary Artery Disease Faktoret e rinj te rrezikut per SAK

• Protein C-Reaktive

• Lipoproteina (a)

• Fibrinogjeni

• Homocisteina

Kater faktoret me kryesore

Page 6: New risk factor for Coronary Artery Disease and their importance

New risk factor for Coronary Artery Disease

C reactive protein

• Reagues e fazes akute te inflamacionit

• Rritet shume here ne demtime (plage) dhe infeksione

• Sintetizohet ne melci, e nxitur nga inteleukina-6 (IL-6)

• E rritur ne SAK “aktive” (markues)

• Parakallezon rrezikun per SAK

Page 7: New risk factor for Coronary Artery Disease and their importance

PCR-Hs parakallezon per ngjarje primare

Page 8: New risk factor for Coronary Artery Disease and their importance

0

1

2

3

PCR-hs and the relative risk of a future MI increases in healthy, middle-aged men

Ridker PM et al. N Engl J Med 1997;336:973-979.

1<0.055

Rre

ziku

Rela

tiv I IM

P = 0.03

Quartilet e PCR-hs (shkalla, mg/dL)

20.056–0.114

30.115–0.210

4>0.211

P < 0.001 P < 0.001

PP Trend <0.001 Trend <0.001

Page 9: New risk factor for Coronary Artery Disease and their importance

0

1

2

PCR-hs and the relative risk of a future thromboembolic stroke in healthy, middle-aged men

Ridker PM et al. N Engl J Med 1997;336:973-979.

1<0.055R

rezi

ku R

ela

tiv p

er

Isult

ish

em

ik

Kuartili i PCR-hs ( mg/dL)

20.056–0.114

30.115–0.210

4>0.211

P =0.02 P =0.02

PP Trend <0.03 Trend <0.03

Page 10: New risk factor for Coronary Artery Disease and their importance

0.0

1.0

2.0

PCR-hs and systemic vascular events in healthy, middle-aged men

Ridker PM et al. Circulation 1998;97:425-428.1998 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Asnje

CR

P-h

s (m

g/d

L)

Claudicatio intermitens

Kirurgji e arterieve periferike

Page 11: New risk factor for Coronary Artery Disease and their importance

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

PCR-hs dhe Rreziku per Ngjarje te ardheshme Kardiovaskulare tek Femrat ne dukje te

shendetshme : Nengrupet me rrezik te ulet

Ridker PM et al. Circulation 1998;98:731-733.

1<0.15

Rre

ziku

rela

tiv

KuartilI i PCR-hs ( mg/dL)

20.15–0.37

30.37–0.73

4>0.73

Pa hipertension

Pa hiperlipidemi

Pa duhanpirje recente

Pa diabet

Pa histori familiare

Page 12: New risk factor for Coronary Artery Disease and their importance

PCR si faktor rreziku per SKV te ardhshme: Kohortet e Parandalimit primar

0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0

Kuller MRFIT 1996 SAK Vdekje

Ridker PHS 1997 IM

Ridker PHS 1997 Insult

Tracy CHS/RHPP 1997SAK

Ridker PHS 1998,2001SVP

Ridker WHS 1998,2000,2002 SKV

Koenig MONICA 1999SAK

Roivainen HELSINKI 2000 SAK

Mendall CAERPHILLY 2000 SAK

Danesh BRHS 2000 SAK

Gussekloo LEIDEN 2001 Insult Fatal

Lowe SPEEDWELL 2001 SAK

Packard WOSCOPS 2001 Ngjarje KV*

Ridker AFCAPS 2001 Ngjarje KV*

Rost FHS 2001 Insult

Pradhan WHI 2002 IM, SKVVdekje,

Albert PHS 2002 Vdekje e papritur

Sakkinen HHS 2002 IM

Rreziku Relativ (Quartili I siperm vs te poshtem)

Ridker PM. Circulation. 2003;107:363-369.

