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Philosophy
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What is Philosophy?
Philosophy is the art of thinking and developing strong logical arguments to support a point of view.
Metaphysics: What’s the world is made of ? What is reality?
Epistemology: What can we know? What is knowledge?
Ethics: What’s right and wrong? How can we distinguish between them?
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Thales , the first philosopher
Everything is made of water.
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Pre-socratics, Natural philosopher
Parmenides: Everything is made of air.
Pythagoras: everything could be presented as a number and discovered the magic number.
Heraclitus: Everything is made of fire.
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Socrates
To know is to know that you know nothing.
There’s one absolute truth.
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Plato
Theory of recollection
The cave analogy The idea precedes
the existence.
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Aristotle
Disciple of Plato. Father of modern
biology. Set up the
boundaries of logic.
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Descartes
I think, therefore I am.
Doubt Cartesian plane
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Hume
Agnostic Cannot be certain
of an event if he hasn’t experienced it.
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Kant
We perceive everything in space and time.
The limit of a man’s freedom is another man’s freedom.
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Islamic Philosophiesصدرا مال
wrote several books on philosophy in Islam.
Praised the Greek philosophers.
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الطباطبائي حسين محمد
Philosophy is constructive to one’s beliefs if they are strong and they could be totally destructive if one’s beliefs are weak.
All the Greek philosophers are blasphemers
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الصدر باقر محمد
Gathered the Islamic philosophies and replied to the European philosophies and showed their flaws in his book “ Our philosophy”.
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Different ideas of philosophy Rationalism: The
mind is reliable and the senses are not to be trusted- Parmenides
Empiricism: the senses are reliable and the mind isn’t reliable at all-Heraclitus
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Different ideas of Philosophy Subjective ethics:
There’s no real right or wrong, it depends on the environment you find yourself in- Sophists
Absolute ethics: There’s one absolute moral code and one could achieve it with reason- Socrates
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Different ideas of philosophy Soul: Every human
posses a soul that is eternal and is composed of different substance than this world - Descartes
A Man is a machine: The soul cannot be located and therefore doesn’t exist- La Mettrie
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Different Ideas of Philosophy Determinism:
Every action is already determined due to the laws of the universe .Therefore, Man is not free in his actions-Cicero
Free will: Man is completely free and responsible for his actions- Jean-Paul Sartre
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Different Ideas of Philosophy Monolism
( Pantheism): there’s only one world and God is presented in creations.
Dualism: There’s a difference between this world and the eternal world. This world is mortal and changing while the world of soul is eternal and immutable.
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BooksSophie’s world
Sophie’s world by Gaader
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فلسفتنا
Falsafatuna by Mohammed Bakr Al-Sadr
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السالميه الفلسفه مبادى
Fundamentals of Islamic philosophies by Al-Rifaii