Page 13: New risk factor for Coronary Artery Disease and their importance

Danesh, et al. BMJ. 2000;321:199-204

Proteina C-Reaktive dhe SAK

Page 14: New risk factor for Coronary Artery Disease and their importance

PCR dhe Rreziku Kardiovaskular

• IM• Insult• Semundje te arterieve periferike• Vdekjen e papritur kardiake• Iskemine e perseritur dhe vdekjen ne:

• Anginen e paqendrueshme• Infarktin e Miokardit • Nderhyrjet perkutane

PCR do te parakallezoje:

Page 15: New risk factor for Coronary Artery Disease and their importance

PCR-hs dhe ngjarjet kardiake pas vendosjes se stentit koronar

Dibra A. et al. Am J Med. 2003;114:715–722.

Page 16: New risk factor for Coronary Artery Disease and their importance

PCR-hs dhe ristenoza koronare pas vendosjes se stentit koronar

Dibra A. et al. Am J Med. 2003;114:715–722Dibra A. et al. Am Heart J 2005;150:344-50

Page 17: New risk factor for Coronary Artery Disease and their importance

A na siguron PCR informacion parakallezues

pertej parakallezuesve ekzistues globale?

Page 18: New risk factor for Coronary Artery Disease and their importance

PCR shton Informacion prognostik ne te Gjitha nivelet e Rrezikut sic eshte percaktuar nga

Framingham Risk Score

0

5

10

15

20

25

10 + 5 deri 9 2 deri 4 0deri 1

1.0

1.0–3.0

3.0

Rreziku 10 vjecar i Framingham (%)hs-

CRP, mg/LR

rezi

ku r

elat

iv

Ridker PM, et al. N Engl J Med. 2002;347:1557-1565.

Ridker PM. Circulation 2003;107:363-9

Page 19: New risk factor for Coronary Artery Disease and their importance

Tsimikas, S. et al. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006;47:C19-C31

Vlera Shtese e PCR- hs mbas rregullimit per faktoret tradicionale te rrezikut

Page 20: New risk factor for Coronary Artery Disease and their importance

PCR permireson Parakallezimin e Rrezikut per te gjitha nivelet e LDL-C

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

160 130–160 130 1.0

1.0–3.0

3.0

LDL-K, mg/dLPCR-hs, m

g/L

Rre

ziku

Rel

ativ

Ridker PM, et al. N Engl J Med. 2002;347:1557-1565.

Page 21: New risk factor for Coronary Artery Disease and their importance

Krahasimi I drejtprtedrejte midis LDL-C dhe PCR ne parakallezimin e Ngjarjeve te Para Kardiovaskulare midis 27,939 Grave

0

1

2

3

4

5

1 2 3 4 5

Vdekje KV

Rr e

ziku

Rel

ativ

0

1

2

3

4

5

1 2 3 4 5

Rr e

ziku

Rel

ativ

Ngjarjet KV ne total

0

1

2

3

4

5

1 2 3 4 5

0

1

2

3

4

5

1 2 3 4 5

IM, CABG, PTCA

Insult Ishemik

Rr e

ziku

Rel

ativ

Rr e

ziku

Rel

ativ

Ridker PM, et al. N Engl J Med. 2002;347:1557-1565.

Page 22: New risk factor for Coronary Artery Disease and their importance

Mbijetesa pa ngjarje KV

0 2 4 6 8

0.9

60

.97

0.9

80

.99

1.0

0

Kuintilet e LDL

0 2 4 6 8

Vitet e Ndjekjes

0.9

60

.97

0.9

80

.99

1.0

0

Pro

bab

ilit

eti

I M

bije

tese

s pa

ngj

arje

KV

Kuintilet e PCR

5

4

3

2

1

5

4

3

2

1

Ridker PM, et al. N Engl J Med. 2002;347:1557-1565.

Vitet e Ndjekjes

Page 23: New risk factor for Coronary Artery Disease and their importance

Tsimikas, S. et al. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006;47:C19-C31

Mbijetesa pa ngjarje kardiovaskulare tek grate ne dukje te shendeteshme sipas niveleve plazmatike te LDL-ve dhe PCR-hs

Page 24: New risk factor for Coronary Artery Disease and their importance

Me cfare mund te ulen nivelet e PCR?

Statinat? Po

Renia ne peshe ??

Ndalimi I duhanpirjes??

Aktiviteti fizik??

Page 25: New risk factor for Coronary Artery Disease and their importance

CR

P -

hs

(mg

/L)

Efekti i terapise me Statina mbi Nivelet e PCR –hs ne javen e 6-te

Jialal I et al. Circulation 2001;103:1933-1935.2001 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

6

5

4

3

2

1

0 Bazal

* * *

Prava(40 mg/d)

Simva(20 mg/d)

Atorva(10 mg/d)

*p<0.025 vs. Bazal

Page 26: New risk factor for Coronary Artery Disease and their importance

Efekti i Terapise me statina mbi PCR-hs

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

5Placebo Statina

Per

qin

dja

e n

dry

shim

it n

e P

CR

mes

atar

e

CAREPravastatin

5 viteN = 472

AFCAPSLovastatin

1 vitN = 5719

BayerCerivastatin

8 javeN = 785

4 SSimvastatin

4 muajN = 249

PRINCEPravastatin12/24 javeN = 2400

Ridker PM. Eur Heart J. 2001;22:2135–2137.

Page 27: New risk factor for Coronary Artery Disease and their importance

Vdekja KV vs Gjendjes me statinoterapi dhe Kuartilit te PCR-hs

Bickel C, et al. Am J Cardiol. 2002;89:901908.

Kuartili I ulet

Kuartili I larte

PCR-hs

JoPo

Terapia me statina

Vd

ekja

ng

a s

hka

qe

Ka

rdio

va

sku

lare

( %

)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

5.4

4.3

4.3

12.2

Page 28: New risk factor for Coronary Artery Disease and their importance

A duhet bere matja e PCR ne Rutine?

Page 29: New risk factor for Coronary Artery Disease and their importance

AHA/CDC Paneli I konsensusit

Class I: Asnje

Class IIa:• Ne parandalimin paresor, matja e PCR mund te jete e

dobishme tek ata me rrezik te ndermjetem (10-20% te rrezikut 10-vjecar per SAK FRS), per te ndihmuar drejtepersedrejti ne vleresimin e metejshem dhe trajtimin.

• Tek pacientet me SAK te qendrueshem ose SKA, PCR mund te jete e dobishme si nje markues ( faktor rreziku) I pavarur I ngjarjeve rekurente, duke perfshire vdekjen , IM dhe ristenozen pas PTCA-se.

Circulation 2003;107:499-511

Rekomandimet per PCR- hs

Page 30: New risk factor for Coronary Artery Disease and their importance

Class IIa:• Matja duhet te behet dy here (dy jave ) dhe merret

mesatarja.• Nese niveli > 10 mg/L, testi duhet te perseritet dhe

pacienti te ekzaminohet per burimin e infeksionit ose inflamacionit.

• Rreziku klasifikohet si me poshte:I ulet: < 1 mg/L

Mesatar: 1.0 – 3.0 mg/L

I larte: > 3.0 mg/L

Circulation 2003;107:499-511

AHA/CDC Paneli I konsensusitRekomandimet per PCR- hs

Page 31: New risk factor for Coronary Artery Disease and their importance

1. Matja ne rutine e PCR ne tere popullaten NUK rekomandohet.

2. Zbatimi i masave te parandalimit dytesor nuk duhet te varet nga rezultatet e PCR.

3. Zbatini I guidelines per menaxhimin e sindromit koronar akut nuk duhet te varet nga nivelet e PCR-hs

4. Matja e niveleve te PCR ne seri nuk duhet te perdoret per monitoruar efektet e trajtimit.

Circulation 2003;107:499-511

AHA/CDC Consensus PanelHs-CRP Recommendations

Page 32: New risk factor for Coronary Artery Disease and their importance

Faktoret e rinj te rrezikut per SAK

• Proteina C-Reaktive

• Lipoproteina (a)

• Fibrinogjeni

• Homocisteina

Kater faktoret me kryesore

Page 33: New risk factor for Coronary Artery Disease and their importance

Lipoprotein (a)

• Pjesez e ngjashme me LDL e perbere nga nje apolipoprotetin (a) e lidhur me apoB-100

• Nivelet jane nen nje kontroll gjenetik dhe nuk ndryshojne nga dieta ose ushtrimi.

• Reagues I fazes akute, dyfishon perqendrimin pas stimulimit te IL-6

• Mund te promovoje aterogjenezen , te stimuloje proliferimin e qelizave te muskulatures se lemuar

• Strukture te ngjashme me plazminogjenin dhe mund te konkuroje kete te fundit in vivo duke demtuar fibrinolizen

Page 34: New risk factor for Coronary Artery Disease and their importance

Lipoproteina (a)

• Parakallezuese e mire e aterosklarozes se hereshme (faktor I pavarur rreziku)

• Nivelet reduktohen nga dozat e larta te Niacines • Nuk rekomandohen matjet ne rutine • Rekomandimet e fundit: Mund te jete e

dobishme ne rrezikun e ndermjetem ose tek pacientet me histori familiare te rendesishme, dhe trajtimi eshte qe te ulen LDL-te ne menyre me intensive (Klasa IIa, niveli C)

Page 35: New risk factor for Coronary Artery Disease and their importance

Shperndarja e Niveleve te LP(a) tek te Mbijetuarit IM dhe Kontrollet

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

sh

pe

sh

tes

ia (

%)

0.2 g/L tregon kufirin e rrezikut

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 >0.7 Lp(a) g/L

64% 36%

84% 15%

Kontrollet, Studimi PROCAM mosha 39.9 3.6; n=1053

Te mbijetuarit nga IM mosha 40.8 3.0; n=509

PROCAM (Münster Heart Study)

Page 36: New risk factor for Coronary Artery Disease and their importance

Rreziku relativ per IM jo-fatal sipas LDL-K dhe Lp(a)

0.221.12

1.612.37

3.24

0.260.54

0.87 1.21

2.37

00.5

11.5

22.5

33.5

Rreziku relativ

LDL-cholesterol (mg/dl)

Meshkuj mosha 30-45 years, 509 te mbijetuar IM, 1053 kontrolleLp(a) 0.20 g/LLp(a)< 0.20 g/L

<130 130-149 150-169 170-189 190

PROCAM (Münster Heart Study):

Page 37: New risk factor for Coronary Artery Disease and their importance

Incidenca e Ngjarjeve Madhore Koronare sipas Lp(a)

19

33

5158

72

0

20

40

60

80

0.02 <0.10 <0.20 <0.30 0.30

Ngjarje te vezhguara per 1,000 ne 8 vjet

prevalenca: 18% 53% 11% 8% 10%

Lipoproteina (a) g/L33 ngjarje koronare ne 2,861 burra, me moshe 40-65 vjec,

PROCAM (Münster Heart Study)

Page 38: New risk factor for Coronary Artery Disease and their importance

Lipoproteina (a) dhe SAK (Kohortet e parandalimit)

Danesh, et al. Circulation 2000;102:1082-5

Page 39: New risk factor for Coronary Artery Disease and their importance

Niveli i Lp(a) ne SAK

Gr me SAKGr pa SAK

Lp(a

) m

g/dl

80

60

40

20

0

-20 28282828N =

Lp(a) ne grupet e studimit

Gr 3Gr 2Gr 1Gr 0Lp

(a) m

g/dl

100

80

60

40

20

0

-20

Vleresimi i Lipoproteines(a) si faktor rreziku aterosklerotik dhe lidhja e saj me

stenozen koronare

N. Heta et al., Revista Shqiptare e Kardiologjise Maj 2007. Vellimi VI. Nr 1: 23-31.

Page 40: New risk factor for Coronary Artery Disease and their importance

Faktoret e rinj te rrezikut per SAK

• Proteina C-Reaktive

• Lipoproteina (a)

• Fibrinogjeni

• Homocisteina

Kater faktoret me kryesore

Page 41: New risk factor for Coronary Artery Disease and their importance

Fibrinogjeni

• Glikoproteine qarkulluese e perfshire ne fazat e fundit te koagulimit

• Veprime te tjera:– Rregullimi i qelizave te adezionit,

kemotaktizmit, dhe proliferimit. – Nxitja e agregimit trombocitar. – Ndikim ne viskozitetin e gjakut.

Page 42: New risk factor for Coronary Artery Disease and their importance

Fibrinogjeni

• Reagues I fazes akute te inflamacionit, rritet mbi 4 here mbas stimujve infektiv dhe inflamatore

• Nivelet rriten edhe nga:– Duhanpirja– Diabeti– Hipertensioni– Obeziteti– Jeta sedentare

• NIvelet ulet nga fibratet dhe niacina; asnje efekt nuk kane statinat ose aspirina

Page 43: New risk factor for Coronary Artery Disease and their importance

Copyright restrictions may apply.Fibrinogen Studies Collaboration*, JAMA 2005;294:1799-1809.

Fibrinogjeni, Semundja Kardiovaskulare dhe Mortaliteti Jovaskular sipas grupmoshave

Page 44: New risk factor for Coronary Artery Disease and their importance

Copyright restrictions may apply.Fibrinogen Studies Collaboration*, JAMA 2005;294:1799-1809.

Rreziku per Samundje Kardiovaskulare dhe Mortaliteti Jovaskular per 1-g/L Rritje te Nivelit te

Zakonshem te Fibrinogjenit

Page 45: New risk factor for Coronary Artery Disease and their importance

Copyright restrictions may apply.Fibrinogen Studies Collaboration*, JAMA 2005;294:1799-1809.

Rreziku per Samundje te Arterieve Koronare per 1-g/L Rritje te Nivelit te Zakonshem te Fibrinogjenit

Page 46: New risk factor for Coronary Artery Disease and their importance

Faktoret e rinj te rrezikut per SAK

• Proteina C-Reaktive

• Lipoproteina (a)

• Fibrinogjeni

• Homocisteina

Kater faktoret me kryesore

Page 47: New risk factor for Coronary Artery Disease and their importance

Homocisteina produkt i ndermjetem i metabolizmit te Metionines

Page 48: New risk factor for Coronary Artery Disease and their importance

Shkaqet e rritjes se nivelit te Homocisteines

• Homocysteinuria Homozigote

• Mutacionet e Metilen TetraHidroFolat Reduktazes (MTHFR)

• Te tjera:– Insuficienca renale– Hipotiroidizmi– Medikamente qe nderhyjne ne metabolizmin e

folateve (niacina)

Page 49: New risk factor for Coronary Artery Disease and their importance

Homocisteina• Gjendje Hipertrombotike

• Disfunksion Endotelial

• Nivlet larta jane faktor rreziku per SAK• Nivelet >10microg dyfishon rrezikun per SAK

• Deri tani shume studime nuk tregojne efikasitet te terapise qe ul nivelet e homocisteines

• Matja kryhet kryesisht tek pac. me SAK pa faktore rreziku tradicionale

Page 50: New risk factor for Coronary Artery Disease and their importance

Pasojat Klinike te Niveleve te Larta te Homocisteines

• Studimet klinike tregojne rritje te rrezikut per:– SAK– Insult– Semundje Vaskulare Periferike

Page 51: New risk factor for Coronary Artery Disease and their importance

MTHFR Homozigote Anormale Popullata e pergjithshme

Wald et al. BMJ 2002;325:1202-9

Homocisteina dhe Rreziku per SKV

Page 52: New risk factor for Coronary Artery Disease and their importance

0

5

10

1520

25

Gr pa SAK Gr me SAK

Figura 1. Niveli i Hcy ne lidhje me pranine e SAK

Hcy pa SAK

Hcy me SAK

0

5

10

15

20

25

0 1 2 3

Numr i i ar ter i eve kor onar e te pr ekur a

Figura 2. Nivelet e Hcy ne lidhje me rendesen e SAK

N. Heta et al. Revista Shqiptare e Kardiologjise Dhjetor 2006. Vellimi V. Nr 2: 14-22

Homocisteina, prania dhe rendesa e SAK

Page 53: New risk factor for Coronary Artery Disease and their importance

Rreziku relativ i SAK i lidhur me rritjen e Nivelit te Homocisteines me 5 mol/l

AlfthanStampfer

PancharunitiIsraelsson

Wu

MalinowGenestUbbink

von Eckardstein

Total

Studimi

0.6 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Interval)

Semundja e Arterieve Koronare - Meshkuj

Boushey et al.; JAMA 1995; 274:1049-1057

Page 54: New risk factor for Coronary Artery Disease and their importance

Mbijetesa midis Pacienteve me SAK sipas NIveleve plazmatike te Homocisteines

587 paciente me SAK te vleresuar angiografikisht, 64 vdekje koronare gjate 4-5 vitesh ndjekje

Nygard et al., NEJM 1997; 337:230-236

Mb

ijet

esa

pro

po

rcio

nal

e

vite

20.0mol/liter

< 9.0mol/liter

9.0-14.9mol/liter

15.0-19.9mol/liter

Page 55: New risk factor for Coronary Artery Disease and their importance

Homocistina dhe Rreziku i SAK: ARIC Study

0

1

2

3

4

5R

rezi

ku R

elat

iv S

AK

1 2 3 4 5

Kuintilet e Homocisteines

ARIC Study. Circulation 1998;98:204-10

P Trend = 0.29

Page 56: New risk factor for Coronary Artery Disease and their importance

Homocistina dhe Rreziku i SAK: ARIC Study

0

1

2

3

4

5R

rezi

ku r

elat

iv S

AK

1 2 3 4 5 - 1 2 3 4 5 - 1 2 3 4 5 - 1 2 3 4 5

ARIC Study. Circulation 1998;98:204-10

Homocisteina Plasmake

Folatet e Dietes

PLP plazmatike (B6)

Vitamina B12 e dietes

P = 0.24 P = 0.14 P = 0.001 P = 0.29

Page 57: New risk factor for Coronary Artery Disease and their importance

Rreziku Relativ per Insult i lidhur me Nivelet Plazmatike te Kuartilet e Homocisteines

1 1.2

2.6

4.7

0

1

2

3

4

5

1 2 3 4

Kuartilet e homocisteines

British Regional Heart Study (Perry et al. Lancet, 1995, 346: 1395-1398:)

Page 58: New risk factor for Coronary Artery Disease and their importance

Rreziku relativ i SCV (Insult) i lidhur me rritjen e Nivelit te Homocisteines me 5 mol/l

Boushey et al.; JAMA 1995; 274:1049-1057

Verhoef*Alfthan*

Brattstrom

Araki, strokeCoull, stroke

BrattstromSummary, High

QualitySummary, All

Studimi

0.6 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Interval)

Semundja Cerebrovaskulare ( meshkuj)

Page 59: New risk factor for Coronary Artery Disease and their importance

Parandalimi Sekondar nepermjet Uljes se Homociesteines

Leim, et al. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003:41:2105-13

Ngjarjet KlinikeAcidi Folik Kontrollet

Vdekje (pasoje e cdo shkaku) 12 14

Vdekje Kardiovaskulare 7 9

Vdekje Jokardiovaskulare 5 5

IM 3 4

PCI 6 3

CABG 4 3

CVA/TIA 4 3

Kirurgji te tjera vaskulare 9 6

Vdekje dhe/ose cdo ngjarje kardiovaskulare 37 33

Page 60: New risk factor for Coronary Artery Disease and their importance

Ndikimi I acidit folik mbi Homocisteinen: HOPE 2 Study

The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation (HOPE) 2 Investigators. N Engl J Med 2006;354:1567-77.

Page 61: New risk factor for Coronary Artery Disease and their importance

End point-i primar i perbere dhe ata sekondare te acidit folik dhe grupet

e kontrollit : HOPE 2 Study

The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation (HOPE) 2 Investigators. N Engl J Med 2006;354:1567-77.

Page 62: New risk factor for Coronary Artery Disease and their importance

Rekomandimet mbi Homocisteinen

• Nuk rekomandohet matja ne te gjithe popullaten ne rutine.

• Matja selektive duhet te merret parasysh tek ata:– Histori e forte familiare– Te personat qe dyshohen me rrezik te larte

• Deri tani trajtimet per uljen e nivelit te Homocisteines nuk rrezultojne efektive per uljen e rrezikut per SKV

Page 63: New risk factor for Coronary Artery Disease and their importance

Rreziku relativ per Ngjarje Kardiovaskulare te ardheshme: Women`s Health Study

Relative Risk of Future Cardiovascular Events0

Ridker PM et al. N Engl J Med 2000;342:836-843.

Lipoproteina (a)

Homocisteina

IL-6

KT

LDL-K

sICAM-1

SAA

Apo B

KT:HDL-K

PCR-hs

PCR-hs + KT:HDL-K1.0 2.0 4.0 6.0

Page 64: New risk factor for Coronary Artery Disease and their importance

Rreziku relativ per IM te ardhshem midis Meshkujve ne dukje te shendetshem. : Physician’s Health Study

Rreziku Relativ per IM te Ardhshem0 1.0 2.0 4.0 6.0

Lipoproteina(a)Homocisteina

FibrinogjeniAntegjeni tPA

PCR-hsPCR-hs + KT/HDL-K

Kolesteroli Total

KT/HDL-K

Ridker PM. Ann Intern Med 1999;130:933-937.

Page 65: New risk factor for Coronary Artery Disease and their importance

Vleresimi i Perdorimit Klinik te Markuesve te rinj Rrezikut KardiovaskularStudime

Prospektive te

rendesishme?

Matje

laboratorike e

standartizuar?

Vlera shtese

mbi KT dhe

HDL-K ?

Shtesa mbi Framingham Risk Score?

Inflamacioni

 PCR-hs ++++ +++ +++ ++

    sICAM-1 ++ +/– + –

    SAA ++ – + –

    Interleukina-6 ++ – + –

    Interleukina-18 ++ – + –

    Mieloperoksidaza + – +/– –

    sCD40 ligand + – – –

Tromboza e alteeruar

    tPA/PAI-1 ++ +/– – –

    Fibrinogjeni +++ +/– ++ –

    Homocisteina +++ +++ +/– –

    D-dimeri ++ + – –

Stresi Oksidativ

    LDL te oksiduara +/– – – –

Lipidet e alteruara

    Lipoproteina(a) +++ +/– +/– –

    Permasat e pjesezave LDL ++ +/– +/– –

Page 66: New risk factor for Coronary Artery Disease and their importance

Perfundimet• Shumica e pacienteve me SAK kane faktore

tradicionale te rrezikut.• Faktoret e rinj te rrezikut shtojne relativisht

parakallezimin per SKV • PCR mund te siguroje informacion te dobishem

tek ata me rrezik te ndermjetem • Matja ne Rutine e niveleve te homocisteines

Fibrinogjenit dhe e Lp(a) nuk rekomandohet• Megjithate kombinimi I faktoreve tradicionale me

faktoret e rinj te rrezikut ne te ardhmen pritet te lehtesojne vleresimin e rrezikut global, duke na lejuar perdorimin optimal te qasjeve terapeutike dhe diagnostike tek pacientet me rrezik te larte

Page 67: New risk factor for Coronary Artery Disease and their importance

Permbledhje: Perfitimi optimal tek pacientet me rrezik te shumefishte per SKV

Improvement of clinical outcomeImprovement of clinical outcome

Reduction of multifactorial riskReduction of multifactorial risk

Traditional Risk FactorsTraditional Risk Factors New risk New risk factorsfactors

Clinical Clinical studiesstudies